Radio Frequency Identification Fundamentals and Applications, Bringing Research to Practice Part 1 potx

Preface This book, entitled Radio Frequency Identification Fundamentals and Applications, Bringing Research to Practice, bridges the gap between theory and practice and brings together a

Bringing Research to Practice

Radio Frequency Identification Fundamentals and Applications, Bringing Research to Practice

Edited by

Cristina Turcu

Intech

IV

Published by Intech

Intech

Olajnica 19/2, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia

Abstracting and non-profit use of the material is permitted with credit to the source Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles Publisher assumes no responsibility liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained inside After this work has been published by the Intech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are an author or editor, and the make other personal use of the work

© 2010 Intech

Free online edition of this book you can find under www.sciyo.com

Additional copies can be obtained from:

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First published February 2010

Printed in India

Technical Editor: Teodora Smiljanic

Cover designed by Dino Smrekar

Radio Frequency Identification Fundamentals and Applications, Bringing Research to Practice, Edited by Cristina Turcu

p cm

ISBN 978-953-7619-73-2

Preface

This book, entitled Radio Frequency Identification Fundamentals and Applications, Bringing Research to Practice, bridges the gap between theory and practice and brings together a

variety of research results and practical solutions in the field of RFID The book is a rich collection of articles written by people from all over the world: teachers, researchers, engineers, and technical people with strong background in the RFID area Developed as a source of information on RFID technology, the book addresses a wide audience including designers for RFID systems, researchers, students and any person who would like to learn about this field

The first chapter of this book analyzes an algorithm for interrogation zone estimation in inductive coupled anti-collision RFID identification systems The field aspects of operation conditions are taken into consideration

Chapter 2 presents an overview of the RFID identification process and focuses on how RFID systems work in static and dynamic scenarios, collisions in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, the more relevant and adopted EPCglobal specifications and the performance analysis of the identification process

In chapter 3 the author reviews several approaches in solving passive RFID tag collision problems

Chapter 4 addresses two important issues related to RFID system: electronic and MAC protocol characterization to avoid reader-reader and reader-tag collisions in a dense RFID network

Chapter 5 aims to analyze the MAC technologies adopted in RFID, considering both deterministic and stochastic MAC protocols for RFID systems proposed in standards, specifications and recent literature Their principles are described and their performance is assessed and compared through theoretical and numerical arguments

Chapter 6 is dedicated to stochastic model and performance analysis of RFID The chapter comprises reviews of the frame slotted ALOHA based tag anti-collision protocols Also, the authors investigated a stochastic model for RFID tag collision resolution Various methods proposed for the estimation of RFID tag population within the vicinity of the RFID reader are examined and evaluated

Chapter 7 presents an overview of several RFID anti-collision algorithms and proposes

an improved dynamic framed slotted ALOHA algorithm for a large number of tags

VI

Chapter 8 briefly reviews already existing RFID systems and provides an in-depth analysis of a commercial development system The authors present a speed measurement application using the same RFID system and important EMC information regarding the use

of high frequency RFID system

In chapter 9 the authors propose an IP-based RFID architecture that allows low cost and large scale deployment, as well as an easy integration with IP-based services

Chapter 10 presents the fundamentals of object tracking and focuses on one special technique to develop an RFID network and the ways in which tagged objects can be tracked

in such a network

Chapter 11 deals with the designing and verifying the secure authentication protocol, which is widely researched in RFID systems using formal methods Thus, the RFID security requirements in home network environments are defined, and an authentication mechanism among reader, tag and database is proposed

The authors of chapter 12 propose an RFID tag system that includes an interrogator with an algorithm that generates RFID passwords to protect both the RFID data and consumer privacy

In chapter 13 the authors describe an authentication mechanism based on the

COMP-128 algorithm to be used in mobile RFID environments

Chapter 14 offers an introduction to RFID systems, summarizes several concepts of RFID system integration, and introduces some integration examples of RFID applications Chapter 15 focuses on major short and long-term benefits of RFID systems and advices

on efficient RFID technology integration

Chapter 16 explores fundamentals of data management in RFID applications so that the data retrieved out of RFID applications is non-redundant and filtered

Chapter 17 discusses different design possibilities for data storage in RFID systems and their impact on the quality factors of the resulting system

In the final chapter of this book the authors introduce the widely applied RFID middlewares with the technique of Web services and propose a Context store approach to improve the performance of data transmission between a mobile client and a Web services server

At this point I would like to express my thanks to all scientists who were kind enough

to contribute to the success of this project by presenting numerous technical studies and research results But, we couldn’t have published this book without InTech team’s effort I wish to extend my most sincere gratitude to the InTech publishing house for continuing to publish new, interesting and valuable books for all of us

Editor

Cristina TURCU

Department of Computer Science Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava

Romania

Contents

1 Field Conditions of Interrogation Zone in Anticollision Radio Frequency

Piotr Jankowski-Mihułowicz

2 Characterization of the Identification Process in RFID Systems 027

J Vales-Alonso, M.V Bueno-Delgado, E Egea-López,

J.J Alcaraz-Espín and F.J González-Castaño

3 The Approaches in Solving Passive RFID Tag Collision Problems 049

Hsin-Chin Liu

4 Electronic and Mac Protocol Characterization of RFID Modules 057

Nasri Nejah, Kachouri Abdennaceur, Andrieux Laurent and Samet Mounir

Marco Baldi and Ennio Gambi

6 Stochastical Model and Performance Analysis

Yan Xinqing, Yin Zhouping and Xiong Youlun

GENG Shu-qin, WU Wu-chen, HOU Li-gang and ZHANG Wang

8 Applications of RFID Systems - Localization and Speed Measurement 113

Valentin Popa, Eugen Coca and Mihai Dimian

Phuoc Nguyen Tran and Nadia Boukhatem

VIII

M Ayoub Khan

11 The Modeling and Analysis of the Strong Authentication Protocol

Hyun-Seok Kim and Jin-Young Choi

12 Evaluation of Group Management of RFID Passwords

Yuichi Kobayashi, Toshiyuki Kuwana, Yoji Taniguchi and Norihisa Komoda

13 A Mobile RFID Authentication Scheme Based

Jia-Ning Luo and Ming Hour Yang

Ming-Shen Jian

Hamid Jabbar and Taikyeong Ted Jeong

Sapna Tyagi, M Ayoub Khan and A Q Ansari

Dirk Henrici, Aneta Kabzeva, Tino Fleuren and Paul Müller

18 An Efficient Approach for Data Transmission in RFID Middleware 267

Hongying LIU, Satoshi GOTO and Junhuai LI

Field Conditions of Interrogation Zone in Anticollision Radio Frequency Identification

Systems with Inductive Coupling

Piotr Jankowski-Mihułowicz

Rzeszów University of Technology

Poland

1 Introduction

Passive Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) systems with inductive coupling are the most widespread nowadays (Yan et al., 2008; Wolfram et al., 2008) These systems operate thanks to direct inductive coupling between antenna units of the communication system which consist of Read/Write Device (RWD) and electronic identifier (called a tag

or transponder) The communication in transmitter – receiver set is carried out in two ways

In the first case, only one object with electronic tag can be placed in the correct working area

called interrogation zone of the RFID system This arrangement is called a single

identification system or also single system In the second case of multiple identification

system, called anticollision system, the communication process is carried out

simultaneously with multiple RFID tags In this process, the algorithms of multi-access to the radio channel are used, what provides an effective way to distinguish simultaneously between multiple objects (Yeh et al., 2009; Dobkin & Wandinger, 2005) It should be note that synthesis procedure of interrogation zone includes the simultaneous analysis of electromagnetic field (presented in this paper), communication protocols and electric aspects of operation conditions in the process of system efficiency identification The typical applications of anticollision RFID systems are concentrated on different economic and public activity in industry, commerce, science, medicine and others (Harrison, 2009, Donaljdson, 2009; Steden, 2005; Wyld, 2009 and 2005; Åhlström, 2005)

When determining the interrogation zone for the given automatic identification process,

it is necessary to define a maximum working distance of the RFID system This parameter determines the distance between the specified point of the RWD’s and the midpoint

of the tag’s antenna loop It is very important because the magnetic field generated around the RWD’s antenna loop is not only medium of information signal but also provides passive tags with energy The proper supply is essential to carry out operations of recording and reading information which is stored in the transponder’s semiconductor memory (Fig 1) The basic parameter, which determines the working area and characterizes the maximum

working distance of the RFID system, is H min minimum value of magnetic field strength

or more often used B min minimum value of magnetic induction at which the correct data

transmission between the RWD and the tag takes place (Jankowski-M & Kalita, 2008) The minimum value of magnetic induction required in the process of writing data to the

Radio Frequency Identification Fundamentals and Applications, Bringing Research to Practice

2

internal memory of tag (B minWrite) is several percent larger than the value of this parameter in

the process of reading (B minRead) So the operation mode of the internal memory affects occurrence of changes in the interrogation zone There is decreasing the maximum distance

in writing mode in comparison to reading process During the analysis of field conditions

in RFID system the general case will be considered and represented by notation B min

INTERROGATION ZONE OF ANTICOLLISION RFID SYSTEM WITH INDUCTIVE COUPLING

(x,y,z) 3D coordinates

B magnetic induction

I R current of RWD antenna loop

M mutual inductance

n number of tags

CRITICAL CONSTANTS:

1) Minimal value of energy is determined by minimal value

of magnetic induction B min in each point of its location.

2) Maximum change of the impedance Z R under influence of the

tags is expressed by maximum value of difference of impedance’s

arguments Δφ Rmax without the tags and with them , respectively

RWD ANTENNA LOOP

RWD

R ead / W rite D evice

( critical constant:ΔφRmax) I R

M 1

M n

RWD ANTENNA CIRCUIT

(x 1 ,y 1 ,z 1 )

(x n ,y n ,z n )

CIRCUIT (CHIP) TAG n ANTENNA

LOOP

ANTENNA CIRCUIT

TAG 1 CIRCUIT (CHIP) TAG 1 ANTENNA

LOOP

TAG 1 ANTENNA CIRCUIT

RWD antenna unit

Tag n antenna unit ( critical constant:Bmin)

x y z

Z R

M 2

(x 2 ,y 2 ,z 2 )

TAG 2

CIRCUIT

(CHIP)

TAG 2 ANTENNA LOOP TAG 2

ANTENNA CIRCUIT

IDEN

TIFIC

ATIO N

LACK OF

IDENTIFI

CATION Ω ID

INTERROGATION ZONE

OF ANTICOLLISION

RFID SYSTEM

ID

EN TIF

N

LACK OF

IDENTIFICATION

Anticollision RFID System

RF identification

Simultaneous identification

of many objects

Ω ID

Real Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) example

What identified ?

PROBLEM OF REALIZATION

OF ANTICOLLISION AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION PROCESS

Industrial application (pallet with products )

RF identification

Fig 1 Block diagram of anticollision RFID system with inductive coupling and illustration

of practical automatic RFID process

RWD loop (Ω ID area – Fig 1), depends on the structure and parameters of this loop but also

of tag antenna In the case of multiple identification process, it is necessary to provide all tags placed within the interrogation zone of RWD antenna with proper power For this geometric configuration, the parameters of magnetically coupled transponders affect significantly the total loop impedance of RWD antenna and cause big changes in many parameters of its electrical circuit In consequence, this phenomenon leads to disruption in communication with the tags which are placed within the working area but close to boundary points where the magnetic induction has the minimal value The correct analysis

of the total impedance in coupled system (consisted of RWD and tags antenna loops), and thereby analysis of changes in the magnetic field in the considered interrogation zone, allows to estimate the proper boundary of area with spatial placed multiple tags for the case

of designing anticollision RFID system with inductive coupling

2 The operating range of RFID systems with inductive coupling

In terms of emission of electromagnetic field, the RFID systems are placed in a group of radio equipment devices and they use allocated band in respective frequency range (Fig 2)

Frequency f, MHz:

Wavelength λ, m:

20

40

60

80

Magnetic field strength ,

H, dBµA/m

(10 m from the radiation source,

for frequency f < 30 MHz)

100-135 kHz

13,56 MHz

ETSI EN 300 330 -1 V1.5.1:2006 Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);

Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment in the frequency range

9 kHz to 25 MHz and inductive loop systems in the frequency range

9 kHz to 30 MHz; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods

R adio F requency ID entification systems with inductive coupling

Wave propagation RFID systems that operates at UHF

and microwave bands:

- 865-868 MHz up to 2 W ERP (ETSI EN 302 208 , ETSI EN 300 220 ),

- 2446-2454 MHz up to 500 mW EIRP (ETSI EN 300 440 )

Fig 2 Frequency ranges and European licensing regulation for RFID systems

Frequency bands widely available for different kind of radio systems (called ISM - Industrial-Scientific-Medical) are used in contact-less identification of objects (ERC, 2008) Therefore, it is required to reduce the magnetic field strength produced by a transmitting antenna of low frequency systems, and reduce the effective radiated power for systems operating in the range of ultra-short waves and microwaves