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Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development CARD Project Progress Report 050/04VIE: Improvement of export and domestic markets for Vietnamese fruit through improved post-harvest and su

Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development

CARD Project Progress Report

050/04VIE: Improvement of export and domestic markets for Vietnamese fruit through improved post-harvest and supply chain management

MS2: FIRST SIX-MONTHLY REPORT

December 2005

1 Institute Information

Project Name Improvement of export and domestic markets for

Vietnamese fruit through improved post-harvest and supply chain management

Vietnamese Institution Southern Sub-Institute of Agricultural Engineering and

Post-Harvest Technology (SIAEP)

Vietnamese Project Team Leader Mr Nguyen Duy Duc, M Eng

Australian Organisation Queensland Department of Primary Industries and

Fisheries (DPI & F)

Australian Personnel Mr Robert Nissen; Dr Peter Hofman

Mr Brett Tucker; Mr Roland Holmes Mss Marlo Rankin

Date commenced June 2005

Completion date (original) May 2008

Completion date (revised) June 2008

Reporting period Inception Report:- 1st Six-monthly report June 2005 to

December 2005

Contact Officer(s)

In Australia: Team Leader

Name: Mr Robert Nissen Telephone: +61 07 54449631

Position: Project Leader Fax: +61 07 54412235

Organisation Queensland Department

of Primary Industries and Fisheries (DPI & F)

Email: bob.nissen@dpi.qld.gov.au

In Australia: Administrative contact

Name: Michelle Robbins Telephone: +61 07 3346 2711

Position: Senior Planning

Officer (Emerging Technologies)

Fax: +61 07 3346 2727

Organisation Queensland

Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (DPI &

Position: Director SIAEP Fax: +84 (8) 8438842

Organisation Southern Sub-Institute of

Agricultural Engineering and Post-Harvest Technology (SIAEP)

Email: siaep@hcm.vnn.vn

2 Project Abstract

The fruit industry in Vietnam has a great potential and plays an important role in agricultural production Vietnam is experiencing difficulties in competing with other Asian nations in export markets and its own domestic market, especially with China and Thailand This suggests that horticultural industries require substantial development to be globally competitive This project aims to fill capacity gaps and reduce major weaknesses

in pre-and post-harvest technology, product quality and consistency, cluster organisation and supply chain management and planning Highly specialised targeted training programs for government and industry stakeholders will be provided This project addresses serious constraints through identifying key Vietnamese stakeholders and empowering them to focusing on the total supply chain network, and identifying where benefits are to be gained In addition, if quality management systems are implemented, greater employment will be provided for the farming community This project embraces the five CARD strategies for rural development; and in particular; strategies to increase production and competitiveness of agricultural systems; reduce poverty and vulnerability, and increase stakeholder participation whilst ensuring sustainability

3 Executive Summary

Significant information gathering on mango and pomelo internationally, country wide and locally has been initiated by Australian and Vietnamese collaborators Globalisation is having an affect on agribusiness practices causing significant and dramatic change It is imperative that these factors be taken into account during this project

Significant linkages to other CARD Projects have been made with discussions being held with the Hort Research Dragon Fruit Project manager Mr John Campbell as well

as the AADCP Program Stream: Quality Assurance Systems for ASEAN Fruit and Vegetables

Five workshops were designed and presented to collaborators SOFRI and SIAEP in November 2005

A further six workshops on this CARD project, aims, objectives and benefits to stakeholders were also held in November 2005 for potential project stakeholders and farmer groups

Workshops were conducted to inform potential stakeholders of project aims, objectives and benefits to smallholders who will participate in this CARD Project Discussions with farmer groups, collectors and traders were well received Significant problems exist at the farmer level with pre-harvest production issues

Problems in obtaining high quality fruit due to tree size, pest and disease control management systems and lack of quality control systems at the farm level were identified

A workshop to discuss projects constraints and impediments, and proposed methodologies for meeting the next 6 monthly objectives for this project was conducted Processes and details on the strategic planning for the operational delivery

of technical training programs in the value chain that supports the growth of Vietnamese domestic and export markets for mangos and pomelos were discussed

Books purchased from Australian funds were presented to Vietnamese collaborators

at SIAEP, SOFRI and Nha Trang All material supplied is under copyright of QDPI&F but relevant information will be extracted and incorporated into manuals that are applicable to Vietnamese conditions New books will be developed and written in Vietnamese for both the mango and citrus (pomelo) industries in Vietnam

as per the CARD project log frame

One electronic copy of the Agrilink Mango Information Kit produced by DPI&F has been translated into Vietnamese’s and handed to SIAEP and SOFRI staff to conduct training of stakeholders in Vietnam

Regular meetings have been held with Australian project team members as well as regular information exchanges via email with Vietnamese collaborators to determine

if changes are needed to be made to the objectives, outputs and activities These meetings determined that the process outlined in the approved CARD Project document is still valid and no change is needed These meetings also determined the processes to obtain good agricultural practices (GAP) and development of best practice manuals (BPM) for pre and post harvest production, supply chain development and management, for mango and pomelo

Both, Australian and Vietnamese collaborators were in agreement, that Adult Learning Processes, such as the use of Participatory Action Learning (PAL) and Train the Trainer (TTT) is the most appropriate methods to use Train the trainer (TTT) will ensure that new concepts and methodologies (knowledge, information and training tools) provided by the Australian team members to collaborating Vietnamese institutes (SOFRI and SIAEP) will improve the projects effectiveness and sustainability by providing a resource through which the Vietnamese mango and pomelo industries can utilise

Pollution is a problem, particularly in the Mekong Delta The culture and attitudes of the farming population and villages, especially the poor need to be changed To reduce environmental degradation, villages need to be educated

IMP strategies to reduce of agricultural pesticide use and maximise the use of biological and cultural controls, rather than a strict chemical control method is

needed Chemicals must play a supportive rather than dominant role Pesticides should be used strictly when needed, as determined by pest monitoring systems and natural enemies encouraged providing a means of control The use of selective, non-disruptive chemicals must be preferred over broad-spectrum chemicals that can create

an in-balance in orchards

The market opportunities created by doi moi have stimulated the diversification of

agricultural production and the development of Vietnam’s agro-industries In agricultural, forestry and fishery production, women participate in farming with production based on village/family units with all family members contributing to pre-harvest management Vietnam is a poor country in which 80 percent of the population lives in the rural areas Women account for the majority in rural population (about 52%) and rural workforce (52-54%) Thus women make great contribution to rural economic growth

4 Introduction & Background

The Vietnamese government set a target of reaching US$1 billion in exports by 2010 Eleven fruits are reported to have export potential including mango and pomelo However, drops in exports by 30% reveal a need to develop competitive supply chains due to wider global trends and competition with China and Thailand (VCNI, USAID

Report 2003 & Ford et al., (2003)) Ford et al., (2003) analysed the competitiveness

of fruit industries of Vietnam and identified poor and unstable product quality, no quality standards, poor post-harvest technologies and pre-harvest practices, lack of group or co-operative marketing structures and little information about supply, prices and customer needs as serious constraints to the development of fruit and vegetable industries in Vietnam

This project addresses these serious constraints through identifying key Vietnamese stakeholders from both the government and industry sectors It will then engage and empower them by focusing on the total supply chain network, and identifying where benefits are to be gained The project will fill capacity gaps and reduce major weaknesses in post-harvest technology, product quality and consistency, cluster organisation and supply chain management and planning This project will also provide highly specialised targeted training programs appropriate for government and industry stakeholders

The proposed approach involves a whole of supply chain or cluster approach, driven

by identification of consumer needs (domestic and export) for the mango and pomelo, building on published and unpublished research work and incorporates advanced technology transfer to improve pre- and post-harvest quality of mangoes and pomelo, while at the same time attempting to improve farm incomes by empowering growers

to form groups The key components are:

• Selection of the key stakeholders and identification of key pre and post-harvest and cultural constraints

• Mapping and identifying strengths and weaknesses in existing domestic and export chains for mango and pomelo, with particular

emphasis on determining consumer preferences and needs, and feeding results back to farmers

• Developing improved export and domestic supply chains for mango and pomelo

• Setting up of new, improved farmer groups/organisations for exporting

The ‘training the trainer’ approach has been only been partially successful in transferring technology due to the variability in technical understanding and performance of the extension officers (George et al., 2004) Therefore, we believe that it will be highly essential that farmers also receive full training Training will be conducted through workshops, small group processes, demonstration blocks and individually

The beneficiaries are mango and pomelo supply chain members – farmers, traders, transporters, wholesalers, exporters, and consumers There are also indirect benefits

to Government Staff, through a better understanding of supply chain function, and through advanced technology transfer as well as the strengthening of cooperative relationships between SIAEP, SOFRI, Vinafruit and the Agriculture Departments of three provinces etc., and improved technical expertise through international linkages

It is envisaged that trained specialists, capable of undertaking industry analysis and possessing the practical ability to identify problems areas in the supply chains They will have the ability to deliver knowledge in supply chain management The will need

to also solve supply chain problems to enhance Vietnamese Fruit Industries Also greater cooperation, cohesiveness, improved practices along the supply chain providing an increased financial benefit to all participants for the small farmers, to the exporter to the retailer

In terms of risk management, there should be little risk in transferring appropriate technology (pre- and post-harvest management techniques), as long as due consideration is given to the capacity of farmers to adapt such technology to use on their own farms In addition, integrated pest and disease management systems should lead to decreased pesticide residues, and improve human health and better environmental outcomes We are therefore promoting biological control and bioproducts by applying best management practices

• mango and pomelo pre- and post-harvest production and marketing issues

• agricultural supply chains (analysis, development processes, and design) be included in this project

Generic supply chain analysis and development processes have changed recently to one of creating value for participants in the supply chain, therefore supply chains are now being transformed into value chains

Some examples of information sourced:-

• FAO stats on mango and pomelo production, tonnages, exports and imports, consumption patterns for Asia and major producing countries in the world (study effects on Vietnamese mango and pomelo industries and competitive analysis as per CARD Project log frame)

• DPI&F articles, greater than 23 articles on pre-and post-harvest aspects of mango and citrus production (Information to be used for development of pre-and post-harvest manuals and quality assurance manuals)

• Over 50 web published articles and presentation on supply chain analysis, processes and design reviewed from USA and Europe and Australia

o For example Australian material on supply chains:-

ƒ National Food Industry strategy- Food Chain Capability Development Program (Australian)

ƒ Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Agri-product Supply Chain management in Developing Countries ,workshop proceedings Bali, Indonesia, 19-22nd August, 2003

ƒ Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) Supply Chain Management – Building partnerships and alliances in international food and agribusiness, April,

2001

Furthermore, Vietnamese documents such as the Vietnamese Agricultural Planning document, Socioeconomic documents identified, sourced and relevant information extracted

• A guide to Identifying Market Opportunities for Rural Smallholder Producers,

a Rural Agro-Enterprise Development Project, International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)

Much of this research was undertaken by the Australia team to ensure up to date information is sourced, extracted and compiled for inclusion in training material and

to improve the knowledge base of the Vietnamese collaborators Similarly, our Vietnamese’s collaborators are also identifying, sourcing, and evaluating published material suitable for inclusion in this CARD Project This information being sourced will ensure that this CARD project will build capacity in the Vietnamese

collaborators By removing out of date information, decisions are based on reliable and up to date information, therefore ensuring sustainable CARD project outcomes

P ROJECT L INKAGES

Linkages to other projects and these include:-

Agency Project No Project Title

Queensland Department of

Primary Industries and

Fisheries (DPI&F)

PN94/947 Adaptation of low-chill temperate fruit to Australia and

Thailand Project initiated in 1996 and completed in

1999

Queensland Department of

Primary Industries and

Fisheries (DPI&F)

PN2127 Adaptation of low-chill temperate fruits to Thailand,

Laos, Vietnam and Australia Project initiated in 2001

and completed in June 2004 Extension initiated in June 2004 and work is continuing in Thailand and Laos

World Vision Project CTE/2000/165 Facilitating farmer uptake of ACIAR project results:

temperate fruit orchards for quality of life development

in Chiang Rai province This project is continuing but

urgently needs technical support by DPI&F to be successful

New South Wales

Department of Agriculture

PHT/2002/086 Improving post harvest quality of temperate fruits in

Vietnam and Australia Project initiated in June 2004

activities in Vietnam

UQ School for Natural

Resources

CARD Project Improving the performance of the fruit industry in the

Tien Giang and Tra Vinh Provinces in Mekong Delta

promotion between Vietnam and Thailand

HortResearch Dragon Fruit Project

HortResearch has initiated a two year project in Vietnam, funded by AusAID This project is to help the local Dragon Fruit industry develop Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) systems and allow them to achieve accreditation to EUREPGAP standards This will enable the Vietnamese dragon fruit industry to export fruit to the high-value European market Whilst at SOFRI in south Vietnam in November 2005, Mr Nissen,

Mr Tucker and Miss Rankin made contact with Mr John Campbell of HortResearch

Mr Campbell was conducting training on Quality Assurance in the Dragon Fruit Supply Chain Brief discussions held between Mr Nissen and Mr Campbell on project outlines of quality assurance training to be undertaken in each project A

verbal agreement was made to undertake further communications and develop information flows between both projects on quality assurance aspects

AADCP Program Stream Project

AADCP Program Stream: Quality Assurance Systems for ASEAN Fruit and Vegetables The quality assurance aspects and issues in this project have been incorporated and modified for this CARD project with permission from the AADCP Program Stream Project personnel QDPI&F personnel have developed the quality assurance training manuals and processes as well as carrying out quality assurance training in Vietnam Linkage with this project has ensured that a united message is being delivered to all Vietnamese collaborators This avoids mixed messages being delivered, removing any confusion as to what constitutes quality assurance This project linkage will ensure sustainability outcomes for this CARD project

T RAINING UNDERTAKEN AND CAPACITY BUILDING

Australian Personnel Travel

Three Australian personnel travelled to Vietnam for a scheduled project visit of two weeks Team members were Mr Nissen Mr Tucker, Mss Rankin The trip was undertaken in late November 2005 (14th to 29th November) to conduct training workshops, on methodologies and approaches to undertake supply chain analysis

• what is a supply chain?

• how to segment a supply chian to obtain information on product, information, monetary and quality flows along the supply chain

• quality monitoring and sampling along the supply chain

• interview techniques and questionnaire design, team building exercises and conflict resolution methodology and processes

T RAINING W ORKSHOPS

Five workshops were designed and presented to collaborators SOFRI and SIAEP in November 2005 A further six workshops on this CARD project, aims, objectives and benefits to stakeholders were also held in November 2005 for potential project stakeholders and farmer groups in

• Tein Gian Province

• Vinh Long Province

• Khanh Hoa Province

• and Ho Chi Minh City Region (See 5.2 Smallholder Benefits)

Capacity building workshops were conducted in Ho Chi Minh City for staff of SIAEP and SOFRI in November 2005 (See section 5.3 Capacity Building)

M ATERIAL S UPPLIED AND I NFORMATION EXCHANGED

Books purchased from Australian funds were presented to Vietnamese collaborators

at SIAEP, SOFRI and Nha Trang All material supplied is under copyright of QDPI&F but relevant information will be extracted and incorporated into manuals that are applicable to Vietnamese conditions New books will be developed and written in Vietnamese for both the mango and citrus (pomelo) industries in Vietnam

as per the CARD project log frame Information to be supplied will provide workshop outlines, and topics will include details on pre-and post-harvest production and marketing issues as well as supply chain management

Books (Hard Copy)

Agrilnk Mango Information Kits:- Sent four copies of the QDPI&F Agrilink

Mango Information Kit is a best practice manual developed for mango farmers in Australia Agrilink is built around several important principles This product focuses on the core information that is most needed and regularly sought by first time and intermediate farmers This is approximately a 250 page manual Issues and areas covered in the manual are:

Before You Start Section

• An overview of the Queensland mango industry

• The mango tree

• Know what you are getting into

• What you can expect to make

• The capital you need

• The farm you need

• The machinery and equipment you need

• The labour you need

• Other considerations

Getting the crop started Section

• Plan the orchard layout

• Choose varieties

• Tree spacing

• Order trees

• Clear the land, leaving appropriate windbreaks

• Mark out the rows

• Deep rip along the rows

• Build drains to control runoff

• Plant windbreak trees

• Do a soil analysis and apply required pre-plant fertilisers

• Cultivate strips along the tree rows

• Grow a green manure crop and grass the interrow

• Mark out the tree plant sites

• Install the irrigation system

• Plant the trees

Key Issues Section

• Understanding the mango tree

Problem Solver Section

References Section

Mango Pest and Disorders:- Sent three copies of Mango Pests and Disorders

The first step in overcoming the threats from pests, diseases and disorders is to accurately identify the problems The most critical times for disease control are at flowering, at fruit set and after harvest Diseases at flowering and fruit set can seriously affect the quantity and quality of subsequent yield Some post-harvest diseases damage fruit at the very worst time, when they are ripening and ready to

be displayed before buyers Others show disease symptoms at harvest, enabling affected fruit to be culled during grading and packing Many, however, become established on fruit in the field Field control is an important step in reducing post-harvest losses from these diseases

Tropical Fruit :- Postharvest diseases of horticultural produce volume 2:-

Sent three copies of Tropical Fruit :- Postharvest diseases of horticultural produce volume 2 This book outlines some general principles of postharvest handling Details are given in the sections

There are three main causes of loss during transport and marketing of fruit:

• diseases caused by fungi and bacteria

• disorders caused by the disturbance of normal fruit metabolism

• injuries caused by temperature extremes,

• mechanical means, chemicals or insects

While disease can usually be distinguished clearly from all other causes of loss, the distinction between disorders and injuries is arbitrary, but helpful in diagnosing and fixing problems Diseases are discussed in order of decreasing importance, assessed in terms of how common they are generally in the marketplace (Of course there will be some regional differences in importance.) Disorders and injuries are divided into the following subgroups: disorders; temperature injury; mechanical injury; chemical and gas injury; and insect injury Reducing postharvest loss and preventing deterioration of quality requires care in all aspects of handling, such as:

• use of effective disease control programs when the crop is growing in the orchard or plantation

• strict adherence to the guidelines for sanitation and hygiene in the packinghouse

• use of recommended postharvest pesticide treatments

• good temperature management, with the emphasis on fast cooling to the optimum

Three Citrus Pests and their natural Enemies, Integrated Pest Management in Australia

Sent three copies of, Citrus Pests and their natural Enemies, Integrated Pest

Management in Australia Citrus pests and their natural enemies is the first book

of its kind in Australia The citrus industry in Australia, like many other horticultural industries, is going through a period of substantial growth and change, due to the development and expansion of Australian and export markets

Consumers want clean, attractive, high-quality, good-tasting fruit that is safe to eat

One of the challenges for growers and distributors is to minimise the use of pesticides and other chemicals in controlling pests and diseases It is imperative that growers and others involved in pest management develop a thorough knowledge and understanding of pests in the orchard and how to control them effectively and economically

A wide range of pests attack citrus in Australia, and there are many others throughout the world that would be a significant threat to the citrus industry if introduced into Vietnam Responsible adherence to quarantine requirements for interstate, export and import trade is critically important for the continued prosperity of the industry

Integrated pest management (IPM) and biological control methods have been well established in Australian citrus for many years However, increased consumer demand for 'clean and green' products, greater understanding of occupational health and safety on farms, and higher chemical costs have all combined to highlight the need for universal adoption of IPM by citrus growers in their quest for international competitiveness and sustainability

Citrus pests and their natural enemies deals with over one hundred pests Some

cause problems every season, but most cause significant damage in some areas in some seasons Anamazingly high number of natural enemies of pests are active in the citrus orchard By encouraging these natural enemies to control pests, growers can reduce pesticide use to a light spray program of low-toxicity chemicals, and produce the desired 'clean and green' fruit An essential part of such integrated pest management is the systematic and regular monitoring or orchards to identify pests, their natural enemies, and action levels (when pest control is needed)

Citrus Pests a Filed Guide a Companion to Citrus Pests and their natural Enemies, Integrated Pest Management in Australia

Sent three copies of, Citrus Pests a Filed Guide a Companion to Citrus Pests and their natural Enemies, Integrated Pest Management in Australia This citrus field guide has over 200 plates illustrating insect and mite pests with descriptions damaged caused and some of their natural enemies This book is used in conjunction with the integrated pest management (IPM) IPM is a strategy which encourages the reduction of pesticide use by using a variety of controls in harmonious combination to contain or manage pests below their economic injury levels The aim is to produce quality fruit at minimal cost by intelligently managing pests IPM is the complete opposite of relying solely on pesticides to control pests (and diseases) It aims to maximise the use of biological and cultural controls, and other measures, such as chemical control, must play a supportive rather than disruptive role Pesticides should be used strictly when needed, as determined by systematic monitoring of pests and their natural enemies Selective, non-disruptive chemicals are preferred over broad-spectrum ones such as organophosphates, carbamates and synthetic pyrethroids, which are very harmful to natural enemies of pests

Components of IPM

Several important components make up a practical IPM program These include:

• identification of pests and their natural enemies

• monitoring of pests and their natural enemies

• data recording and reporting

• decision making

Electronic Books and Information Provided

The good the bug and the ugly Citrus Pests and their natural Enemies, Integrated Pest Management in Australia CD ROMS

Three copies of this is a CD ROM based information guide that complements the citrus field guide book which incorporates integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for citrus in Queensland and Australia were sent to Vietnam

Agrlink Citrus on Line CD ROMS

Three copies of this CR ROM based book that provides a comprehensive guide to the growing and marketing of citrus in Queensland and Australia was sent to Vietnam

Sections Covered are:

• What you need to know before you start growing citrus

• Growing and marketing a commercial crop

• Important citrus growing and marketing decisions

• Further reading and other sources of information

• Registered chemicals for pests and diseases

• Detailed information on the seven most important pests of Queensland citrus

• Frequently asked questions about growing and marketing

• Guide to problem identification and solutions

• Directory of important product and service provide

• Monthly calendar of events for growing citrus

• Search for your topic of interest

• Detailed information on the five most important diseases of Queensland citrus

Translated Electronic Version Agrilnk Mango Information Kit

Electronic Translation of DPI&F Agrilnk Mango Information Kit into Vietnamese

One electronic copy of the Agrilink Mango Information Kit produced by DPI&F has been translated into Vietnamese’s and handed to SIAEP and SOFRI staff to conduct training of stakeholders in Vietnam

5.2 Smallholder Benefits

The following workshops were conducted to inform potential stakeholders of project aims, objectives and benefits to smallholders who will participate in this CARD Project Discussions with farmer groups, collectors and traders were well received Significant problems exist at the farmer level with pre-harvest production issues