NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY RESEARCH ENTERIC DISEASES DIAGNOSTIC REQUEST FORM NIVR Use Only: TEST FARM NUMBER: LABORATORY SUBMISSION NUMBER: Contact details of person collectin
Trang 1NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY RESEARCH
ENTERIC DISEASES DIAGNOSTIC REQUEST FORM
NIVR Use Only:
TEST FARM NUMBER:
LABORATORY SUBMISSION NUMBER:
Contact details of person collecting specimen:
Name: Occupation:
Address:
Province: Postcode:
Telephone: Fax: Email:
Foster pigs
Number of piglets with diarrhoea
Duration Sample type Treated?
Trang 2NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY RESEARCH
ENTERIC DISEASES DIAGNOSTIC REQUEST FORM
Signed ……… Date………
Characteristics of faecal specimens:
Sample No: pH: Colour: Consistency (Scale
Diagnosis
Trang 3NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY RESEARCH
ENTERIC DISEASES DIAGNOSTIC REQUEST FORM
Signed ……… Date………
Trang 15 1
Pre-weaning diarrhoea in pigs (PrWD) is a complex
problem involving a large number of causative agents:
transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), rotavirus
(RV), enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC), Clostridium
perfringens (C per.), coccidiosis due to Isospora suis
(Cocci), and Cryptosporidium (Crypto) [1]
The predominant causes of PrWD and their relative
contribution to morbidity vary between countries, and
have continuously changed over time, due to the
adoption of new management practices and the
emergence of new diseases In addition, some
pathogens are restricted to certain geographical
locations [2]
A comprehensive survey of the major causative agents
of PrWD has not been attempted previously in Vietnam
CAUSES OF PRE-WEANING DIARRHOEA IN COMMERCIAL
AND VILLAGE PIGS IN VIETNAM
Do NT 1 , Nguyen XH 1 , Au XT 1 , Cu HP 1 , Fahy VA 2 , Cargill C 3 , and Trott DJ 4
1 National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
2 National E coli Reference Laboratory, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Epsom, VIC 3554, Australia
3 The South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
4 School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072
Table 1: The contribution of different infectious agents to
PrWD in commercial and village pigs
# of positive specimens (%) Agent(s) detected
45 (100.0)
92 (78.8) Total multiple infections
(23) (76) (111) (97) (50) (36)
1 (0.8)
C per.
ETEC TGEV RV Crypto
1 (2.2)
1 (0.8)
C per.
TGEV RV Crypto Cocci
1 (2.2)
4 (3.4) ETEC
TGEV RV Cocci
1 (0.8)
C per.
TGEV Crypto
Cocci
1 (2.2)
1 (0.8) TGEV
RV Crypto Cocci
2 (4.4)
1 (0.8)
C per.
ETEC RV
Crypto
1 (2.2)
2 (1.7) ETEC
TGEV RV Crypto
2 (1.7)
C per.
ETEC TGEV
3 (6.7)
2 (1.7)
C per.
ETEC RV
1 (2.2)
1 (0.8)
C per.
TGEV RV
7 (15.6)
14 (11.9) ETEC
TGEV RV
3 (2.5) TGEV
RV Crypto
1 (2.2)
1 (0.8)
C per.
TGEV Crypto
3 (6.7)
1 (0.8) ETEC
RV Crypto
4 (4.4)
5 (4.2) ETEC
TGEV Crypto
1 (2.2)
1 (0.8) RV
Crypto Cocci
2 (4.4)
2 (1.7) ETEC
TGEV Cocci
3 (6.7)
4 (3.4) TGEV
RV Cocci
3 (6.7)
2 (1.7) ETEC
RV Cocci
7 (5.9) ETEC
Crypto
2 (4.4)
1 (0.8) Crypto
Cocci
2 (4.4)
1 (0.8) RV
Cocci
3 (6.7)
17 (14.4) TGEV
RV
6 (5.1) ETEC
RV
25 (21.2) Total single infections
2 (1.7)
C per.
4 (3.4) ETEC
11 (9.3) TGEV
3 (2.5) RV
3 (2.5) Crypto
2 (1.7) Cocci
Village (n=45) Commercial (n=117)
To determine the prevalence of the six major causes of
pre-weaning diarrhoea in commercial (CP) and village
pigs (VP) in Vietnam.
117 (from CP) and 45 (from VP) faecal specimens were
collected from cases of PrWD fro 6/2005 to 3/2008
All samples were tested for the presence of: 1) Cocci;
and 2) Crypto oocysts by standard faecal flotation and
modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining of faecal smears,
respectively; 3) RV; and 4) TGEV using an ELISA kit
(Institut Pourquier, France); 5) ETEC by aerobic culture
and PCR for enterotoxins and fimbriae; and 6) C
perfringens by anaerobic culture Results were
interpreted according to manufacturer’s
recommendations (ELISA kit) or as described [3].
Detection of multiple infectious agents from a single
specimen was common, with TGEV and RV being
endemic to all piggeries (Table 1)
In village pigs, agents were always found together with
one or more additional agents, while 25 cases from CP
were infected with only 1 causative agent.
ETEC occurred in older (>4 day-old) piglets; most
probably due to effective vaccination programs
These results and observations from farm audits
suggest that environmental conditions and husbandry
practices may be predisposing piglets to intestinal
infections.
1 Straw, B E., et al Diseases of Swine 1999: 41-59
2 Tzipori, S British Veterinary Journal 1988; 144: 521-523.
3 Diagnostic Manual of the Pig Health and Research Unit (Bendigo, Victoria, Australia).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development (Vietnam), National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Australian Government (AusAID) under Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program
Trang 16 2
Escherichia coli is one of the most important
enteric pathogens causing diarrhoea in pigs [1]
Pathogenic E coli often colonize the small intestine
by means of adhesion factors and produce one or
several disease-causing toxins [1]
Detection of virulence factors by molecular
techniques such as DNA hybridization and PCR has
been shown to be the most effective tool to
evaluate if an E coli isolated obtained from
diseased pigs is pathogenic and to provide suitable
measures of control and prevention [2]
1 Bertschinger HU, Fairbrother JM Escherichia coli infections
In: Straw BE, D'Allaire S, Mengeling WL, Taylor DJ, editors
Diseases of Swine Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press;
1999 p 431-468.
2 2 Wray C, Woodward MJ Laboratory diagnosis of Escherichia
coli infections In: Gyles CL, editor Escherichia coli in
Domestic Animals and Humans Wallingford, England: CAB International; 1994 p 595-628.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development (Vietnam), National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Australian Government (AuAID) under Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program
Virulence characterizations of Vietnamese strains of E
coli causing diarrhoea in pigs in Vietnam
Do NT 1 , Trott DJ 2 , Desautels C 3 , Fairbrother JM 3
1 Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
2 School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
3 The Escherichia coli Laboratory, Faculte de Medicine Veterinaire, Universite de Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC,
7 (17.1%)
14 (77.8%) EAST1
28 (68.3%) STx2
23 (56.1%)
12 (66.7%) LT
20 (48.8%)
16 (88.9%) STb
31 (75.6%)
14 (77.8%) STa
13 (31.7%)
2 (11.1%) AIDA-I
25 (61.0%)
13 (72.2%) Paa
30 (73.2%) F18
2 (11.1%) F5
6 (14.6%)
9 (50.0%) F4
PWD (n=41) PrWD (n=18)
Source of isolates (%) Virulence
factor
Table 2: The prevalence of different pathotypes
1 STa/STb
2 LT/Stx2
4 Paa/STa/STb/LT/EAST1
1 STb/EAST1
1 AIDA-I/STb/LT/EAST1
2 F4/Paa/STb/LT/EAST1
5 F4/Paa/STb/LT/EAST1
1 F4/STa/STb/EAST1
1 F4/STa/STb/Aero
2 F5/Paa/STa
1 AIDA-I/STb/EAST1
2 Paa/STa/LT/Stx2
13 F18/Paa/STa/LT/Stx2
3 F18/Paa/AIDA-I/STa/STb/Stx2
4 F18/AIDA-I/STa/STb/Stx2
1 F18/LT/Stx2
1 F18/AIDA-I/STb/Stx2
2 F18/Paa/AIDA-I/STa/Stx2
3 F18/AIDA-I/STa/STb
1 F18/STa/EAST1
2 F18/STa/STb
5 F4/ Paa/STa/STb/LT/EAST1
1 F4/STa/STb
PWD (n=41) PrWD (n=18)
Source of isolates Pathotype
To screen for the presence of 19 virulence factors
(F4, F5, F6, F17, F18, F41, EAE, P factor, Paa, AFA,
AIDA-I, STa, STb, LT EASTI, Stx1, Stx2, CNF, Aero)
in ETEC and ETEC/VTEC strains obtained from pig
with diarrhoea in Vietnam
E coli strains (n=18 from pre-weaning and n=41
from post-weaning piglets with diarrhoea) from
different provinces in Vietnam
ETEC or ETEC/VTEC were confirmed by primary
multiplex PCR (F4, F5, F6, F41, F18, STa, STb, LT,
VT2e)
DNA hybridization and PCR were further applied to
detect for the presence of 19 virulence factors
according to the protocol of The Escherichia coli
Laboratory, Faculte de Medicine Veterinaire,
Universite de Montreal
Trang 17 3
The cost of pork production in Vietnam could be significantly reduced by the widespread use of locally made
efficacious vaccines to control endemic diseases such as neonatal colibacillosis
DEVELOPMENT AND EFFICACY TESTING OF A VACCINE
FOR THE CONTROL OF PRE-WEANING COLIBACILLOSIS
IN VIETNAM
Cu HP 1 , Fahy VA 2 , Driesen SJ 2 , Moore K 2 , Vanderfeen A 2 , Do NT 1 , and Trott DJ 3
1 National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
2 National E coli Reference Laboratory, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Epsom, VIC 3554, Australia
3 School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072
INTRODUCTION
1 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
Table 2: Summary of ELISA results on pre- and
post-vaccination sera samples
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by Ministry of Agriculture & Rural
Development (Vietnam), National Institute of Veterinary Research
(NIVR), Australian Government (AuAID) under Collaboration for
Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program
5 0
80 3 2
4 0
Piglets born alive
Group 1 (8 sows) (Litterguard) Recorded criteria
Table 1: Recorded criteria on safety study
O64: F5/STa/STb/LT CARD-VN3
O149: K91:F4/STa/STb/LT CARD-VN2
O8:5F-/STa/STb/LT CARD-VN1
Virulence determinants Designation of strains
Table 1: E coli strains used for the preparation of vaccine
1 ml of inactivated whole cell vaccine contains 7.5 x 10 9 bacteria
Nạve sows each received 2 ml of vaccine
(approximately 1.5 x 10 10 bacteria) at 9 and 12 weeks
of gestation
No local or systemic reaction to the vaccine was
observed and all sows gave birth at the correct stage of
gestation to an average of 10 healthy piglets per sow
High antibody titers to F4 antigen were detected (as assessed by ELISA) for all three vaccines (p>0.1) compared to an unvaccinated control group (p<0.005).
There was no significant difference between the antibody response elicited (as demonstrated by OD values) by Litterguard, Ecovac or NIVR vaccines
a , b : p<0.005
Trang 18 4
Some technical solutions suitable for development
of smallholder pig production in Quang Tri
province
Duyen T.T.B 1 , Coi N.Q 1 , C Cargill 2 , VA Fahy 3 , DJ Trott 4.
1 National Institute of Animal Husbandry, Hanoi, Vietnam; 3 South Australian Research Development Institute, 2 Victorian Department of Primary Industries; 4 School of Veterinary
Science, The University of Queensland, Australia.
Introduction
√ Quang Tri province is located on the coast of
Central in Vietnam, where always adversely affected
by extremely harsh climate Almost of the total pig
population in Quang Tri are raised in traditional
smallholder systems Therefore, suitable technical
solutions for development of pig production under
household condition are necessary and should bring
benefits for farmers This subject was funded by
CARD project 004/05VIE.
Materials and Methods
The animals in the experiment were Mong Cai
sows (MC) and F1 crossbred (Mong Cai x Yorkshire)
The experiment was conducted at 30 households in
Hai Phu and Hai Thuong communes
Implement technical solutions that were selected,
Evaluate performance and economical efficience of
pig production through applying technical solutions.
Results
Overall, with new technical solutions: Breeds,
feeding, using creep box for warming piglets and
training piglets to eat “Start feed” brought high
economical efficience
Objectives
√ To select suitable science technology in order
to develop pig production under household
condition in Quang Tri
Table 3: Testing of house selection for MC and F1 sows
Table 1: Reproductive physiology and performance of MC and F1 sows
1.22 34.86 1.3 37.28 Weaning period (days)
1.62 54.96 2.13 59.45 Weaning weight/litter
0.51 8.78 0.68 10.13 Weaning number/litter (head)
0.58 10.48 0.65 11.72 Number born alive/litter (head)
0.57 2.05 0.72 1.88 Litters/sow/year (litter)
4.52 334.00 6.59 304.7 Age of First farrowing (day)
mx X mx X
F1
MC Criteria
Table 2: Reproductive performance of MC and F1 sows in Feeding experiments
Within a row, values with different letters are significantly different (P<0.05)
Control group Experimental group
Traditional style Modern style
Control group Experimental group
Criteria
Trang 19 5
Trang 20 6
Trang 21Table 1: Results of diagnostic samples submitted to the lab (4/2005-10/2005)
Total No of samples tested Causative agents No of positive/Total %
Table 2: Results of diagnostic samples submitted to Bacto Lab (11/2005-6/2006)
Total No of samples tested Causative agents No of positive/Total %
Trang 22Table 3 Common cause of scour in suckers
Agent Age of occurrence Sample Clinical Signs
NHEC 2hr-5 days Rectal swab or 2 gm of
faeces
Mild to severe scour, dehydration death Coccidia 5 – 15 days 2gm faeces Scour, death uncommon
HEC + 10 days through to
post weaning period
Rectal swab or 2 gm of faeces
Sudden death from endotoxemia shock or severe scour with dehydration
Table 2 Uncommon cause of scour in suckers
Agent Age of occurrence Sample Clinical Signs
Rotavirus, TGEV + 7 days into weaners 2 gm faeces Scouring, acidic faeces Clostridium
perfringens type A
1 – 21 days 2 gm faeces Non responsive scour,
affects growth rate
Clostridium
perfringens type C
2 + days 2 gm faeces, whole
animal, small intestine
Severe haemorrhagic enteritis
Salmonella 5 days of age to
weaning
Rectal swab, caecum terminal iliium, mesenteric lymph node, whole animal
Scour, ill thrift, emaciation, +/- pneumonia
Cryptosporidium 5 days of age to
weaning
2 gm faeces, whole animal, small intestine
Scour (blood), ill-thrift
Stronyloides
ransomi
10 days to post weaning
Faeces Severe diarhoea and
dehydration