How sustainable are our economies_15 potx

Source: Based on Daly 1996; copyright VisLab/Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy; with permission by the copyright holder... Copyright VisLab/Wuppertal Institute for

312 Index

G

Gaia hypothesis 25, 40

General equilibrium 32, 211 see also

Computable general equilibrium

Genuine Progress Indicator 128–130, 139

Genuine Saving 139, 153, 157

Genuine wealth 58

Global Compact 178, 260, 262

Global governance 255, 261–262

Global Reporting Initiative 177–178, 179

Global warming 80–82, 86, 89, 107

Globalization

definition 251

protest movement 252, 254, 259, 261

sustainability effects 252–254, 261, 268

Good life 50, 58, 96, 246

Green accounting see System for integrated

Environmental and Economic

Accounting

Green GDP 155, 166

Greened GDP/GNP 195, 213, 214, 215,

216–217, 220, 226

Greenhouse effect 107

Gross domestic product 45, 46–48, 141

see also Delinkage

physical 122

H

Happiness 48–49, 50, 58

Hartwick’s rule 31, 224

Homeostatic plateau 35 see also Resilience

Homo

oeconomicus 18, 39, 265

politicus 39

sustinens 39

Hotelling rule 143, 144

Human Development Index 46, 48, 90,

93, 103

Hybrid accounts see NAMEA

I

Index

of Material and Energy Intensity 200

of Sustainable Economic Welfare 128–130

Indicators

definition 72

environmental see Environmental

indicators

performance evaluation, China 79, 80

sustainable development see Sustainable

development, indicators

use 78–80

Indices see Aggregation

Industrial ecology 40, 236 Input-output analysis 190, 195

econometric model, Germany 216–217 environmental 190–192, 212–214 table 195 see also Physical input-output

table Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 81, 86

International Development Strategies 45, 57 ISO 14000 175–177

Internationalization 256, 257 IPAT identity 84, 231

J

Johannesburg Summit see World Summit on

Sustainable Development

K

Kyoto Protocol 7, 8, 86

L

Least developed countries see Developing

countries Life cycle analysis 120, 172–173, 179, 195

Limits-to-growth model 202–204, 208, 231 critique 205–207, 208

Linear programming 219, 220, 226 dynamic 220–221

with environmental constraints 219–220,

226 Localization 258–259, 262 London Group of Natural Resource and Environmental Accountants 142, 159

M

Maintenance costing see Valuation,

maintenance cost Market

creation 241, 280 (dis)incentives see Market, instruments equilibrium see General equilibrium and

Computable general equilibrium failure 27, 269, 275

instruments 32, 154–155, 233, 239–240,

269, 277–278 see also Eco-tax and

Property rights invisible hand 25, 38, 52

valuation see Valuation, market price

Material and energy balance 114, 124

Material flow accounting 106, 113–114,

117–118, 124, 162, 185

critique 119–121

Material intensity 116

Material throughput 36, 114

Measure of Economic Welfare 128, 137–138

Metabolism

biological 106

industrial see Metabolism, social

social 36, 105–106, 123

Micro-macro link 32, 174–175

Millennium Development Goals 45–46,

57, 260

indicators 79, 85

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 163–164

Modelling

vs accounting 131, 146, 191–192,

194–195

and conceptualization of sustainability 222,

224, 225

policy advice 225, 268

Muddling through 232

Multi-criteria analysis 103

Multilateral environment agreements 255, 258

Multinational corporations see Transnational

corporations

N

NAMEA, Netherlands 137, 139–140

National accounts 63, 64, 84, 133

National income 132, 160–161

Natural capital 26, 131 see also

Environmental assets

consumption 133, 135, 150, 283

critical 31, 37–38, 162–163, 175

maintenance see Capital, maintenance

Natural resource

common-property see Natural resource,

open-access

curse 241, 242

depletion see Depletion of natural

resources

discovery 152

economics 33

management 241–242

open-access 34

productivity 116, 236, 237

Net Additions to Stock 116–117

Net Economic Welfare see Measure of

Economic Welfare

Net price 143–144

Net worth 132, 161

Neo-liberalism 17, 25, 39

New International Economic Order 45, 58 Newly industrialized countries 200–221

Non-sustainability see Sustainability, limits Normative framework see Feasibility space

O

Optimal sustainable growth 222–224,

226–227

Other asset changes 135, 143, 152, 187

Overlay mapping 88–89

P

Pareto optimality 32, 33, 211, 275 Physical input-output table, Germany

121–123, 124

Physiocrats 20

Pigovian tax see Eco-tax

Pipeline, Chad-Cameroon 242 Polluter-pays principle 27, 238, 249 Pollution

coefficients, Sweden 191 haven 202, 254

of poverty 5, 83 transboundary 146

Precautionary principle 235, 249

PRED databank 84

Pressure-state-response framework 66, 67, 85

Property rights 241, 280

Public good 43, 241, 276, 281 Public-private partnership 170, 255 see also

Global Compact

Q

Quality of life 85, 128, 169

R

Race to the bottom 252 Rebound effects 37, 246 Relative income hypothesis 50, 58 Religion and environment 3, 14

Relinkage see Delinkage Rent see Economic rent

Resilience (ecosystem) 35, 53, 55, 59 Rio

Declaration 6, 249, 259 Plus Five 6

Summit see United Nations, Conference on

Environment and Development

Rules and regulations 25, 39, 235 see also

Command and control

314 Index

S

Safe minimum standards 38, 55, 233

Scale (of the economy) 27, 36, 233

Scarcity, environmental 19, 27, 145, 225, 232

Second-best theorem 18, 33

SESAME 139–140

Shadow price 213, 221, 222, 223

Shrimp-turtle dispute 256, 257

Simon-Ehrlich wager 208–209

Simulation 203–204

Skeptical environmentalist 8, 15

Social accounting 169–170

matrix 84

Social collapse see Environmental catastrophe

Social cost see Environmental cost and

Externalities

Social discounting see Discounting

Social indicators 84, 85, 169

Social values see Environmental ethics

Social welfare function 222, 223

Spaceship earth 36, 106

State of the environment reports 15

Statistics, international 63–64, 83–84

Steady-state economy 22, 36

Stern review 81–82, 86

Strategic Impact Assessment Body 257

Structural profile see Environmental-economic

profiles

Substitution see Sustainability, strength

Sufficiency 245–246, 248

Sustainability 20, 26, 28–29

accounting 150–151, 160–164, 266

economic 26, 28, 29, 30–31, 38–39 268,

see also Sustainability, accounting and

Capital maintenance

ecological 26, 29, 35, 37, 38, 270 see also

Carrying capacity and Resilience and

Dematerialization

environmental see Sustainability

-gap index 139

import 82, 119, 238

limits 51–52, 220

reporting see Global Reporting Initiative

science 23, 40

strength 31, 37, 150, 266–267

Sustainable Budget Index, Botswana 241

Sustainable development

demise 56, 57, 270–271

dimensions 23, 51

definition 49, 52

cornucopia 48–50

indicators 72–78, 80–81, 85–86, 266

local see Eco-development

modelling 52, 224

normative nature 54, 56

objectives 5–6, 130, 265 reductionist view 82–83

Sustainable Development Index 93, 102 Sustainable economic growth see Economic

growth, sustainable Sustainable National Income 139 System for integrated Environmental and

Economic Accounting 133–135,

141, 148

asset boundary 133–135

case studies 155–159 Germany 158–159, 285–287

history 141–142, 165–166

indicators 148, 151–153, 161–162 see also

Environmentally adjusted net Domestic

Product and Environmentally adjusted

net Capital Formation operational manual 165, 166 physical accounts 162–163, 164 production boundary 135

revision 142, 154, 159–165, 166, 194

satellite system 142, 165, 174

sustainability measurement see

Sustainability, accounting USA 152–153

valuation see Valuation System of National Accounts see National

accounts System of Social and Demographic Statistics 63–64, 84

T

Tableau Economique 20

Technology

environmental 236, 247 see also

Eco-techniques impacts 83, 231 progress 224–225, 231 transfer 200

Thermodynamic laws 36, 106, 108, 114 Thermoeconomic accounting 123 Threshold hypothesis 50, 128, 185

Throughput see Material throughput Total Material Requirement 114–116, 117–119

Total Material Output 116

Total wealth 130–131, 132–133

portfolio management 130

Trade liberalization see Globalization Tradable pollution permits 81, 145, 240 see also European Union, emission trading

scheme Tragedy of the commons 33

Transnational corporations 170, 251, 252, 260

Transnationalization 251

U

United Nations

Climate Change Conference 8

Committee of Experts on Environmental

and Economic Accounting 165, 166

conference on sustainable development

see World Summit on Sustainable

Development

Conference on Environment and

Development 6, 165

Conference on the Human Environment

5, 63

Environment Programme 5, 258, 259

Framework Convention on Climate

Change 7, 8, 86

User cost allowance 144

User-pays principle 27, 238, 249

Utility see Welfare

V

Valuation

damage 147–148, 158

energy 108, 112–113

maintenance cost 145–146

market price 142–144

monetary, rejection 19, 27–28, 142, 161

net present value 143

system-inherent 123

Vision 13, 220, 269

W

Washington consensus 261

Wealth see Net worth and Total wealth and Capital

Weighting by weight 28, 120, 266 Well-being see Welfare

Wellbeing Index 96, 102, 103, 185

Welfare

indicators 128–130, 141, 154, 183–185

maximization 222, 223

measurement see Welfare, indicators and Valuation, damage

sustainable 29, 224 and wealth 130–131, 160, 161, 267

Willingness to pay 28, 147, 148 Win-win strategy 243, 245, 249 World Business Council for Sustainable Development 8, 248

World Commission on Environment and Development 5–6, 18–19, 49 World Environment Organization 258,

259, 262 World state 251, 255 World Summit on Sustainable Development 6–7, 164, 170 World Trade Organization 255–256, 261–262

countervailing power 258–259 environmental stipulations 255–257 greening 256–258

Z

Zero Emission Research Initiative 236, 248 Zero growth 5, 25, 204, 207

Colour Plates

Plate 1.1 Environmental indicators

Source: Globus Infografik GmbH.

317

Plate 1.2 Full World?

Source: Based on Daly (1996); copyright VisLab/Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment

and Energy; with permission by the copyright holder

Colour Plates 319

Period Ecology,

thermodyna

-mics

Ecological economics

(Neo)classical economics

Environmental economics

Sustainable development

1750

1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

Quesnay (1759)

Smith (1776) Malthus (1798)

v Carlowitz (1713)

Ricardo (1817)

Mill Marshall Fisher Walras (1840 – 1910)

Carnot

(1824)

Clausius

(1850)

Darwin

(1859)

Haeckel

(1866)

Lotka

(1925)

Odum &

Odum

(1953) Georgescu-R.

(1971) H.T Odum (1996) Boulding Ayres Daly Martinez-Alier Costanza

…

(1960-Keynes (1936)

Human / deep

ecology

Bio-economics

Main-stream econo-mics

Pigou (1920)

Hotelling (1931)

Kapp (1950)

Coase Mishan (Solow) Hartwick Pearce Mäler

…

(1960-Institutional, coevolutionary economics

IUCN WCED United Nations

(1980-Jevons (1865)

Marx (1894)

Plate 2.1 Historical perspective of eco–nomics

Plate 2.2 Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645–1714)

Colour Plates 321

Plate 2.3 Getting physical or monetary?

Copyright VisLab/Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy; with permission by the copyright holder

Plate 4.1 Projected surface temperature increase in the 21st centurya

Note:a “Best estimates” for the high-impact scenario, compared to 1980–1999

Source: IPCC (2007) – Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Summary for

Policymakers Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Plate 5.1 Overlay mapping: global warming and precipitation effects

Source: UNEP/GRID-Arendal (2005), Vital Climate Change Graphics.

Colour Plates 323

Plate 5.2 Ecological footprint

Source: Copyright VisLab/Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy; with

per-mission by the copyright holder

Plate 6.1 Global energy balance

Source: US National Weather Service, JetStream – Online School for Weather (http://www.srh.

weather.gov/srh/jetstream/atmos/energy_balance.htm)

Colour Plates 325

Plate 6.2 Exergy flow system, Sweden 1994

Source: Wall (2001b), The use of natural resources in society, plate 30; Copyright Eolss, with

permission from Eolss

Plate 6.3 Material flows through the economy

Source: S Bringezu (2000) Ressourcennutzung in Wirtschaftsräumen Berlin: Springer, cover

page (translated by the author); with permission by the author, VisLab/Wuppertal Institute for

Climate, Environment and Energy, and Springer Science and Business Media

Plate 6.4 Ecological rucksack of a wedding band: ‘too heavy to marry?’

Source: Seppo Leinonen, with permission by the artist.

Plate 9.1 Life cycle of jeans

Copyright VisLab/Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy; with permission by the copyright holder

Plate 9.2 EMAS logo

Source: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/emas/index_en.htm; with permission by the

copyright holder, Stora Enso Kabel Mill, Germany

Plate 13.1 Metabolic consistency: coffee and mushroom production

Source: Based on Steinbrink (2001), fi g 2; with permission by the copyright holder, Zero

Emis-sion Research Initiative, ZERI

Colour Plates 329

Plate I.1 Internalizing environmental damage

Source: Adapted from Turner et al (1993).