Ngoai gia sue, cac thu hoang nhai lai hoac mot so loai gam nham cung nhiem giun xoan, vi vay chung co tac dung gieo rac mam benh rat rong rai trong thien nhien.Nguyen The Hung 1994, Nguy
Trang 1Chircmg 3
BENH KY SINH TRUNG THUONG GAP 6 TRAU, BO, DE
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BENH GIUN XOAN DA MUI KHE• ■
(Trichostrongylidosis)
Benh giun xoan da mui khe la benh rat pho bien a gia sue nhai lai (trau, bo, de) a
khap cac vung mien trong ca nude Benh do nhieu giong loai giun tron thuoc ho
Trichostrongylidae gay ra Cac loai giun tron nay co von^ ddi phat trien true tiep, khong
qua ky chu trung gian Giun trudng thanh dinh duong bang mau ky chu, d6ng thbi tiet chat chong dong mau, lam cho gia sue nhai lai bi mat rat nhieu mau, nhat la khi co so
luqng ldn giun ky sinh Benh thay nhieu a sue vat nhai lai duoi 1 nam tu6i, gay thiet hai Ion cho chan nuoi trau, bo, de a nuoc ta.
1 G IU N X O A N D A M U I K H E K Y SIN H 6 G IA SUC N H A I LA I
1.1 Vi tri cua giun xoan da mui khe trong phan loai dong vat hoc
Theo Skijabin va cs (1963), Nguyen Thi Le va cs (1996), Urquhart va cs (1996), giun xoan da mui khe co vi tri trong he thong phan loai dong vat hoc nhu sau:
Nganh Nemathelminthes Schneider, 1873
Lap Nematoda Rudolphi, 1808
Phan lap Rhabditia Pearse, 1942
Bo Strongylida Railliet et Henry, 1913Phan bo Strongylata Railliet et Henry, 1913Sieu ho Trichostrongyloidea Cram, 1927
Ho Trichostrongylidae Leiper, 1912Phan ho Trichostrongylinae Leiper, 1905
Giong Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905 Loai T colubriformis (Giles, 1892) Loai T axei (Cobbold, 1879)
Loai T probolurus (Railliet, 1896)
Trang 2Loai O circumcincta (Stadelmann, 1894) Giong Marshallagia Orloff, 1933
L o aiM marshalli (Ransom, 1907)
Phan ho Haemonchinae Skijabin et Schulz, 1952
Giong Haemonchus Cobbold, 1898 Loai H contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Loai H similis (Travassos, 1914)
Phan ho Cooperinae Skijabin et Schikhobalova, 1952
r
Giong Cooperia Ransom, 1907 Loai C curticei (Giles, 1892) Loai C punctata (Linstow, 1906)
Phan ho Nematodirinae Skijabin et Orloff, 1934
r
Giong Nematodirus Ransom, 1907 Loai N oiratianus (Rajevskaia, 1929) Loai N skrjabini (Mizkewisch, 1929) Giong Mecistocirrus Railliet et Henry, 1912 Loai M digitatus (Linstow, 1906)
Trinh Van Thinh va cs (1982), Johannes Kaufmann, (1996), Urquhart G M va cs (1996) cho biet: Giun xoan ky sinh d dudng tieu hoa gia sue nhai lai do nhung loai giun thuoc ho Trichostrongylidae gay ra Co 7 giong pho bien gom tren 100 loai, do la cac
r
giong: Haemonchus, Mecistocirrus, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Marshallagia,
Cooperia, Nematodirus.
Gia sue nhai lai thucmg nhiem hon hop cac giong nay Trong do, cac giong gay tac
hai Ion la Haemonchus va Mecistocirrus.
Cac tac gia trong va ngoai nude deu thong nhat rang, tap doan giun xoan a da day
(chu yeu a da mui khe) cua trau, bo va cac thu nhai lai khac tucmg doi phong phu, gomnhieu loai giun thuoc ho Trichostrongylidae Leiper, 1912 mot trong nhung ho thuocsieu ho Trichostrongylidae Cram, 1927 Bac diem chung nhat cua nhung loai giun nayla: Than hinh sgi chi to hoac nho Mieng a tan cung dau Xoang mieng khong co, d mot
so giun co bao mieng nho nhung xoang mieng the hien ro va co the co rang d tren thanhhoac d dudi day xoang C> con due tui sinh due phat trien Bai da so thuy ben ldn, thuylung the hien yeu hoac khong co Co hai gai giao hop, co hoac khong co lai Am ho cua >con cai nam phia sau than Giun cai de trung theo phan ra ngoai (Skrjabin va cs, 1963
Rieng d gia sue nhai lai Viet Nam, nhieu tac gia da xac dinh: Haemonchus contortus
(H contortus), Haemonchus similis (H similis), Trichostrongylus axei (T axei), Trichostrongylus colubriformis (T colubriformis) va Mecistocirrus digitatus {M digitatus) la nhung loai giun xoan pho bien ky sinh d da mui khe va gay tac hai
Trang 3nghiem trong cho gia sue nhai lai (Drozdz va cs, 1967; Phan The Viet va cs, 1977; Trinh Van Thinh, 1978, 1982; N guy In Thi Le va cs, 1996; N guyln V an Due, 2000; Pham Sy Lang va cs, 2002; Phan Dich Lan va cs, 2005; Nguyen Thi Kim Lan va cs, 2008).
1.2 Dac diem hinh thai, cau tao mot so loai giun xoan da mui khe
Theo Skrjabin K I va cs (1963), qua do v l hinh thai chung, chung co than hinh sod chi khong phan dot, c a the doi xung hai ben Ben ngoai dugc che phu m ot lop kitin hay con goi la lop b ilu bi, tren lop b ilu bi co cac van doc, van ngang hoac van cheo
Trinh Van Thinh va cs (1982) cho biet: He tieu hoa cua giun xoan da mui khe gom
co mieng, moi, tui mieng, thuc quan, ruot, hau mon He than kinh don gian, co vong day
th in kinh thuc quan va cac gai cam giac toan than He bai tilt g6m hai ong bai tilt chay tvr phan sau cua co the len d in p h ln dau r l i xuong va d l ra lo huyet He sinh due giun xoan da mui khe don tinh, co giun due va giun cai Co quan sinh due cua giun due va giun cai rieng biet, khong giong nhau
1.2.1 Giong Haemonchus
- Loai Haemonchus contortus:
Theo Nguyen Thi Le va cs (1996), loai H contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) ky sinh a da
mui k h l va ruot non cua trau, bo, de tren pham vi toan quoc va pho bien tren toan cau
Tac gia da mo ta hinh thai H contortus (theo Kamenskii, 1929): G iun due dai 18,7 -
22,3mm, rong n h lt 0,352 - 0,416mm Tui sinh due co 3 thuy (2 thuy ben dai, thuy sau khong doi xung) Cac suon ben huong ve phia sau, cac sucm bung cong ve phia trude Cac sudn ben chung mot goc ldn, m ut cuoi co su phan nhanh Gai sinh due mau nau, dai 0,448 - 0,544mm, phan duoi that nho nhanh va ket thuc bang m ot phan dac trung nhu chiec kim Gai dieu chinh dang thuyen, dai 0,250 - 0,312mm Giun cai dai 25,0 - 34,2mm, rong nhat 0,588 - 0,739mm Lo sinh due each m ut duoi 5,92 - 7,07mm Vung
am m on co m ot van hinh luoi cay, dai 0,750 - 1,068mm, rong 0,330 - 0,580mm Tui nhan tinh dai 0,80 - 1,16mm B u ln g trung uon khuc hinh m ay xo Trung co vo mong, kich thude 0,080 - 0,085 x 0,040 - 0,045mm
Chirong 3 Benh ky sinh trOng thu&ng g$p & trSu, bo, db 233
Trang 4Hinh 124: Giun Haemonchus contortus
thu thap tir da mui khe bo
Hinh 125: Tui duoi va gai giao hap cua
Haemochus contortus
Dac dilm hinh thai cau tao cua loai H contortus ma Nguyen Thi Le mo ta a tren
phu hap vdi sur mo ta cua nhieu tac gia khac (Skijabin va cs, 1963; Trinh Van Thinh,
1978, 1982; Johannes Kaufmann, 1996; Urquharrt, 1996)
- Loai Haemonchus similis:
H similis than nho, mau vang sam, gai co rat ro, lo bai tiet b phia trudc each dau
0,231mm Tui mieng rat nho co rang, quanh mieng co moi bao boc, phan sau thuc quan phinh to (dai 1,260 - 1,407mm, rong 0,105 - 0,126mm) Giun due dai 8,000 - 11,000mm, rong 0,232 - 0,265mm Tui duoi chia thuy, thuy lung khong doi xung, suon lung ngoai nho va dai, sucm hong trude thing, suon hong giua va sau cong ve phia lung, chia lam 2 nhanh, doan cuoi moi nhanh lai chia lam 2 nhanh nho Co mot doi gai giao hop dai bang nhau (0,370 - 0,420mm) va co moc nho nho ra, banh lai gai giao hop to, kitin hoa a phan giua, dai 0,168mm Giun cai dai 12,500 - 21,000mm, rong 0,315 - 0,378mm Am ho each duoi 2,772 - 3,034mm Am dao dai, tu cung u6n khuc Trung hinh bau due, kich thuac 0,073 - 0,079 x 0,031 - 0,042mm (Nguyen Thi Kim Lan va cs, 1999) Vo trung mong, co phoi bao (Trinh Van Thinh, 1982)
- Loai Mecistocirrus digitatus:
Loai M digitatus (Linstow, 1906) duqc phat hien a nhieu tinh (Ha Noi, Ha TTnh,
Lam Dong) cua Viet Nam va b nhieu noi tren the giai (chau My, SNG, Indonesia) Giun
ky sinh a da mui khe va da la sach cua trau, bo, de, cim
Nguyen Thi Le (1996) da mo ta: C a the giun manh, lop bieu bi mong co van ngang Nang mieng nho, co 6 num cutin, tren co rang ldn Con due dai 17,8 - 27,8mm, r6ng 0,35 - 0,51mm Thuc quan dai 1,40 - 1,78mm, rong 0,130 - 0,168mm Tui sinh due co 3
thuy: 2 thuy ben lan va dky, thuy lung nho nhung d6i xung Tui sinh due dai 0,80 -
1,00mm, rong 0,70 - 0,85mm Hai gai sinh due rat manh va dai, chieu dai 6,32 - 7,59mm Con cai dai 22,3 - 39,2mm, rong 0,46 - 0,64mm Thuc quan dai 1,59 - 1,92mm, rong 0,14 - 0,18mm Lo sinh due dang ranh ngang, co ca day, each mut duoi 0,545 - 0,743mm Duoi hinh non, dai 0,170 - 0,248mm Trung hinh 6 van, kich thude
101 - 120x51 -6 3 pm
Trang 51.2.2 Mot so loai thuoc giong Trichostrongylus
Giong Trichostrongylus gom nhieu loai, trong do co mot so loai quan trong ky sinh
b da mui khe va ruot non cua gia sue nhai lai
- Loai Trichostrongylus axei (Cobbold, 1879) duqc phat hien d nhieu noi tren the
gibi C) Viet Nam, cac nha khoa hoc da tim thay loai giun nay b cac tinh Quang Ninh,
*Lang Son Nhieu tac gia da mo ta (theo Ransom, 1911): Giun due dai 3,4 - 4,5mm, rong nhat 0,05 - 0,07mm Subn bung ben cua tui sinh due manh Cac sucm bung sau, sucm bung giua va sucm ben co do day nhu nhau Sucm lung dai va manh, chia 2 nhanh d cuoi, moi nhanh lai chia thanh 2 nhanh nho Gai sinh due mau vang nau, kich thude khac nhau (chiec nho dai 0,085 - 0,104mm, chiec Ion dai 0,110 - 0,128mm) Mut cuoi gai sinh due
co hinh tarn giac Gai dieu chinh dai 0,705 - 0,720mm Giun cai dai 4,6 - 5,5mm, rong 0,055 - 0,075mm Thuc quan dai 0,155 - 0,175mm L6 sinh due each mut duoi 0,800 - 1,072mm Duoi thang, hinh non, dai 0,06 - 0,09mm Non sinh due hep Kich thuoc trung
90 - 92 x 35 - 42pm (Drozdz va cs, 1967; Phan The Viet, 1977; N guyln Thi Le, 1996)
Hinh 126: Gai giao hap cua
Trichostrongylus axei
Hinh 127: Tui duoi va gai giao hap cua
Trichostrongylus axei
Theo Johannes Kaufman (1996), T axei thay ph6 bien a khap noi tren the gioi Giun
dire dai 2,6 - 6mm; giun cai dai 3,5 - 8mm Tning co kich thuoc 79 - 92 x 31 - 41 pm
- Loai Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Giles, 1892): Theo nhieu tac gia thi loai giun
nay pho bien o bo, de, cuu tren pham vi toan cau O nude ta, phat hien giun b da mui
khe va ruot non bo, de a cac tinh phia Bac Giun due dai 4,0 - 6,0mm, rong 0,078 -
0,095mm Tui sinh due phat trien nhung khong can doi Cac sucm ben chung mot goc lbn va map horn cac sucm bung Sucm lung gan cuoi hoi phinh ra Hai gai sinh due dai bang nhau, hinh thuyen cong, dai 0,118 - 0,145mm, mut cuoi co mau hinh tarn giac Gai dieu chinh dai 0,065 - 0,078mm Giun cai dai 5,0 - 6,0mm; rong nhat d vung lo sinh due (0,080 - 0,100mm) Thuc quan dai 0,648 - 0,730mm Lo bai tilt each mut dau 0,092 - 0,129mm Lo sinh due dang ranh doc, co moi, each mut duoi 0,067 - 0,076mm Tui nhan tinh hinh cau, dai 0,375 - 0,500mm Trung co kich thude 73 - 76 x 40 - 43pm (Nguyen Thi Le va cs, 1996; Pham Van Khue va cs, 1996)
Trang 6- Loai Trichostrongylus probolurus: Theo nhieu tac gia thi loai giun nay pho bien a
bo va ciru tren pham vi toan cau 6 nuac ta loai giun nay xuat hien chu yeu a cac tinh
mien nui phia Bac Theo mo ta cua Skijabin va cs (1934): Con due co thd dai 4,3 - 5,5mm, rong n h lt 0,78 - 0,87mm Tui sinh due phat tri6n, suon bung sau day horn sucm khac, sucm ben sau day hom suon ben giua Suon lung ng&n va co su phan nhanh nhu
loai T colubriformis Gai sinh due mau xam toi, mot chiec dai 0,125 - 0,128mm, chiec
kia dai 0,129 - 0,134mm; co 2 mdu tarn giac cr mat bung Gai dieu chinh dai 0,072 - 0,080mm Con cai dai 4,5 - 6,5mm, rong nhdt 0,078 - 0,090mm Thuc quan dai 0,850 - 0,940mm Lo bai tiet each mut dau 1,089 - 1,325mm L6 sinh due thing hoac hod loi, each mut duoi 0,067 - 0,076mm Co the sau 16 huyet manh din, duoi ngin va tu, thing hoac cong ve mat bung Tui nhan tinh dai 0,272 - 0,375mm Trung co kich thuoc 0,076 - 0,092 x 0,037 - 0,046mm
1.2.3 Giong Ostertagia
- Loai O ostertagi (Stiles, 1892):
Con due dai 6,5 - 7,5mm; rong nhat 0,130mm Vong than kinh each mut dau 0,265 - 0,280mm, lo bai tilt va cac num c6 0,300 va 0,340mm, tuorng urng Tui sinh due nho Cac cap suon ben day nhu nhau, chi co suon ben truac day hon mot chut Sucm lung dai 0,050 - 0,060mm, each goc 0,035 - 0,045mm phan nhanh manh va hep Hai gai sinh due dai 0,220 - 0,230mm, mut cu6i mat trong co 2 rang manh Gai dieu chinh hinh ovan, dai 0,040mm, rong 0,014mm
Con cai dai 8,3 - 9,2mm; rong 0,160mm Vong than kinh each mut dau 0,260 - 0,295mm Lo sinh due each mut duoi 0,100 - 0,140mm Tui nhan tinh dang chiec banh
mi, dai 0,200 - 0,260mm; trung dai 0,065 - 0,080mm, rong 0,030 - 0,040mm
- Loai O circumcincta (Stadelmann, 1894):
Con due dai 9,8 - 10,6mm; gai giao hop dai 0,40 - 0,42mm, phan sau cua moi gai
each 0,1mm phan ra lam hai nhanh bang nhau, ngoai ra con co 3 choi ngan a gan cho
phan nhanh; banh lai trong suot dai 0,070mm
Con cai dai 12 - 13,5mm; duoi dai 0,18 - 0,19mm; am ho each mut duoi 2,37mm; trung dai 0,089 - 0,93mm va rong 0,050mm
1.2.4 Giong Cooperia
Nhieu tac gia cho rang, cac loai thuoc giong Cooperia gay benh tren trau bo gom:
C laterouniformis, C pectinata, C oncophora, C punctata va C surnabada Cac loai
- Loai C laterouniformis (Chen, 1937), ky sinh chu yeu a da mui khe va ruot non
cua trau bo Tai Viet Nam, benh xuat hien a cac vung Bac bo va Ha Tinh Theo mo ta
Trang 7cua Chen (1937), C laterouniformis ca th6 thing, con due phan truac ca the cong hinh
16 xo, co dau phinh Doc co the co nhieu tam lucre, phan truac c a the co 14 tim , phan
f
sau 22 tam Khong co num duoi va num ben
Con due dai 4,8 - 5,5mm, rong nhat 0,071mm Phinh dau dai 0,013mm, rang 0,028mm Tui sinh due Ion, 2 thuy ben to, thuy lung nho 3 suan ben co klch thuac nhu nhau va xuat phat tir 1 than Ion Gai sinh due kitin hoa manh, dai 0,138mm Non sinh
r
- Loai C pectinata (Ransom, 1907): Ky sinh a da mui khe va ruot non cua trau bo
Benh dugc phat hien tren toan the gioi C) Viet Nam benh xuat hien a cac tinh mi6n nui phia Bac
Con due dai 6,5 - 7,5mm, rong nhat 0,130 - 0,160mm Phinh dau rong 0,032mm Thuc quan dai 0,40mm Vong than kinh each nut dau 0,280mm Cac suan ben truac va suan bung sau day hon cac nhanh suan con lai Suon lung bao gom ca nhanh cuoi dai 0,180mm Hai gai sinh due dai 0,240 - 0,280mm
Con cai dai 7,5 - 9,0mm, rong nhdt 0,110 - 0,135mm Phinh dau rong 0,035 - 0,050mm Thuc quan dai 0,360 - 0,400mm, vong thdn kinh each mut dau 0,250 -
0,280mm Phan sau ca the manh va thuong bi cong a cho gap lai cua buong trurng va tu cung Lo sinh due each mut duoi 1,60 - 2,00mm Duoi dai 0,175mm Trurng co kich thuac 0,070 - 0,080 x 0,036 - 0,042mm
- Loai C punctata (Linstow, 1906): Ky sinh a da mui khe va ruot non cua bo Benh
xuat hien tren toan the gioi CJ Viet Nam thay tai cac tinh phia Bac va Lam Dong Loai nay co phinh dau dai 0,032 - 0,039mm Thuc quan dai 0,260 - 0,360mm
Con due dai 5,0 - 9,0mm, rong nhdt 0,080 - 0,140mm Suom lung manh, dai 0,060 - 0,071, hinh chu Y Suon ben sau manh hon cac suon ben khac nhung dai va thang, suon ben giua va ben truac dai bang nhau Gai sinh due dai 0,125 - 0,145mm, mut duoi co hoc sau Co non sinh due
Con cai dai 5,7 - 10,0mm, cho rong nhat 0,20mm Lo sinh due co dang ranh doc, each mut duoi 0,99 - 1,50mm Tu cung ngan va chua it trung Tir sau vung that lung ca the hai cong ve mat lung, nhung tir 16 huyet ca the lai cong ve mat bung Duoi dai 0,135
- 0,260mm Tui nhan tinh dai 0,480mm
Chung toi (2008 - 2010) da nghien cuu ve benh giun xoan da mui khe a trau, bo cua
tinh Thai Nguyen va xac dinh dugc 3 loai giun ky sinh: H contortus, H similis,
M digitatus Hinh anh 3 loai giun nay dugc chung toi ghi lai nhu sau:
Trang 8Hinh 128: Ba loai giun xoan da mui khe phat hien a> tinh Thai Nguyen
Hinh 129: Dau, duoi, am mon giun H contortus
Hlnh 130: Dau, tip cung va am mon giun H similis
Hinh 131: Dau, duoi, am mon giun M digitatus
238 NhCrng benh ky sinh trung pho bien d gia cam, Ian va loai nhai lai Viet Nam
Trang 91.3 Vong doi cua giun xoan da mui khe
1.3.1 Vong deft cua loai Haemonchus contortus
7
Vong dcri (chu ky sinh hoc hay chu ky phat trien) cua giun H contortus da dugc
nghien cuu va co nhieu tac gia ghi nhan Dinaburg (1944), Silverman va Campbell
(1959) da nghien cuu su phat trien cua trung va au trung Haemonchus Crofton (1963)
cam nhiem dugc cho sue vat Q giai doan nay, au trung kem ben vung hon a cac giai
doan sau: chung chet khi phai kho a nhiet do tren 30°C Su thay doi ve nong va lanh cung lam cho au trung bi chet 6 nhiet do 15 - 20°C, au trung giai doan I chi sau 1 dem
da a giai doan tiem sinh, keo dai 12 - 15 gia Trong thai gian nay, au trung lot xac, sau
do song tra lai va chuyen vao giai doan II
CJ giai doan II, au trung mat di kha nang an uong va cung khong the ky sinh dugc
Nhimg au trung cam nhiem dugc sue vat nhai lai nuot cung thuc an va nuac uong
vao da day O day, chung "vut bo" vo va chuyen sang giai doan IV Thuc hien xong mot
lan lot xac nua, au trung co kha nang ky sinh va hut mau ky chu Sau 2 - 3 tuan,
9 \ Haemonchus tra thanh thanh thuc, con cai bat dau de trung.
Thai gian song cua Haemonchus trong ca the gia sue nhai lai chua ro, nhung nguai
ta cho rang, thai gian nay khong qua 1 nam Cang ve sau, giun cang gia va mat di kha nang tiep tuc ky sinh
X
Urquhart G M (1996) lam ro them vong doi cua H contortus- Au trung cam nhiem
vao ong tieu hoa sue vat nhai lai thuc hien hai lan lot xac trong ong dan tuyen Chi truac
khi lot xac lan cuoi chung moi phat trien den giai doan lay mau ky chu tir nhung mao quan a mem mac Khi trucmg thanh, chung di chuyen tu do tren be mat niem mac Thai gian hoan thanh vong dai a de, cim la 2 - 3 tudn va a dai gia sue la 4 tudn
1.3.2 Vong ddi cua mot s6 loai thuoegiong Trichostrongylus
Cac loai thuoc giong Trichostrongylus co vong doi true tiep, khong can ky chu trung
gian (nghia la khong co su thay doi ky chu) Trung giun theo phan ra ngoai, gap dieu kien
thich hgp (nhiet do va am do), sau 20 - 24 gicr n a ra au trung ky I Au trung nay hinh gay,
Trang 10thuc quan hinh ong va co ruot cau tao dcm gian, hoat dong manh Chung dung cac loai vi sinh vat a xung quanh lam chat dinh duong, sau 1 0 - 3 0 gid lot xac thanh au trimg ky II to
ben ngoai ma chi song dua vao thuc an do au trimg ky II tich luy lai a trong ruot
Khi gia sue nhai lai an co, uong nude co au trimg gay nhiem, vao duong tieu hoa, au
trimg mat mang ngoai, tiep tuc phat trien, lot xac thanh au trimg ky IV, lai tiep tuc phat trien, lot xac thanh au trimg ky V va phat trien thanh giun truong thanh (Skijabin, 1963; Pham Van Khue va cs, 1996)
1.3.3 Vong itefi cua loai Mecistocirrus digitatus
Nhieu tac gia cho rang vong doi cua giun M digitatus co ban giong vong doi cua H
contortus Hoan thanh vong doi ckn 59 - 82 ngay (Fernando, 1965) Trung dupe bai
xuat ra ngoai cung voi phan CJ nhiet do 26 - 30°C, sau 24 - 84 gia trung no ra au trimg
thanh au trimg giai doan III co sue cam nhiem Khi gia sue nuot phai au trimg qua thuc
an hoac nude uong se mac benh
Tuoi tho cua giun la 9 -12 thang (Pham Van Khue va, 1996; Phan Bich Lan va cs, 2005)
1.3.4 Vdng d&i cua cac loai thuoc giong Ostertagia
Theo Skijabin K I va cs (1963), trung Ostertagia thai ra moi truong ben ngoai 16 -
32 phoi bao Khi co nhiet do thich hop (24 - 30°C) va du do dm au trimg giai doan I phat tnen nhanh chong, au trimg nay trong vong mot ngay chui ra khoi vo trung O moi truong ben ngoai, au trimg lot xac lan hai va sau 5 - 6 ngay dat den giai doan cam nhiem Trau, bo va loai nhai lai khac bi benh Ostertagiosis la do nuot phai au trimg cam
nhiem cua Ostertagia cimg voi thuc an hay nude uong Au trimg Ostertagia khong di
chuyen theo mau trong co th l dong vat nhai lai, ma phat trien d da mui khe Tai day,
chung trai qua hai giai doan lot xac va sau 2 1 - 2 5 ngay Ostertagia dat den giai doan
Trang 11truang thanh Au trung cam nhiem cua mot s6 loai Ostertagia, phat triln a trong niem
mac hay duai niem mac da mui khe
Vong dai phat trien cua nhung loai giun nay khong can vat chu trung gian Trung
sau khi duac thai tir vat chu ra moi truang ngoai, tiep tuc lot xac phat trien den giai doan gay nhiem (au trung giai doan III) va nhiem true tiep vao vat chu (Abrams A
(2007), Ezenwa V O (2008), nguai co the nhiem Ostertagia khi an rau song bon phan
trau bo (Nguyen P huac Tuang (2002)
1.3.5 Vong doi cua ede loai thuoc giong Cooperia
Vong dai cua cac loai giun nay giong nhau va ca ban giong cac loai giim tren, nghia
la deu phat trien true tiep, khong co su thay doi ky chu Hau het cac giun nay truang
2.1 Dac diem dich te • •
2.1.1 Nhitng nhdn to dnh hudmg t&i suxam nhap va phat trien cua giun xoan da
mui khe trong ca the ky chu
- Lodi, gidng: Sure chong d a cua cac loai gia sue nhai lai khac nhau doi voi cung mot
loai ky sinh trimg do su khac nhau ve trang thai sinh ly cua ca the (Par Mile, 2006)
- Tuoi: Gia sue truang thanh thucmg co sue m iln dich cao horn so voi gia sue non va
gay yeu Do gia sue non chua phat due day du, cac chuc nang sinh ly chua hoan thien,
yeu nhanh hom, dan den co ty le chet cao horn
Theo Trinh Van Thinh va cs (1978), lura tuoi cua trau, bo cam nhiem hai loai giun xoan da mui khe nhu sau:
Trang 12Theo Nguyen Huu Vu va cs (2000), benh giun xoan da mui khe do H contortus va
M digitatus gay ra pho bien a be, nghe tu 4 - 8 thang tuoi.
- Tinh biet: khong anh huang true tiep den cuang do cam nhiem ky sinh trung, tru
r
mot so truong hop dac biet
- Thai ky sinh due: Trau, bo cai co chua hoac dang cho con bu thucmg co sue chong
do yeu hom trau, bo cai khong chira de Houdijk va cs (2003), Terefe va cs (2005) cho
biet: Gia sue cai thai ky mang thai va thai ky nuoi con lam tang kha nang sinh san a giun cai H contortus va tang nguy co lay nhiem cho be nghe.
- Cam nhiem nhieu benh ciing mot luc: Gia sue khi mac mot benh da gay anh huang
tod sue khoe va sue san xuit, neu mac them mot benh khac thi benh cang nang them
- C h i do dinh duang va cham soc quan ly: Dinh duang thilu th6n, chudng chat
choi, kem ve sinh la dieu kien thuan loi cho su phat sinh benh giun xoan da mui khe Thoi quen an uong tren dong co, bai chan cung giup cho su xam nhap cua giun xoan da mui khe vao ca the ky chu Mua chan ngoai dong co dai hay ngan cung anh hucmg den cuang do cam nhiem giun xoan da mui khe Trai lai, dinh duang day du co the lam cho benh giun xoan da mui k h l phat nhe hay khong phat dugc, co th l lam cho tu6i tho cua giun xoan da mui khe giam, tham chi ban than trau, bo co the tong gixm xoan da mui khe ra ngoai Theo Houdijk va cs (2003, 2005, 2006), bo srnig cac chat dinh duang, dac biet la protein trong khau pMn se tang kha nang mien dich cho gia sue, tir do giam dugc
su nhiem trung au trimg tren d6ng co Strain va cs (2001), Torres - Acosta va cs (2004),
Bricarello va cs (2005) qua theo doi thay nhom cim non dugc bo sung dau nanh va lua
mi da giam kha nang nhiem H contortus han nhom cim khong dugc bo sung.
Tinh mien dich tu nhien cua gia sue cung nhu tinh mien dich thu dugc doi vai benh
ky sinh trung thuang thay d6i theo hoan canh moi truong Do do can phai co cac bien phap chan nuoi, phong benh tot, cai thien che do dinh duang nhdm tang cucmg sue m iln dich cua c a the gia sue vai benh
Khi xam nhap vao ca the, ban than giun xoan da mui khe hay nhung san pham ma
no bai tiet cung dugc coi la khang nguyen kich thich ca the sinh ra khang the Ky chu phan ung lai tac dong kich thich cua giun xoan da mui khe (khang nguyen) bang each san sinh khang the, do la thanh phan globulin trong huyet thanh cua ky chu (Femandoa
S T va cs, 2002)
Giun xoan da mui khe khi vao ca the ky chu gap phai hai loai tac dong sau:
M ot la, nhung te bao di dong cua ky chu tan cong du trung va co the tieu diet chung
bang ca nang thuc bao Neu hieu qua thuc bao khong day du thi sinh ra nhung phan ling
te bao Phan ling thucmg thay nhat la viem va tang sinh bach cau Eosin Nhung phan ling khac la: to chiic bi bien doi, cac te bao nhiem trung to len hoac phat trien qua miic gay thanh nhung ung
Trang 13Phan ung bien thai cho thay sir dap ling cua ca the vdi khang nguyen: Lay giun truong thanh che khang nguyen, cho vao nuac sinh ly, them 0,5% clorofoc, loc qua giay
loc, bo can B e nude sinh ly hoc hoi, lay chat lang can Pha loang 1:10 Lay 0,2ml khang nguyen tiem duoi da goc duoi Sau 1 5 - 2 0 phut cho tiem sung, sau 2 - 2,5 gid duong klnh ch§ tiem sung 2,0 - 3,6cm la duong tinh, duong kinh duoi 1cm la am tinh
Hai la, khang nguyen (ban than giun) kich thich c a the san sinh khang the, co the
gay cho ky chu tinh mien dich, hoac trang thai qua man
He thdng m ien dich trong da day va ruot gia sue bao gom: Cac t6 bao thuc the, cac
t l bao dieu hoa m ien dich, cac te bao dap ling mien dich Lympho duqc tao ra tir nhieu
to chiic khac nhau nhu: hach hanh nhan, mang payer M ang payer dong vai tro quan trong trong viec tong hop IgA va tieu quan the lympho B la nhftng thanh phan quan trong trong viec dieu tiet IgA Cac dai thuc bao dong vai tro het sue dac biet trong viec tao ra m iln dich dac hieu, no tiep nhan khang nguyen, chia cat khang nguyen thanh sieu khang nguyen, roi trinh dien cho cac te bao co tham quyen m ien dich Cac
te bao lympho B co vai tro quan trong trong viec tao ra khang the dich the Cac te bao lympho B sau khi nhan khang nguyen chia ra lam hai nhom: m ot nhom tao ra khang th6 dac hieu de khang ky sinh triing, mot nhom se co vai tro la cac te bao co “tri nha mien d ic h ” de khi ky sinh trimg xam nhap vao lan sau thi khang the duqc sinh ra nhanh han va nhieu horn
Tir nhung yeu to tren cho thay, cuang do mien dich v ai benh khong dong deu, phu
Theo tai lieu cua Ulianov X D (1953) va Bogdanov A G (1956), gia sue mdc benh nhieu nhat vao mua xuan, giam dan vao cac thang mua he, roi lai tang len vao mua
thu Sue vat tat ca cac liia tuoi deu nhiem benh, nhung cam nhiem nhieu h an a gia sue
7non va duoi 1 nam tuoi (Skrjabin va cs, 1963)
Dan lieu cua Bexxonov A X (1958) cho thay, a tren dong co, trung va au triing
khong cam nhiem cua O ostertagi se chet vao m ua dong, con au trung cam nhiem cua
giun nay se s6ng duqc qua mua dong va van giu: duqc hoat tinh Thai gian duy tri kha
nang song cua au trung cam nhiem cua O ostertagi tren dong co co the tai 1 nam.
Trang 14Skrjabin va cs (1963) cho biet: 6 giai doan III, du hung c6 sue de khang dac biet Chung chet trong moi trubmg dm khi nhiet do 50°C va trong moi trudng kho khi 60°C Nhung du trung nay dac biet chiu dugc su kho han Khi kho han, chung co the a trong trang thai tiem sinh tren 1 nam ruai Doi vdi cac chat tieu doc, au trung cung rat ben vung: dung dich creolin 2 - 3 % , lizol va cac chat khac khong giet dugc au trimg Au
trung chet trong dung dich axit cacbonic 5% khong tinh khiet
Vao mua dong, au trung d tren dong co thuong bi chit Mua he, du trung cung co
se chuyen dong theo nhung ngon co a xung quanh Qua trinh chuyen dong thang dung
theo ngon co xay ra cang nhanh han nua a nhirng nai d6ng co thip, trong cac mua vu
am udt, trong thai gian mua nhieu, trong suang mu va khi co nhieu suong xuong De au trimg co the bo theo ngon co khong can phai co luomg am nhieu, ma chi can mot lap am rat it boc tren co cung da du cho au trung chuyen dong Khi do am cao, au trimg khong
co kha nang bam vao co ma rai xuong cung vai nuac va dugc nuac mang den nhumg nen thap hon Bai vay, tat ca nhung nch dong co thap, dam lay va cac vung dong nuac
mua la nhung noi chinh lam cho trau, bo, de, cuu nhiem Haemonchus.
Trong nhung dieu kien bat lai (kho hoac qua uot) thi au trung cam nhiem cuon tron lai Neu au trimg bi kho (mac du trong thai gian dai) dugc lam am uot thi chi sau 20 -
30 phut, au trimg se song tra lai, duoi thing va tiep tuc di chuyen theo ngon co Au
trimg giai doan III, mac du khong an uong gi, trong dieu kien moi truang am van co kha nang song tdi 3 - 4 thang
Sousby (1982) cho rang, nhin chung, sir phat trien cua cac giun xoan hg Trichostrongylidae a giai doan song tu do (ngoai ngoai canh) phu thuoc vao dieu kien khi hau O nuac Anh, au trimg co the phat trien den giai doan gay nhiem trong 2 tuan, nhung thuong thi dai han va phu thuoc vao khi hau Sue vat nhai lai nhiem giun a tit ca cac thang trong nam, nhung nhiem nhieu va nang han a nhirng thang mua he am va dm
De biet su phan b6 giun xoan theo mua, Wahab da dem so lugng trung giun a phan
de tai cac trang trai a Penang (Malaysia) Tac gia thay giun xuat hien cao diem a nhung
thang co lugng mua cao (nhirng nhan t6 khac nhu nhiet do, do dm thay d6i rat it trong suot thai gian nghien cuu) Moi truemg nhiet dai dm d vung nay rat thuan lgi cho su
phat trien cua giun Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus va mot so giun ky sinh a ruot
(Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum) Trong do, giong Haemonchus la pho bien nhat d ca
hai trang trai (Wahab A Rahman, 1995)
Nghien cuu v ! dich te hoc cac benh giun san d gia sue nhai lai nho, Teklye Bekele (1993) cho biet, giun tron dudng tieu hoa, giun phoi va san la gan la nhung giun san ky sinh chu yeu d gia sue nhai lai nho tai nhung vung sinh thai khac nhau d vung Saharan - Chau Phi
Trang 15Vao m ua m ua, ty le lay nhiem va tdn so xuat hien cac loai H contortus,
O columbianum, Trichostrongylus spp., Cooperia spp thudng cao trong nam Benh
giun xoan trd nen nghiem trong a nhung vung am, nua am va vung trung du - mien nui cua chau Phi
Theo Owen J (1989), ty le nhiem giun xoan da mui khe d trau bo cao nhat vao
thang 8, cac loai phat hien chu yeu thudc gidng Cooperia va Ostertagia.
N hung noi tap trung vat nuOi va cac dong co la nhung nod bi 6 nhiem mam benh cao Vi vay, viec nghien cuu dich te hoc, chien luge kiem soat cac loai giun dudng ruOt
Sau hang loat nhung nghien cuu tren d6ng co ve dich te hoc, Joshi thay rang: trong
18 loai giun dugc phat hien thi loai Trichostrongylus spp va Ostertagia spp pho bien nhat d sue vat nhai lai chan tha di tru theo mua, con loai H aem onchus spp pho bien d
sue vat nhai lai chan tha khong di tru theo mua Ty le nhiem giun d vat nuoi di tru theo
m ua cao hon d vat nuoi khong di tru theo mua, nhung sd lugng trung giun/g phan nhin chung lai thap hom So lugng trung giun trong phan chi ra rang: giai doan truyen benh chu yeu la tir thang 4 - 1 0 (Joshi B R., 1996)
T ilp theo nhimg cong trinh nghien cuu tren, Joshi B R., 1997 tiep tuc nghien cuu
ve dich te hoc cua su lay nhiem giun tron dudng ruot d cuu va de Tac gia cho biet: O Nepal co khoang 65% sd cuu va 35% so de dugc chan tha cung dan Chung luon dugc
di chuyen noi chan tha theo mua Ve m ua dong va nhung thang he kho rao, dan de cim gam co d cac vung rung hoang, dudi thung lung Trong nhung thang m ua he co mua, chung lai dugc chan tha tren nhimg dong co cao cua day nui Himalaya Sau 1 nam
bo, de, cim non m ic benh nang horn, g iy sut va suy yeu nhanh va de chet hem Trung va
au trung co sue dd khang manh, nhiet do thich hgp nhat cho trung phat trien la 33°C
N hung d nhiet do do m a do am cao (96%) thi trung khong phat trien dugc DDT 1%
Trang 16khong diet dugc trung; CUSO4 co the diet trung giun trong 8 gio va diet du trung trong 3 gib Ngoai gia sue, cac thu hoang nhai lai hoac mot so loai gam nham cung nhiem giun xoan, vi vay chung co tac dung gieo rac mam benh rat rong rai trong thien nhien.
Nguyen The Hung (1994), Nguyen Thi Kim Lan va cs (1998, 2000) cho biet: Ty le nhiem giun xoan da mui khe 0 de tang len vao vu he - thu, giam di vao vu dong - xuan;
ty le nhiem cao a de duoi 1 nam tu6i Benh phan bo rong, cac co so nuoi de o vimg nui, trung du va dong bang deu co benh, ty le nhiem tir 71,79 - 74,63%
Nguyen Thi Lan Anh va cs (2000) da nghien cuu tinh hinh nhiem giun san duong
tieu hoa cua bo tai Dong Anh, Ha Noi va cho biet: Gia sue nhai lai a cac lura tuoi aeu mac Tnchostrongylidosis, nhung muc cam nhiem nhieu hon a gia sue non duoi 1 nam tuoi Benh thubng co lien quan den dieu kien thbi tiet, khi hau, mua vu va tuoi cua con
vat Trau, bo nhiem giun a tat ca cac thang trong nam, nhung nhiem nhieu va nang hom
o nhung thang mua he am va am Duong truyen benh chu yeu la do nhung con mac
benh thai trung giun theo phan tren cac dong co, bai chan Khi gia sue an co, uong nuoc
r r
co lan au trung thi de nuot phai au trung co sue gay nhiem
Ket qua nghien cuu cua Nguyen Due Tan va cs (2004) cho thay, khao sat 708 be a
cac dia phuemg (Khanh Hoa, Phu Yen, Dac Lac, dai dien cho cac viing sinh thai khac nhau) Ty le nhiem giun xoan da mui khe: Ci Nha Trang (Khanh Hoa) la 22,58%, Ninh Hoa (Khanh Hoa) la 28,67%, Khanh VTnh (Phu Yen) la 39,24%, Eakar (DSc LSc) la 20,22% va Tuy Hoa (Phu Yen) la 26,42% Ty le nhiem chung la 27,54%
Nghien cuu ve tinh hinh nhiem giun san duong tieu hoa cua bo tai Dac Lac, Nguyen Van Dien va cs (2006) cho biet, trong 29 bo mo kham co 14 bo nhiem
H contortus, chiem ty le 48,21%.
Theo N guyln Thi Giang Thanh va cs (2008), ti le nhiem giun xoan cao chu yeu o
be duoi mot nam tuoi Ti le nhiem tod 56,44%:
Giang Hoang Ha va cs (2008) sau khi nghien cum ve benh giun xoan o bo da cho
biet: Ty le nhiem giun xoan cr bo la 74,71%, a be la 69,49%.
Nghien cuu ve ty le va cucmg do nhiem giun xoan da mui khe tren dan trau bo nuoi tai 9 huyen thanh cua tinh Thai Nguyen, Phan Thi Hong Phuc va cs (2009) thay rang:
Trau bo nuoi a vu he - thu nhiem giun xoan da mui khe la 51,23%, cao hon vu dong -
xuan (39,11%)
Theo N guyln Thi Kim Lan, Phan Thi H6ng Phuc va cs (2010), cac bai chan tha trau
bo deu bi 6 nhiem trung va au trung giun xoan da mui khe Ty le mau thu thap tir cac vung nuoc dong co ket qua duong tinh la 12,20%, mau dat be mat va mau co nhiem voi
ty le 6,79% va 6,44% Tac gia da nhan xet: Mac du ty le mau duong tinh thap nhung
day la ngu6n lay nhilm giun xoan da mui khe quan trong doi voi trau bo Hau het cac bai chan tha thubng tap trung dong trau, bo, mam benh dugc thai ra tir cac trau, bo mac benh, kha nang phat tan trung va au trimg giun xoan da mui khe cao (hinh 134, 135)
Trang 17Tu nhung cong trinh nghien cuu va nhan xet cua nhieu tac gia, co the thay mot dieu rat ro la: “Su ton tai va phat trien cua sinh vat (trong do co cac loai giun xoan) tai mot noi nao do thudng phu thuoc vao to hop cac dieu kien moi trudng, trong do khi hau la mot trong nhung dieu kien quan trong anh hucmg sau sac nhat” (Tran Due Hanh va cs, 1997).
Hinh 134: Trung va au trung giun xoan da mui khe phan lap tir dat can nen chuong trau bo
Hinh 135: Trung va au trung giun xoan da mui khe thu thap tai vung nu’O’c dong tren bai chan tha trau bo
2.1.3 A nh hu’d’ng cua cac yeu to vat ly, hod hoc den sic p h a t trien cua au trung giun xoan da miii khe & ngoai canh
- Anh hudmg cua cac tac nhan vat ly:
Nhiet do, am do va moi trudng noi chung deu tac dong vao sir ton tai va phat trien cua
au trung giun xoan da mui khe d ngoai canh Dieu nay co y nghia trong nghien cuu dich te hoc va phuong phap phong chong benh do giun xoan da mui khe d gia sue nhai lai
Nghien cuu ve sir lien quan giua nhiet do tdi thdi gian nd cua au trung giun xoan da
mui khi, Wharton D A (1982) bao cao rang, au trung T colubriformis phat trien qua
4 - 6 ngay d nhiet do 27°C thi thanh au trung gay nhiem Nhiet do tdi thieu de au trung
co the ton tai la 10 - 15°C Chung phat trien nhanh nhat trong miia he Au trung khong the song dugc d nhiet do cao va thap qua
Chuvng 3 Benh ky sinh trung thuvng gap d trau, bo, de 247
Trang 18Nguyen Thi Kim Lan va cs (1999) da nghien cuu ve anh hudng cua nhiet do den kha nang nd cua trung giun xoan da mui khe Tac gia cho biet: Cl nhiet do khac nhau thi
so mau trung nd d cac ngay nuoi cay khac nhau Trong 37 mau nd d 13 - 16°C thi 20 mau nd sau 5 ngay, 15 mau nd sau 6 ngay, chi co 2 mau nd sau 4 ngay Trong 46 mau trung nd d 16 - 19°C thi 22 (47,8%) mau nd sau 4 ngay, 18 mau nd sau 5 ngay (39,1), chi co 6% so mau nd sau 3 ngay va 6,5% so mau nd sau 6 ngay Trong 39 mau nd d 19 - 23°C thi 35,9% nd sau 3 ngay; 41% nd sau 4 ngay; 32,1% nd sau 5 ngay va khong co mau nao nd sau 6 ngay
Nhu vay d nhiet do cao hon (19 - 23°C) thi thdi gian trung nd thanh au trung nit ngan hon Ngugc lai, d nhiet do thap (13 - 16°C) thdi gian nd cua au trung keo dai hon Nguyen Thi Kim Lan (1999) da nghien cuu ve sue de khang cua au trung giun xoan da mui khe vdi nhiet do Ket qua cho thay, au trung 1 ngay tuoi chet 89,3% d nhiet do 35 - 40°C, khong co au trung nao song dugc d tren 46°C Au trung 2 ngay tuoi chu yeu chet
d 41 - 45°C (80,3%), chi co 7,3% chet d 35 - 40°C va 12,3% chdt d 46 - 50°C 0 ngay
tuoi thu 3, au trung chet chu yeu d 46 - 50°C (70,5%), khong co au trung nao chet d 35 - 49°C Au trung 4 ngay tuoi chet chu yeu d 51 - 55°C (74,6%), chet it nhat d 41 - 45°C
va 46 - 50°C, khong co au trung nao chet d 35 - 40°C
Nhu vay, ket qua nghien cuu cua Nguyen Thi Kim Lan (1999) cho thay, au trung giun xoan da mui khe cang phat trien den giai doan co sue gay nhiem thi sue song cang cao va de khang vdi nhiet do cang tot hon
Theo Phan Bich Lan va cs (2005), trung va au trung giun xoan da mui khe co sue
de khang manh, nhiet do thich hop nhat cho trung phat trien la 33,3°C, neu nhiet do cao hon ma am do la 96% thi trung khong phat trien dugc Au trung cam nhiem d nod am udt, nhiet do 50°C mdi chet, d nod khO rao 60°C mdi chet, au trung cam nhiem song dugc d nod kho can mot nam
Dung phuong phap u nhiet sinh hgc, tap trung phan thanh dong (cao khoang lm va
rong 1,5m), dap dat kin day 10 - 15cm, de sau 3 - 4 tuan, nhiet do dong u tang len 60 - 70°C se lam chet trung va au trung Co the ket hgp them tro bep, vdi va la xanh de lam tang nhiet do cua phan u (Nguyen Thi Kim Lan va cs, 2008)
Nghien cuu cua Phan Thi Hong Phuc, Nguyen Thi Kim Lan va cs (2010) ve sue de
khang cua trung va au trung giun xoan M digitatus o ngoai canh cho thay, a dieu kien
tu nhien, thai gian phat trien cua trung M digitatus trong phan thanh au trung ky I tu 3
5 ngay (mua he), 4 - 7 ngay (mua dong), thdi gian phat trien den giai doan au trung cam nhiem la 6 - 7 ngay (mua he), 7 - 8 ngay (mua dong) Thdi gian phat trien cua trung va
kha nang ton tai cua au tiding M digitatus trong ldp dat be mat phu thuoc vao am do dat
Am do thich hop nhat cho trung va au trung phat trien la 10 - 20% Neu am do dat qua
nude dgng tren bai chan tir 3 - 4 ngay va co kha nang gay benh cho trau, bo
248 Nhung benh ky sinh trung phd biin a gia cim, ion va loai nhai lai Viet Nam
Trang 19Hinh 136: Trung M digitatus
trong phan ngay thu5 nhat
Hinh 138: Au trung M digitatus cam nhiem
song trong dat am do 10 - 20%
O’ ngay thu> 165 (dot TN \)
H'inh 140: Thi nghiem theo doi kha nang song cua
au trung M digitatus cam nhiem trong cac mau
nu’O’c dong tren bai chan
Hinh 142: Trung M digitatus
phat trien trong nu’O’c ngay thin 2
Hinh 137: Trung M digitatus
trong phan ngay thu5 tir
Hinh 139: Au trung M digitatus
chet o’ ngay thu* 145 (dot TN II)
Hinh 141: Trung M digitatus
trong cac mau nu’O’c dong tren bai chan
Hinh 143: Au trung M digitatus chet 6* ngay thir 5
trong mau nircrc dong tren bai chan (Dot TN I)
Chuwng 3 Benh ky sinh trung thcr&ng gap & trau, bo, de 249
Trang 20Ket qua nghien cuu ve trung va au trung giun H contortus a ngoai canh cung cho thay, trung va au trung giun H contortus co sue de khang cao d ngoai canh tuong tir
M digitatus (Phan Thi Hong Phuc, Nguyen Thi Kim Lan va cs, 2010).
Hinh 144: Thi nghiem theo doi su5 phat trien cua
tripng H contortus trong phan trau bo
Hinh 146: Trung H contortus
phat trien sau 1 ngay trong phan (mua he)
Hinh 148: Trung H.contortus
phat trien trong l<yp dat be mat A0 10 - 20%
Hinh 150: Au trung H contortus cam nhiem song
trong dat am do 10 - 20% 6> ngay thu5160 (do* TN I)
Hinh 145: Trirng H contortus
mai thai theo phan
Hinh 147: Trung H contortus phat trien sau 2 ngay trong phan (mua he)
Hinh 149: Au trung ky I H contortus
trong lop dat be mat A0 10 - 20%
Hinh 151: Au trung H contortus chet <y ngay thi> 150 (do* TN II)
250 NhCmg benh ky sinh trung phd bien & gia cam, Ian va loai nhai lai Viet Nam
Trang 21- Anh huomg cua cac nhcin to hoa hoc:
Hall C A va cs (1984) da dua Cimetidin vao da mui khe cua cuu, liSu
De nang cao ky thuat bao quan lau dai au trung giun tron (H contortus, T circumcincta,
T colubriformis va C curticei) de gay nhiem voi so luong Ion au trung tren gia sue nhai
/lai, Jean Hubert va cs (1997) da nghien cuu each bao quan au trung trong dung dich
\Sodium hypochlorite Sau do cho vao dung dich dem PBS (pH = 7,2) lam lanh bang khi Nito long d -10°C roi xuong -50°C, tiep theo dua du trung bao quan a -196°C Khi can su
dung lay au trung ra, giu am a 30 C trong it nhat 12 gicr Tac gia theo doi va thay co gan
85% so au trung hoat dong tra lai va tuong doi on dinh ve hoat luc
Simcock D C va cs (2005) da nghien cuu kha nang diet au trung ky III va giun
truang thanh O circumcincta trong da mui khe cim bang chat Cyanide Khi dua
Cyanide vao da mui khe cua cuu da lam te liet hoat dong trao d6i chat cua 95% au trung
ky III va 74% giun truemg thanh Do vay, da tieu diet dugc ca au trung va giun O
circumcincta truang thanh.
Phan Dich Lan va cs (2005) cho biet, dimg dich DDT 1% khong diet dugc trung,
nhvmg dimg dich CuSC>4 nong do 0,2 - 0,5% co the diet dugc trung giun trong 8,5 gia va
f
diet au trung trong 3 gia
2.2 Dac diem benh ly va lam sang
2.2.1 Benh do Haemonchus contortus
Giun H contortus gay tac hai Ion cho trau, bo va cac thu nhai lai khac Dieu nay da
dugc nhieu tac gia de cap den
Theo Xominxki Z G (1952), Haemonchosis ky sinh a trau, bo gay ra roi loan nang
toan ca the: ton thuang duang tieu hoa, he than kinh, he tuan hoan va cac tuyen noi tiet Trau, bo m ic Haemonchosis bi kiet sue nhanh, thieu mau nang, thay co nhung bi6n doi benh ly trong nao va tuy song Krishna (2007) da giai thich, sau khi xam nhap vao da
mui khe, H contortus bam chac va choc thung niem mac, gay ra chay mau mao mach.
Ngoai ra, nhieu giun con cam sau dau cua chung vao cac ong dan tuyen trong da mui
khe va gay viem cac ong do Haemonchus hut mau ky chu, khi an mau Haemonchus
thai ra doc to dac biet lam ngo doc ca th l ky chu
Khi trau, bo bi nhiem nang, niem mac da mui khe bi phu mot lop mang day len, co nhung cho chay mau Cac chat trong da mui khe thuang loang va co mau nau CJ trau,
bo mac benh thuang thay da mui khe viem cata man tinh, vi vay lugng thuc an a day
khong dugc tham day du dich vi Thuc an chuyen tvr da mui khe vao ruot a dang ban nhuyen the nen muc hap thu vao mau cung giam di Doc to cua giun lam con vat benh
bi kiet sue, thieu mau va bi phu thung Con vat chet vi suy mon do thieu mau
Trang 22Nhung bien dbi benh ly va lam sang b trau, bo benh con chiu anh hubng cua chi do cham soc nuoi duong Xominxki Z F (1952) chi ro, trieu chung va nhung bien doi benh ly a Haemonchosis the hien 6 nhung trau, bo duoc nu6i duong kem ro ret hon la b nhirng trau, bo duoc nuoi duong binh thubng.
Alexandra (2005) cho biet, cim nhiem H contortus va T circumcincta do gay
nhiem mo kham thay ruot non va da mui khe xuat huyet nang, kiem tra mau thay so luong hong cau va ham luong huyet sic to giam, s6 luong bach cau tang, bach cau trung tinh giam, bach cau ai toan tang cao
Mat mau nen co the bi thieu mau nghiem trong la trieu chung thay rat ro b trau, bo
mac benh do Haemonchus Qua nghien cuu cho thay, 2000 giun H contortus hut mat
30ml mau mot ngay, d6ng thoi gay xuat huyet o da day con vat Andrews (1942) da xac dinh duoc kh6i luong mau thai theo phan o hai cim non gay nhilm lieu chi tir au trung
Haemonchus Sau khi nhiem 6 - 1 0 ngay, phan bat dau co mau Trong 10 ngay tac gia
tinh duoc o mot con mat 1,5 lit mau, con con kia m lt 2,4 lit mau trong phan (dan theo Trinh Van Thinh va cs, 1982; Pham Van Khue va Phan Luc, 1996)
Ve bieu hien lam sang cua con vat bi Haemonchosis, Terefe G (2007) cho biet, ngoai cac trieu chung thieu mau, kem hoat dong, an uong giam sut, ia long va tao bon xen ke, con vat con bi thuy thung duoi co, giam huyet sic to, bach c lu tang Khi qua
yeu, con vat thubng chet Sure de khang cua con vat giam ro ret sau 30 ngay nhiem benh
H contortus.
Qua trinh tien trien cua Haemonchosis cang nang hon khi con vat bi benh ghep
cung vbi nhung Trichostrongylus khac D ilu nay hau nhu thubng xuyen xay ra, vi theo
nguyen nhan benh, ngubi ta thubng goi nhirng benh do la Trichostrongylidosis (nghia la vat bi Haemonchosis ghep vbi cac benh giun xoan khac)
Trau, bo, de, cim bi Haemonchus thubng met moi, cham chap, kiet sue, niem mac
thieu mau, co the bi ia chay xen lan tao bon Sue vat non thubng dung khong vung, phai nim det Vat de chet neu m ic benh nang
Mackinnon K M va cs (2010) da gay nhilm au trung ky III H contortus cho 12
cim vbi lieu chi tir, co 3 cim da chet sau 27 ngay gay nhiem, hach bach huyit sung rat
to, ty le bach cau ai toan trong mau tang cao, ham luong IgE trong huyet thanh khong thay doi, nhung nong do IgE trong cac hach bach huyet cim bi nhiem benh tang cao hon (P< 0,01)
Nguyen Trong Noi (1967) bao cao ve benh giun xoan b da day va rapt de giong
Mong Co nhap noi, do cac loai H contortus, Trichostrongylus va Oesophagostomum
Co trubng hop da thay 1200 - 1500 Haemonchus a da mui khe 1 de (cao nhat co the den
4 - 5 nghin giun) Theo tac gia, khi co den 600 giun trong co the de da thay cac trieu chung: thieu mau, gdy sut, roi loan tieu hoa, luc di ta, luc di tao, kem an, di tut lai sau dan; con due nhay kem
Trang 23Theo Johannes K aufinann (1996), H contortus la m pt trong nhung ky sinh trung
Haemonchus tim thay, trong da m ui khe con thay nhieu Trichostrongylus khac co kich thude rat nho (0,5 - 1,5cm)
Co the gSp H aem onchosis d b a dang hay la ba giai doan Skijabin (1963) da phan biet ba giai doan dd nhu sau:
- Trong giai doan dau, d da m ui khe co so lupng Haemonchus khong nhieu lam
(m ot con den m ot vai trim con) T ruong hpp nay trieu churng lam sang khong xuat hien
- Trong giai doan hai, trieu chung lam sang va benh tich (bien doi giai phSu benh
ly) cung chua the hien rd ret So lupng giun nhieu hon d giai doan mot
Trang 24Hinh 152: Be so 2 co bieu hien lam sang
sau gay nhiem 39 ngay
Hmh 153: Nghe so 2 co bieu hien lam sang
sau gay nhiem 51 ngay
Hinh 154: Benh tich o’ da mui khe cua nghe Hinh 155: Benh tich a> ruot non cua be
Hinh 158: Bong troc te bao bieu mo da mui khe
(x 150)
Hinh 159: Ha niem mac da mui khe tang sinh te bao viem (x 600)
254 Nhung benh ky sinh trung pho bien & gia cam, Ian va loai nhai lai Viet Nam
Hinh 156: T§ bao niem mac da mui khe binh
thu’d’ng (x150)
Hinh 157: Te bao bieu mo da mui khe
thoai hoa hat (x 600)
Trang 25Hinh 160: Ha niem mac da mui khe
tham nujo,c phu (x 150)
Hinh 162: Long nhung ruot non
cua nghe binh thirang (x 150)
Hinh 163: Long nhung ruot non nghe benh
bj bong troc (x 150)
Hinh 164: Ha niem mac ruot non tham
djch phu (x 150)
Hinh 165: Ruot non tham nhiem
bach cau ai toan (x 600)
2.2.2 Benh do cdc lodi giun xodn khac d da m ui khe
Mot so loai giun thuoc giong Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Cooperia, Mecistocirrus
ky sinh a da day trau, bo co the gay benh cho trau, bo hoac hon hop nhieu loai hoac
rieng le tung loai
Benh ly cua Trichostrongylosis phu thuoc vao cuong do cam nhiem Gia sue bi chet
khi nhiem tai 60 - 120 nghin au trung cam nhiem Trichostrongylus axei Nhung con vat
non nhiem muc do nang cham Ion va kem phat trien Benh chia lam hai thai ky Thai ky
thu nhat - cap tinh, keo dai gan 6 tuan (d thdi ky nay mot so con non bi cam nhiem
Chuxyng 3 Benh ky sinh trung thut/ng gap d trau, bo, de 255
Trang 26nang, ngimg phat triln , sut can va chet Mo kham thay da mui khe bi viem cap tm h co kem theo nhftng not loet) T hai ky th u hai - man tmh, trieu chung giam dan, con vat len
can, nhung n6t loet trong da mui khe dan dan lanh seo Giun Trichostrongylus gay benh yeu h an Haemonchus (Skijabin va cs, 1963).
Theo Drozdz va cs (1967), vai tro gay benh cua cac loai giun thuoc giong
Trichostrongylus nhu sau: trong giai doan au trung, giun xam nhap niem mac da mui
khe va ta trang, gay tac dong dau doc a cue bo va toan than, bieu thi bang sir thieu mau \ _
dan, ia chay va suy nhugc a con vat benh Theo Douglas, benh do Trichostrongylus co
co nhung ton thuang ve mau Vi ly do nay ma m ot so nghien cuu cho la, su thieu mau
trong benh do Trichostrongylus a gia sue nuoi duang kem co the do giun chiem doat
khe den kha nang san xuat sua cua de 48 con de a thang thu 2 cua thai ky san xuat sua
dugc chia thanh 2 nhom Nhom l dugc gay nhiem 5000 au trung Haemonchus va 2000 au trimg Trichostrongylus Nhom 2 khong gay nhiem giun Cac s6 lieu ve ky sinh trung, ve
huyet hoc, ve sua dugc thu thap 2 tuan l lan trong vong 5 thang Tinh trang ca the de dugc ghi lai qua moi thai diem tuang ung K€t qua la nhom de l da bieu hien trieu chung lam sang Giun xoan gay benh va lam giam lugng sua cua de nhom l tu 2,5 - 10% so vai nhom doi chung Tac gia cung phat hien ra anh huang khac nhau cua giun den lugng sura
cua nhung de cho sua cao va nhurng de cho sua thap: vai 6 con de cho sua cao a thoi diem dau thi nghiem, lugng sua giam tu 13 - 25,1% va de gay di Con 6 de co lugng sua thap a
thoi diem dau thi nghiem thi lugng sua giam it han (mac du gay nhiem au trung giun vai
so lugng nhu nhau) Theo nhung so lieu ve ky sinh trung hpc va benh ly hgc, tac gia ket luan: nhurng de cho lugng sua cao kha nang chong lai ky sinh trung kem h an va chiu tac dong gay benh nghiem trpng han nhung de cho lugng sua thap
Trong benh do Cooperia gay ra, qua trinh viem a ruot non dan den ton thuang niem
mac, tren niem mac hinh thanh nhung hat mau tring Tuyen lam ba ben canh bi teo Tac
dong toan than cua Cooperia, theo Andrews (1938) bieu hien bang su trao doi vat chat
tang nhanh a sue vat benh, kem theo giam dong hoa thuc an lam con vat bi giam the trpng N hung gia sue gay nhiem thuc nghiem du nuoi t6t horn nhung con doi chung nhung van tang trpng It han (Drozdz va cs, 1967; Pham Van Khue va cs, 1996)
Theo Skijabin va cs (1963), khi con vat bi benh nang, Cooperia co the gay ra viem
mem mac ruot M ot so giun Cooperia (C punctata) co the xam nhap vao thanh ruot,
gay viem va tao thanh ap xe ruot Cac hach lam ba gan do bi sung, thoai hoa thanh ba
dau A u trung giun khi cu tru trong niem m ac ruot tao thanh nhung hat, k ich thuac tu 3
-5mm V at n hilm Cooperia nang roi loan chuc nang tieu hoa, ia chay va kiet sue, co the
chet vi benh qua nang
Trang 27Mamedov A K (1959) thay ring, d trong tuyen ha vi, C punctata bam sau vao nhu
mo bang phan trade cua chung, chung to la co su cu tra ngau nhien cua giun nay trong
hien tuomg viem da day raot do hang chuc nghin Ostertagia gay ra Thuong thay co
hien tuomg ia chay, met moi, thiSu mau niem mac, kiet sue Con vat non cham Ion, long bet va rung Truong hop qua nang vat benh nam liet mot cho va chet (Skrjabin
- Giai doan thu ba tir 35 - 63 hoac 70 ngay sau khi nhiem 0 giai doan nay, cau true
va chuc nang cua cac tuyen bi mat di dan dan
Nhimg bien doi benh ly d ba giai doan tren dan den chuc nang tieu hoa cua con vat
roi loan, vat ia chay, gay yeu, thieu mau nang
M digitatus cung song bang mau ky chu nhu nhieu loai giun xoan khac Vai tro gay
benh cua no (theo Ivaszkin, 1949) la: Giun lay dinh duong bang mau va pha hoai niem mac noi giun sdng, gay viem niem mac, do do gay nen nhung rdi loan tieu hoa Benh
lam con vat kiet sue, giam hieu suat va thuong dan den chet
Skrjabin va cs (1963) cho biet, M digitatus la loai giun an mau Benh lam gia sue
non kem phat trien va thuomg thay chet vao mua xuan Mo kham thay hien tuomg viem
cata da mui khe, niem mac bi xuat huyet diem hoac xuat huyet vung
Van Aken D va cs (l 997) da cho be nuot au trung M digitatus ky III, sau 120 ngay
Trang 282.3 Chan doan benh
Be cap den phucmg phap chan doan benh do cac loai giun thuoc ho Trichostrongylidae gay nen, nhieu tac gia cho rang: khong the chan doan chinh xac benh neu khong tien hanh cac phucmg phap tim trung giun trong phan
Theo Skrjabin va cs (1963), nen ket hop quan sat trieu chung tren con vat song voi tim trung bang each soi phan Trieu chung co the thay la viem da day ruot man tinh, ia chay xen tao bon Soi phan bang phucmg phap Fullebom de thay trung (co den 1 0 - 1 5
trung/1 tieu ban) Mo kham con vat chet cung can phai lam de tim giun a da day, ta trang.
Trinh Van Thinh va cs (1982), Pham Van Khue, Phan Luc (1996) cho biet: Be chan
doan benh do Haemonchus va Mecistocirrus khong the can cu vao trieu chung lam
sang, vi doi vdi con vat song, trieu chung lam sang khong dien hinh Mat khac, trung kho phan biet voi cac loai khac nen kho xac dinh Theo tac gia co the xet nghiem phan theo phuong phap sau: Nuoi trung cho no thanh au trung (lay phan con vat nghien nat, tron lan voi dat vo trung, cho vao dia long, giu cho do am 60 - 70%, nhiet do 25 - 30°C,
pH 6,8 - 7,4; nuoi trong 4 - 5 ngay Sau do phan lap au trung theo phucmg phap Baerman, xem kinh hien vi tim au trung
Phuong phap chan doan Trichostrongylosis, Ostertagiosis, Cooperiosis cung tien hanh tuemg tu Haemonchosis va Mecistocirrosis (Skijabin, 1963; Trinh Van Thinh va
cs, 1982; Soulsby, 1982; Pham Van Khue, Phan Luc, 1996; Johanes Kaufmann, 1996; Urquhart, 1996; Phan Bich Lan va cs, 2004; Nguyen Thi Kim Lan va cs, 2008; Nguyen Thi Le va cs, 1996) da ghi lai hinh thai au trung cam nhiem cua cac loai giun xoan chinh
a da mui khe (theo Poliakov, 1953):
Hinh 166: Cac d?ng £u trung cam nhiim cua bp
Nghien curu dinh tinh nham xac dinh co hoac khong co giun xoan da mui khe ky sinh: tim kiem giun truong thanh, trung hoac au trung trong phan con vat Bay la phuong phap thong dung de danh gia tinh hinh nhiem o cac dan gia sue nhai lai
258 A/hQng bpnb ky sinh thing phd bien a gia cam, /gn va loai nhai l$i Viet Nam
Trang 29Nghien cuu dinh lugng nh2m xac dinh so lugng trung va au trung giun xoan da mui khe trong phan de danh gia muc do cam nhiem va hieu qua cua mot loai thuoc tay Theo nhieu tac gia, co the dung phuang phap dem trung Stoll vai dung dich NaOH 0,1N (t6t nhat nen thuc hien vai lan de lay so trung binh), hoac phuang phap Me Master voi buong dem Me Master va dung dich NaCl bao hoa (hoac dung dich ducmg bao hoa) Tir
do tinh ra trung giun xoan trong 1 gam phan (Dan theo Nguyen Thi Kim Lan, 2008)
Theo Jorgen Hansen va cs (1994) muc do nhiem giun xoan a da mui khe nhe (50 -
800 trung/g phan, trung binh (800 - 1.200 trung/g phan, nang (tren 12.000 trung/g phan).Ngoai cac phuang phap tren, doi voi gia sue nhai lai con song, co the chan doan bang phuang phap mien dich hoc
Khang nguyen chan doan che tu giun truang thanh, au trung hoac dich trong ca the au trung Co the pha loang thanh cac n6ng do khac nhau, tir 1: 5.000 den 1: 10.000 Dung khang nguyen tiem trong da, tiem duai da, nho mat, lam phan ung lang can, phan ung ket hap bo the Thuang dung phuang phap tiem trong da (tiem noi bi) Lieu tiem khang nguyen thuang dung la 0,1 - 0,5ml Sau khi tiem 3 - 1 5 phut, theo doi
su bien doi a nai tiem Neu nai tiem sung to, xung quanh do, dudng kinh khoang 2 - 4cm thi phan ung duang tinh, nguac lai la am tinh (Trinh Van Thinh va cs, 1982; Pham Van Khue va, 1996)
Vatta va cs (2002), Kaplan va cs (2004), Van Wyk va cs (2006), Hertzberg (2009)
aa dung he thong FAMACHA de so sanh cac mau sac ket mac, niem mac mat voi bieu
do mau mat de xac dinh muc do thieu mau nghiem trong do H contortus, tir do co phac
do dieu tri benh cho sue vat
Co th6 chan doan benh giun san bang mot so phuang phap khac nhu mien dich huynh quang, mien dich ELISA
2.4 Dieu tri va phong bfnh
2.4.1 Dieu tri benh • •
Theo Kerbceuf va cs (1987), Jorgen Hansen va cs (1994), Johanes Kaufmann (1996), Waruiru R M (2004), nhung loai thuoc co tac dung tay giun tron va au trung giun tron a gia sue nhai lai la: Albendazol, Febantel, Fenbendazol, Oxfendazol, Levamizol, Ivermectin va Thiabendazol
Cayomba F L (1989) kiem tra phan nhung de duqc tay giun san bang thuoc Valbazen sau 7 ngay, ket qua nhu sau:
- Nhung de dung lieu 0,5ml: dem dugc 300 trung/gam phan
- Nhung de dung lieu 0,3ml: dem dugc 900 trung/gam phan
- Nhung de dung lieu 0,1ml: dem dugc 1.200 trung/gam phan
Su khac nhau ve ket qua tay giua cac nhom de la rat ro ret Tac gia ket luan, thuoc Valbazen voi lieu cao (0,5ml/kg the trpng de) co hieu luc tay cao han vai nhieu loai
giun san nhu Fasciola hepatica, Haemonchus contortus, Strongyloides papillosus,
Moniezia expansa.
Trang 30Van Aken D va cs (1998) da dung Ivermectin tay cho 5 be sau 7 ngay gay nhiem
au trung ky III M digitatus, sau tay 30 ngay cho nhiem tiep tuc 30.000 au trimg ky III
M digitatus Ket qua cho thay, ty le tiy dat rat thap Sau mo kham cac be lan luqt co so
giun la 355, 481, 937 va 1174 giun/be
Cherles T P va cs (1999) da thi nghiem v£ tac dung lam giam ty le au trung gay
nhiem H contortus cua nam Harposporium anguillulae trong phan ciru: Cho 300.000 bao tur nam/gam phan da lam giam den 99,5% au trung H contortus gay nhiem so sanh
voi nhom doi chung Ket qua nay chi ra mot hudng mdi trong viec khong che ty le nhiem giun tron Trichostrongylidae bang dau tranh sinh hoc
Theo Molento M B va cs (1999), dimg ket hop lieu 0,lm g/kg Moxidectin va
0,4mg/kg Ivermectin diet au trung ky IV H contortus tren de dat hieu qua 95%.
Charles T P (1999); Walier P J (1996, 2001); Larsen M (2000, 2006); Chandrawathani va cs (2002, 2004); Terrill T H (2004) da nghien cuu tren thuc dia va
cho rang, cac loai nam Nemato phagous, Harposporium anguillula va Duddingtonia
flagrans tren dong co co tac dung tieu diet au trimg giun tron.
Kabagambe va cs (2000), Knox D P va cs (2001), Smith va cs (2000), Newton va
cs (2003), Olcott (2006) cho biet, khang nguyen H l l va H - gal - GP la mot
glycoprotein mang ruot duqc chiet xudt tvr giun H contortus truong thanh, khi tiem cho
gia sue nhai lai co the tao ra kha nang mien dich cao, giam den 75 - 90% benh do
H contortus gay ra.
Kahiya va cs (2003), Paraud va cs (2005), Shaik va cs (2006), Lange va cs (2006),
Iqbal va cs (2007) cho biet, cho gia sue nhai lai an la cay keo Karoo kho hay an co
Lespedeza cuneata hoac an cac cay co chua chat tanin se lam giam dang ke benh do
H contortus gay ra.
Waller P J va cs (2004) da thu nghiem bo sung khoang dong cho cvm 6 tuan tuoi
gay nhiem H contortus, lam giam ty le nhiem den 97%.
Bersissa Kumsa va cs (2006) da dung Albendazol 300mg pha loang a cac nong do khac nhau 0,06mg/ml; 0,08mg/ml va l,28mg/ml de diet trung cua H contortus Ket qua
cho thay, 100% trung cua giun tron khong phat trien duqc
Devaney J A va cs (2008) cho de nhiem H contortus u6ng thuoc Ivermectin voi
lieu 0,6mg/kg th l trong, sau 31 ngay kilm tra thay ty le nhiem giam 97%
Hien nay, H contortus co sue de khang cao d6i voi nhieu loai thu6c, do vay khi su
dung thuoc dieu tri can than trong (Kaplan va cs, 2005; Burke va cs, 2006)
Ci Viet Nam, theo Pham KMc Hieu va cs (1997): Phenothiazin, Thiabendazol, Tetramizol la nhung thuoc co hieu qua tay giun xoan ky sinh a da day ruot loai nhai
lai rat tot Phenothiazin co tac dung tot voi giun trucmg thanh nhung tac dung yeu voi au trung va giun non Do do, sau 4 tuan clin dieu tri lai Dung lieu khong qua 20 - 25 gam/lan Neu dung qua li6u va keo dai lam cho con vat bi thieu mau, bo an, thieu sac t6 tren da va dan toi viem hoa sung (Keratitis) Thiabendazol la thu6c co tac dung t6t vdi
giun Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia Co the dung lieu chung la
Trang 3150 - lOOmg/kg the trgng Thuoc Tetramizol co hieu luc tdy vai ca giun truong thanh vet
au trung, cho uong lieu 15mg/kg the trong hoac tiem duoi da dung dich 3 - 10%
Dung thuoc tay giun xoan da mui khe cho de, Nguyen Thi Kim Lan (1997, 1999, 2000) da bao cao ket qua nhu sau: Thuoc Niclosamid - tetramizol B (lieu 66mg/kg the trong), Oxfendazol (lieu 5mg/kg the trong), Levamizol (lieu 7mg/kg the trong), Mebenvet
(lieu 130mg/kg the trong) va Vermitan (lieu 35mg/kg the trong) co hieu luc tky sach giun
xoan da mui khe tuomg ung la: 97,14%; 100%; 97,5%; 96,77% va 96,67%
Theo Nguyen Quang Sue (2001), Phan Dich Lan va cs (2005), Le Van Tao va cs (2004, 2005), co th6 su dung mot trong cac thu6c sau tay giun xoan da mui khi:
- Phenothiazin: hieu qua tot, lieu 0,2g/kg the trong (bo, trau), 0,5 - lg/kg the trong (de, cuu) Co the tron lan thuoc voi nuac chao, cu 100ml nuac chao tron vai 10 g thuoc
Theo Phan Dich Lan va cs (2005), dung Mebenvet, lilu lOOmg/kg th i trong; Ivermectin, lieu 0,2mg/kg the trong, co tac dung tay tat ca cac loai giun tron trong da day trau, bo
Trdn Van Binh va cs (2006) cho bilt, Pharcaris vai lieu 2g/12,5kg the trong, hoa nuoc hoac tron vao thuc an, dimg 1 lan duy nhat cho trau bo Khi dung Pharcaris chu y thai gian ngung thuoc truac khi khai thac san pham (thit 3 ngay, sura 2 ngay)
Theo Nguyen Thi Anh Tuyet va cs (2010), thuoc Albendazol lieu 5mg/kg the trong
khong co tac dung tky giun xoan Haemonchus spp
2.4.2 Phong benh
Theo cjuan diem cua Skijabin (1944), muon diet trir benh giun san thi phai du phong
co tinh chat chu dong, dung tit ca cac phuang sach ca giai, vat ly (anh sang, nhiet do), hoa hoc (thuoc), sinh vat hoc (sinh vat no tieu diet sinh vat kia) de tieu diet giun san tren
ca th i ky chu, tieu diet giun san a ngoai canh, tieu diet giun san a tat ca cac giai doan phat due (trung, au trung, giun san truemg thanh)
Dieu tri benh giun san cho gia sue noi chung la chua cho gia sue khoi benh, diet dugc ky sinh trung trong ca the la loai tru dugc mot con vat mang giun san, loai tru dugc mot nguon gieo rac benh Nhu vay, doi vai con vat mac benh la dieu tri, nhung doi vai con vat khac lai la de phong
ATren ca sa do, viec phong tri benh giun san noi chung phai dat dugc cac yeu cau sau:
- Dieu tri cho con vat om khoi benh va dam bao cho ngoai canh khong bi nhiem
mkm benh giun san, tranh mkm benh nhiem vao cac con vat khac Sau khi diy phai diet
tat ca giun san va trung dugc thai ra ngoai de ngan ngira mam benh phan tan Thai gian dieu tri tot nhat la luc giun san chua truong thanh, chua kip de trung
- Dung thude dac hieu de diet giun san
- Binh ky dung thude tay giun san, ch6ng tai nhiem, boi nhilm
- Ph6i hgp cac phuang sach nh&m ngan ngua m im benh phat tan ra ngoai canh (cac phuang phap xvr ly phan)
Trang 32Cac tac gia Skrjabin (1963), Soulsby (1982), Pham Van Khue va cs (1996),
Urquhart va cs (1996), Pham Sy Lang va cs (2002), Phan Dich Lan va cs (2005), Van
Wyk va cs (2006), Nguyen Thi Kim Lan va cs (2008) d lu cho ring, can ap dung cac
bien phap phong trir tong hop doi voi giun xoan da mui khe
Ngoai ra, co the tiem vacxin chi tir lu trung giun xoan thuoc ho Trichostrongylidae
da duoc lam giam doc blng chieu tia phong xa de phong benh giun xoan da mui khe
cho trau bo
Phan Thi Hong Phuc (2011) da thu nghiem bien phap phong tri benh giun xoan da
mui khe cho bo a tinh Thai Nguyen Tac gia ket luan: Thuoc Ivemectin 25%, lieu
0,25mg/kg th i trong; Benvet 600, lieu 7,5mg/kg the trong; Levamizol 7,5%, lieu
lml/10kg the trong dat hieu luc cao (90,94 - 99,08%) va an toan trong dieu tri benh giun
xoan da mui khe Trau bo ap dung bien phap phong benh giun xoan da mui khe co ty le
va cucmg do nhiem giun xoan da mui khe thdp horn va nhe hon ro ret so voi doi chung
Quy trinh phong benh giun xoan da mui khe cho trau bo gom 5 bien phap chinh:
1 Tdy giun xoan da mui khe cho trau bo: Khau quan trong trong bien phap phong
tri tong hop la tay giun cho trau bo Thuc te trong dieu kien khi hau nong am cua Viet
Nam, benh giun xoan da mui khe ton tai va phat trien quanh nam Vi vay, ngoai viec tay
cho nhftng trau bo bi benh con phai tay phong benh cho ca dan gia sue, dong then tranh
mam benh phat tan ra moi truemg
Ba loai th u lc da thu nghiem (Ivemectin 25%, lieu 0,25mg/kg the trong; Benvet 600,
lieu 7,5mg/kg the trong va Levamizol 7,5% lieu lml/lOkg the trong) deu cho ket qua
tdy giun xoan da mui khe tot Tuy timg dia phuomg, tuy dieu kien truong hop cu the, co
the lira chon mot trong nhtrng loai thuoc do de tay giun xoan da mui khe cho trau bo
C) nhutng dia phuomg co dieu kien, can chan doan benh chinh xac truac khi su dung
thuoc tay Nhung dia phuoug khong co dieu kien chan doan thi can cu vao trieu chung
lam sang va nhixng dac diem dich te hoc de xac dinh benh
- Truac het phai uu tien tay giun cho nhung trau bo bi nhiem nang hoac co bieu hien
lam sang cua benh giun xoan da mui khe Chu y tay cho nhung be nghe duoi l nam tuoi
- Dinh ky tay giun xoan da mui khe 2 lan/ nam cho ca dan trau bo khi kiem tra
phan thay co trung Khi tay, nhat thiet phai nhot trau bo lai trong chuong tu 3 - 5 ngay,
don sach phan a chuong, tap trung u ky de tranh mam benh phat tan ra moi truemg, bai
chan tha
2 X u ly phan trau bo de diet trung va au trung giun xoan da mui khe: Hang
ngay thu gom phan a chuong nuoi, tap trung vao m ot noi, vun thanh dong, trat bun
kin day 5 - 10cm, de sau 3 - 4 tuan nhiet do dong u tang len 50 - 60° se diet duqc
toan bo trung va au trung giun xoan Co the tron them tro bep, phan xanh va voi
bot de tang them nhiet do cua ho u Hoac dao hai ho u phan a canh nhau phia sau
chuong trau bo, hang ngay gom phan vao mot ho u, khi day trat kin mieng ho bang
bun hoac d ip dat
3 Ve sinh chuong nuoi trau bo: Chuong nuoi trau bo phai giu luon kho rao, sach se,
dinh ky 2 thang l lan dung thulc sat trung phun (co the dung Oxidan TCA lieu 2ml/lit
Trang 33nude hoac MD Oxide A.D.C lieu 6ml/lit nude) de diet trung va au trung giun xoan daf \ \ \mui khe d nen chuong va xung quanh chuong.
4 Cai tao dong co, bai chan tha phai kho rao Dong bai chan tha am thap, la dieu kien thuan lqi cho su phat trien cua au trung giun xoan Vi vay can lap nhung vung
Doi vdi trau bo cac lua tuoi (dac biet la trau bo sinh san) chu y dam bao khau phan\ r f f \ 9
an du ca ve so luong va chat luong Neu co dieu kien nen bo sung them thiic an tinh cho trau bo Co ke hoach du tru va cung cap du thiic an trong vu dong - xuan, nham nang cao siic de khang cua trau bo, han che su cam nhiem mam benh
Hlnh 167: Phun thuoc sat trung
chuong bo o’ Id thi> nghiem
Hlnh 168: Ve sinh mang nu56,c uong cho bo o’ Id thu5 nghiem
Hlnh 169: Ve sinh dong co
tru5d5c khi ap dung cac bien phap
phong benh
Hinh 172: Dan bo Id thu5 nghiem sau 4 thang ap dung bien phap
phong benh
Hinh 173: Dan bo Id doi chumg
tru5d5c 4 thang thu5 nghiem
Hinh 174: Dan bo Id doi chumg sau 4 thang thu5 nghiem khong ap dung bien phap phong benh
Chuxyng 3 Benh ky sinh trung thuvng gap d trau , bd, de 263
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