Bài giảng Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh nâng cao (Advanced English Grammar)

- Finite clause S – V has concord with S in person + number, Verbs has tense distinction - Non-finite clause with or without Subject, without concord, without tense distinction Practice

Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh nâng cao

Advanced English Grammar

Danh mục tài liệu tham khảo của học phần

•   Giáo trình chính

1 Randolph Quirk & Sidney Greenbaum (2012), Ngữ pháp tiếng

Anh dành cho sinh viên (A University Grammar of English),

NXB Thời đại

•   Tài liệu tham khảo

2 Randolph Quirk & Sidney Greenbaum (2010), A University Grammar of English _ Workbook, NXB Văn hóa thông tin

english.html

3.https://epdf.pub/an-introduction-to-the-grammar-of-(Elly van Gelderen (2010) An Introduction to the Grammar of

English – Revised edition John Benjamins Publishing

Company Amsterdam/ Philadelphia.)

Lecture 1

Introduction

Parts of speech Sentences

(nouns, verbs, adjectives….) (simple, complex, compound…)

•   New concept:

Grammar is a study of a set of rules

morphological rules syntactic rules

(parts of speech) (phrases, clauses, sentences)

Morphemes and Words

Morphemes and Words

I actually felt tired of

sitting doing nothing

And I hated enjoying

the unemployment

benefit I found myself

useless Then I decided

to look or a job

I found myself useless

hated enjoying

tired, job, myself

use, -less,

2

Morphemes and Words

MORPHEME = A minimal meaningful unit

E.g.: re/try

boy/s

A morpheme can stand alone to make

a word (try, boy) or have to be attached to another form (re, s)

2

Morphemes and Words

WORD = An independent meaningful unit

E.g.: try

boy turn return

2

Types of morphemes

Occurrence

Types

Free (words)

Bound (affixes) Grammatical Function words:

prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions

inflectional (suffixes)

Lexical Content words:

Nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives

derivational (prefixes, suffixes)

2

-  don’t have clear functions

-  are often unstressed in normal speech

-  have to compare with other items or put in speech

-  Note: Closed system items=

Functional words

Open-class items (n, v, adj )

-  uncountable in number

-  can be used in combination

-  have certain syntactic functions

-  are often stressed

-  Open-class items = notional

words

Types of phrases, clauses, sentences

Syntax

eg: - a beautiful girl in the corner

pre-modifiers + head + post-modifiers

- has been waiting for

prehead + head + post head

Adjective

phrase

adjective + adjectival complementation

eg: I’m not sure about her condition adjective + adj C

3 Types of phrases

Prepositional

phrase

preposition + prepositional complementation

eg: on the table

preposition + pre C

Adverb

phrase

adverbial complementation adverb

eg: very hard

adv C + adverb

Practice

How many phrases can you find in the following sentence?

small garden for two hours

4 Types of clauses

A clause is a part of the sentence that contains a verb A typical clause consists of a subject and a predicate, the latter typically a verb phrase, a verb with any objects and other modifiers

=> Clauses are the principal structures of which sentences are composed

=> A sentence may consist of one, or more than one clause

4 Types of clauses

Syntax Clause

In terms of Clause’s

elements & verb patterns In terms of kinds of verb phrases

In terms of functions of

the clause

4.1 In terms of the verb phrase in the clause:

finite VP finite clause

Verb phrase

non-finite VP non-finite clause

4 Types of clauses

- Finite clause (S – V has concord with S in person + number,

Verbs has tense distinction)

- Non-finite clause (with or without Subject, without concord,

without tense distinction)

Practice: How many clauses can you find in the following sentences?

1 I want to become a film star.

2 What I want to say was that he tried to escape from poverty

3 Indonesian government considered East Timor a mere pebble in the

government shoes

4 I heard a child crying

4 Types of clauses

4.2 In terms of the CLAUSE ELEMENTS and the VERB PATTERNS which are formed from these elements

Identify the types of the following clauses

1   Mary felt tired

2   Mary made him surprised

3   Mary was reading a novel

4   Mary smiled

5   Mary gave him a postcard

6   Mary was in the garden

7   Mary put the book on the table

4 Types of clauses

4.3 In terms of the relation with other clauses in a sentence

Clauses can be divided into MAIN CLAUSES and

SUBCLAUSES Subclauses are those which are part of

-   Main Clauses = Superordinate CL = independent CL

-   Subclauses = Subordinate CL = dependent CL

Eg: Seeing is believing

Simple

E.g.: All these books are mine

E.g.: He likes singing but he can’t sing very

well

E.g.: He didn’t want to talk to whoever he met in

the London workshop

E.g.: Having seldom talked anyone before, the

child simply wide opened his beautiful eyes

and looked at the stranger

Simple contains one clause Eg: It’s cold today

Complex has more than one clause

including a main clause and one or more

1 main clause +

1 subordinate clause

5 Types of sentences

Compound

consists of more than one clause and these clause are independent

of each other (joined by

and, or, but, etc)

Eg: My mother is cooking and my father is reading

subordinate clause

Eg: We try to forget it but

it still comes straight into our noses

1 main clause +

1 subordinate clause +

1 main clause

5 Types of sentences

6 Parts of a sentence

Parts of a sentence Subject Predicate Operator

Parts of a sentence

Subject

What is being discussed – theme

E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle

everyday

6 Parts of a sentence

Parts of a sentence

Predicate

What is being said about the subject – rheme

E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle

everyday

6 Parts of a sentence

•  include BE & HAVE

E.g.: I am a student and I have a part time job

•  include BE & HAVE

E.g.: I am cooking

•  include will, shall,

should, can, might, etc

E.g.: I can cook

6 Parts of a sentence

Eg: Grammar is a difficult subject

subject predicate

You are looking so boring

subject predicate

6 Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements

Subject Verb Object Complement

Adverbial

6 Parts of a sentence

- O: Od = direct object: She wrote the poem

Revision

1 What are the sentence elements and how are they realized?

2 What are the types of sentence structure?

3 What are the parts of speech? Give examples

4 What is the difference between the closed-system items and open-class ones?

1 How are verbs realized?

-   Verb is part of predicate A verb denotes an action, activity or state

-   Verbs can be realized by the ending like “ize”,

“fy”, “en”, or de-, en-,

-   Verbs can be realized by their positions in the clause

2 Classifications of English verbs

Verb s according to classified

Possibility of admitting progressive aspect

Functions of items

Complementation

Structure

Verbs according to classified Functions of items

2 Classifications of English verbs

Classification 1: According to the functions of items

Verbs according to classified Functions of items

Lexical verbs

Regular Irregular

E.g.: book, booked, booked E.g.: teach, taught, taught

2 Classifications of English verbs

Classification 1: According to the functions of items

Verbs according to classified Functions of items

Auxiliary verbs Primary

Modal

Marginal modal auxiliary

2 Classifications of English verbs

Classification 1: According to the functions of items

Verbs according to classified Functions of items

Auxiliary verbs

Primary

•  include: do, have, be

•  change meaning when becoming a

full verb

E.g.: I am a student vs I am reading

2 Classifications of English verbs

Classification 1: According to the functions of items

Verbs according to classified Functions of items

Auxiliary verbs

Modal

•  include:

Can – could May – Might Shall-should Will-would Must

Ought to

2 Classifications of English verbs

Classification 1: According to the functions of items

Verbs according to classified Functions of items

Auxiliary verbs

Marginal modal auxiliary

•  include: used to, dare, need

2 Classifications of English verbs

Classification 1: According to the functions of items

Verbs according to classified Complementation

2 Classifications of English verbs

Classification 2: According to the complementation of the (lexical) verb

2 Classifications of English verbs

•   Classification 2: According to the complementation of the

2 Classifications of English verbs

Classification 3: According to the possibility of admitting

2 Classifications of English verbs

•   Classification 3: According to the possibility of admitting

verbs that show the action or the change of status and admit the

progressive aspect:

do, run, listen…

Verbs according to classified Structure

2 Classifications of English verbs

Classification 4: According to the structure of verbs

3 Verb phrases

•   The structure of a verb phrase

Prehead + Head + Post head

Auxiliary verb Verb - preposition

- particle

lexical verb/ main verb - particle + preposition Modal perfective progressive passive

modality aspects voice

Eg should have been being done

Finite verb phrase Non-finite verb phrase

-   Has tense distinction - Has no tense distinction

-   Subject is always present - Subject can be absent

-   Has concord with subject - Has no concord with subject

in terms of person & number

-   Expresses mood - A non finite verb phrase takes

the form of: -ing participle -ed particle to-infinitive bare infinitive

3 Verb phrases

•   Past form went

•   - ing participle going

•   - ed participle gone

4 Verbal forms

•   Base form (V) is used for:

-   All simple present tense except 3rd person singular

-   Imperative: Go home now!

-   Subjunctive: I suggest you be here tomorrow

-   Infinitive: I want to have a break now

Let him go

•   -s form: is used for third person singular

She hates chatting

4 Verbal forms

•  Past form: is used for past tense

He saw his wife chatting everyday

•  -ing participle: is used in

Progressive aspect: He is getting furious

-ing clause: Coming home, she found him in the kitchen

•  -ed participle is used for:

+ Perfective aspect

He has left her for another girl

+ Passive voice

She was left alone

+ In –ed participle clause

Left alone at home, she felt depressed

5 Tense – Aspect – Mood – Voice

•   Difference between “Time” and “Tense”:

Tense: is the correspondence

between the form of the verb and

our concept of time, tense is

language – specific

Time: is a universal, non-linguistic concept with three divisions:

past, present and

The progressive aspect

shows that the verbal

action is experienced

as in progress

The perfective aspect show that the verbal action is experienced

as completed

Aspect: is the manner

in which the verbal action

is experienced or regarded

•   The relationship between tense and aspect:

Tense and aspect can’t be considered separately from each other by tense The English language has simple, progressive and perfective aspects In other words, when

we consider a verbal action, the form of the verb tells us the point of the time When the action takes place and at that point of time, the verbal action is complete (perfective aspect) incomplete or in progress (progressive aspect) or none of the above

-   Mood: is a set of contrasts which is shown by the form of the

verb which is used to express the speaker’s attitudes towards what is denoted by the verb, or in other words, mood relates the verbal actions to such conditions as certainty, possibility

-   Marked = mood unmarked = non-mood

•   There is an inflectional system of mood, which consists of

indicative, imperative and subjunctive

•   The mandative subjunctive:

+ Form: bare infinitive + attitude: comments, recommendations

•   The formulaic subjunctive:

+ Verb form: bare infinitive

+ Speaker’s attitude: Consolidation

•   The subjunction:

+ Verb form: back shift in tense

non-fact

+ Attitude: hypothetual wishes, regrets…

•   Classifications of verbs and verb forms

Lecture 3

NOUNS, NOUN PHRASES

Main issues

•   1 Nouns

•   2 Reference and articles

•   3 Functions and structure s of an NP

•   4 The basic noun phrase

•   5 The complex noun phrase

1 Noun – Noun classes

Noun = a word used to name… •  person

(E.g.: Tom, John, Bill Jones)

•  thing (E.g.: bed, chair, table, house)

•  animal (E.g.: cat, dog, tiger, lion)

•  abstract concept (E.g.: peace, war, independence)

Count Non-count

Abstract Concrete Abstract Concrete

1 Noun – Noun classes

Grammatical Categories of Nouns

E.g.: mouse - mice

mother-in-law

Click at the box to learn more about each grammatical category of nouns

1 Noun – Noun classes

Grammatical Categories Number

Invariables

Variables

Click at the box to learn more about each grammatical sub-category

Grammatical Categories Number

Click at the box to learn more about the invariables

Invariables

= nouns that do not vary

1 Noun – Noun classes

Invariables

Singular invariables

Concrete non-count nouns: rice, furniture

Abstract non-count nouns: freedom, literature

Proper nouns: Tom, The Times

Some nouns ending in –s: news, measles

Abstract adjectival heads: the beautiful

Plural invariables

Summation plurals/ dual object plurals: tongs, pants

Other pluralia tantum in –s: archives, greens

Some plural proper nouns: the Philippines

Unmarked plural nouns: people, police

Personal adjectival heads: the dead, the poor

1 Noun – Noun classes

Grammatical Categories Number

Variables

Click at the box to learn more about the variables

= nouns that do vary

1 Noun – Noun classes

Regular plurals

Ex: Table -> tables

Irregular plurals

Voicing: leaf -> leaves house -> houses

-en plural: child -> children Zero plural: sheep -> sheep

Foreign: curriculum -> curricula index -> indices

1 Noun – Noun classes

Grammatical Categories

Case

“of” genitive

Click at the box to learn more about each grammatical

sub-category and the genitive meaning

1 Noun – Noun classes

Grammatical Categories

Case

“s” genitive = with the nouns of higher gender class

1 Noun – Noun classes

Grammatical Categories

Case

double genitive

= “of” and “’s” genitives used together

1 Noun – Noun classes

Grammatical Categories

Gender

= In English, there is not any further morphological feature that helps distinguish gender (unlike Russian or French)

Click at the box to learn more about examples for grammatical category : gender

1 Noun – Noun classes