Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " Evolution of Evolution of IPM " pptx

Pest Damage Human values Production activities Protection activities Pest populations Norton and Conway, 1977... Phases in agricultural production and pest control practices... The secon

Evolution of IPM

Ho Van Chien & Le Quoc Cuong (collection and Synthesis) Southern regional Plant Protection Center

What are pests?

 Organisms that we believe reduce the value of

resources that we are interested They do this by causing loss in production and quality of food and fiber; by transmitting diseases; and reduce quality

of our environment

Pest Damage

Human values

Production activities

Protection activities

Pest populations

Norton and Conway, 1977

Traditional pest control methods

 Use of ants and PSO for

fruit-orchards in China.

 Late sowing to control

white stem borers in

Java.

 Delay transplanting for

yellow stem borer control

in Japan.

 Handpicking egg

masses.

 Removing eggs using a

rope soaked with

kerosene

Pesticide Era

 Discovery of DDT (Muller 1939; Nobel Prize 1948)

 Chlorinated compounds (BHC, dieldrin,

endosulfan)

 Organophosphates/Carbamates (m-parathion,

carbofuran)

 Pyrethroids (deltamethrin)

Pesticide Era

•R & D on chemical interventions dominated

agricultural change in developed countries in

1960’s and 1970s and is still strongly influencing pest management practices in most of Asia.

•Ecological understanding largely ignored or

superficially dealt with.

•Green Revolution

-Pesticides introduced as a necessary input and farmers

encouraged to use them to achieve high yields through

advertising and loans.

Eg Masagana 99 (Philippines), BIMAS (Indonesia)

Ecological and health concerns

 Silent Spring Rachel Carson 1962

 Undesirable effects of pesticides

 Development of resistance

 Increased need to discover new chemicals

 Pollution – Biomagnification

 Accumulation of residues up the food chain

 Human health hazards

 Acute and chronic toxicities

 Effects on non target organisms, like bees, wildlife

Phases in agricultural production and pest control practices

in Tropical Rice Ecosystems

K.L Heong & K.G Schoenly

1998

Ecological and species concerns

Ecological disruptions that cause Insect-pests and diseases

Impact of insecticides on predators

 The insecticide sprays

in citrus orchards

cause of red-mite

resurgence and

population increase

 Loss of natural enemy

components, could not

weaver ant-keeping

Mean food chain lengths reduced

 Sprays reduced chain lengths significantly from 3 to about 2.

 Estimated time for food web to recover was

22 days after the last spray.

 Sprays bring about asynchrony in predator-prey relationships.

The secondary pest becomes to major pest

 Insecticide sprays, especially in the early crop stages, favor the development of

secondary pests, like BPH in Rice or Red mite in Citrus.

 Insecticides have differential effects on

guilds and community structure.

 The secondary pest has higher population growth rates than predators.

Egg stage – refuge from

pesticides or the secondary pest resurgence

Resurgence and secondary pest

Pre treatment Shortly after treatment Pest resurgence

Pre treatment Shortly after treatment Outbreak of pest o

 Smith, van den Bosch, Stern, FAO panel of experts 1960s & 1970s

 Clark, Geier, Morris.1960s & 1970s

 Bottrell 1979

 Now a widely adopted term

www.ippc.orst.edu

implementation of pest control based on predicted economic, ecological, and

sociological consequences (Bottrell,

1979)

Economic Threshold Concept

Economic injury level (EIL)

• Pest level that will cause loss greater than control cost

Crop loss cost > Control cost

Economic threshold Level (ETL)

• Pest level at which control should be taken to prevent pest from reaching EIL.

Control benefit = Control cost

PDK = C

P = price of produce

D = loss in yield per insect unit

K = % reduction achieved by control

Threshold control strategy rely on

prior knowledge of pest population

dynamics

 Pest A population

increases with time

 Expected benefits when

control is applied at 40

is large.

 Pest B population

declines after first peak.

 Expected benefits from

control is much

reduced.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Pest A

Pest B

Economic threshold – A trap?

 Assumes pesticide intervention is needed, ETL is to decide when?

 Assumes pest populations will increase if not treated.

 Assumes all variables in ETL, future development of pest are known with certainty.

 Assumes treatments will not harm natural biological control or cause secondary pests.

 Assumes people will make decisions based on an economic rationale.

 Assumes farmers’ knowledge and beliefs are

adequate and uniform.

 Action Threshold Level “ATL”

IPM becoming more farmer

oriented

 Farmer training using the FFS approach.

 FAO Inter-country program

 1.5 million farmers trained Trained farmers reduce insecticide use.

 Knowledge, attitude and practice research.

 Conducted in 10 Asia countries

 Farmer participatory research.

 Carried out in 8 countries

 Strategic extension campaigns

 Used in several countries Successful in weed management.

 Multi stakeholder participation in the use of communication

approaches

 In Vietnam reduced insecticide use by 50% and 30% on citrus orchards

 Initiated in Thailand in 2000.

 Understanding farmer decision making

 Behavioral decision model

P in IPM is more than pest

Research & Development

Changes in Farmer Practice

Extension & Training (Technology Transfer)

The traditional R&D Model

IPM

Methods, Training Concepts

 Learn the gaps in farmers' knowledge

 Transform gaps into research problems

 Communicate results to farmers

 Farmers integrate & adapt information

 into knowledge & practice

Radical Change in Research Sequence

Knowledge Gaps

Extension Communication Distillation

Research Synthesis

Farmer practice Scientific

achievements

Action Research Cycle

Transfer technology which is farmer needs

Transfer technology which is farmer needs

but not we have!

 Carrying out pre-test by “KAP” survey

(Knowledge-Attitude-Practice).

 Data analysis by “SPSS” to find out which the farmer needs.

Transformation of new technology

 Transfer new technologies that farmers

want.

 Physiology and ecology of target pest.

 Sustainability of “bio-diversity” (non-target pests, natural enemies, …Biotic & Abiotic, landscape ecology).

 Social with adoption & adaptation of people community.

Cultural method

Weed keeping for natural enemies habitat

Natural Biological Control

Predators in field rice

Spiders

Lady birds

Crickets Predatory bugs

Parasitoids in rice field

KLH

Pests on Fruit orchards

Natural enemies of horticultural

eco-system

HVChien

Strategies to maximize natural control mechanisms

Insecticide use in IRRI farm

Pesticide use in IRRI farm

 China’s use is about

8 times that in Mekong and 18 times that in IRRI farm

 Mekong’s use is 2.3 times that in IRRI farm

Ecosystem to include non-rice habitats

Risk assessment and management

Integration of ideas, concepts, methods from other fields

Low inputs

High yield and good quality

I PM Pruning