Nhập môn hán tự cơ bản hồ phụng vỹ, trần ngọc tây

Unit 1Strokes of Chinese Characters Generally, many foreigners have difficulties in writing characters are so complicated that they don’t know how to characters and strokes can only be w

001 The Stroke Order /006

Oil

H ( 0, Etf, PH, B.) /014

(J3, w, 0JD /016 /K (zk, 'ZE, 'M, i'S, ?£) /017

â ( Ố, ốtj, w ) /048

Ì ( w, ÌM, if, in ) /049 /h (/h, A, /050

A (A, #) /051 Unit 11 Components of Characters (8) 053

— ( TẼ, A ) /053

A (7k, A ) /054 ( A, ) /055

A ( A, íã, IS) /056 Unit 12 Components of Characters (9) /058

i ( êl, ẾẾ, tR ) /058

T (T, ÕT, IT ) /059 ì_ ( ìù, ÌẺ ) /060

Ul (-tfl, fik, itk) /061 Unit 13 Components of Characters (10) /063

(^, <, M) /063

Unit 14 Components of Characters (11) 068

nni

w ( w, w, W) /099

’C- - : Structure oi Characters 100

104 recth & Beautifully (2) 108

113 116

u /116 A/117

#/118 7^/118 /119

120

# /120

B /121 /121

^/122 flc/122

T /128

# /129

/129 Unit 29 Everyday Characters (5) 131

Unit 30

_E /131

T /132

/132 /133

005

Unit 33 Everyday Characters (9) /146

( tiinesc

Chu.!' ter>

/146

^/147 {£/147 /148 3c /148

Unit 1

Strokes of Chinese Characters

Generally, many foreigners have difficulties in writing

characters are so complicated that they don’t know how to

characters and strokes can only be written in certain

directions The main principles are “from left to right”

These strokes are formed by different dots or lines as the

basic components Here you can easily learn how to write

characters stroke by stroke Now please follow US, and you

may find fun in these characters

There are eight basic strokes of Chinese characters,

which are the horizontal stroke, the vertical stroke, the left­

falling stroke, the right-falling stroke, the dot, the rising

001

C-ỉuni’ rers

1 1^1 héng ( the horizontal stroke )

e.g ÍT ( beat) ?L ( hole )

6 íẫ t,z ( the rising stroke )

7 tJr (the turning stoke )

8 w QÕU ( the hook )

e.g zb ( small) “T* (inch )

003

C!ur.ỉ< Tut 5

e.g ĩt ( style ) ( drama )

A

above-mentioned strokes, and thus called derived strokes Let’s

see some examples

e.g. J] ( knife ) tk (too )ward-turning and a hook )

(7iu-jTtrs

As we mentioned in Unit 1, strokes should be written

in certain directions, which we call “the stroke order” The

3 Write a middle stroke before the strokes on

the writing ofa single character, e.g 3l( five ), 5H rising ),( individual ) , Jk (trade ) etc Let’s learn them one by one in the following parts.

(1) The horizontal stroke should be before the vertical stroke,

e.g Jb Sheng ( rise )

both sides, and the upper strokes are finished before the

lower ones

009

Formation of Chinese Characters

characters are composed of a few strokes, e.g d (two) ,

by components which consist of strokes

basic components of characters

graphic and ideographic Chinese characters :

(Tun- rers

( modern Chinese character) ;

ponents, which are the basic parts of characters, like 26

plus “wide” makes “worldwide”

divided into two types: pictographic radicals and phoneticradicals

learners memorizing the pronunciation ofcharacters

However, the formation, meaning and pronunciation

of characters have undergone great changes in the process

represents the exact message of a character

functions We’ll introduce more knowledge about them in

the following units

m

Ciunt-Tcrs

Components of Characters (1)

3,000 characters for everyday use, but only about 400

basic components, similar to 26 letters in English alphabet, you'll be able to understand and write combined characters

s ri ( the sun )

“ H ” is a basic character Its ancient written fonn looks

like a sun in the sky The characters with the radical of “ H ”

are usually related to “the sun”, “time”, “rays” or“light” “ Ẹ ”

mainly appears on the left of a character, but sometimes on

its top or at the bottom

e.g Hi Shi ( time )

yuè (the moon

the radical of ” standing on the right are generally related

meat when it is on the left It may be also at the lower part

e.g Hi péng ( friend )

ming ( bright, tomorrow )

07k shuT (7k shuizipangwater ) ( the radical of “7k” —* “ 7” or “ 7 ” )

ÍÌỈ7

Cỉur.i ters

“zk” are usually associated with “water” or “liquid” The

on the left ofa character

e.g ỈT jiong ( river )

character, but sometimes on its top or at the bottom The

0Ỉ9

Chein< TWS

characters with the radical of “A” are usually related to

“fire”, “urgent”, “anger” or “ammunition”

n?/

Clur.kTers

The characters with the radical of “tK” are usually

associated with “tree”, “wood” or “timber” “/fc” mainly

appears on the left of a character, sometimes on its top or

The ancient written form of the radical ““H'” is in the

are usually related to “herbal plants” “ ■+*- ” generally stands

on the top of a character

e.g huõ ( flower )

7^ hé (standing grain)

7^^^ tìézìpóng (the radical of “t|<” )

The characters with the radical of “7^:” are usually

relevant to “cereal” or “agriculture” mainly occurs

on the left of a character, but it may also be used on the top

&

025

mainly appears on the top ofa character,

027

Components of Characters ( 3 )

Please continue to learn the following components in

three peaks standing side by side It’s a basic character The characters with the radical of “ill” are usually related

to “hill” or “mountain” The radical “ill” is always on the

The ancient written -form of “EET is in the double

shape of crisscross pieces of farmland It’s also a basic

*character The characters with the radical of “ffl” are usually

often appears on the left side of a character, but may also

be the upper or lower component of a character

e.g Lffl.l hud ( picture )

Cl Wil rets

occurs on the left ofa character, but sometimes on its top or

at the bottom And itself is one of the basic characters

Chir.i- UTS

The ancient written form of “A” is in the picture of

a profile of a man standing The radical of ” 4" got from

man sign”, usually related to “man”, “person” or “people”.When used on the top of a character, it’s written as ,

ms

Chunk rers

character too

When used on the left of a character, the radical

* ;

L.4 - — p-4- — — -

is a basic character The characters with the

and its function It mainly occurs on the left ofa character,

but sometimes on its top or at the bottom

-The ancient written form of li ” is in the shape of

a human eye The characters with the radical of “ H” are

e.g 0M yàn ( eye )

n men ( door )

The ancient written form of “H” is like two door

component And “ n ” itself is one of the basic characters

characters with the radical of are usually associatedwith “houses”, which mainly occurs on the top of acharacter.

” is a head radical without a clear meaning,

character is ( capital of a country) , so it is called “1^

e.g Jing ( capital)

043

Chara' lets

i

“nr is a Chinese character radical which means city

ofa character or is a lower component of a character And

e.g Qỉân (thousand )

three fingers of a left hand In the beginning, it meant “a

“ý"” are usually associated with “hand”, which mainly

occurs on the top

Chinese

dura. Tens

Components of Characters ( 7 )

Target

Éi bái ( white )

baiztpang ( the radical of “Ể3” )

The ancient written form of “ÉỈ” looks similar to a

color, the character usually functions as the meaning of

“white” The radical often occurs on the left, top or at the bottom of a character

The ancient written form of “/b” consists of three

things It may also be a component of other characters,

which mainly occurs on the top or at the bottom of a

jiãn ( sharp )

I

The ancient written form of “-f ” is similar to a baby

are usually associated with “children”, which mainly

-Unit 11

Components of Characters ( 8 )

double, two kinds, several and another” This radical of

” may occur at different parts ofcharacters, e.g

“eight” The radical of “7k” is usually seen as a head radical.

e.g gỗng ( fair, male )

— —

«

& ' Sk

- ,

The ancient written form of this radical looks like a

usually associated with “woman” It’s mainly at the left

or lower part of a character And itself is one of the basic characters

The ancient written form of the radical resembles a

usually relevant to “silk”, “cotton”, “wool”, “chemical fibre” and “color” On the left of a character, it’s written as “

so called “wring the silk beside” But as the lower part of a

“"p” is one of the basic Chinese characters The

059

During ancient times the written form of the radical

to the sense of “walking”, so called “walk its beside” Thecharacters with the radical of “ i_” are usually relevant to

“walking”, which often appears at the lower left part of a character

e.g Ji biởn ( border )

i ’ J - s

V1 j

*** 1 <

“ill” is one of the basic characters which means “also, as

well as, either, likewise and too” The radical of often

® tõ (she )

ĩ

Tv I5*

written form of “ậậ” resembles the head of a sheep seen

Cltir.r rcrs

ofa character

- ị -

• a

The characters with the radical of “51” are usually

t

upper or lower part of a character The ancient written

shooting a side glance, having a long face with hair on the

neck The characters with the radical of “T?j” are usually

animals, and the radical mainly occurs on the left

e.g ịĩị mỡ ( mum )

ĨSỈ jid ( drive )

nA 7

a person’s heart When the radical of “'C?” stands on the

069

“3E” is a basic character The characters with the

radical of “j£” is the modified part of “j£” (jade) , which

radical of “3E” is usually relevant to “jade”, “antiques” or

“ornaments” Whether “3i” or “ZE”, they often appear on

the left side of a character

Clun< ra s

_.ro iX- ệỉ. fL.

“frj” is one of the basic characters The ancient

of a character

e.g xậ ( chicken )

P-ậ míng ( tweet )

1

•

•

The characters with the radical of 4 the same as

“zj\”, are usually related to “worshipping”, “sacrifices”,

“gods” or “ghosts” When used at the lower part of a

073

Chdr.hĩcĩs

part of a character, it is written as “ 4 ”

The ancient written form of “Jt” is similar to a stone

as a measure word of weight The radical of “Jr” often

“road” or “walk”, and the radical generally occurs on the

left of a character

e.g ÝT x,n9 ( walk )

-075

fànwénbiỏn (the radical of

The ancient written form of “ ỊC' looks like someone

the radical of “Jc” are usually relevant to “action” or

“behavior”, and the radical mainly occurs on the right of a character

e.g ỈỈC fang ( put)

k

As a lateral component, the left radical of “ p ’usually

knife beside” or the “left ear”

e.g chén ( a frequently used family name )

•

\ -ti- « - -

-‘7

pg yóng (positive, sun )

The right radical “ [3 ” looks similar to the left radical of

“ p ” is the lower part of “t”’, hence the name “

part, sometimes it is written as “ q”

- - ị - -

~p wei ( guard )

“JL” is one of the basic Chinese characters When it

is served as a radical with another part inserted in it, the

character.

qù( go )

‘ LIT*-**^***^* ' ’ -“ V.=u

lit Shi ( food, eating )

ClưrAưers

The radical of “ t ” from the pictographic character

“Jt” are usually related to “food” and “drink” It is often

used as the left or lower part of a character

of “X” are generally relevant to “hands”, and the radical

the basic characters.

e.g ~ỉx, you ( friend )

characters with the radical of “p*” are usually associated

with “houses” And “p” itself is a pictographic character

i)R5

Cỉuni' rets

JE£ Zhuang ( village )

! • V- ã- íầá

Components of Characters (15 )

□ guó —> [ĩ] guó ( country )

The characters with the radical of “ □” are usually associated with “boundary” or “encirclement” When

087

e.g ping ( smooth )

tI" cùn (inch )

at the lower part of a character And “ tT itself is one of

short”

089

< Ititteic

Clun- TITS

The ancient “47” seems like ‘*^yuè ( the moon)”

“night” or “sunset” The radical may occur in differentsides of a character And “4 ỹ" itself is one of the basic

e.g ỷb wài ( outside )

bow The characters with the radical of are generally

JU bèi ( shellfish )

beizipang ( the radical of “JU” )

so the characters with the radical of “PỊ” are usually

at the left or lower part of a character

Kí cói ( wealth )

095

outline of fish with a head, a body, a fin and scales Thecharacters with the radical of “Ềi” are usually related to

e.g xìởn ( fresh or a good taste )

Clurj- rers

"'S^ỶÍĨ feizikuang ( the radical of “1$” )

The ancient “ V’ seems a flying bird on the calm sea And “1£” itself is one of the basic characters

The ancient written form of “ffi” is the image of

® léi (thunder )

_4 -

.T. -099

Clur-ii ten

Structure of Characters

different components of Chinese characters? OK let’s go into this part—Structure ofCharacters

Generally speaking, structure of Chinese characters

Zhao (look for)” and jin (today)” contain two or more components

There are three types of structures for combined

structure and enclosure structure

3 Enclosure structure

( 1 ) Full enclosure characters

IÍÌÌ

which are the combinations of the left-and-right, and-lower and enclosure structures,

upper-e.g j® Xiang ( think )

Clurj' ter,'.

Write Characters Correctly & Beautifully (1 )

We have learned structures of characters But how do

so difficult for foreigners to learn to write? Here are someadvice for you

1 Each part of a character should be written closely rather than separately.

e.g PÀ du'1 ( team ) —> Can’t be written as “ f A”

FA - - - - •

-fill Xian ( fairy ) —> Can’t be written as “ s lLi”

péng ( friend ) —> Can’t be written as ”

e.g lĩwù (gift) —► Can’t be written as

ẴHẨ péngyou (friend) —» Can’t be written as AH ẩ

4 A horizontal stroke ought to be level, and a

vertical stroke should be straight If a character

contains several horizontals or verticals, it must

105

CỈLir.i' ters

be written with even space.

e.g Jt Shang ( ascending )

107

Clurj> rers

Write Characters Correctly & Beautifully ( 2 )

ters, you ought to give your attention to their structures,

positions In general, those components formed by more strokes are bigger, while those by fewer strokes are smaller

-e.g jiao (teach )

(4) Part on the right is higher than the one on the left,

(A I i- — 4.— - - < - — j -

-vj—1 -— iC-

e.g yón ( burning hot)

e.g ĩỉ yón ( delay )

(2) In three-sided enclosure characters, the inner component

ought to be a bit closer to the top of the frame

e.g fxj găng ( ridge )

enclosed from the lower part, the inner component ought

e.g IfflJ huà ( picture )

— - - s - — - - - 1 • • • • • I 1 1

(4) Concerning three-sided enclosure characters enclosed

from the left, the inner component ought to be a bit closer to

the left

Ill

(5) With regard to full enclosure characters, the inner

Unit 24

Write Characters Correctly & Beautifully (3 )

Today let’s continue to discuss how to write Chinese

characters correctly and beautifully Here are some other

principles of writing characters as follows:

right sides and the upper and lower parts of a

character

( 1) A central vertical stroke should make both sides of

e.g feng ( plentiful )

-(2) A central horizontal line should make both sides of

a character in the equal size

11Ĩ

-(3) For the beginners, the most efficient way is to write

centre of a character should be written on the intersection

e.g 4" Iln (today )