TIỂU LUẬN học phần anh văn chuyên ngành introduce the pharmacology your paper should clearly present the following information differences between pharmacology and pharmacy

Your paper should clearly present the following information:  differences between pharmacology and pharmacy  subdisciplines of pharmacology  pharmacodynamics  pharmacokinetics Your

BÀI TIỂU LUẬN

Học phần: Anh Văn chuyên ngành

Họ và tên sinh viên thực hiện: TRẦN QUỲNH GIAO

Mã số sinh viên: 511206114

Ngày tháng năm sinh: 28/06/2002

Khối: DCQ2020

Tổ: 5

Điện thoại liên hệ: 0869862002

Năm học: 2020 – 2021

KẾT QUẢ BÀI TIỂU LUẬN Điểm

(bằng số) (bằng chữ) Điểm Giảng viên chấm 1 (Họ tên & chữ ký) Giảng viên chấm 2 (Họ tên & chữ ký)

Tiêu chí đánh giá Category Scoring Criteria Points Score Total Organization

(10 points)

The layout is appropriate for the topic and audience 5 Information is presented in a logical sequence 5

Content (30 points)

Introduction is attention-getting, lays out the problem well, and establishes a framework for the rest of the

Technical terms are well-defined in language appropriate for the target audience 5 Information is presented accurately 5 Material included is relevant to the overall message 5 Visual aids are well prepared, informative, effective,

The writer completes the task with about 1,000 words 5

Language Use (60 points)

The writer can exhibit a logical and coherent sequence throughout and smooth transitions between ideas 15 The writer can use a wide variety of vocabulary that

The writer can use a wide range of structure with full flexibility and accuracy with rare minor errors 15 The writer can fully address all parts of the task with

relevant, fully extended and well supported ideas 15

TOPIC 4 2

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Introduce the pharmacology Your paper should clearly present the following information:

 differences between pharmacology and pharmacy

 subdisciplines of pharmacology

 pharmacodynamics

 pharmacokinetics Your paper should contain about 1,000 words and 3 images with captions.

PHARMACOLOGY

A INTRODUCTION OF PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacology is the science of how drugs and other compounds interact with biological systems ranging from the molecule to the cell, organ, or even the entire body The phrase pharmacology is derived from the ancient Greek words “pharmakon”, which means

"drug", and “logia”, which represents "knowledge of."

Historically, the activities of pharmacological drugs – generally derived from natural sources or plant extracts were poorly understood and discussed in diverse ways, without a comprehensive understanding of their effects on the body Clinical pharmacology goes back to the Middle Ages, and one of its major pioneers was William Withering (1741-1799) However, it was not until the mid-nineteenth century that it emerged as a scientific discipline This was mostly thanks to discoveries in biomedical research at the time.

Throughout the 19th and 20th century, as a biological discipline, the study of pharmacology had been growing continuously, and its findings began to be applied in a healthcare facility.

B DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACY

Pharmacology is not synonymous with pharmacy, though the two are sometimes used simultaneously As it is mentioned before, pharmacology is the study of how medicines work and how they affect our bodies whereas in contrast pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing and dispensing the drugs that have been created and researched by pharmacologists To have a better understanding, we may think about what people who work in such professions do on a regular basis Pharmacologists research and develop new medicines, improve our understanding of how medicines work, make sure they are used effectively and safely for everyone while pharmacists generally give out medicines and share advice to help keep you healthy.

C SUBDISCIPLINES OF PHARMACOLOGY

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There are many different subdisciplines or specializations under the umbrella of pharmacology A pharmacologist may specialize in any one of these subdisciplines to conduct deeper research into a specific area of pharmacology, these include:

Image 1 Pharmacogenetics is a subdisciplines of pharmacology

Source: www.genengnews.com

- Cardiovascular pharmacology: the effects of pharmaceuticals on the cardiovascular system.

- Clinical pharmacology: the clinical applications of pharmaceuticals.

- Environmental pharmacology: understanding the interaction between genes, the environment and pharmaceuticals.

- Neuropharmacology: the effects of pharmaceuticals on the central and peripheral nervous system.

- Pharmacoepidemiology: the effects of pharmaceuticals observed in large population groups.

- Pharmacogenetics: the relationship between genetic variability and drug response.

- Pharmacognosy: the composition, use and development of biological origin and especially medicinal substances obtained from plants.

- Posology: the science of arriving at the correct dosing of pharmaceuticals.

- Psychopharmacology: the behavioral changes associated with pharmaceuticals, or the use of pharmaceuticals to bring about behavioral modifications.

- Toxicology: the adverse effects of pharmaceuticals.

D PHARMACODYNAMICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS

The two major types of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.

Pharmacodynamics is the study of how a medicine affects the biology of the body.

Pharmacokinetics, on the other hand, is concerned about how the medicine interacts with the body in terms of liberation, absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination, which are referred to as LADME.

1 Pharmacodynamics

Both pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics together influence factors such as dosing, drug benefits, and side effects Pharmacodynamics places particular emphasis on dose-response relationships which are the connections between the concentration of a drug and its impact, whether negative or positive, upon the organism.

Drugs, in general, do not initiate new metabolic processes in the body, instead of modifying biochemical processes To do this, they interact with certain target structures

in the body, including as receptors and enzymes These interactions have the potential to either enhance or inhibit downstream metabolic processes Agonists are medicines that activate a receptor or an enzyme, whereas antagonists are drugs that block them As a result, an agonist has the same action as a natural enzyme effector or an endogenous signaling molecule for a receptor Antagonists, on the other hand, are comparable to natural inhibitors of enzymes or receptors.

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Image 1 Agonists and Antagonists

Source: psychonautwiki.org

There are two types of agonists: direct agonists and indirect agonists The direct agonists might attach to the receptor and produce an effect like the endogenous signaling molecule Whereas in contrast, indirect agonists, instead of generating a signal itself, this drug could enhance the action of the endogenous signaling molecule, for example, by enhancing signaling molecule secretion.

If the aim is to impair signal transduction at the receptor, the antagonists are used.

Antagonists can also behave in a variety of ways and are generally divided into two types: competitive and non-competitive A competitive antagonists binds to the same site

as the endogenous signaling molecule, preventing it from attaching to the receptor As the result, a lower amount or signaling molecules connect to the receptor on the cell surface, reducing their overall impact An antagonist that is non-competitive binds to a site other than the usual receptor binding site However, since this interaction induces conformational changes in the structure of the receptor – binding site, the physiological impact of the signaling molecule is reduced or even eliminated.

2 Pharmacokinetics

The term pharmacokinetics is derived from the ancient Greek words “pharmakon” and

“kinetikos”, meaning “drug” and “putting in motion” respectively It is one of the most important disciplines of pharmacology and refers to the way that the body reacts on and affects a pharmaceutical substance in the body.

Pharmacokinetics is made up of five major components: liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (LADME) These are used to describe the varied properties of various medicines in the body:

- Liberation: Liberation is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance is released

from the formulation it is delivered in This must place before the medication may be absorbed by the body.

- Absorption: Absorption is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance enters the

blood circulation in the body The pharmacokinetic parameters for absorption include:

 Absorption rate constant: absorption rate or amount of drug remaining to be absorbed.

 Bioavailability: amount of drug absorbed or drug dose.

- Distribution: Distribution is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance is

dispersed through the fluids and tissues in the body The pharmacokinetic parameters for distribution include:

 Apparent volume of distribution: amount of drug in body or drug concentration in plasma.

 Unbound fraction: unbound drug concentration in plasma or total drug concentration in plasma.

- Metabolism: Metabolism is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance is

transformed into other substances, called metabolites, in the body The pharmacokinetic parameters for metabolism include:

 Metabolic clearance: drug metabolism rate or drug concentration in plasma.

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- Excretion: Excretion is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance is removed

from the body In rare cases, some drugs may never be completely excreted from the body They then irreversibly accumulate in the tissues The pharmacokinetic parameters for excretion include:

 Renal clearance: renal excretion rate or drug concentration in plasma.

 Fraction excreted unchanged: renal excretion rate or drug elimination rate.

Image 1 Five major components of pharmacokinetics (LADME)

Source: www.flickr.com

Pharmacokinetic research studies are often undertaken in healthy volunteers or patients to examine and quantify the interplay between drugs and the body in the general population.

E CONCLUSION

Oral birth control pills are one of the most significant pharmacological breakthroughs.

This innovation was found in 1950 and FDA authorized in 1960 Birth control pills not

only assist 100 million women across the world regulate their bodies by suppressing ovulation, but they also help the world rein in population expansion This example has shown that pharmacologists use a variety of techniques, including genetics, molecular biology and chemistry, to explain and manipulate the pharmacological action of substances for health purposes This has brought in a deeper understanding of how medications can be effectively used to manage various health conditions and diseases, as well as remarkable improvements in the field of medicine throughout the world.

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