International business module topic research the political system of the usa

TABLE OF CONTENTAMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM 4 History of the founding of the United State of America 4 General overview of the US political system 4 Foundations of the US political syste

NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY

GROUP ASSIGNMENTS INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MODULE

Topic: Research the political system of the USA

Group 4 – Advanced International Business Administration 62C

GROUP

4

ASSIGNING TASKS TO GROUP MEMBER

Individual task’s tracking board and comments

Student’s name Task assigned Completion progress Lương Đỗ Quỳnh Anh

(Leader)

Build content and presentstructureRoles of politicians,lobbyers, and media, slidesPresent group assignments

Finishes all the tasks on time, managesall the tasks to be submitted, tracksgroup member’s completion progress,does all paper’ works and be the last toreview group assignments includingboth content and slides

Lê Thị Tuyết Anh The way a law has passed

in the USA

Has the responsible for the orientedcontent, spends much time on doingresearch and submits tasks on time

Nguyễn Hồng Quỳnh The way a law has passed

in the USA’s slidesPresent group assignments

Does presentation slides about “Theway a law has passed in the USA” ontime and be positive on the meetings

Nguyễn Thị Hồng

Phượng

History of the founding ofthe USABackground of theAmerican political systemAnd slides

Missed the deadlines and did not reallycomplete the given tasks Both contentand slides did not reach group’s quality

so that they still need a lot ofcorrections

Nguyễn Phương Anh The American voting

system and slidesPresent group assignments

Be supportive and positive whengiving ideas and comments on thegroup tasks Finishes given tasks ontime and tries her best researching info

Lê Xuân Tùng History of the founding of

the USABackground of theAmerican political systemAnd slides

Missed the deadlines but did a greatjob researching and briefing contentabout the given tasks Has supportiveattitudes and gives comments on group

work

GROUP NOTES:

Each group member has carefully researched their given tasks and made their own presentationslides related to the topic The whole group has scheduled 3 meetings on Teams in order to dividetasks equally and discussed how the group presentation would be organized Each member hadput lots of effort on doing this group assignments about “The political system of the USA” sothat the presentation can be well-prepared and as high quality as possible

TABLE OF CONTENT

AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM 4

History of the founding of the United State of America 4

General overview of the US political system 4

Foundations of the US political system 4

Political Parties 5

THE AMERICA’S VOTING SYSTEM 6

Overview of elections in the United States 6

Voting methods 7

Features of the election system 7

Levels of election 9

THE WAY A LAW HAS PASSED IN THE USA 12

How Laws are Made 12

The way a law has passed in the USA 12

The differences between the laws of VN and the laws of the USA14

ROLES OF POLITICIANS, LOBBYERS, AND THE MEDIA 17

Politicians and their functions 17

Lobbyers/ lobbies/ lobbyists and their duties 21

The Media and its roles 24

CONCLUSION 26

I AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM

1 History of the founding of the USA and background of the American political system

- The United States of America (U.S.A or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S

or US) or America, is a transcontinental country located primarily in North America Itconsists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine minoroutlying islands, and 326 Indian reservations

- The legal system in the United States is a common law system (with the exception ofLouisiana, which has a mix of both civil and common law)

- Although having a federal government with multiple parties, American politics have mostlybeen dominated by two major political parties (republican and democratic)

a History of the founding of the United State of America

In the late 16th century, England (British Empire), Kingdom of France, Spanish Empire, and theDutch Republic launched major colonization programs in North America Successful colonieswere established within several decades One of which was Jamestown in 1607

 4/7/1776 marks the birth of the nation with the declaration of independence, legallyseparating the 13 colonies from British rule and establishing the USA

 1787 is the year that the states send their representatives and form committees todecide on the constitution

 1789 is the year that the first president of the US, George Washington was appointedand every state in the nation ratified the constitution while the first few states ratifiedback in 1788

b General overview of the US political system

The U.S is a federal republic:

 The federal government: established by the U.S constitution with the president, congressand court sharing the power of the federal government

 States government: function below the level of the federal government over a definedterritory

c Foundations of the US political system

 Popular sovereignty

- Popular sovereignty is a doctrine rooted in the belief that each citizen has sovereignty overthemselves Citizens may unite and offer to delegate a portion of their sovereign powers andduties to those who wish to serve as officers of the state, contingent on the officers agreeing toserve according to the will of the people

 Separation of power

Separation of powers is a doctrine of constitutional law under which the three branches ofgovernment (executive, legislative, and judicial) are kept separate This is also known as thesystem of checks and balances because each branch is given certain powers so as to check andbalance the other branches

Each branch has separate powers, and generally each branch is not allowed to exercise thepowers of the other branches

The Legislative Branch exercises congressional power, the Executive Branch exercises executivepower, and the Judicial Branch exercises judicial review

The 2 most popular parties are the Democratic and the Republican party both of them make upfor most of the vote from the general population

American electoral politics have been dominated by two major political parties since shortlyafter the founding of the republic of the United States of America Since the 1850s, they havebeen the Democratic Party and the Republican Party Since the last major political realignment inthe mid-20th century, the Democratic Party has been the center-left and liberal party, and theRepublican Party has been the center-right and conservative party

Some political candidates, and many voters, choose not to identify with a particular politicalparty In some states, independents are not allowed to vote in primary elections, but in others,they can vote in any primary election of their choice

 Democratic Party

Founded by President Andrew Jackson and his supporters in 1828 He was President of theUnited States from 1829 to 1837 and to this day Americans consider Andrew Jackson to be thefirst Democratic President of the United States

The Democratic Party is the oldest voter-based political party in the world and the oldest existingpolitical party in the United States Known as the party of the "common man," the earlyDemocratic Party stood for individual rights and state sovereignty but opposed banks and hightariffs

The symbol of the Democratic Party is the image of the Donkey, and the color of the logo isBlue The position of the Democratic Party is considered liberal and supports civil liberties andsocial freedoms

 Republican Party

Founded in 1854 by a group of former members of the Whig Party with the principle of opposingslavery and tending to modernize America The Republican Party can also be referred to as theGrand Old Party (GOP), is one of the two major political parties in the United States

The party focuses on minimizing interference or establishing government agencies to run,support a free-market economy and minimal government intervention in the economy

In the modern day, its demographic base skews towards people living in rural areas, men,Southerners, and white Americans, particularly white evangelical Christians, and the whiteworking class In recent years, the Republican Party has made gains among white working classand Hispanic voters while losing support among college-educated whites

II THE AMERICA’S VOTING SYSTEM

1 Overview of elections in the United States

- Elections in the United States are held for government officials at the federal, state, and

local levels At the federal level, the nation’s head of state, the president, is elected indirectly bythe people of each state, through an Electoral College (The United States Electoral College is thegroup of presidential electors required by the Constitution to form every four years for the sole

Discover more from:

KDQT1

Document continues below

Kinh doanh quốc tế

Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân

Đề thi Kinh doanh quốc tế NEU

1

Quan điểm toàn diện - nothing

3

22856309 cơ cấu tổ chức cty đa quốc gia Nestle

25

Cơ cấu tổ chức và chiến lược kinh doanh quốc tế của Grab

52

Chiến lược và cơ cấu tổ chức kinh doanh quốc tế của Apple

54

purpose of appointing the president and vice president.) Today, these electors almost always votewith the popular vote of their state All members of the federal legislature, the Congress, aredirectly elected by the people of each state There are many elected offices at the state level, eachstate having at least an elective governor and legislature There are also elected offices at thelocal level, in counties, cities, towns, townships, boroughs, and villages; as well as for specialdistricts and school districts that may transcend county and municipal boundaries.

- While the United States Constitution does set parameters for the election of federal

officials, state law, not federal, regulates most aspects of elections in the U.S., includingprimaries, the eligibility of voters (beyond the basic constitutional definition), the running ofeach state's electoral college, as well as the running of state and local elections All federal, stateand local elections are administered by individual states

2 Voting methods

Voting systems used in each state:

First past the post (FPTP)

Two-round system (TRS)

Instant-runoff voting (IRV)

Louisiana primary

Nonpartisan blanket primary and top tworunoff general

Nonpartisan blanket primary and top four instant-runoff general

The most common method used in U.S elections is the first-past-the-post system, where thehighest-polling candidate wins the election Under this system, a candidate only requires aplurality of votes to win, rather than an outright majority Some may use a two-round system,where if no candidate receives the required votes, then there is a runoff between the twocandidates with the most votes

Since 2002, several cities have adopted instant runoff voting in their elections Voters rankthe candidates in order of preference rather than voting for a single candidate If a candidatesecures more than half of the votes cast, that candidate wins Otherwise, the candidate with thefewest votes is eliminated Ballots assigned to the eliminated candidate are recounted andassigned to those of the remaining candidates who rank next in order of preference on eachballot This process continues until one candidate wins by obtaining more than half the votes In

2016, Maine became the first state to adopt instant-runoff voting (known in the state as choice voting) statewide for its elections, although due to state constitutional provisions, thesystem is only used for federal elections and state primaries.

ranked-3 Features of the election system

a Multiple levels of regulation

In the US, elections are conducted by local authorities, working under local, state,and federal law and regulations, as well as the US Constitution It is a highlydecentralized system

In around half of US states, the secretary of state is the official in charge of elections;

in other states, it is someone appointed for the job or a commission It is this person orcommission who is responsible for certifying, tabulating, and reporting votes for thestate

b Party systems

Americans vote for a specific candidate instead of directly selecting a particularpolitical party The United States Constitution has never formally addressed the issue ofpolitical parties Due to Duverger's law, the two-party system continued following thecreation of political parties, as the first-past-the-post electoral system was kept.Candidates decide to run under a party label, register to run, pay filing fees, etc Theparty organization stays neutral in the primary elections until one candidate has beenelected

c Ballot access

Ballot access refers to the laws which regulate under what conditions access isgranted for a candidate or political party to appear on voters' ballots Each state has itsballot access laws to determine who may appear on ballots and who may not According

to Article I, Section 4, of the United States Constitution, the authority to regulate thetime, place, and manner of federal elections is up to each State, unless Congress legislatesotherwise Depending on the office and the state, it may be possible for a voter to cast awrite-in vote for a candidate whose name does not appear on the ballot, but it isextremely rare for such a candidate to win office

d Campaign finance

The funding of electoral campaigns has always been a controversial issue inAmerican politics Money contributed to campaigns can be classified into "hard money"and "soft money" Hard money is money contributed directly to a campaign, by anindividual or organization Soft money is money from an individual or organization notcontributed to a campaign but spent in candidate-specific advertising or other efforts thatbenefit that candidate by groups supporting the candidate, but legally not coordinated bythe official campaign

The Federal Election Campaign Act had changed over the years to avoid corruption

in "soft money" Changing campaign finance laws is a highly controversial issue Somereformers wish to see laws changed to improve electoral competition and politicalequality Opponents wish to see the system stay as it is, whereas other reformers wish foreven fewer restrictions on the freedom to spend and contribute money The SupremeCourt has made it increasingly difficult for those who wish to regulate election financing,but options like partial public funding of campaigns are still possible and offer thepotential to address reformers' concerns with minimal restrictions on the freedom tocontribute

e Primaries and caucuses

In partisan elections, candidates are chosen by primary elections (abbreviated to

"primaries") and caucuses in the states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, AmericanSamoa, Guam, and the U.S Virgin Islands

A primary election is an election in which registered voters in a jurisdiction(nominating primary) select a political party's candidate for a later election There arevarious types of primary: either the whole electorate is eligible, and voters choose oneparty's primary at the polling booth (an open primary), or only independent voters canchoose a party's primary at the polling booth (a semi-closed primary); or only registeredmembers of the party are allowed to vote (closed primary) Primaries are also used toselect candidates at the state level, for example in gubernatorial elections

Caucuses also nominate candidates by election, but they are very different fromprimaries Caucuses are meetings that occur at precincts and involve discussion of eachparty's platform and issues such as voter turnout in addition to voting

A state's presidential primary election or caucus usually is indirect: it determines howmany delegates each party's national political convention will receive from theirrespective state These delegates then in turn select their party's presidential nominee.Held in the summer, a political convention's purpose is also to adopt a statement of theparty's principles and goals known as the platform and adopt the rules for the party'sactivities

The day on which primaries are held for congressional seats, and state and localoffices may also vary between states The only federally mandated day for elections isElection Day for the general elections of the president and Congress; all other electionsare at the discretion of the individual state and local governments

4 Levels of election

a Federal elections

The United States has a presidential system of government, which means that theexecutive and legislature are elected separately Article II of the United States

Constitution requires that the election of the U.S president by the Electoral College mustoccur on a single day throughout the country; Article I established that elections forCongressional offices, however, can be held at different times Congressional andpresidential elections take place simultaneously every four years, and the interveningCongressional elections, which take place every two years, are called midterm elections.The constitution states that members of the United States House of Representativesmust be at least 25 years old, a citizen of the United States for at least seven years and be(legal) inhabitants of the state they represent Senators must be at least 30 years old, acitizen of the United States for at least nine years and be (legal) inhabitants of the statethey represent The president and vice president must be at least 35 years old, a natural-born citizen of the United States, and resident of the United States for at least fourteenyears

- Presidential elections

The president and the vice president are elected together in a presidential election It is

an indirect election, with the winner being determined by votes cast by electors of theElectoral College The winner of the election is the candidate with at least 270 ElectoralCollege votes It is possible for a candidate to win the electoral vote and lose the(nationwide) popular vote (receive fewer votes nationwide than the second-rankedcandidate)

Figure Summary of the U.S Presidential Election Process

- Congressional elections: Congress has two chambers

o Senate elections

The Senate has 100 members, elected for a six-year term in dual-seat constituencies(2 from each state), with one-third being renewed every two years The group of theSenate seats that is up for election during a given year is known as a "class"; the threeclasses are staggered so that only one of the three groups is renewed every two years

o House of Representatives elections

The House of Representatives has 435 members, elected for a two-year term in seat constituencies House of Representatives elections are held every two years on thefirst Tuesday after November 1 in even years Special House elections can occur if amember dies or resigns during a term House elections are first-past-the-post electionsthat elect a Representative from each of the 435 House districts that cover the UnitedStates The non-voting delegates of Washington, D.C., and the territories of AmericanSamoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the United States VirginIslands are also elected

single-House elections occur every two years, correlated with presidential elections orhalfway through a president's term The House delegate of Puerto Rico, officially known

as the resident commissioner of Puerto Rico, is elected to a four-year term, coincidingwith those of the President

Gerrymandering of the House, combined with the general deficiencies of the past-the-post voting system, and divisions inherent in the design of the Senate and theElectoral College, result in a discrepancy between the percentage of popular support forvarious political parties and the actual level of the parties' representation In particular,gerrymandering has been found to benefit the Republican Party more than it does theDemocratic Party

first State elections

State law and state constitutions, controlled by state legislatures regulate elections atthe state level and local levels Various officials at the state level are elected Since theseparation of powers applies to states as well as the federal government, state legislaturesand the executive (the governor) are elected separately Governors and lieutenantgovernors are elected in all states, in some states on a joint ticket and some statesseparately, some separately in different electoral cycles The governors of the territories

of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the UnitedStates Virgin Islands are also elected In some states, executive positions such as AttorneyGeneral and Secretary of State are also elected offices All members of state legislaturesand territorial jurisdiction legislatures are elected In some states, members of the statesupreme court and other members of the state judiciary are elected Proposals to amendthe state constitution are also placed on the ballot in some states

As a matter of convenience and cost saving, elections for many of these state andlocal offices are held at the same time as either the federal presidential or midtermelections There are a handful of states, however, that instead hold their elections duringodd-numbered "off years."

b Local elections

At the local level, county and city government positions are usually filled by election,especially within the legislative branch The extent to which offices in the executive orjudicial branches are elected varies from county to county or city to city Some examples

of locally elected positions include sheriffs at the county level and mayors and schoolboard members at the city level Like state elections, an election for a specific local officemay be held at the same time as either the presidential, midterm, or off-year elections

c Tribal elections

Many Native American tribal governmental positions, including executive andlegislative positions, are typically filled by election In some cases, tribal citizens electcouncil members who elect from among their bodies a chief executive The number ofpositions and titles used vary from one tribal government to another, but common titlesfor the tribal government's chief executive terms include president, governor, principalchief, chair, and chief These elections may be held in conjunction with federal, state, orlocal elections, but are often held independently under the authority of the tribe's office ofelections

III THE WAY A LAW HAS PASSED IN THE USA

* How Laws are Made

So now we know that a law is like a rule that we must follow We know that Congress makes thelaws, and now we will learn how they are made

Laws start in Congress When someone in the House of Representatives or the Senate wants tomake a law, they start by writing a bill A bill is like an early version, or a draft, of the proposedlaw

Each Congress lasts about two years During that time, Senators and Representatives mayintroduce thousands of bills Yet only some of those bills will eventually become laws.The bill has to be voted on by both houses of Congress: The House of Representatives and theSenate If they both vote for the bill to become a law, the bill is sent to the President of theUnited States He or she can choose whether or not to sign the bill If the President signs the bill,

it becomes a law If the President decides not to sign the bill into law, it is called a veto and thebill is sent back to Congress Congress can bypass, or override, the veto with a two-thirds votes

in both the House and the Senate The bill would then become law

* The way a law has passed in the USA

1 Drafting ideas for law-making

The idea of making a bill can be made by anyone, but only a congressman has the right toformally propose a bill before the House of Representative or the senate The Parliamentariancan submit a bill whenever he or she wants as long as the Congress is in session The legislation

we are talking about here is a public bill – affecting the general public, not a private bill thataffects only a specific individual or organization

When the Parliamentarian sees an idea that could be made into law, the Parliamentarian mustwrite the idea into a bill and formally submit it as a sponsor They often sponsor bills that areimportant to themselves or to the lives of the voters they represent The sponsor must try toconvince others of the importance of the bill they sponsor so that the bill can be passed In fact,there are many cases where many Parliamentarians co-sponsor a bill and then they become co-sponsors

The bill is formally proposed by placing it in a box at the door of the House of Representatives(in the case of a bill in the Senate, the sponsor submits the bill to the Clerk of the Senate orannounced publicly during a session of the Senate) Then the bill will be numbered by thesecretary of the Speaker of the House

2 Officially introduce a bill

Once formally submitted, every bill is subjected to a first reading by the simple procedure thatthe name of the bill is read by the chairman at a plenary session of the House Then the bill istransferred by the Speaker of the House to the Expert Committee of the House (the House ofRepresentatives has 19 such committees while the Senate has 16) for consideration andfinalization The bill now enters the committee stage

3 Committee (and sub-committee) stage

During this committee period, the Committee has the right to review and adjust the content of thebill Any additions to the bill must be discussed and voted on by committee members

The chair of the committee may decide to hold a hearing in order to examine the legislation.During a hearing, committee members invite policy experts, agency representatives, and otherstakeholders to testify on how the bill will affect the country After holding a hearing orhearings, the chair of the committee can decide to hold a "markup" during which committeemembers debate, modify, and ultimately vote for or against the bill

4 Considered by the full House of Representatives

During this phase, the House of Representatives first spends time debating the draft billsubmitted by the Commission and accompanied with the report on the bill

After this session, the Bill was reviewed in detail by article This review is called the secondreading, where the proposed amendments and supplements to the Bill are made The Bill thenenters its third reading and is about to vote in the House of Representatives

5 Vote in the House of Representatives

Measures are voted on by saying: agree (vote for) or disagree (vote against) or “I am present”(i.e abstain) If the bill achieves a majority vote of the House of Representatives, the Bill ismoved to the Senate and the review process starts from scratch (i.e goes through steps such as:

formal introduction before the senate, transition to consideration in the Committee, deliberation

in the Senate)

6 Stage in the Senate and the formation of the Conference Committee

During this period, the Bill is again referred to the Senate Committee (and Senatesubcommittee) Usually, at the end of this activity, with approved bills put to a vote in the upperhouse, the Bill will have a very different content and language from the bill passed in the House

If the bill passed by the Senate differs from the bill passed by the House of Representatives, thetwo chambers must form an interim Conference Committee to consider the difference, seekingconsensus on the content of the bill This Conference Committee is often referred to as the

"Third House of Congress" because it plays a role in resolving deadlocks and disagreementsbetween the House of Representatives and the Senate in the legislative process This committeewill be established by the Speaker of the House and Senate presiding officer, selecting membersfrom both the House of Representatives and the Senate (usually each house will appoint about 7

to 11 members)

Until the bill is approved by both the House and the Senate in absolutely identical form, the newbill is transferred to the President for consideration, deciding to veto or sign into law

7 Send it to the President for a signature

After the bill has been formally approved by both the House and Senate, the bill is passed on tothe president (it is now known as the “Enrolled Bill”) At this point, the President has fourchoices of behavior:

- No action is taken while the Congress is still in session and there are full 10 days after it is insession: then the bill automatically becomes law after 10 days These are often statutes where thePresident does not want to attach his personal credibility to the content of the act, but also doesnot formally object to the content of the act

- No action is taken while the Congress is still in session and no more than 10 days after it is insession Then the bill will be considered a pocket veto This is a case where the President doesnot agree with the content of the law that has been passed but also does not want to officiallyoppose the content of the law

- The President considered the bill unwise and inappropriate, and decided to issue a veto The bill

is then returned to Congress for consideration (along with the President's veto) At this point,Congress can decide not to vote against the president or decide to vote against If Congress votesagainst the President (after reading the President's veto) with two-thirds or more of the memberspresent in both houses, the bill automatically becomes law

- The President agrees to (the entire) content of the bill and approves it to be signed into law.This being the case, the President also wants to attach his personal responsibility and credibility

to the content of the act Laws that reflect policy coming from the executive side are usuallysigned into law by the President directly

An overview of the law-making process in the United States is as follows: