Tài liệu thi viết tiếng anh 4 en33 thi tự luận

BÀI GIẢNG MÔN VIẾT TIẾNG ANH 4 EN33_THI TỰ LUẬN Ghi chú Có bản dịch tiếng việt ở cuối tài liệu Tài liệu này dùng để đi thi. UNIT6: ADVERTISING WRITING GRAMMÀR FOCUS Gerunds and Inflnitives GERUNDS • The gerund is used like a noun Smoking is bad for you Do you like watching T.V? She is good at swimming? • It is formed by adding “ING” to the infinitive Go going Stay staying • The negative is formed by adding NOT: Would you mind not smoking? Notes: • The changes that are sometimes necessary: Lie lying (ie y) Take Taking (Single e is omitted) Sit sitting (Single vowel + single consonant single vowel + double consonant) • Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or a noun, including the following: Like love finish start dislike Hate stop enjoy prefer miss Give up begin

BÀI GIẢNG MÔN VIẾT TIẾNG ANH 4 EN33_THI TỰ LUẬN

Ghi chú Có bản dịch tiếng việt ở cuối tài liệu

Tài liệu này dùng để đi thi.

UNIT6: ADVERTISING WRITING

GRAMMÀR FOCUS Gerunds and Inflnitives

GERUNDS

• The gerund is used like a noun

Smoking is bad for you

Do you like watching T.V?

She is good at swimming?

• It is formed by adding “ING” to the infinitive

Go going

Stay staying

• The negative is formed by adding NOT:

Would you mind not smoking?

Notes:

• The changes that are sometimes necessary:

Lie lying (ie y) Take Taking (Single e is omitted)

Sit sitting (Single vowel + single consonant single vowel + double consonant)

• Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or a noun, including the following:

Like love finish start dislikeHate stop enjoy prefer missGive up begin

• When verb follows a preposition, it takes the gerund:

I thought about leaving early.

I was worried about getting home.

I am tired of hearing more about your offer.

• A gerund behaves like a noun Where a gerund can be used, a noun can also be used

I am looking forward to going on holiday.

I am looking forward to my holiday.

• Gerund can be used as a subject or an object of a sentence

Smoking makes me feel sick.

Living in a foreign country can be very difficult.

I love going out in my free time.

INFINITIVES

• Depending on the construction, infinitives are used with or without “to”

It's time to go.

Let him do it himself.

• Certain verbs take the infinitive

I want to stay here.

We decided to wait for the bus.

Notes for negative:

We decided not to wait for the bus.

• To-infinitive is used to express purpose

I came here to see you.

I went to London to study English.

I drove to the airport to meet my parents.

• In order to + infinitive and so as to + infinitive are also used to express purpose;

In order to + infinitive can be more formal than to + infinitive.

In order to qualify for the reward, you should be under twenty five.

• In order to + infinitive and so as to + infinitive are more common than

to-infinitive before verbs like be, have and know.

I got up early so as to be ready for John's phone call.

• To express a negative purpose, in order not to + infinitive and so as not to +

infinitive are more common than not to + infinitive.

He opened the door quietly so as not to disturb the baby.

Exercise 6.6 Complete the article with the gerund or infinitive form of the verbs in

brackets

A.

(1.Advertise) dates back to early history and initiallyconsisted simply of people (2 Communicate) messages orallyabout where certain items could be found It was the invention of (3 print) thatreally launched written messages as a vehicle for (4 Promote) the sale ofproducts In London, the first print ads (5 Appear) were posted on the doors ofchurches, (6 Announce) that prayer books were available from a local printer.Newspapers accelerated the growth of advertising, and with more and more peopleable (7 Read) business began (8 Take out) _ adverts

to sell imported goods like tea and coffee However, it was in the USA thatadvertising really became an industry in itself

B.

1 (achieve) results is all my boss cares about

2.It's important (present) _ a professional image of the company andits brands

3 I look forward to (work) with you on the new campaign

4 I've persuaded two celebrities (attend) the launch

5 I am realizing that (target) the right people isn't going to be easy

zu_ _ s c s Writing an Essay

An essay is a piece of writing several paragraphs long instead of just one or twoparagraphs It is written about one topic, just as a paragraph is However, the topic of anessay is too long and too complicated to discuss in one paragraph Therefore, you must

divide the topic into several paragraphs, one for each major point Then you must tie all

of the separate paragraphs together by adding an introduction and a conclusion

Writing an essay is no more difficult than writing a paragraph except that an essay islonger The principles of organization are the same for both, so if you can write a goodparagraph, you can write a good essay

An essay has three main parts:

The body consists of one or more paragraphs Each paragraph develops a subdivision ofyour topic, so the number of paragraphs is the body will vary with the number ofsubdivisions The paragraphs of the body are like the main supporting points of aparagraph Furthermore, just as you can organize the ideas in a paragraph bychronological order or by order of the importance you can organize the paragraphs in anessay in the same ways

The conclusion in an essay, like the concluding sentence in a paragraph is a summary orreview of the main points discussed in the body

The only additional element in an essay is the linking expressions between theparagraphs of the body These are just like transitions within a paragraph You usetransitions between paragraphs to connect ideas between them

You can see that writing an essay is essentially the same as writing a paragraph, an essay

is just longer The chart below shows you how the parts of a paragraph correspond to theparts of an essay

AN ESSAY

I INTRODUCTION

General StatementsThesis Statement

C Topic Sentence

1 Support

2 Support

3 Support(Concluding Sentence)

Notes: The body is the longest part of the essay and can contain as many paragraphs as

necessary to support the controlling ideas of your thesis statement

Exercise 6.7.

A Read the following introductory paragraphs, each of which is in scrambled order Reorder them to make a good introductory paragraph Begin with the most general statement Then add each sentence in the correct order until the introduction becomes more specific Write the thesis statement last.

(1) The heavy traffic problem can be solved by building rapid transit system from thesuburbs to the cities, by improving public transportation systems within the cities,and by forming car pools (2) Traffic congestion is caused by the thousands of carsthat come into the cities from suburban areas as well as from the thousands of carswithin the city limits (3) One of the most serious problem facing most big cities istraffic congestion (4) This mammoth problem must be resolved before it gets worse

B Complete the following thesis statements by adding topics to them.

1 The life expectancy of the average person is increasing because of

2 A teacher must have the following qualities

3 Television commercials are insulting to the average viewer because

4 The basic causes of inflation is

5 Technology is changing our lives in three important areas

C Write a concluding paragraph for the following introduction.

Television is the most popular form of entertainment in many households People ofall ages use this medium to entertain themselves for an average of four hours a day.Thus, television has had a tremendous influence on its viewers, especially children.Scientists now say that children can be adversely affected by constantly watchingtelevision This is due to the fact that they participate less in physical activities, spend

less time reading and studying and see a world of violence that can affect their ownfeelings of security.

UNIT ASSIGNMENT

In this assignment, you are going to write a four-paragraph essay to express youropinions on the statement: “Is advertising really useful for us?” Be sure to give youropinions with at least two reasons for each

A BRAINSTORM Think of your answers to the question “Is advertising really useful for us?” Then write a list of reasons and examples for your answers or opinion in your notebook.

B PLAN Follow these steps to plan your essay writing

1 Read your list from activity A Circle the best reasons and examples

2 Write an outline for your essay

Introductory paragraph:

- Write general statements about advertising

- Write a thesis statement to state your opinion

Body paragraph 1: Explain one of the reasons for your opinion with specific

examples

Body paragraph 2: Explain a second reason for your opinion with specific

examples

Concluding paragraph

- Write a concluding sentence that restates your opinion

- Summarize the reasons for your opinions

C WRITE Use the outline from Activity B Remember to state your opinion

in your introductory paragraph and include two body paragraphs.

D PEER REVIEW Read a partner's essay Answer the questions and discuss

them with your partner

1 Is there a clear idea on if advertising is really useful for us or not in the

introductory paragraph? Underline it

2 Are there two body paragraphs with reasons?

3 Are there two specific examples for each reason?

4 Does the concluding paragraph restate the opinion? Underline it?

E REWRITE Review the answer to the questions in Activity A You may want to revise and rewrite your essay.

F EDIT Complete the self-assessment checklist before you write the fine essay.

3 Are punctuations, spellings, subject-verb agreement correct?

UNIT 7: EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY

WRITING

2_2-_j - 2211 ' '2 Shift between time frames

A written passage or essay begins with a specific time frame A specific time frame may

arrange from the past, present to the future or it may follow the order such as present,

past, future Sometimes writers use one time frame for the entire passage and essay, but

often they shift or change time frames to bring life to their writing Writers shift timeframe according to the events, examples or explanation they mention in the passage andessay

Writers usually use the present perfect simple, or to attract the attention of the readers.

I have always been an active person.

Writers use the simple present to give certain facts or information.

I love to swim and play sports.

The simple present is also used to deliver the moral lesson of the story or tell the readers

what the writer learn from the experience

Even though I like adventure almost as much as Carl does, I have to admit that I

learn many things from his misfortune.

Writers use the simple past to begin a story or set the scene or to give the events of the

story

I used to take risks when I was having fun outdoors - until my good friend Carl

had a little accident.

Writers use the past perfect to describe things that happened before the events in the story Use had + past participle to form the past perfect.

She had loved him before I proposed to her.

Sometimes writers use one time frame for the entire passage and essay, but often they shift

or change time frames to bring life to their writing or in other words to make their storiesmore vivid and lively

Last Sunday I went camping with my friends It was a nice day The sun was shining brightly The birds were singing happily Everyone was smiling cheerfully

to greet one another as if they had had a good time.

Exercise 7.6 Read the following passages Write present if the passage uses only

present time frame Write past if the passage uses only past time frame Write

present/past or past/present if the passage changes time frames.

1 It is a rare occupation now, especially compared to the nineteenth century.The explorers then were as famous as movie stars are today

1 probably the most famous explorer was the Scotsman David Livingstone.His disappearance in 1865, during a search for the source of the Nile, made newsaround the globe

2 for six years no one knew where David Livingstone was Finally, a journalistnamed Henry Stanley found him alive but very ill in a village called Ujiji At the end

of their nine-month journey, most of Stanley's team members were dead

3 Last year, I went mountain climbing in the Uluguru Mountain This is a

wonderful place to hike with many mountains and lakes

4 Walking through thick much while carrying heavy backpacks is nearly

impossible However, the team tried their best to get though swamps

Writing a narrative essay

An essay is a piece of writing that has more than two paragraphs A narrative essay

describes a personal experience and includes three important parts: an introductory

paragraph, the body paragraphs and a concluding statement.

Organization

The introductory paragraph gives necessary background information and gives the mainidea of the essay In a narrative essay, the introductory paragraph describes why this is animportant or unforgettable experience for the writer and perhaps the lesson the writer learnfrom this experience The introductory paragraph should include the thesis statement In anarrative essay, the thesis introduces the action that begins in the first paragraph of theessay

The body of a narrative essay includes one to three paragraphs that describe the eventswhich include interesting details such as facts, examples or explanations to support themain ideas of the essay The concluding statement of a narrative essay restates the mainidea and summarizes why the story is important for the writer

Narrative Language

• A good narrative essay gives a chain of events of the essay

• Body paragraphs include logical order of events in which they occurred, whichhelps the readers to understand the flow of the story

• The use of five senses: hearing, seeing, tasting, smelling and feeling in body

paragraphs will make the writing more vivid and lively

Not narrative

The football match took place last Sunday.

He drove an old car made in 1932.

The president makes a speech on the first day of school.

Narrative

The football match took place last Sunday when it rained hardly.

He drove an old car made in 1932 before that time motorbikes had been very

popular.

The president makes a speech on the first day of school after our teachers had prepared everything carefully.

Connectors and time-relationship words

The most common way to organize time frame in a narrative essay is in chronologicalorder The action that occurs first is described first and the actions that follow arementioned later and continue to the end In order to write an effective narrative essay, thewriter uses connecting words and phrases to show how events progress

Chronological Order: first, next, finally, later, now, then

Prepositions: after, at by, during, until

Time words that begin clause: after as soon as, before, when, while, whenever

Exercise 7.7 Read and the narrative essay and answer the following questions.

A little Bit of Rest Never Hurt Anyone

1 I have always been an active person I love to swim and play sports I used to take riskwhen I was having funs outdoors - until my good friend Carl had a little accident Now I

am a lot more careful about what I do

2 Carl has always been a biking enthusiast He loves to ride his bright red mountain bike

in the hills outside of our town to get his daily workout One day during a rainstorm, hewent out into the hills to rid his bike The trails are very muddy and dangerous when itrains, but he didn't let that stop him While he was riding down the steepest hill on the trail,

he lost control of his bike The bike skidded in the mud and he flipped over the handlebars.When he hit he ground, he landed on a large rock He was hurt pretty badly, and he had to

be rushed to the emergency room in an ambulance

3 As soon as he got there, the nurse's quickly cleaned his cut and scratches Next, theytook him to get x-rays of both his legs and his shoulder After that, Carl saw the doctorwho said that he was lucky Even though he was bruised all over, only his shoulder wasbroken Then the doctor put a big, clumsy-looking cast on Carl's shoulder He told Carlthat he world have to rest for the next six weeks so that his body could heal properly

4 Because Carl was usually so active, he couldn't stay still One week after the accident,

he decided that he had to take a walk As he was walking along, he tripped on the unevensidewalk and lost his balance He fell forward and landed on his new cast, and he broke it

in half! As a result, he hurt his shoulder even more badly He had to have a new cast put

on While he was there, the doctor scolded him and told him that he couldn't do anything atall until his bones had healed completely!

5 Even though I like adventure almost as much as Carl does, I have to admit that I learnmany things from his misfortune First, no matter how much you love to do something,you should always put safety first Then, if you are hurt, you should do what the doctorstell you or you might not recover well Finally, a little bit of rest and quiet time never hurtanyone!

1 In which paragraph does the writer give background information?

2 Which sentences in the introductory paragraph includes the main idea of the narrative? Write it below

3 How many body paragraphs does the writer include? Mark the body paragraph(s) with brackets ( [] )

4 What details does the writer include that help make the narrative interesting?

A. BRAIMSTORM Follow these steps to gather ideas for your essay.

1 Think of some risks that you have taken and that has left you strong impression Write

as many as you can in your notebook These can be risks at work, at school, at stadium

2 Form each risk, answer these questions

How would you describe the risks?

What are the main events of this risk?

What is the lesson of the risks?

3 Discuss your ideas with a partner Choose one risk that you would like to review

B PLAN Use ideas from activity A to make an outline for your essay.

I Introduction of the risk:

A Introductory ideas

B. Thesis statement with that introduces the risk and overall statement

II Body paragraph 1: Provide some background information

Write a sentence explaining why this risk was important to you

III Body paragraph 2: Briefly write the events of the story Include details

Continue with the events of the story Include details

D PEER REVIEW Read the partner's essay Answer the questions and discuss them with your partner.

1 Is the risk described clearly in the introductory paragraph?

2 Are the events of the story described in the body paragraphs?

3 Does the concluding statement restate the risk that was taken and summarize why itwas important?

E REWRITE Review the answers to the questions in Activity A You may want to revise and rewrite your paragraph.

F EDIT Complete the Self-Assessment checklist as you prepare to write the final draft of your paragraph Be prepared to hand in your work or discuss it in class.

Self-Assessment Yes No

□ □ Does the concluding statement restate the risk that was taken and summarize

why it was important?

UNIT 8: GLOBALIZATION WRITING

ỉ Pa s i ve voice

The passive is very common in English We use it when we are more interested in the action than in who or what did it

These cars are made in France.

English is spoken in many different countries.

If we want to show who or what does the action, we use by.

The evidence is examined by scientists.

The passive voice changes the word order of a sentence in the active voice In a sentence

in the active voice, the subject comes before the object In a sentence with passive voice,the object becomes the subject

Someone stole my sister's bike yesterday (active)

My sister's bike was stolen yesterday (passive)

The passive voice is formed by be+ past participle (by + noun) We can use the passive

in any tenses To make different tenses we change the verb be.

We can use the passive in any tenses To make different tenses we change the verb be.

Present simple: The information is sent to our main office.

Present continuous: The washing-up is being done by me.

Past simple: My bag was stolen.

Past continuous: The car is being cleaned by my brother.

Present perfect simple: Three people have been injured.

Simple future: The weather will be affected by the volcano.

Near future: Mary is going to be invited to the party.

Modal: The car can be held at Jack's house.

To make the negative of the passive we use the negative of the verb to be.

Goldisn't moved from bank to bank.

My bag wasn't stolen.

To make questions we use the normal question form of the verb to be in each tense.

Have the people been rescued yet?

Will the shop be reopened?

Exercise 8.6 Read the Global Product - the World as a Single Market again and

complete the following sentences with the information from the text.

1 The challenge facing those promoting products globally is to determine weathermarketing methods to different markets based on specific cultural factors

2 Over time, and as economies develop, it _ that consumer buying patterns willblend into on another and national differences may disappear

3 First of all, it _ better business practice by many large, established companies

to change their products from one country to the next

4 Moreover, for technical products especially, any initial problems become apparent in

a single market and prior to launch elsewhere

5 It that global standardization of products to ‘fit' all markets unlikely to bethe most viable option

2 Z2_2_ 2 2' 2' 2' 2 2 Writing a problem/solution essay

A problem/solution essay describes a problem and gives some suggestions to solve theproblem A good a problem/solution essay includes a thesis statement that introduces thetopic and states what the problem is, two or more body paragraphs that describe possiblesolution to the problem, and a concluding paragraph that restates the problem andsummarize the solutions

The thesis statement gives the main ideas of the whole essay In the introductoryparagraph of a problem/solution essay, the thesis statement describes the situation thatcaused a problem and indicates what the problem is The thesis statement below isunderlined

In the globalization era, all countries across the world are concerned about distanceeducation, particularly E - learning training Our university is responsible for creating alearning society, so we need to plan a road map to improve the quality of E - learningtraining

The body of the essay describes possible solutions to the problem stated in the thesisstatement Each body paragraph describes a solution and includes details that explainhow or why each solution will be effective.

One way to improve the quality of E - learning training inour university is to upgrade the high technology

Another way to the quality of E - learning training in ouruniversity is to build Online course books

Finally, we need to retrain teachers and staff of our university

to provide learners the best learning condition

The concluding paragraph summarizes the problem and the solutions described in the essay

Exercise 8.7 Read the problem/solution essay and answer the following questions.

The world is facing many challenges due to the demands placed on the environment Agreat deal of attention is being paid to climate change, land degradation and water issues.The Earth is also experiencing a serious decline in biodiversity which refers to variety ofspecies of plants, animals and microorganisms, their genes and the ecosystems they

Secondly, preserving green areas of the Earth can halt the current reduction inbiodiversity This means not only stopping deforestation, but also protecting existingforests and grasslands It is vital for people to protect the Earth's green areas for theirown uses, and more importantly, because these areas provide the habitat for thousands ofplants and animal species Conserving more green areas would reduce the amount ofland available to grow crops Overall, conservation of green areas would result inenhancing biodiversity.

Another way to slow down the speed of decreasing biodiversity is to raise people'sawareness of ecosystems' sustainability Educational programs on preservingbiodiversity should be broadcasted on mass media and especially should be taught ascompulsory subjects at schools and at universities Realizing the importance ofbiodiversity in balancing ecosystems, people will act more environmental- friendly anduse natural resources more wisely, which can result in improving biodiversity

A reduction in biodiversity has been a serious problem for the planet in recent years.There is an urgent need to address this issue by adopting farming practices, conservingexisting forests and grasslands and raising people's awareness of ecosystems'sustainability

1 What is the thesis statement in the introductory paragraph?

2 What is the first solution that the writer suggests to solve the problem in bodyparagraph 1?

3 What is the second solution that the writer suggests to solve the problem in body?paragraph 2?

4 What is the third solution that the writer suggests to solve the problem in bodyparagph? paragraph 3?

5 Does the concluding paragraph summaries the problem and solutions describe in the essay? Underline the sentence the problem Circle the sentence that summarizes the solution.

6 Do you agree with the writers' suggested solutions? Why or why not?

UNIT ASSIGMENT

In this assignment, you will write a problem/solution essay in which you give youropinions about the influence of globalization on people's life As you prepare your essay,think about the question: In what way globalization influence our life? Refer to theReading, Listening texts and your work in this unit to support your ideas

A BRAISTORM

Follow these steps to gather ideas for your essays

1 Think of some problems that you have strong opinion about These could be in thefield of education, business, communication, health or environment

2 For each problem, answer the following questions

How would you describe the problem?

What are the main solutions to this problem?

What are the advantages of these solutions?

3 Discuss your ideas with a partner Choose one problem that you would like to review

B PLAN

Use ideas from activity A to make an outline for your essay

I Introduction of the problem:

Give details that explain how or why the solution will work.

A _

B III Body paragraph 2: Second specific suggestion for solving problem

Give details that explain how or why the solution will work

A _

B III Body paragraph 3: (Optional) Third specific suggestion for solving problem

Give details that explain how or why the solution will work

A _

B IV.Conclusion Summarizing the problem and the suggested solutions

Final opinion

C WRITE

Use your outline from activity B to write a problem/solution essay Present your opinions

in three body paragraphs In the concluding paragraph, make sure to restate the solutions and summarize why they are effective Look at the Self-Assessment checklist below to guide your writing

D PEER REVIEW

Read the partner's essay Answer the questions and discuss them with your partner

1 Is the problem clearly described in the introductory paragraph?

2 Does the thesis statement state the problem? Underline it?

3 Are there at least two solutions to show how the problem can be solved in the two body paragraphs?

4 Does the concluding paragraph restate the problem and summarize the solutions?

Does the essay begin with an introductory paragraph that contains a thesis statement?

□ □ Does the thesis statement describe the situation that caused the problem and

specifically state what the problem is?

□ □ Does the essay include two or three body paragraphs that suggest Solutions?

Does the essay include a concluding paragraph that summarizes the solutions?

□ □ Does each body paragraph have a topic and concluding ideas?

□ □ Is passive voice used correctly?

□ □ Are participles used as adjective? If so, are they formed correctly?

UNIT 9: Money WRITING

Complex sentences include two clauses: one independent and one dependent

Jacob left early from work b ecause he got a call from home.

In complex sentences, the dependent clause follows a subordinating conjunction

Jacob left early from work because he got a call from home.

If the complex sentence begins with a dependent clause, a comma precedes the independent clause

Because he got a call from home, Jacob left early from work.

Notes:

A dependent clause can never stand alone It would then be a sentence fragment

Jacob left early from work Because he got a call from home.

The sentence below is not a complex sentence construction

Because of this, I left school early.

Exercise 9.6 Combine the following sentences using the subordinating conjunctions

listed below Again, use each conjunction only one time.

unless, because, even though, if, while, although

1 Some students stay on the sidewalks Others cut across the grass

2 Students have to park far from their classrooms They are often late for class

3 Trash cans have been placed all over campus Students still throw garbage on the gound

4 The administration promises to improve dining hall service The quality of the food mayactually improve this year

5 These students do not respect the feelings of others They do seem to respect themselves.

6 We must stand up for our rights today We may find ourselves with no rights at all

Writing a cause and effect essay

Many phenomena, events, situations and trends can be better understood by describing theircauses and effects The cause and effect essay explains what happens and why it happens

Cause / Effect essay specific vocabulary

> Obesity is a cause of / a reason for premature death.

> Media coverage affects / influences votingpatterns.

> Media coverage leads to /gives rise to / brings about changes in votingpatterns.

> Votingpatterns are affected/ are influenced by media coverage.

> Stress causes / produces / results in low exam scores.

> Low exam scores are caused by / are produced by / result from stress.

> Low exam scores are a consequence of / are a result of / are due to / the effect of stress.

> When /If there is constant economic instability, currency crashes occur.

> As a result of / As a consequence of constant economic instability, currency crashes occur.

> There is constant economic instability As a result, / As a consequence, / Consequently, /

> Thus, / Therefore, / Hence, / For this reason, currency crashes occur.

> Because / Since /As some areas face extreme weather conditions, there is damage to property.

> Owing to / On account of / Because of / Due to the fact that some areas face extreme weather conditions, there is damage to property.

> Owing to / On account of/ Because of/ Due to extreme weather conditions, there is damage to property.

Cause / Effect essay structure

Introduction

In the introduction, provide the necessary background to introduce your reader to yourtopic, and then write a thesis statement that clearly indicates whether your essay will discusscauses or effects.

The introduction to a cause paper will usually contain a brief description of the effect In anessay with the following thesis statement the introduction would discuss the fuel shortagesthat resulted from government policies:

Government policies have made fuel shortages more severe than they used to be.

The introduction to an effect paper will naturally reverse the procedure of a cause paper bybriefly describing or discussing the cause In an essay with the following thesis statementthe introduction should discuss the health insurance program

Passage of a national health program will result in heavy burdens on doctors.

Provide in your thesis statement an indication of the nature of the (typically three or four)causes or effects that you will discuss For example, a paper on the causes of the popularity

of disco dancing might provide the following:

Background material: Disco dancing started in Europe, spread to the United States several years ago, and is currently popular all over the U.S among all age groups

Thesis statement: Disco dancing has become the most popular form of entertainment

1 least obvious to most obvious,

2 most obvious to least obvious,

3 most important to least important,

4 least important to most important, or

5 sequence (first, second, third [or final])

Begin with indirect causes or effects if you must discuss both indirect and direct causes or effects

Use proper word indicators to show causes or to show effects

Poor: Minority quotas in the job market are bad They discriminate against the white male.

Better: Minority quotas in the job market are bad because they discriminate against the white male.

Use appropriate transitions:

because, therefore, the reason is, as a result, consequently, hence, thus, the first cause (reason) is, the second cause is , the third (or final) cause is

Explore each cause or effect thoroughly; don't just write a list

Don't shift away from the causes or effects For instance, don't discuss ways to avoid

sunburn in a paper if the purpose is to discuss the causes of sunburn

Regularly remind your reader of your main idea or restate the importance of the topic Raise

a question about the causes or the effects

Give a prediction about the causes or the effects

While writing a cause / effect essay, the order of the main points given in the thesis

statement is followed in body paragraphs

The following example is an outline for a cause essay about the reasons for cities becoming overcrowded

Thesis statement: There are two main reasons why these and other cities are becoming so crowded; one economic, the other socio-cultural

1st body: economic reasons

1 cities are engines of development

2nd body: socio-cultural reasons

1 education

2 urbanization

Why are Cities Becoming Overcrowded?

The fact that the world's cities are getting more and more crowded is well-known Cities such as Tokyo, Sao Paolo, Bombay and Shanghai are now considered ‘mega- cities',

because of their enormous size and huge populations There are two main reasons why theseand other cities are becoming so crowded; one economic, the other socio-cultural

First, the primary cause of cities becoming so crowded is economic As a country

develops, its cities become the engines of development, thus jobs are available in these areas Frankfurt, Istanbul, Bombay and Sao Paolo are all the economic centers of their countries For example, Tokyo was the motor for Japan's rapid economic evelopment in the 1960's and 70's; as a result, its population increased rapidly People moved to Tokyo

because they could find employment and establish economic security for themselves and their families there

Second, another factor in the huge increase in urban populations is the socio-cultural factor Thousands of people migrate to the cities not only for jobs but also for ducational and personal reasons The better universities are always located in big cities and this attractsthousands of students every year, and these students stay on and work in the city after they graduate Moreover, young people will move to the city as the villages and rural areas are more custom and tradition oriented Therefore, young people believe this is an obstacle to their personal freedom

In conclusion, economic and cultural factors are the major causes of huge urban

population People will always move to the areas which provide opportunity and to the places which can give them the freedom they desire

Exercise 9.7 Combine the sentences, using cause and effect words and phrases There

may be MORE THAN ONE correct answer.

1 It was snowing outside School was canceled

2 The leaves blew all over the yard Tom and Sue raked them

3 Amber could not see the board She got glasses

4 Mother was not at home Sue took a telephone message

5 People cut down trees Many animals lose their home

UNIT ASSIGNMENT

In this assignment, you will write a cause and effect essay about a financial problem

A BRAISTORM

Follow these steps to gather ideas for your essays

1 Think of some problems that you have strong opinion about

2 For each problem, answer the following questions.

How would you describe the problem?

What are the main causes of this problem?

What are the main effects of this problem?

3 Discuss your ideas with a partner Choose one problem that you would like to review

Read a partner's essay Answer the questions and discuss them with your partner

1 Does the essay give you a clear mental picture of the problem described?

2 Is the essay well-organized?

Complete the Self-Assessment checklist as you prepare to write the final draft of your paragraph Be prepared to hand in your work or discuss it in class.

Self-Assessment Yes No

□ □ Does each body paragraph have a topic and controlling ideas?

□ □ Does the essay use descriptive language to create a clear mental picture of the

subject?

□ □ Are correct articles used with nouns and noun phrases?

□ □ Are collocations used correctly?

□ □ Did you check the essay

UNIT10: COMMUNICATION VVRITINC.

Fragments are incomplete sentences Usually, fragments are pieces of sentences that have become disconnected from the main clause One of the easiest ways to correct them

is to remove the period between the fragment and the main clause Other kinds of

punctuation may be needed for the newly combined sentence

Fragment: Purdue offers many majors in engineering Such as electrical,

Chemical, and industrial engineering.

Possible Revision: Purdue offers many majors in engineering, such as electrical,

Chemical, and industrial engineering.

Fragment: Coach Dietz exemplified this behavior by walking off the field in

the middle of a game Leaving her team at a time when we needed

her.

Possible Revision: Coach Dietz exemplified this behavior by walking off the field in the

middle of a game, leaving her team at a time when we needed her.

You may have noticed that newspaper and magazine journalists often use a dependent clause as a separate sentence when it follows clearly from the preceding main clause, as

in the last example above This is a conventional journalistic practice, often used for emphasis For academic writing and other more formal writing situations, however, you

should avoid such journalistic fragment sentences

Some fragments are not clearly pieces of sentences that have been left unattached to the main clause; they are written as main clauses but lack a subject or main verb

o Appositive: Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper," a story with deep

thoughts and emotions, has impressed critics for decades.

Fragment: Toys of all kinds thrown everywhere.

Possible Revisions:

o Complete verb: Toys of all kinds were thrown everywhere.

o Direct object: They found toys of all kinds thrown everywhere.

Fragment: By paying too much attention topolls can make apolitical leader unwilling

to propose innovative policies.

Possible Revisions:

o Remove preposition: Paying too much attention to polls can make a

political leader unwilling to propose innovative policies.

Exercise 10.6 Of the three sentences in each group, circle the one that is NOT a

sentence fragment.

1 A Mrs Blanco gone to visit her mother at the hospital

A Finding a parking space there is usually easy during the week

B Driving in the city during the evening rush hour

2 A To apply for a job at the new store in the mall

B Asking the interviewer how often he would have to work on weekends

A Shaking his new boss's hand, Tony knew he would like working there

3 A By the time Frances found out how expensive the wallpapering job would be

B After getting estimates from five contractors, she decided to do the work herself

C Before picking out an interesting wallpaper pattern that went well with her furniture

4 A Who borrowed Stefanie's car Saturday night

B The nineteen-year-old car looked out of place next to the new models.

C Which the salesman was surprised to find in such good shape

5 A While waiting for her neighbor to move the car that blocked the driveway

B To avoid hitting the other car, Michael had to back across the corner of the lawn

C By making sure that no one will park across the driveway again

6 A Because Manuel was sure he had heard the same strange story many months ago

B Although I will never forget how cold we were when we lost our heat last winter

C Since Anna wasn't at the meeting, I took notes so that she wouldn't miss

anything

7 A When my cousin moved to Troy, New York, after he finished school

B After he went to all the trouble of fixing up his apartment

C While living there, he made very few friends

8 A My brother has been running a charter fishing boat for five years

B Many of his customers coming back three or four times over the summer

C His business been so busy that he has very little time for anything else

9 A In the hiding place that Carl had been using for years to get away from the noisy house

B By the time that everyone had quieted down, my favorite television show was over

C Before planning another family get-together at the already crowded park

10 A Although I knew she might wear something outrageous, I was still shocked by her dress

B Because she didn't want to tell where she had bought the strange outfit

C When we finally heard that she had made the dress herself

Writing an opinion essay with counter-arguments A argument is the opposite opinion

counter-SKILLS FOCUS

An argument states a clear position and presents evidence to support this position Yourthesis statement or claim is a clear statement of position It should be clear and focusedenough for you to prove your position in your essay The rest of the essay should bedevoted to proving your position Logical cohesion in your essay is very importantbecause you should start from one premise, prove it, move from one argument to thenext All your arguments should serve to prove your main point Moving away from themain point is not allowed, and if an idea does not support your main idea it should not beincluded in your essay.

Exercise 10.7 Read the outline of a counterargument essay below and develop it

into a complete essay.

Example: "We should open a university in every town Discuss."

Thesis: It is not a good idea to open a university in every town.

Argument 1: staffing problems

support 1: not enough qualified teachers

support 2: not willing to go

Argument 2: financial difficulties

support 1: building facilities

support 2: providing services

Counter argument: a university will contribute to economic and sociocultural

development of host town

Refutation of counter argument: a university wrestling with its own economic and

sociocultural problems cannot contribute to development of host town

SỞ THÍCH

• Gerund được dùng như một danh từ

Hút thuốc có hại cho bạn Bạn thích xem TV không?

Cô ấy bơi giỏi à?

• Nó được hình thành bằng cách thêm “ING” vào động từ nguyên thể

Đi đi

Ở lại ở lại

• Số phủ định được hình thành bằng cách thêm NOT:

Bạn có phiền không hút thuốc?

Ghi chú :

• Những thay đổi đôi khi cần thiết:

Nằm nói dối ( tức là y )

Take Take (Đơn e bị lược bỏ)

Ngồi ngồi (Nguyên âm đơn + phụ âm đơn nguyên âm đơn + phụ âm đôi)

• Một số động từ có thể được theo sau bởi một danh động từ hoặc một danh từ, baogồm:

Giống yêu hoàn thành bắt đầu không

thíchGhét dừng lại thưởng thức thích hơn cô

Bỏ cuộc bắt đầu

• Khi động từ theo sau một giới từ, nó sử dụng danh động từ:

Tôi đã nghĩ đến việc rời đi sớm.

Tôi lo lắng về nhà.

Tôi mệt mỏi khi phải nghe nhiều hơn về lời đề nghị của bạn.

• Một gerund hoạt động như một danh từ Khi một danh động từ có thể được sử dụng thì danh từ cũng có thể được sử dụng

Tôi đang mong chờ được đi nghỉ.

Tôi đang mong chờ kỳ nghỉ của mình.

• Gerund có thể được dùng làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ của câu