Giáo trình anh văn chuyên ngành 2 (ngành khai thác máy tàu biển)

Reading Comprehension: Read the text about a diesel engine; Answer the following questions.. Một động cơ diesel là một máy sản sinh công bằng cách đốt dầu trong thân khí được nén với áp

TRƯỜNG CAO ĐẲNG HÀNG HẢI II

BỘ MÔN NGOẠI NGỮ

GIÁO TRÌNH ANH VĂN CHUYÊN NGÀNH 2

UNIT 1.

WHAT A DIESEL ENGINE IS

1 VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR POINTS:

ép, nén

áp lực

di chuyển

sự đốt diễn rabên trong trong, ở trong hơi nước nhiên liêụbên ngoài nén

nhất địnhphần

xi lanhlòng (xilanh) vừa sát, vừa khít trượt

cơ chếkiểm soát mục đích bình thườngkhủy trục, tay quây bao gồm

quanh trục

ổ đởxoay quanh thanh

thiết bịchuyển đổi lên xuống

sự chuyển động đang quay chuyển động trục khuỷuvan

đưa/cho khí gas phunvòi phun kim phuncung cấp/chuyển mịn

đề cập đến

2 Grammar Points:

1 Preposition + V-ing: by burning oil

Any prepositions may be followed by gerunds, i.e to express the cause

of that air is squeezed as in the text

2 Connective “Since”

As and since can both be used to refer to the reason for something.

They are used in the same way

∙

∙

As he wasn't ready, we went without him.

Since she wanted to pass her exam, she decided to study well.

Since- and as-clauses cannot stand alone.

1.2.3 Relative Clause “OF WHICH”:

Notes

∙ In non-defining clauses, you cannot use 'that'

instead of who,

whom or which.

∙ You cannot leave out the relative pronoun, even when it is the

object of the verb in the relative clause:

∙

∙

∙

∙

He gave me the letter, which was in a blue envelope

He gave me the letter, which I read immediately

The preposition in these clauses can go at the end of the clause, e.g.

This is Stratford-on-Avon, which you have all heard about.

This pattern is often used in spoken English, but in written or formal

English you can also put the preposition before the pronoun: e.g Stratford-

on-Avon, about which many people have written is Shakespeare's birthplace.

∙ Non-defining clauses can be introduced by expressions like all of,

many of + relative pronoun:

∙ The relative pronoun which at the beginning of a non-defining relative

clause, can refer to all the information contained in the previous part of the sentence, rather than to just one word

∙ Chris did really well in his exams, which was a big surprise (= the fact

that he did well in his exams was a big surprise)

∙ A socialist and a conservative agreed on the new law, which is most unusual (= the fact that they agreed is unusual).

2 READING 1: Read the following text carefully.

1 READING TEXT 1:

A diesel engine is a machine which produces power by burning oil in a body of air which has been squeezed to a high pressure by a moving piston.Since it is a machine that produces power, it is called an engine, and since the burning or combustion takes place within itself, it is called an internal- combustion engine A steam engine uses steam made by burning fuel outside the engine This is external combustion

To compress the air, put in the oil and produce power, every diesel must have certain basic parts It must have a cylinder, in the bore of which a close fitting piston can slide in and out to make strokes The piston must be connected to a mechanism which controls its sliding For this purpose, ordinary engines use a crank mechanism

2 PRACTICE AND EXERCISES:

1 Talk It Over:

Ask and say what a diesel engine is, using your knowledge of what you have learnt in the major subjects

Match the items with the pictures

2.2.2 Reading Comprehension:

Read the text about a diesel engine;

Answer the following questions

1 What does a diesel engine produce?

2 How is oil burnt in a diesel engine?

3.What is the main difference between an internal-combustion engine and an external combustion engine?

4 Name the basic parts of diesel engine

5 What parts of a diesel engine are mentioned in the text?

6 What does the piston do?

7 What part of the diesel engine is the piston connected to?

2.2.3 Phrases for Expressions in Use:

Study the sample and do the exercises below

To compress the air, put in the oil and produce power, every diesel must have certain basic parts

Tasks: Use the correct verb and change Infinitive phrases at the beginning

1 Trees were planted……….(reduce)traffic noise

2 This is good………(get) rid of headaches

3 We crept up the stairs……… (not wake) granny

computer screen

5 I swept the broken glass……….(prevent) an accident

cracks in

7 We will write Claire’s name in the calendar……… (not forget)

her birthday

embarrass) her

10 She bought a cage……… (keep) her hamster in

4 Structures in Use:

1 Preposition + V-ing:

Put the correct verbs in the gaps:

1 I've always dreamt of (live) in Tahiti

2 they talked about (move) to New Zealand

3 I don't feel like (go) there tonight

4 I'm thinking of (buy) a house in Shekou

5 We decided against (move) to New Zealand

6 The President doesn't approve of (drink), that's why they removed the

staff bar

7 If you participate in( do) anything, try to do it well

8 I am working on (improve) my spelling

9 We depend on (do) most of our business at Christmas

10 Stop (talk) and get on with doing this exercise

11 She doesn't believe in (diet), just lots of exercise

12 I apologise for (lose) your essays

13 He had to pay for (drink) so much Champagne

14 They couldn't agree on (lower) tarriffs, so had to meet again later

2.2.4.2 Using Connective/Conjunctions “Since”…:

Fill in the blanks with these words: although, and, because, but, or, since, so, unless, until, when

1 Things were different I was young

2 I do it I like it.

3 Let us wait here the rain stops

4You cannot be a lawyer _ you have a law degree 5

That was years years ago

6 She has not called she left last week

7 I saw him leaving an hour two ago

8 This is an expensive very useful book

rest 10 He was angry he heard when happened

2 2.4.2 Relative Clause “OF WHICH”:

Choose the phrases in the box for the following gaps:

which we'd never

been into

most of which he had read

people hate who explained

the problem

under which he had often sat

whose husband works in London

3 READING 2: Read the following text carefully.

is a straight rod with a bearing at each end The crank mechanism is a device for converting the in-and-out motion of the piston to rotating motion of the crankshaft The power produced by the engine is taken off the crankshaft.

Valves are needed to let the air into the cylinder and let out the burned gases after they have done their work Also a spray nozzle, or fuel injector, is needed to deliver the oil for burning in the form of a finely divided spray To

do this, the oil must be put under pressure This is accomplished by a pump which is called a fuel injection pump However, even the simplest diesel engine has other parts than those just mentioned

2 PRACTICE AND EXERCISES:

1 Talk It Over:

Asking and answer what the parts of a diesel engine

Asking and say which parts are mentioned and how the parts work

2 Phrases for Expressions in Use:

Have a look at this for reference: Noun Phrases: Adj + noun (the

simplest diesel engine)

Now, find some more phrases from the text

3 Reading Comprehension:

Read the text about a diesel engine

Answer the following questions

2 What parts does the crank mechanism consist of?

3 What are valves needed for?

4 What kinds of valve are fitted in a 4-stroke diesel engine?

5 What about in two-stroke diesel engine?

6 What does the fuel injector deliver to the engine?

7 What must be done to the oil before delivering it to the cylinder?

guarantees lifetimeemployment Once an employee starts work for a company, he is guaranteed

a job until retirement And salaries are based on seniority Salaries increase with the number of years the employee works for a company

2/off: No, that’s not exactly right, and lately, things have been

changing It seems that shipping companies cannot remain competitive unless

country We can’t saythat Japanese seamen are richer than Filipino seamen because prices are much higher in Japan than in the Philippines.

Key words:

salaries: wages, usu paid on a monthly basis

rank: position, status

guarantee(s): to promise or secure

lifetime employment: a lifelong promise of work

retirement: to stop working after reaching a certain age

seniority: a job promotion system based on age or length of service vary: to differ, to change

employment: having a job or work

competitive: able to compare favorably with others

job evaluation: judging how well a person is doing his job

contract: basic agreement between concerned parties

living standards: level of comfort, quality of life lived by people

5 CONSOLIDATION:

Translate the following sentences in to English:

1 Một động cơ diesel là một máy sản sinh công bằng cách đốt dầu trong thân khí được nén với áp suất cao bởi một piston đang chuyển động

2 Vì nó là một máy sản sinh công, nó được gọi là động cơ, và vì sự đốt

hoặc cháy xảy ra trong nó, nó được gọi là động cơ đốt trong

3 Một động cơ hơi nước sử dụng hơi nước được thực hiện bằng cách đốt

nhiên liệu bên ngoài động cơ Đây là quá trình đốt cháy bên ngoài

4 Để nén khí , đưa dầu vào và sản sinh công, tất cả các động cơ diesel

phải có các bộ phận cơ bản nhất định

5 Nó phải có một xy-lanh, mà trong lòng của nó có một piston kín kẻ có

thể trượt lên xuống để thực hiện các kỳ

6 Piston phải được kết nối với một cơ chế mà kiểm soát sự trượt của nó

Với mục đích này, động cơ thông thường sử dụng một cơ cấu tay quay/khuỷu trục

7 Cơ chế khuỷu trục ( cơ cấu tay quay ) này bao gồm một trục tròn cóthể quay quanh vòng bi và có một tay quay ( mà lần lượt quay một vòng tròn khi trục xoay ) , và một thanh truyền kết nối các tay quay với piston

8 Thanh truyền là một thanh thẳng với một ổ đở ở mỗi đầu

9 Cơ cấu tay quay là một thiết bị để chuyển đổi các chuyển động lên

xuống của pit-tông sang chuyển động quay của trục khuỷu

10 Công tạo ra bởi đông cơ được lấy ra khỏi trục khuỷu

11 Van là cần thiết để cho không khí vào xi-lanh và để đưa khí đốt ra

ngoài sau khi chúng đã thực hiện xong công việc của chúng

12 Cũng vậy, một vòi phun, hoặc kim phun nhiên liệu, là cần thiết để cung

cấp dầu để đốt nó dưới dạng phun sương Để thực hiện được điều này, dầu phải được đặt dưới áp lực

phun nhiên liệu

14 Tuy nhiên, ngay cả ở động cơ diesel đơn giản cũng còn có phần khác

hơn ngoài những bộ phận vừa đề cập

UNIT 2.

DIESEL THE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

giả sửghi nhớ, chú ý

có thểhút

sự nén

sự cháy/nổ xả

cung cấpyêu cầu côngthưc ̣ hiêṇ khác nhau nhiệm vụ

đóng lại sươngthêm hơn khoảng thời gian cung cấp

hoạt động trục chất thải

bộ giảm thanh van xả

khởi đầu chu kỳ

Passive sentences in the present perfect tense have the following structure:

Object of the active sentence + has/have + been + past participle form

of the verb + by + subject of the active sentence

Changing an assertive sentence into the passive Active: I have written astory

Passive: A story has been written by me

Active: They have built a house

Passive: A house has been built by them

Active: He has broken my window

Passive: My window has been broken by him

Active: I have placed an order for a digital camera

Passive: An order for a digital camera has been placed by me

Active: She has done her work

Passive: Her work has been done by her

Changing a negative sentence into the passive Active: I have not received a telegram

Passive: A telegram has not been received by me

Active: She has not written a story

Passive: A story has not been written by her

Active: She has not cheated anybody

Passive: Nobody has been cheated by her

1.2.2 Connective ‘and / because’:

There are two main types:

Before leaving the restaurant, John paid the bill.

We decided to go home because there was a queue outside.

1.2.3 Verb +to+Infinitive Verbs:

You will practise verbs which are followed by an object + to +

infinitive’ structure.

Verb + object + to + infinitive

After some verbs we use the

object, followed by to + infinitive.

Verbs which can be followed by this

They helped their neighbour

to repair his car.

She asked me to give her some

advice.

form include: advise, ask, allow,

expect, encourage, force, help, invite,

order, persuade, teach, tell.

I told my assistant to send the

letter.

I advised my friend not to sell his

house.

Some verbs have the pattern N + V + to+infinitive:

They agreed to help

We decided to go

Some verbs have the pattern N + V + N + to+infinitive:

She told him to go home

They advised us to wait

2 READING 1: Read the following text carefully.

1 READING TEXT 1:

The principle of operation of a diesel engine is as follows: A charge of pure air is drawn, or pumped into the engine cylinder and then compressed bythe moving piston to pressure of about 500 lbs per square inch When air is compressed its temperature rises and at this pressure the resulting temperature

is about 1200 0F Fuel is now sprayed into the engine cylinder, it is ignited by the compressed air and in burning supplies more heat to the air charge thus causing it to expand and drive the engine piston

Suppose the engine to be already running and note that it will probably have six or eight cylinders all working on the same crankshaft, and that when some of these are providing power, others are using some of this power to compress their air charge The four strokes are called suction, compression,firing and exhaust, but only the firing stroke provides the power to drive the ship while the other three require power from the remaining cylinders to perform their various duties

2 PRACTICE AND EXERCISES:

Read the text about a diesel engine;

Answer the following questions

2 How is the air charge compressed?

3 How many cylinders are working on the same crankshaft?

4 Can you explain the arrangement of these cylinders?

5 What are the cylinders needed for when the engine is running?

6 What stroke produces power? What is another way for calling this stroke?

7 What are the names of the stroke in the four-stroke engine?

2.2.3 Passive Voice:

Rewrite the sentences in passive voice

3 We have cycled five miles ………

4 I have opened the present ………

5 They have not read the book ………

6 You have not sent the parcel ………

7 We have not agreed to this issue ………

8.They have not caught the thieves ……… 9

Has she phoned him? ……… 10

Have they noticed us? ………

2.2.4 Connective ‘and / but/ because’:

1 Frogs can hop, ……… they can't fly

2 Peter has a fever……… a terrible headache

3 You have to speak louder……… he can't hear well

4 Tom studied hard, ……… he failed the test

5 They like to watch soap operas ……… films on TV

6 Paul can't go to work ……… he has the flu

7 Jim is happy ……… he won the race

8 Henri is worried ……… he is late for an important meeting

9 She bought vitamins ……… forgot to buy aspirin

10 It was expensive, ……… they gave me a discount

2.2.5 Verb +to+Infinitive Verbs:

1 My boss told (I/do) ……… the reports before Friday

2 My colleague asked (I/send) ……… a fax to the customer

3 Tom wanted (I/help) ……… him prepare his presentation

4 I warned (he/not/drive) ……… too quickly because of the bad

weather

5 Please remind (I/call) ……… Mr Jones tomorrow morning.

6 Please tell (he/not/smoke) ……… here - it's not allowed

10 We showed (they/how/use) ……… the new equipment

3 READING 2: Read the following text carefully.

1 READING TEXT:

1 st Stroke-Suction The piston is moving downwards and the air inlet

valve has been opened by the engine while the others remain closed Air from the engine room is being drawn into the cylinder, and when the piston reachesthe bottom of the stroke the cylinder will be full of fresh air and the inlet valve will close

2 nd Stroke-Compresion The piston is now being driven upwards, all

valves are shut and the air charge is compressed to a pressure of about 500lbr per square inch at which pressure its temperature is 1200 0F

3rd Stroke-Firing Just before the beginning of this stroke the fuel

valve is opened and oil is sprayed into the cylinder in the form of a fine mist The hot air causes it to burn and this air is further heated by the combustion ofthe fuel The fuel valve remains open only for a short period at the beginning

of this stroke The gas expands and the piston is driven downwards and so supplies power to the shafting through the connecting rod and crank

4 th Stroke-Exhaust The piston is again traveling upwards and the

exhaust valve has been opened, the waste or burnt gases are driven out to the silencer through the exhaust valve

The next stroke recommences the cycle of operations with the

admission of a fresh air charge

2 PRACTICE AND EXERCISES:

The fuel valve remains open only for a short period

Look at it and study: the preposition “for” + time Make up a sentence with it

3 Reading Comprehension:

Read the text about a diesel engine;

Answer the following questions

2 What is the movement of the piston in the two stroke?

3 What is the operation of the inlet valve and the exhaust valve in the

suction stroke?

4 How do they work during the second stroke?

4 What is happening with the air charge?

5 When is the fuel valve opened? How long does the fuel vale remain

opened?

6 Why is the firing stroke called "expansion"?

7 What causes the piston to drive downwards?

8 What is the operation of the fourth stroke?

Cruz: A few days ago I was dressed down by the Chief Officer because

I was only wearing an undershirt because it was so hot He said I should always dress well, even during meals

Santos: The First Engineer told me the same thing He told me itlooked bad if I went around in my underwear He said we must always wash our work clothes and keep them clean

we all agree that dirty, torn clothes look bad Many people come on board when we are at port and they will leave with a bad impression of both our ship and of our seamen’s discipline if we dress sloppily

Santos: Oh, no! My clothes in the washing machine must be

finished by now Excuse me I’ve got to run!

Key Words:

was dressed down: reprimanded, somebody scolded me

serious: intense

dress code: set of rules about how to wear clothing

neat: nice and tidy, in good order

torn: cut, tattered, ripped into pieces

with a bad impression: not feeling good about something

rules and regulations

sloppily: in a disorderly manner, not neat

suffer: to feel the bad results of something

punctual: keeping the time, being on time

respect: to show reverence, to defer

leave…unattended: not pay attention to, to start something and then not watch over it

5 CONSOLIDATION:

Translate the following sentences in to English:

1 Nguyên lý hoạt động của động cơ diesel là như sau: Một khí sạch dung nạp được hút vào, hoặc bơm vào xi-lanh động cơ và sau đó được nén bởi piston di chuyển đến một áp lực khoảng 500 lbs trên inch vuông

2 Khi không khí được nén, nhiệt độ của nó tăng và ở áp suất này, nhiệt

độ tạo ra là khoảng 1200 0F

3 Nhiên liệu hiện đang phun vào xi-lanh động cơ, nó được đánh lửa bằng

khí nén và trong quá trình đốt nó cung cấp nhiều nhiệt hơn cho khí do

đó làm khí giản nở và đẩy các piston động cơ hoạt động

4 Giả sử động cơ đã hoạt động và lưu ý rằng nó có thể sẽ có sáu hoặctám xi lanh tất cả làm việc trên cùng một trục khuỷu

5 Khi một số trong số này đang cung cấp công, số khác đang sử dụng

một số công từ nó để nén khí nạp

6 Bốn kỳ được gọi là hút, nén, cháy và xả, nhưng chỉ có kỳ cháy/nổmới cung cấp công để lái con tàu trong khi các kỳ kia cần công từ các xi lanh còn lại để thực hiện nhiệm vụ khác nhau của chúng

6 Piston di chuyển xuống dưới và các van hút gió đã được mở bởi động

cơ trong khi những van khác vẫn còn đóng

7 Không khí từ buồng máy đang được hút vào xi lanh, và khi pistonđạt đến dưới cùng của kỳ, xi-lanh sẽ được nạp đủ khí sạch và các van hút vào

sẽ đóng lại

8 Piston hiện đang được đẩy lên , tất cả các van được đóng và khí được

nén với áp suất khoảng 500 lbr trên inch vuông mà tại áp suất đó, nhiệt

độ của

nó là 1200 0F

9 Ngay trước khi bắt đầu hành trình này, van nhiên liệu được mở và dầu

được phun vào xi-lanh dưới dạng phun sương

10 Khí nóng làm nó cháy và không khí này là tiếp tục được làm nóng

thêm bởi quá trình đốt cháy nhiên liệu

11 Các van nhiên liệu vẫn mở chỉ trong một thời gian ngắn vào đầu kỳnày

12 Khí giãn nở và piston bị đẩy xuống và do đó cung cấp công cho các

trục thông qua các thanh truyền và tay quay

13 Piston một lần nữa đi lên và van xả được mở, các chất thải hoặc khí

cháy được đẩy ra qua bộ giảm thanh rồi qua van xả

14 Kỳ tiếp theo lại bắt đầu chu kỳ hoạt động với việc nạp không khísạch

UNIT 3.

DIESEL THE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

ENGINE-(2-Stroke Engines)

1 VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR POINTS:

1 Word Power:

: cửa hút khí: nạp

: tự động, tự phát: kết quả là

: ống góp khí: sử dụng: hệ thống quét thẳng

Passive Voice: PUT INTO PASSIVE VOICE

a Continuous Present Tense

b Continuous Past Tense

c Present Tense

Example: A charge of pure air is drawn into the cylinder

2 READING 1: Read the following text carefully.

1 READING TEXT 1:

The two-stroke cycle begins when the piston is in its Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) Air enters the cylinder through the inlet port.

During the compression stroke the air in the cylinder is compressedwhile the piston travels upwards Fuel is admitted to the cylinder at the end of this stroke

The mixture of air and fuel ignites spontaneously due to the high compression and consequent high temperature in the cylinder

During the power stroke the piston is pushed down by the explosion

of the mixture in the cylinder The reciprocating piston and connecting rod will cause the crankshaft to rotate

2 PRACTICE AND EXERCISES:

Read the text about a diesel engine;

Answer the following questions

1 When does the two-stroke cycle begin?

3 How is the air in the cylinder during the compression stroke?

4 How does the mixture of air and fuel ignite? Why?

5 Where is the piston pushed during the power stroke?

2.2.3 Passive Voice:

a A charge of pure air is being drawn into the cylinder

b A charge of pure air was being drawn into the cylinder

c A charge of pure air has been drawn into the cylinder

1 A charge of pure air is pumped into the engine

2 It is compressed by the moving piston

3 Fuel is sprayed into the engine cylinder through the fuel valve

4 The mixture is ignited

5 The cylinder head is fitted with three valves

6 The power of firing strokes is used to drive

7 The air inlet valve is closed at the end of the suction stroke

8 Oil is sprayed into the cylinder in the form of a fine mist

9 The hot air is further heated by the combustion of the fuel

10 Power is supplied to the shafting through the connecting rod and crank

3 READING 2: Read the following text carefully.

1 READING TEXT:

Now the crankshaft is actuated so that the rocking lever can open the valve Thus at the end of the power stroke, the exhaust valves are opened, allowing the exhaust gases to escape into the exhaust gas manifold, after which the remaining exhaust gases are removed out of the cylinder by scavenging air The scavenging system that is most widely employed nowadays is the uniflow scavenging system because it removes almost all the exhaust gases out of the cylinder

Cross scavenging or loop scavenging systems are effective enough and will leave behind small amounts of gases that will form carbon deposits in the cylinder.

Before a new cycle is started, the exhaust valve is closed by the exhaust valve spring or by a hydraulic system

2 PRACTICE AND EXERCISES:

Look at it and study: S+V, VING

Make up a sentence with it

FILL IN EACH SPACE WITH ONE OF THE PROPER WORDS

steel, pressure, alight, lid, tap, factory, sticky, port, separate.

1 Mary’s finger were terribly … after she had eaten the cake

2 Let us hope that the fire will not spread, if it does, the oil in the tank may catch …

3 It was very difficult to pull the … of this tin.

4 Someone has left the bath … running, and water is coming down the stair

5 … is harder than iron

6 His house is near a … where shoes are made

7 If we increase the … of steam, the boiler may burst

8 Please explain to me how we can … the two liquids in this retort

9 Ships go to … and planes go to airports

3.2.3 Reading Comprehension:

Read the text about a diesel engine;

Answer the following questions

1 What will cause the crankshaft to rotate?

2 Why is the camshaft actuated?

3 When are the exhaust valves opened?

4 What are the exhaust valves opened for?

5 How are the remaining exhaust gases removed out of the cylinder?

6 When is the exhaust valve closed?

2-STROKE ENGINES

Because there are no independent intake and exhaust strokes in a two- cycle engine, a special method is necessary to supply air into the cylinder Inthe first stroke (scavenge stroke), the scavenging port opens as the piston moves downward, air for compression enters the cylinder and flushes out the combustion gas through this port In the next stroke (expansion stroke), the piston moves up closing the exhaust port and compresses the air; the fuel is injected and ignites; the expanding compression gas moves the piston and the crankshaft rotates When the piston moves down the exhaust port is opened and the combustion gas is exhausted

Answering the Questions

1 What are the two strokes called?

2 Through what port does air for compression enter the cylinder and flushes out the combustion gas?

3 What does the piston operate in the expansion stroke?

4 What happens when the piston travels downwards?

5 CONSOLIDATION:

Translate the following sentences in to English:

1 Máy hai kỳ thì bắt đầu hoạt động khi piston nằm ở điểm chết dưới của nó (BDC) Không khí đi vào xi lanh qua cổng nạp

2.Trong suốt kỳ nén, không khí trong xi lanh được nén trong khi piston di chuyển lên trên Nhiên liệu được đưa vào xilanh vào cuối kỳ này.

3.Hỗn hợp không khí và nhiên liệu cháy tự phát do độ nén cao và nhiệt độ cao trong xylanh

4.Trong kỳ cháy, piston bị đẩy xuống bởi sự bùng nổ của hỗn hợp trong xi lanh Các pit-tông qua lại và thanh truyền sẽ làm trục khuỷu để xoay

5.Bây giờ trục khuỷu được khởi động sao cho đòn bẩy có thể mở van Như vậy vào cuối của kỳ cháy, van xả được mở, cho phép khí thải thoát ra ngoài đivào đường ống chính xả khí, sau đó khí thải còn lại được loại bỏ ra khỏi xi lanh bằng cách quét khí Hệ thống quét được sử dụng rộng rãi nhất hiện nay là

hệ thống quét thẳng bởi vì nó loại bỏ gần như tất cả các khí thải ra khỏi xi lanh

6.Hệ thống quét ngang hoặc quét vòng lặp có đủ hiệu quả và sẽ để lại một số lượng nhỏ các chất khí tạo thành các cặn carbon trong xi lanh

7.Trước khi bắt đầu chu kỳ mới, van xả đóng bằng lò xo van xả hoặc bằng hệ thống thủy lực

không bàn trượt

có bàn trượttác động kép động cơ

hay/hoặcmột miếng; kiểu liền loại

có thể tháo rời đỉnh

làm mát bên dưới

tự nhiên nhân tạo

đúcsắtnhôm hơp ̣ kimtrung bình

chất lỏng cấp vào rỗng/lõm thanh piston.

trong trường hợp nối/ ghép

bằng piston chốt siết chặt

tự do trụcđồng đều

sự (ăn) mòn

bề mặt

2 Grammar Points:

1 Either (of) … or …; Both of / neither of / either of

When you use both/ neither/ either + of, you always need the /

these/ those / my/ your/ his/

Tom's (etc.) You cannot say 'both of restaurants' You have to say 'both of the restaurants', 'both of those restaurants' etc.:

•Both of these restaurants are very good.

•Neither of the restaurants we went to was (or were) expensive.

• I haven't been to either of those restaurants (= I haven't been to one or

the other) You don't need of after both So you can say:

•Both my parents are from London, or Both of my parents

You can use both of / neither of / either of + us/you/them:

•(talking to two people) Can either of you speak Spanish?

•I asked two people the way to the station but neither of them knew.

You must say 'both of before us/ you/ them (of is necessary):

•Both of us were very tired, (not 'Both us were ')

After neither of a singular or a plural verb is possible:

•Neither of the children wants (or want) to go to bed.

C/ You can also use both/ neither/ either alone:

• I couldn't decide which of the two shirts to buy I liked both, (or I liked

both of them.)

•'Is your friend British or American?' 'Neither She's Australian.'

•'Do you want tea or coffee?' 'Either I don't mind.'

D/ You can say:

Both and : Both Ann and Tom were late.

I was both tired and hungry when I arrived home.

Neither nor : Neither Liz nor Robin came to the party.

She said she would contact me but she neither wrote

nor phoned.

I'm not sure where he's from He's either Spanish or

Either or :

Italian

Either you apologise or I'll never speak to you again.

1.2.2 Comparative forms: er/more + adj + N + than

There are two ways to make or form a comparative adjective:

∙ short adjectives: add "-er"

∙ long adjectives: use "more"

Short adjectives

Variation: if the adjective ends in -e, just add -r late → laterVariation: if the adjective ends in consonant,

Variation: if the adjective ends in -y, change the

y to i

happier

Long adjectives

∙ 2-syllable adjectives not ending in -y modern,

pleasant

∙ all adjectives of 3 or more syllables

Normal rule: use "more"

expensive, intellectual

modern

→

more modern expensive → more expensive

1.2.3 Reduced passive voice: … pin secured

form (prepositional phrase, a passive verb or a progressive verb):

1) The relative pronoun that, who / whom, which can be omitted 2) The be verb can be omitted.

Modified clause: The Golden Gate Bridge — which is located in S.F

Bay — was designed by J Strauss.

4 Preposition: of , in, to, with , from,….

The pistons of small trunk diesel are cast in one piece from an iron or aluminum alloy

2 READING 1: Read the following text carefully.

1 READING TEXT 1:

From the viewpoint of their design, the pistons of marine diesels are classified as: trunk piston, pistons with crosshead and pistons of double-acting engines

The piston may be either of the one piece type or have a detachable crown (with crossheads) which may be cooled underneath either naturally or artificially.

The pistons of small trunk diesel are cast in one piece from an iron or aluminum alloy The pistons of medium and high cylinder power trunk diesel are fitted with detachable crown

2 PRACTICE AND EXERCISES:

1 Talk It Over: Complete the words with given letters

th ar

d

2.2.2 Reading Comprehension:

Read the text about a diesel engine;

Answer the following questions

1 What are the main types of marine diesel pistons?

2 How are the detachable pistons cooled?

3 What are the small trunk pistons cast of?

4 What does the pistons of double acting diesel consist of?

2.2.3 Phrases for Expressions in Use:

Complete the sentences with both/ neither/ either/ both of/ neither of/ either of.

1 'Do you want tea or coffee? '……… I really don’t mind.'

2 'What day is it today - the 18th or the 19th?’………., It’s the 20th,'

3 'There are two sandwiches here; which one shall I take? 'oh, take

7.To get to the town centre you can go along the footpath by the river or you

8 I tried to call George twice but ……… times he was out

9.……… Tom's parents is English His father is Polish and his mother is

Italian

10 I was invited to two parties last week but I didn't go to ……… them.11.Sarah and I play tennis together regularly but ……… us can play very

well

12 I tried two bookshops for the book I wanted but ……… them had it

13 There were two windows in the room It was very warm, so I opened

……… them

2.2.4 Comparative forms: er/more + adj + N + than

1 I am (tall) my sister

2 My mum thinks that cats are (good) pets than dogs

3 Cycling is one of (dangerous) sports