Tiếng anh chuyên ngành thể thao (tập 1) phần 2

132 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thể thaoA legal Service starts a rally, in which the players altemate hitting the ball across the net.. A legal retum consists o f the player or team hitti

PART II

KINDS OF SPORTS WITH A BALL

PHẦN 2

CÁC MÔN THỂ THAO DÙNG BÓNG

Unit 1

TENNIS

I PRE - READING TASK

Discuss the following questions in groups:

1 Do you think tennis is suitable for all ages? Why? Why not?

2 Is tennis an indoor or an outdoor sport?

3 Can you name some famous tennis players in the world you know?

Tennis is a sport played between two players (singles) or betvveen two teams o f two players (doubles) Each player uses a racket that is strung to strike a hollovv rubber ball covered with felt over a net into the opponent's court Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels o f society at all ages Tennis is enjoyed by millions o f recreational players and is also a hugely popular worldwide spectator sport, especially the íòurGrand Slam toumaments (Also referred to as the

"Majors"): The Ausữalian Open played on hard courts, the French Open played on red clay courts, Wimbledon played on grass courts, and the us Open played also on hard courts

The game is played with a racquet, including a handle, known as the grip,connects to a neck which joins a roughly elliptical frame that holds a matrix oftightly pulled synthetic strings Racquets vary from size and

shape, depending on the net There are three sizes in common:

Standard, medium-sized and big For the first 100 years o f the

modem game, racquets were o f wood and o f Standard size,

and strings were o f animal gut Then composites o f carbon

graphite, ceramics, and lighter metals such as titanium were

introduced These stronger materials enable the production of

oversized rackets to resist more power

II RF.ADI.NG TEXT

Part II: Kinds o f Sporís With A Ball 131

Tennis balls are o f hollovv rubber covered with felt coating They also have numbers in order to be recognized easily Traditionally white, the predominant color was gradually changed to yellow green in the later part o f the 20'h century to allow visibility Tennis balls are from 6.35 cm to 6.6 cm in diameter and from 56 to 59.4 grams in vveight

Tennis is played on a rectangular and flat surface, usually grass, clay, or hard court and occasionally carpet

(indoor) The court is 78ft (23.77m) long, and 27ft (8.23m)

wide for singles matches and 36ft (10.97m) for doubles

matches Additional clear space around the court is

required in order for players to reach overrun balls A net

is stretched across the full width o f the court, parallels with

the baselines, divides it into two equal ends The net is 3 ft

6in (1.07m) high at the post and 3ft (91.4cm) high in

the center

Play o f a single point

The players (or teams) start on opposite sides of tìie net One player is designated the server, and the opposing player is the receiver The choice to be server or receiver in the first game and the choice o f ends is decided by a toss before the warm-up starts Service altemates game by game between the two players (or teams) For each point, the server starts behind the baseline, between the center mark and the sideline The receiver may start anyvvhere on their side o f the net When the receiver is ready, the server will serve, although the receiver must play to the pace o f the server

In a legal Service, the ball travels over the net (Without touching it) and into the diagonally opposite Service box If the ball hits the net but lands in the Service box, this is a let or net Service, which is void, and the server retakes that serve The player can serve any number o f let services in a point and they are always treated as voids and not as faults A fault is a serve that falls long or wide o f the Service box, or does not clear the net There is also a "foot fault", which occurs when a player's foot touches the baseline or an extension o f the center mark before the ball is hit If the second Service is also a fault, the server double faults, and the receiver w ins the point However, if the serve is in, it is considered a legal

132 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thể thao

A legal Service starts a rally, in which the players altemate hitting the ball across the net A legal retum consists o f the player or team hitting the ball beíore it has bounced twice or hit any fixtures except the net, provided that it still falls in the server's court A player or team cannot hit the ball twice in a row The ball must travel past the net into the other players’ court A ball that hits the net during a rally

is still considered a legal retum The fưst player or team to fail to make a legal retum loses the point The server then moves to the other side o f the Service line at the start o f a new point

A tennis match is determined through the best o f three or five sets For men, the first player who wins three sets wins the match, and for women, the first player who wins two sets wins the match A set consists o f games, and games, in tum, consist ofpoints A game is won by the first player who outscores at least four points in total and at least two points more than the opponent’s

The modem game o f tennis originated in late 19th century in England, most historians believe that the games ancient origin is from 12th century France, but the ball was then struck with the palm o f the hand It was not until the 16th century that rackets came into use, and the game began to be called "tennis"

The International Tennis Federation (ITF) is the goveming body o f world tennis, made up o f 205 national tennis associations, found on 1” March 1913

ffl NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

- racquet ['raekit] (n): vợt

- court [ko:t] (n): sân bóng

- strike [straik] (v): đánh

- rubber ['rAbs] (n): cao su

- cover ['kAV3] (v): bao phủ, bao bọc

- recreational ['rekri'eiín] (adj): giải trí, tiêu khiển

- hugely ['hju:d3li] (adv): hết sức, rất đỗi

- toumament ['toinamant] (n): vòng thi đấu

- grip [grip] (n): tay nẳm, tay cầm

- roughly ['rAÍli] (adv): gồ ghề

- elliptical [i'liptik3l] (adj): hình elip

- synthetic [sin'0etik] (adj): tồng hợp, nhân tạo

- sừing [striĩ|] (n): dây bện

- gut [gAt] (n): ruột, ruột lòng (thực vật)

Part II: Kinds o f Sports With A Ball 133

- composite ['kompazit] (n): hỗn hợp

- graphite ['graefait] (n): than chì

- ceramics [si'raemiks] (n): gốm

- metal ['metl] (n): kim loại

- titanium [tai'teinÍ3m] (n): titan

- coating ['koutir)] (n): lớp phù ngoài

- predominant [pri'domin3nt] (adj): chiếm ưu thế, nổi ứội

- diameter [dai'2emit3] (n): đưòmg kinh

- surface [’s3:fis] (n): bề mặt

- matrix ['meitriks] (n): khung vợt

- hollow ['holou] (adj): rỗng

- baseline ['beislain] (n): đuòmg biên

- spectator [spek'teito] (n): khán giả

- visibility [viz3lbil3ti] (n): nhìn thấy được, rõ ràng

- opponent [3'pounant] (n): đối thủ

- palm [pa:m] (n): lòng bàn tay

- stretch [stretl] (v): kéo căng ra

- diagonally [daĩaeganally] (adv): theo đường chéo

- legal [’li:g3l] (adj): hợp lệ, đúng luật

- altemate ['o:lta:nat] (v): thay phiên, lần lượt

- bounce ['bauns] (v): nảy lên

- íixture [Tikstís] (n): vật cố định

- rally ['raeli] (n): loạt đánh ứ ả qua lại

- historian [his'to:rÍ3n] (n): nhà sừ học

1 Ansvver the following qucstions

a Is tennis an individual sport or a team sport?

b What are four Majors toumaments? And what are the differences among them?

c What is a tennis ball made of? And why is it changed into optic yellovv?

134 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thê thao

d Were racquets used to play tennis in the 12lh century?

e Can you describe the dimension o f a tennis court?

f How many sets are there in a tennis match?

g Who determines ửie server and the receiver in a tennis match?

h What is a legal Service?

i What happens if the ball hits the net during the rally?

j When was the International Tennis Federation (ITF) íounded?

2 Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F)

a Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels o f society at teenagers

b People use their palm to throw the ball over the net

c There are three sizes in common: Standard, small-sized and big

d Tennis balls are o f hollow rubber covered with felt coating

e Tennis courts have the same size for both single matches and double matches

f A net is stretched along the full vvidth o f the court, parallels with the baselines, divides it into two equal ends

g Service altemates game by game between the two teams

h The player can’t hit any number o f let services in a point

i A player or team can hit the ball twice in a row

j The ball must go past the net into the other players’ court

V VOCABULARY

1 Fill ỉn each blank w ith a w ord/phrase provided in the box

treated points millions determined rally

1 Tennis is enjoyed by of recreational players

from size and shape, depending on the net

2 Racquets

3 Tennis balls are o f hollow covered vvith felt coating

4 A net is stretched across the full vvidth o f the court,

baselines, divides it into two equal ends

with the

Part II: Kinds ofSports With A Bcill 135

5 The player can serve any number o f let services in a point and they are always as voids and not as íaults

6 A fault is a serve that falls long or wide o f the Service box, or does not the net

7 A legal Service starts a , in vvhich the players altemate hitting theball across the net

8 A ball that hits the net during a rally is still considered a retum

9 A tennis match i s through the best o f three or five sets

10 A game is won by the fírst player vvho wins at least f o u r in totaland at least two points more than the opponent’s

2 Match a word/phrase in A to a phrase in B to make a mcaningíul sentence

B

a is a sport played between two players or two teams

b is played with a racquet

c played on hard courts

d played on red clay courts

e played on grass courts

f played also on hard courts

g are o f hollow rubber covered with felt coating

h is stretched across the fuH width

o f the court

i start on opposite sides o f the net

j is determined through the best

o f three or five sets

/RE-/E N - /+ V — V)

To form verbs, preíixes like out- /super- /under- / over- / can be added beíòre

the verbs

Exampìe: A game is won by the first player who outscores at least four points in

total and at least two points more than the opponent’s

136 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thế thao

1 O u t- (hơn)

number —► outnumber (nhiều hơn, đông hon)

live —*

run —►

grow —>

weigh —*■

2 O ver- (quá) Act —* overact (cường điệu, làm quá) stay —*

take —*

cook —*

work —*

3 U nder- (thấp, dưới, không đủ) sell —» undersell (bán rẻ hơn) cook —*

estimate —►

charge

do —>

4 DỈS- (không) agree —* disagree (không đồng ý) like —►

appear —»

b e lie v e —*

allow —>

5 M is- (nhầm lẫn, lầm) understand —> misunderstand (hiểu lầm) behave —* .

Part II: Kinds o f Sports With A Ball 137

6 R e- (lại)

marry —> remarry (tái hôn)

write —»

arrange —»

do —»

take —*

7 E n- (làm cho )

íbrce —» enforce (bắt tuân theo) act —>

close —>

No te: “en-” can be added aíter some adjectives and nouns to form verbs Example: enrich, enlarge, endanger, encase, ensure,

EXERCISE: CHOOSE THE BEST VERB TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE Example: It has been 3 years since they remarried 1 Marry and her younger broửier a r e the dining room to make space for her birthday party 2 People o f te n Linda for her tvvin sister 3 Don’t anyone when you can’t know exactly their ability 4 Polices become impotent when dem onsừators them 5 Farmers can h e lp the soil by adding fertilizers 6 Mrs Danny’s je w e lry last night and no one knows who stole it 7 To avoid having a stomachache, you shouldn’t eat food w h ic h

8 Tom wants to buy a nevv mobile on his birthday Uníortunately, his parents

w ith h im

9 Roger is punished because he with the reíeree in the last tennis match

10 Smoking i s in the oíĩice

138 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thế thao

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS)

1 The Present Simple

Examples:

Tennis is eiýoyed by millions o f recreational players.

A tennis match is determined through the best o f three or five sets.

Tennis balls are o f hollow rubber and are covered with felt coating.

• Positive:

Form: Active voice —> Passive voice

(object o f A)

am/is/are + V (-ed/v3)

by + Object (subject o f A)

Example:

Acti ve: He opens the window

Passive: The window Ịs opened by him

s be V-ed Obj (agent)

Some mistakes are made

In this case, the focus is on the fact that some mistakes are made, but we do not blame anyone

Exercỉse: Complete these rules to form the passive voice

The object o f the active sentence becomes the o f the passive

sentence

The verb in the simple present is changed into + V past participle (Vpp)

Part II: Kinds ofSports With A Ball 139

The subjcct o f the active sentence becomes the o f the passivesentence with “by”

Notes:

- lf subjects in the active sentences are someone, somebody, people, the objects

in the passive sentence are dropped

Example:

Someone breaks into the house —♦ The house is broken into

- If subjects in the active sentences are no one/ nobody, verbs in the passive sentences are negative

Example:

No one knows vvhere he is all the day —♦ He isn’t known all the day

• Negative

Form: Active voice —> Passive voice

(object o f A)

am/is/are (not) + Vc-ed/v,)

by + Object (subject o f A)

Example:

Active: He doesrTt open the window

s (Aux) V Obj

Passive: The window isn’t opened by him

s be (not) V-ed Obj (agent)

Exercise 1: Make passive sentences vvith provỉded words

1 is/ The/ us/ set/ table/ by

2 rooms/ making/used/ These/ for/ are/ classes

3 This/ very/ swept/ house/ often/ isn’t

4 not/ to/ her/1/ invited/ party/ am/ invited/ tonight

5 careíully/ ironed/ N am ’s/ by/ are/ his/ clothes/ mother

Exercisc 2: Revvrite these sentences in passỉve voice

1 They deliver the newspapers every moming

2 People speak English all over the world

3 She doesn’t take her children to school to day

140 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thế thao

4 No one believes his story.

5 People play tennis as one o f the way to relax

• Yes/No question:

Form: Active voice —* Passive voice

(object o f A)

V-ed/ v 3

Example:

Active: Does the teacher give the homevvork? Yes, she does

Passive: Is the homevvork given (by the teacher)? Yes, it is

• Wh - questions:

Form: Active voice —> Passive voice

(object o f A)

Example:

Active: Where do they find his keys?

Passive: Where are his keys found?

Exercise 3: Rewrite these questions in the passive voỉce

1 Do they usually hold tennis competitions at the school?

2 How do the police find the lost man?

3 When do they open ửie show?

4 Does she make a cake for us?

5 Why don’t you help them?

• Passive sentences with two objects

Revvriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one

o f the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object Which object is transformed into a subject depends on vvhat you want to put the tòcus on

Parl II: Kinds o f Sports IVith A Ball 141

Example:

Exercise 4: Rewrite the sentences in passive voice in 2 vvays

1 I give that vvoman my phone numbers

—* That w om an

—* My phone num bers

2 They pay me a lot o f money to do the job

3 Someone tells him the truth

4 My parents always send me a present on my birthday every year

5 The vvaiter brings us a lot o f special food

2 The Prcsent Continuous

Example:

The old classrooms are being painted

T he m e etin g is b e in g held in the hall

• Positive:

Form: Active voice —» Passive voice

142 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thể thao

Exampỉe:

Active: Students are doing exercises at the moment

s be V-ing ObjPassive: Exercises are being done by students at the moment

• Negative

Form: Active voice —* Passive voice

(object o f A)

am/is/are + not + being + V-ed/V3

by + Object (subject o f A)

Example:

Active: Students aren’t doing exercises at the moment

Passive: Exercises aren’t being done by students at the moment

• Yes/No questions

Form: Active voice —> Passive voice

(object o f A)

being + V-ed/

by + Object (subject o f A)

Example:

Active: Are students doing exercises at the moment?

Passive: Are exercises being done by students at the moment?

• Wh - questions:

Form: Active voice —* Passive voice

(object o f A)

being + V-

e d / v3

by + Object (Subject of Á)

Part II: Kinds o f Sporls With A Ball 143

Exampỉe:

Active: Why is he holding Mrs Danny’s wallet?

Passive: Why is Mrs Danny’s wallet being held by him?

Exercise 5: Change these sentences into the passive voice

1 Frank is vvriting a report for the meeting tomorrow

2 Is the police making inquires about the thief?

3 She is telling nothing about her problem

4 Marry is preparing dinner while her husband is having a bath

5 W h o are th e y k e e p in g in th e room?

6 Are people destroying íòrests unintentionally?

Exercise 6: Rewrite these sentences in the active form

1 These boxes are made by hand by orphans

2 This car isn’t being fìxed by any one

3 Is red believed to be the Symbol o f luck?

4 The animals at the zoo are being fed

5 When is this book retumed to the library by you?

6 Is this luggage being looking for by her?

VIII FURTHER EXERCISE

Start playing tennis with instruction and advice for beginners on strokes, strategy, rules, terms, and equipment These free lessons tips on which racquet to buy, and many other resources will help you leam tennis easily

There are 7 steps to leam playing tennis below Put ứie correct order from the l st step to the 7th step

1 Start to learn how to serve

Hold the tennis ball in one hand and your racquet on the other To hold the tennis racquet, hold the grip as if you are shaking someone’s hand or by holding the racquet so that the face is perpendicular to the ground then slide your hand down the racquet with your thumb on one side and the remaining íĩngers on the opposite.Throw the ball high enough so that the racket may hit the ball forward

Hit it hard, so that it may go over the net Hit it diagonally over the net; also hit

it in the svveet spot o f the racket (The svveet spot is the center or the place o f the racket which has no vibration)

144 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thế thao

2 Buy a decent tennis racket and high quality tennis shoes at your local sports store or tennis store

3 Find a local tennis club and become a member with the plan that is most appropriate to you

4 Lcarn the backhand next

Use this technique, if the ball isn’t in the side where your racket is at hold your racket with both hands on the grip like a baseball bat You can either use a two- handed backhand or a one-handed backhand Make sure you get a good grip

5 Participate in a fun match play event to meet the pros and other regulars at

6 Start vvith the íorehand

Wait until the ball b o u n c e s just o n c e o n the court w h e n it’s Corning to y o u or it’s on your side of the net

Hit the ball on the svveet spot

7 Read and learn about tennis, including vvhat all the tennis terms are, how to avoid injuries, hovv to hit a proper ball, etc.

Hit the ball on the sweet spot upwards to generate topspin, and it would go over the net

Rules of Tennis for Beginners

Corning to the rules o f tennis, first, let us assume that we're talking about a singles match being played The winner in the coin toss gets to decide vvhether he wants to serve or choose the side o f play The fỉrst serve needs to be taken from the right half o f the court, from behind the baseline, and the ball needs to be tossed in the air for the serve No part o f the foot should touch the baseline until the serve is complete The receiver has to stand on the diagonal side on his h a l f o f the court, though he is allovved to stand behind or inside the baseline too, whichever he chooses fit The serve should land in the Service box, which is the square area just after the net on the opposite side o f the court The serve needs to be retaken if it lands outside the Service box or into the net This is called a fault, and a double-fault results in the loss o f a point After this serve has been retumed, players can then hit and retum the ball after one bounce in their side o f the court, or even directly without letting it bounce The next serve is taken from the left side o f ửie court, and this sequence continues till the end o f the game

Part II: Kinds o fS p o rts With A Balỉ 145

A point is won if the opponent cannot retum the ball, the opponent hits the ball into the net on his side, the opponent's retum goes outside the sideline or the baseline on your side o f the court, if you hit the ball and the opponent cannot get to

it, and even if the opponent touches the net or comes into your side o f the court Aíter this, 20 seconds is the maximum time allowed for the server to start the next point Balls that land on any part o f a sideline or baseline are considered to be in, and play continues

In a doubles match, all players serve tum-by-tum each game That means, the same player gets to serve again every fifth game Just like in singles, the íĩrst serve

is taken from the right half o f the court, and then the left The two players in the serving team thus svvitch sides every point, while the players in the receiving team

do not, which means that the player receiving each serve changes for every point Once the serve is taken and retumed, players can then go to any part o f the court, hit the ball aíter one or wiứiout a bounce, and any player from each team can retum the ball, meaning, from then on, no sequence needs to be followed in the course o f the point

Tennis is a great sport that can be either played as a pass-time, form o f exercise,

or even professionally All the basic tennis shots need to be practiced day in and day out in order to get better and move on to a competitive level If we take a look at all the past and present champions, they took up this sport as beginners when they were kids, and years o f practice got them to where ứiey are/were

Skills Developmcnt for Tennis Beginners

In order for tennis beginners to develop theứ tennis skills, apart ữom practicing their serve, the two most important ground sứokes are the forehand and the backhand The forehand and backhand needs to be practiced as often as possible As the player becomes more skilled, additional tennis sừokes can be added as well as the reíinement o f the tennis technique Right from ửie start, the tennis beginner needs to concentrate on how to play tennis by developing the right technique for the strokes This will make the ball easier to control, while making the direction o f ứie shot more successíul and physically less tiring

Beginners should pay close attention to their positioning on the court when receiving They should attempt to alvvays be able to reach the ball at the correct distance for ửie retum Alvvays consider the position o f the opponent, where are they moving from and where to As the beginner grows in coníidence, there is the possibility to become more o f a shot maker controlling the shots in the rally and ứie opponents ability to respond

146 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thê thao

These basics o f how to play tennis are good starting points for where a beginner can leam tìie basics o f the game o f tennis Tennis will be a joum ey with ups and downs and with obstacles in the way o f your goals By following a steady path to improve, a tennis beginner can leam how to play tennis in a fast and easy manner

X POST - READING TASK

Work in groups Discuss the topic “Is Tennis ứie most famous sport in Vietnam?” And “Is it a sport for rich people to play?

Unit 2

TABLE-TENNIS

I PRE - READING TASK

Discuss the following questions in groups:

1 Where does table tennis originate?

2 What countries are dominant in the world table tennis now?

3 What is the other name o f table tennis?

Table tennis is a game that is quite similar to lawn tennis It is played by two or four players The equipment required for playing table tennis include a table, wooden paddles and a small hollow plastic ball Like in lawn, the table has a net, which divides the playing area into two

portions During the Service, the ball must bounce once

before clearing the net and should again bounce before being struck by the player at the other end Hovvever, the player who retum the ball back should not let it bounce again on his side once striking the ball!

In a table tennis game, a player scores a point when his opponent’s Service does not land properly or when his opponent’s ball is not retumed properly Players require to serve five times in

a row The player who fírst earas 21 points wins

the game

Table tennis, also knovvn as ping-pong, is a sport

in which two or four players hit a lightvveight, hollow

ball back and forth using table tennis rackets The

game takes place on a hard table divided by a net

Except for the initial serve, players must allovv a ball

played tovvard them only one bounce on their side o f the table and must retum it so that it bounces on the opposite side Points are scored when a player fails to retum

II READING TEXT

T a b íe T e n r tiò

N A T I o N

148 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thê thao

the ball vvithin the rules Play is fast and demands quick reactions A skilled player can impart several varieties o f spin to the ball, altering its trajectory and limiting an opponent's options to great advantage

Table tennis is govemed by the worldwide organization International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), íòunded in 1926 ITTF currently includes 217 member associations The table tennis oHìcial rules are speciíied in the ITTF handbook Since 1988, table tennis has been an Olympic sport, with several event categories In particular, from 1988 until 2004, these were: men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles and women's doubles Since 2008 a team event has been played instead o f the doubles

In the meantime, after íìnding its way to the Asian countries, table tennis started

to fade from the European scene but in the early 1920s it was again revived in England By that time the name “ping pong” had actually become a registered trademark o f the game However, the term table tennis was still retained for the more serious organizations where table tennis was actually played for sport

Equipment

Ball

The intemational rules specify that the game is played with a light 2.7 gram, 40 mm diameter ball The rules say that the ball shall bounce up 24-26 cm when dropped from

a height o f 30.5 cm on to a Standard Steel block thereby

having a coeíĩicient o f restitution o f 0.89 to 0.92 The

40 mm ball was introduced after the 2000 Olympic Games However, this created some controversy as the Chinese National Team argued that this was merely to give non-Chinese players a better chance o f winning since the new type o f balls has a slower speed, while at that time most Chinese players were playing with fast attack and smashes A 40 mm table tennis ball is slower and spins less than the original

38 mm (1.5 inch) one The ball is made o f a high-bouncing air-filled celluloid or similar plastics material, colored white or orange, with a matte íinish The choice of ball color is made according to the table color and its surroundings For example, a white ball is easier to see on a green or blue table than it is on a gray table Stars on the ball indicate the quality o f the ball Three stars indicate that it is o f the highest quality, and is used in in oíĩĩcial competition

Part II: Kinds o f Sports With A Baỉl 149

Table

The table is 2.74 m (9 ft) long,

1.52 m (5 ft) wide, and 76 cm

(30 in) high with a Masonite (a

type o f hardboard) or similarly

manutầctured timber, layered with

a smooth, low-friction coating The

table or playing surface is divided

into two halves by a 15.25 cm (6 in) high net An ITTF approved table surface must

be in a green or blue color Concrete tables with a Steel net are sometimes available

in public parks

Racket

Players are equipped with a laminated wooden racket covered with rubber on one or two sides depending

on the grip o f the player The official ITTF term is

“racket”, though “bat" is comraon in Britain, and

J “paddle” in the u s.

The wooden portion o f the racket, often referred to

as the”b\ade” , commonly ĩeatures anywhere between one and seven plies o f wood, though cork, glass fiber, carbon fiber, aluminum fiber, and Kevlar are sometimes used According to the ITTF regulations, at least 85% o f the blade by thickness shall

be of natural vvood Common wood types include Balsa, Limba, and Cypress or

“Hinoki” which is popular in Japan The average size o f the blade is about 6.5 in (16.5 cm) long and 6 inches (15 cm) wide Although the oíĩìcial restrictions only focus on the ílatness and rigidness o f the blade itselí, these dimensions are optimal for most play styles

Table tennis regulations allovv diíĩerent surfaces on each side o f the racket Various types o f surfaces provide various levels o f spin or speed, and in some cases they nulliíy spin For example, a player may have a rubber that provides much spin

on one side o f his racket, and one that provides no spin on the other By Aipping the racket in play, different types o f retums are possible To help a player distinguish between the rubber used by his opposing player, intemational rules speciíy that one side must be red while the other side must be black The player has the right to

inspect his opponent’s racket beíòre a match to see the type o f rubber used and what

color it is Despite high speed play and rapid exchanges, a player can see clearly what side ot’ the racket was used to hit the ball Cuưent rules that, unless

150 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thê thao

damaged in play, the racket cannot be exchanged for another racket at any time during a match

- paddle 1'paedl] (n): vợt

- hollovv ['holou] (adj): rỗng, lõm

- portion ['py:Jn] (n): phần, phần chia

- bounce ['bauns] (n): nảy lên, bật lên

- opponent [3’pounsnt] (n): đối thủ, địch thủ

- serve [ss:v] (v): giao bóng

- decade ['dekeid] (n): thập kỷ

- vellum ['vetam] (n): đa cừu

- craze [kreiz] (n): sự say mê, sự ham mê

- íashionable [Taelnsbl] (adj): đúng mốt, hợp thời trang

- attire [3'taia] (n): quần áo, trang phục

- satire ['sastais] (n): sự châm biếm, lời châm biếm

- fade [Teid] (v): mờ nhạt, mất dần, biến dần

- stiff [stií] (adj): khắc nghiệt, hà khắc

- disabled [dis'eibld] (adj): tàn tật, tàn phế

- stimulate [’stimjuleit] (v): kích thích, khích động

- promote [pre'mout] (v): xúc tiến, đẩy mạnh

- generation [’d3en3'reijn] (n): thế hệ, đời con cháu

- plastic ['plaestik] (n): chất dẻo, làm bằng chất dẻo

- hit [hit] (v): đánh bóng, đấm bóng

- lightweight ['laitweit] (n): võ sĩ hạng nhẹ

- racket ['raekit] (n): vợt, cái vợt

- except [ik'sept] (v) trừ ra, loại ra

- initial [i'niÍ3l] (adj): ban đầu, lúc đầu

- allovv [s'lau] (v): cho phép, thừa nhận

- demand [di'ma:nd] (v) yêu cầu, nhu cầu

Part II: Kinds o f Sports With A Ball 151

- reaction [ri:'a;kjn] (n): sự phàn ứng, sự đáp trá

- impart [im'pa:tj (v): truyền đạt, phổ biến

- variety [ vo’raioti j (n): sự đa dạng, sự phong phú

- alter f'o:lt3] (v): thay đôi, sửa đôi

- trạịectory [tradseksri] (adj): cong

- option [’opJn] (n): sự lựa chọn, vật được lựa chọn

- currently ['kArantli] (adv): hiện thời, hiện nay

- association [3'sousi'eiín] (n): sự liên hiệp, sụ kết hợp

- category ['kaetigari] (n): loại, hạng, phạm trù

- íầde [’feid] (v): phai dần, mờ dần, bạc mầu

- scene [si:n] (n): cảnh, phông

- actually ['aektịuali] (adv): thực sự, trên thực tế

- register [’red3Íst3] (v): đăng ký, trình bày

- trademark ['treidma:k] (n): thương hiệu

- retain [ri'tein] (v): giữ lại, ngăn lại

- serious ['siarias] (adj)- nghiêm trang, nghiêm túc, nghiêm ừọng

- diameter [dai'aemita] (n): đường kính

- Standard ['stasndsd] (n): chuẩn, tiêu chuấn, trình độ

- Steel [s ti:l] (n ): thép

- block [blok] (n): khối, tàng

- thereby [’ỗe3'bai] (adv): theo cách đó bàng phương pháp đó

- coefficient [koui'fiínt] (adj): hệ số

- restitution ['resti'tju:/n] (n): sự phục hồi, sự bồi thường

- create [kri:'eit] (v): tạo ra, tạo thành

- controversy [’knntr3V3:si| (n): sự tranh luận, sự tranh cải

- argue ['a:gju:] (v): tranh luận, cải nhau

- sm ash [smasí] (v): đập mạnh, đập

- high-bounce [hai-'bauns] (v): nay lèn cao, bật lên cao

- air-filled [e3-filđ] (adj): đầy kliõng khí

- celluloid ['seljubid] (n): chất dẻo

152 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thể thao

- matte ['mast] (adj): mờ hoặc xỉn (màu)

- manufacture [maenju'faektía] (v): sàn xuất, chế tạo

- timber ['timbs] (n): gỗ xây dựng, cây gỗ

- layer ['leia] (v): ngã, ngã rạp xuống

- smooth [smu:đ] (adj): nhẵn, trơn, trượt, phẳng

- low-ữiction [lou-'frikín] (n): ma sát thấp

- coat [kout] (v): phủ, bọc, tráng

- approve [s'pru:v] (v): chấp thuận, phê chuẩn, tán thành

- concrete ['kor|kri:t] (n): bê tông

- Steel [sti:l] (n): thép, sắt

- available [aVeilsbl] (a): sẵn có, có hiệu lực, có giá trị

- grip [grip] (v): nam chặt, ôm chặt, kẹp chặt

- refer [ri'fb:] (v): xem, tham khảo, quy chiếu

- ply [plai] (n): lớp

- wood [wud] (n): gỗ, cây

- cork [ko:k] (n): nút bần, phao bần

- glass íiber [gla:s Taibs] (n): sợi thủy tinh

- carbon íiber ['kaiban Taiba] (n): sợi cácbon

- aluminum fiber [3'lu:min3m Taibs] (n): sợi nhôm

- blade [bleid] (n): lưới, mái

- restriction [ri'strikjn] (n): sự hạn chế, sự giới hạn

- ílatness ['ílastnis] (n): sự bằng phảng

- rigidness [’rid3Ìdnis] (n): sự cứng nhắc, không linh hoạt

- dimension [di'menjn] (n): chiều, kích thước, phạm vi

- optimal ['optimol] (adj): tốt nhất, tối ưu

- laminated ['laemineitid] (adj): thành phiến, thành là, gồm nhiều phiến lá

- nullify [’nAlifai] (v): làm thành vô hiệu, hủy bỏ

- spin [spin] (v): xoay tròn, quay ứòn

- ílipping ['ílipi] (adj): quái quỷ (Chỉ sự bực nhọc, khó chịu)

- distinguish [dis'tir|gwij] (v): phân biệt, nhận biết

- inspect [in'spekt] (v): kiểm tra, thanh tra

- despite [dis'pait] (v): ghen ghét, si nhục, lăng mạ

- rapid ['raspid] (adj): nhanh, nhanh chóng

Part II: Kinds o fS p o rls With A Ball 153

IV READIN G C O M P R E H E N S IO N

1 Ansvver the following questions

a Which sport is table tennis similar to?

a What is the other name o f table tennis?

b When was table tennis introduced in England?

c When did table tennis become popular in England?

d Was table -tennis named “ping-pong” ?

e What does ITTF stand for?

f Can you describe the dimension o f the table?

g What is the ball made of?

h When did table tennis become an Olympic sport?

i Can you describe the table tennis bat?

2 Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F)

b Table tennis was adapted from lawn tennis

c The net divides the tennis court into two portions

d The player to reach 11 points first wins the game

e Table tennis, also known as ping-pong, is a sport in which only two players hit lightweight

f A skilled player can’t impart several varieties o f spin to the ball

g The table tennis official rules are specified in the ITTF handbook

h Since 2004, A team event has been played instead o f the doubles

i The intemational rules specify that the game is played with a light 2.7 gr, 40 mm diameter ball

j The table surface is divided into four halves by a 15.25 cm high net

k Despite high speed play and rapid exchanges, a player can see clearly what side

o f the racket was used to hit the ball

V VO CA BU LARY

1 Fill in each blank with a vvord/phrase provided in the box

rubber reactions properly involves celluloid

1 The equipment required for playing table tennis include a table, wooden padđles and a s m a ll plastic ball

154 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thê thao

2 A player scores a point when his opponent’s Service does not la n d orwhen his opponent’s ball is not retumed properly

3 The game takes place on a hard ta b le by a net

4 Points a r e vvhen a player fails to retum the ball vvithin the rules

5 The table tennis official rules a r e in the ITTF handbook

6 From 1988 until 2004, these were: men’s singles, women's singles, men's doubles and women's doubles

7 Play is fast and demands q u ic k

8 The ball is made o f a high-bouncing air-filled or similar plasticsmaterial, colored white or orange, vvith a matte fmish

9 According to the ITTF regulations, at least 85% o f the blade by thickness shall be

VI WORD STUDY: SUFFIX (-NESS)

A suffix is an affix that is addeđ to the end o f a word that conditions its usage or meaning The opposite o f suffix is prefíx

There are lots o f adjectives in English that we can convert into nouns by using

“ness” A noun ending in “ness” literally means ửie State o f the original adjective

B

a a contest

b high consideration

c things needed for playing sports

d hit or attack sb/st hard

e make st knovvn officially or publicly

f name or design used widelyg- make st available to the public

h an entertaining activity

i type o f plastic used to make many

j a net fíxed tightly to an oval frame wiứi

Part II: Kinds o f Sports With A Ball 155

serious —* seriousness rich —> richness

EXERCISES

Excrcise 1: Supply thc correct form of words

1 She wish he could be (happy) but she hardly sees the (happy) on his face

2 He diđ not go to work yesterday because o f h i s (ill)

3 He is (suspicious) about the cause o f accident The (suspicious) makes him sleepless

4 She got maưied with him because o f h i s (rich)

5 A lot o f plant can cause the (harmíul) to the balance

Exercise 2: Choosc the correct suffix

1 I love birthdays Birthdays are always joy (less/ness/íìil)

2 Cassowaries and kiwis are ílight (less/ness/ful) Free o f mammal predators for more than 80 million years, these bứds have lost the ability to íly

3 Pongo is a good dog He has a nice temperament and end (less/ness/ủỉl) patiencewith children

4 Pheobe and Hannah, don't be aíraid! This snake is not harm (less/ness/íul) It's agrass snake

5 Abbé Pierre đied on January 22"d 2007 His death was announced by Jacques Chirac: “We have lost a great íigure, a conscience, an incamation o f good (less/ness/ful)” That announcement íĩlled people's hearts with deep sad (less/ness/íul)

156 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thể thao

PAST CONTINUOUS

1 Passive Voice: TH E PAST SIM PLE

Here are some examples from the text:

• In the early 1920s, it was again revived in England

• The term table tennis was still retained for the more serious organizations where table tennis was actually played for sport

• A player can see clearly what side o f the racket was used to hit the ball

Form: Active voice —* Passive voice

(object o f A)

was/were + V (-ed/v3)

by + Object (subject o f A)

EXERCISES

Exercise 1: Change these sentences into the passive voices

1 They built this house 5 years old

2 She washed all the dishes last night

3 Last year, they changed this program to get more audiences

4 My mother made a lot o f cakes for my birthday last weekend

5 They did not give the report on time

6 My boss sent me a lot o f contracts last Monday

7 The professor gave our class the first lesson yesterday

8 He wrote this article two years ago

9 The receptionist completed the project 3 hours ago

10 A large number o f people voted for him in this election

Exercise 2: Give the correct forms of the verbs in the brackets

1 This package (sen d ) to her last Sunday

2 People ( not receive) the deposit last night

3 He (m ake) a lot o f effort to fulfíll this mission

4 The coíĩee (m ak e) five minutes ago

5 The dinner (prepare) by her an hour ago

6 The bill of last party (not p a y ) by him

Part II: Kinds o f Sports With A Ball 157

7 They did not like (ta k e ) their photos by him

8 Mary (not íinish) the report last vveekend

9 Her prọịect (not p ro v e ) by the committee

10 She (catch ) all the teacher’s ideas very well last lesson

Exercisc 3: Change these sentences into the passive vcice

1 Did she make the cake well?

2 Where did he take the children to on Sunday?

3 Ho\v much did he pay for ửie lunch?

4 How many children did the plan support for last year?

5 Did he vvrite this book 5 when he was famous?

6 Did they build the house in the 19th century?

7 Why did he hand in the project so late?

8 Why didn’t she send me the conừact earlier?

9 Did they see this film on the fĩrst date?

2 Passive Voice: THE PAST CONTINUOUS

Examples:

1 She was doing the housework at that time yesterday.

—> The house work was being done at that time yesterday.

2 My mother was making the cake when he came.

—> When he came the cake was being made by my mother.

3 While my mother was cooking the dinner I was cleaning đie windows.

—* While the dinner u m being cooked by my motìier, the windows were being

cleaned by me

Form: Active voice —► Passive voice

(object o f A)

was/were + being + V (-ed/v3)

by + Object (subject o f A)

Exercisc: Changc these sentences into the passive voice

1 When she came back her husband was decorating the sitting room

2 My mother was making the Christmas gift at that time last year

158 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thê thao

3 Was she telling the story when the bell rang?

4 What vvere you doing when the baby cried?

5 Were they vvashing the clothes at 7:00 p.m?

6 While the boss was checking the bill he sent out the document

7 The children were making noise when his father appeared

8 VVhile she was speaking English her customer was speaking French

9 The chairman came into the coníerence when he was making his speech

10 My son was leaming English when I went out for work

VIII FURTHER EXERCISE

Look at the pictures careíiilly Choose one student, he or she is a referee, then stand up to describe his/her hand signals in table-tennis The partner speak loudly the coưect signal

s t o p B U n ẫ c m r m m m o n H M x m t x ý i n

r o m ơ

IX FURTHER READING

Table tennis is a sport that can be erýoyed by individuals o f any age and physical ability Top table tennis players are some of the greatest athletes in the vvorld, yet it is erýoyed by millions o f disabled persons and folks in retirement homes Playing table tennis is a great way to stimulate the brain and promote quick thinking, and it improves hand-eye coordination Table tennis is a low-injury prone sport that keeps one fit and ílexible, without putting severe stress on joints Playing table tennis increases one's agility and ílexibility, and most o f all their reaction time

Part II: Kinds o f Sports ÍVith A Ball 159

On a professional level, a table tennis player has to react to the ball, move up to five feet, and do a íull body swing in order to retum the shot, all in less than half

a second!

Table tennis is the most popular racket sport in the vvorld Though many just erýoy playing table tennis in the basement, there are over 300 million active members o f goveming associations worldwide It is enjoyed by millions o f families across the world, and over 20 million play table tennis recreationally in the us

alone, most o f them in their teens to young adulthood

Table tennis can be played betvveen generations, as an 80-year-old man can teach his 8-year-old great grand son how to play Brothers can enjoy the game playing against their sisters, it is a very versatile sport that can be played anyvvhere

at any time, between anyone It is also one o f the most inexpensive sports to play.Millions o f people choose to play table tennis for more than just recreation, vvhether it's a passion or they hope to make money One can easily become a member o f table tennis under its goveming national association

X POST - READING TASK

Work in groups and discuss the topic “How to develop table-tennis

in Vietnam?”

Unit 3

HANDBALL

I PRE - READING TASK

Discuss the following questions in groups:

1 Do you know Handball? Is it the most popular sport in Vietnam?

2 What are the main differences between handball and other íĩeld-ball games (Forexample: football, basketball, volleyball)?

3 How often do you study ứiis sport at university? And is it ứie most interesting sport?

Handball is a team sport in which two teams of

seven players each (Six outfield players and a

goalkeeper) pass a ball to throw it into the goal of

the other team A Standard match consists of two M a l ^ R ĩ a L Ỉ periods o f 30 minutes, and the team with the most

goals scored wins

The game is quite fast and includes body contact

as the defenders try to stop the attackers from

approaching the goal Contact is only allowed when the defensive player is completely in front o f the offensive player Any contact from the side or especially from behind is considered dangerous and is usually met with penalties When adefender successíully stops an attacking player, the play is stopped and restarted bythe attacking team from the spot o f the infraction or on the nine meter line Unlike

in basketball where players are allowed to commit only 5 fouls in a game, handball players are allowed an unlimited number o f "faults", which are considered good defense and disruptive to the attacking team's rhythm

The International Handball Federation organized the men's world championship

in 1938 and every 4 (sometimes 3) years from World War II to 1995 The women's world championship has been played since 1957

Part II: Kinds o f Sports With A Ball 161

The IHF also organizes women's and men's junior world championships By July 2009, the fHF listed 166 member íederations - approximately 795,000 teams and 19 million'players

The handball playing íield is similar to

an indoor soccer íìeld Two teams o f seyen players

(six field players plus one goaikeeper) take the field

and attempt to score points by putting the game ball

into the opposing team's goal In handling the ball,

players are subịect to the following restrictions:

• Afìer receiving the ball, players can pass,

dribble (similar to a basketball dribble), or shoot the ball

• After receiving the ball, players can take up to three steps vvithout dribbling

ỉf players dribble, they may take an additional three steps

• Players that stop dribbling have three seconds to pass or shoot They may take three additional steps during this time

• No players other than the defending goalkeeper are allowed within the goal line (within 6 meters o f

the goal) Goalkeepers are

allovved outside this line

Handball is played on a court

40 by 20 metres, with a goal in

the center o f each end The goals

are surrounded by a near-

semicircular area, called the zone

or the crease, deíĩned by a line six

meters from the goal A dashed

near-semicircular line nine meters from the goal marks the free-throw line Each line

on the court is part o f the area it encompasses This implies that the middle line belongs to both halves at the

same time

Each goal has a rectangular clearance area

o f three meters in the vvidth and two meters in

the height It must be securely bolted either to

the tloor or the wall behind

162 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thế thao

The goal posts and the crossbar must be made out of the same material (E.x wood or aluminium) and feature a quadratic cross section with a side o f 8 cm (3 in) The three sides o f the beams visible ÍTom the playing íìeld must bc painted altematingly in two contrasting colors which both have to contrast against the background The colors on both goals must be the same

Each goal must featuie a net This must be fastened in such a way that a ball thrown into does not leave or pass the goal under normal circumstances

If necessary, a second net may bc clasped to the back o f the nct on the inside

III NEVV WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

- International Handball Federation (IHB): Liên đoàn bóng ném thế giới

- deíender [diTenda] (n): cầu thú ph òng ngự, hậu vệ

- attacker [a'taska ] (n): cầu thủ tấn công

- disruptive [d is'rA p tiv ] (adj): làm gãy, phá vỡ

- iníraction [inTraskín] (n): sự vi phạm

- restriction [ris'trikjnizm] (n): sự hạn chế, giói hạn

- near-semicircular [’nÌ3',semi's3:kjul9] (adj): gần nứa vòng ữòn

- encompass [in'kAmp3s] (v): bao quanh, chứa đựng, hoàn thiện

- quadratic [kwo'draetik] (adj): có dạng hình vuông, chữ nhật

- altematingly ['o:lt3:neitir|] (adv): qua lại

- beam [bi:m] (n): thanh xà

- visible ['virabl] (adj): có thể nhìn thấy được

- clasp [kla:sp] (v): cài, gài, móc, siết chặt, giữ chặt

IV READING C O M PR E H E N SIO N

1 Answer the following questions

a How many players are there in each team in handball?

b Can you identify the objective o f the game?

c How long does the game last?

d What are the main individual ball skills in handball?

e When does the team win?

f Can all the players kick the ball? Who can kick it?

Part II; Kinds ofS p o rts With Ả Ball 163

h W ho are allovved outsiđe the goal line?

i Whai aie the dimensions o f the j b.t;' u.id L\'IU1?

j Caii you sunimarize the historv oícom petnivc handbdll?

2 Deciđe v»helher the following statem ents arc T ru e (T) o r False (F)

a Handhall is a team sport in which two tcanis of seven players for both

b Handball 1S only played \vith hands

c rhc hanùball pla\ ìng field is sinuiai ÍO an nidoor soceer íìeld

J Plavcrs that stop dribbling m ust ha ve ovcr three seconds to pass or shoot

e I he gcial posts and the crossbar tnust be made out of ửie other material

f Handbail players are allovved a hmited number o f "faults"

g 1 he pldying rield must be painted in two same colors

h Each goal has a square clearance area o f two m eters in the w idth and tw o m eters

111 the height

i (ùoalkecpeis are allowed inside ửie goal line

J Two teams o f fourteen players (twelve field players plus two goalkeeper) take ứie iìeld and attempt to score points by putting the game ball into the opposing team's goal

V VO CA BU LARY

1 Fill in each blank with a word/phrase provided in the box

passes contiasting additional completely near-semicircularclasped idine approaching encompasses penalties

a P la y e r a ball to throw it into the goal o f the other team

b The de tcnders try to stop the attackers fro n i ứie goal

c Contact is only allowed when the deíensive player i s in íront o f the

164 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thế thao

f The goals are surrounded by a area, called the zone or the crease

g Each line on the court is part o f the area i t

h The goal posts and the crossbar must be made out o f t h e material

i The three sides o f the beams visible from the playing íield must be paintedaltematingly in tw o colors

j The second net may b e to the back o f the net on the inside

2 Match a vvord/phrase in A to a phrase in B to make a meaningful sentence

a consists o f two periods o f 30 minutes

b also organizes women's and men's junior

c is quite fast and includes body contact

d has a rectangular clearance area o fthree meters

e try to stop the attackers from approachingthe goal

f are allowed to commit only 5 fouls in a game.g- are surrounded by a near-semicircular area

h are allowed an unlimited number o f "faults"

i may be clasped to the back o f the net onthe inside

j- must be painted altematingly in twocontrasting colors

VI WORD STUDY: ADVERBS IN ENGLISH

Here are some examples ữ om the text:

• Contact is only allovved when the defensive player is com pletely in front o f

the oíĩensive player

• Any contact from the side or especialỉy ữom behind is considered dangerous

and is usually met with penalties

• When a defender success/ully stops an attackúig player, the play is stopped

and restarted by the attacking team from the spot o f the iníraction or on the nine meter line

• It must be securely bolted either to the íloor or the wall behind.

Part 11: Kinds o f Sports With A Ball 165

1 Form: Adjectỉve + -ly

• If the adjective ends in -le, the adverb ends in -ly; terrible —> terribly

• If the adịective ends in -e, then add -ly; safe —» saíely

Notes: N ot all words ending in -ly are adverbs.

• Ạịectives ending in -ly: friendly, silly, lonely, ugly

• Nouns, ending in -ly: ally, bully, Italy, melancholy

• Verbs, ending in -ly: apply, rely, supply

• There is an ứregular adverd: good —* vvell

2 Adverbs and adjectives have the same form

The following adịectives and adverbs have the same form:

166 Giáo trình Tiêng Anh trong Thê ihao

Exercise 1: Find the adjective in the íirst scntence and fill the gap vvith

the ap propríate adverb

1 Joanne is happy She smiles

2 The boy is loud He shouts

3 Her English is íluent She speaks English

4 Our mum was angry She spoke to us

5 My neighbor is a careless driver He drives

6 The painter is awful He paints

7 Jim is a wonderfuI piano player He plays the p ia n o

8 This girl is very quiet She oíìten sneaks out of the house

9 She is a good dancer She dances really

10 This exercise is simple Y o u have to put one word in each space.Exercise 2: VVrite down the correct form of the w ord in brackcts (Adjective

or Adverb)

1 Tom is (slovv) He vvorks

Part II: Kinds o f Sporls With A Ball 167

2 Sue is a (c a re íu l) girl She climbed up the la d d e r

3 The dog is (a n g ry ) It b a rk s

4 He acted (excellent) He's a n actor

5 They leam English (easy) They think Enelish is an language

6 Max is a (good) singer He s in g s

7 It's (aw fủ l) cold today The cold wind i s

8 Dogs rely on thcir noses as they can smell (extrem e/good) If that

is true, vvhy does dog food smell so (terrible) ?

9 The little boy looked (s a d ) I went over to comfort him and helooked at m e

10 1 tasted the soup (c a re íù l) but it tasted (w onderfìil)

Here is an example from the text:

The women's world championship has been played since 1957.

1 Positive:

Form: Active voice —> Passive voice

Passive

Subject (object o f A)

have/has + been + V (-edA/ 3)

by + Object (subject o f A)

2 Negative:

Form: Active voice —* Passive voice

Passive

Subject (object of A)

have/híis not + been + V(-ed/V3)

by + Object (subject o f A)

3 Changing an interrogative sentence into the passive

Passive forms o f these sentences will begin vvith has or have When the active

bepiris with í> word (E.x 'vhen, where, which, why, etc.), the

168 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh trong Thể thao

passive sentence will also begin with a question vvord When the active sentence begins with who or whose the passive sentence will begin by w hom or by whose When the active sentence begins vvith whom , the passive sentence vvill begin vvith who (W ho changes to by w hom in the passive; (by) w hom changes to who in the passive)

Examples:

(1) Active: Have you kept the secret?

Passive: Has the secret been kept by you?

(2) Active: Who has done this?

Passive: By whom has this been done?

(3) Active: Why have you told a lie?

Passive: Why has a lie been told by you?

Exercise 1: Put the fol!owing sentences into the passive voice

I K.errie has paid the bill —>

2 1 have eaten a hamburger —>

3 We have cycled five miles —*

4 1 have opened the present —>

5 They ha ve not read the book —»

6 You have not sent the parcel —*

7 We have not agreed to this issue —*

8 They ha ve not caught the thieves —>

9 Has she phoned him? —*

10 Have they noticed us? —♦

II My grandfather has vvatered the plants —»

12 Students has taken the money —»

13 Mary has bought the presents —»

14 John has sent the email —►

15 They has repaired the road —►

16 We have ordered new books —>