Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development Collaboration for Agriculture & Rural Development 037VIE05 Establish nurseries and training to effectively propagate high quality trees and t
Trang 1Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development
Collaboration for Agriculture & Rural Development
037VIE05 Establish nurseries and training to effectively propagate high quality trees and trial plantation models of Macadamia in 3
provinces of North Vietnam
MS11 Report Part 1, 2, & 3
Part 1 Research Publication/Technical Report on interim results from Macadamia nut varietal trials (at least 10 cultivars in 3 provinces)
Part 2 Report on evaluation of existing cultivars
Part 3 Research and management protocol including assignment of responsibilities for long term management, analysis and reporting of macadamia nut varietal trials
Prepared by Martin Novak Assisted by Hoang Hoe, Kim Wilson and Kim Jones
August 2010 Report
Trang 2Table of Contents
1 Institute Information
2 Milestone 11 Deliverables Summary
3 Executive Summary
4 Introduction & Background
5 Part 1 Research Publication/Technical Report on interim results from Macadamia nut
varietal trials (at least 10 cultivars in 3 provinces)
5.1 Reports on interim results from Macadamia nut variety trials
5.2 General comments for trials based on progress reports 2008
5.3 Advice given to replicate Australian variety trials protocol
5.4 General comments for all trials based on progress reports 2010
6 Part 2 Report on evaluation of existing cultivars
6.1 Variety trial research undertaken by FSI
6.2 Variety trial research undertaken by WASI
6.3 Variety trial research undertaken by Chinese researchers
6.4 Variety trial research undertaken by Thai researchers
6.5 Variety trial research undertaken by South African researchers
7 Part 3 Research and management protocol including assignment of responsibilities for long
term management, analysis and reporting of macadamia nut varietal trials
7.1 Research relating to macadamia varieties
7.2 Selection criteria for suitable best macadamia varieties
8 Next Critical Steps
9 Conclusion
Attachments
Attachment 1 - Van Linh Variety Trial Layout
Attachment - 1.1 Van Linh Variety Trial Block Report May 2008
Attachment 2 - Ba vi Variety Trial Layout
Attachment 2.1 - Ba vi Trial Block Report May 2008
Attachment 3 - Yen Thuy Variety Trial Layout
Attachment 3.1 - Yen Thuy Trial Block Report 2008
Attachment 4 - Vinamac Co Trial plan
Attachment 5 - Australian Variety Trials
Attachment 5.1 - New Australian Variety Trials
Attachment 5.2 - RVT 3 Trials
Attachment 6 - FSI Full report
Attachment 7 - WASI Full report
Attachment 8 - Chinese reports
Attachment 9 - Thai Report
Attachment 10 - South African Macadamia Variety Report
Attachment 11 - Australian research protocols
Attachment 12 - Australian and Vietnam climate data comparisons
Attachment 13 - Project Variety Trials photographic report
Trang 31 Institute Information
effectively propagate high quality trees and trial plantation models of macadamia in 3 provinces of North Vietnam
Vietnamese Institution Center for Environment, Tourism and
Development (CETD)
Vietnamese Project Team Leader Prof Hoang Hoe
Australian Organisation Subtropical Farm Forestry Association
Completion date (original) 31 December 2008
Contact Officer(s)
In Australia: Team Leader
Organisation Subtropical Farm Forestry
Association
Email: martinnovak@bigpond.com
In Australia: Administrative contact
Position: Administrative Officer Fax: 61 2 66284386
Organisation Subtropical Farm Forestry
Trang 42 Milestone 11 Deliverables Summary
The trials sites were initially established in 3 provinces including Ba vi, Hoa Binh and Lang son in the subtropical northern parts of Vietnam in 2007 and 2008 In 2009 an additional one was established in Daklak as it became evident that the central tablelands was the most promising region to grow macadamia in Vietnam Additional trials for the central highlands are planned for 2010
The design of the trials was undertaken by Craig Hardener and Kim Wilson both of whom have extensive experience with varietal trials in Australia Because of the limited time frame
of the project, data to fully evaluate the varieties is insufficient to date It takes 6 to 7 years before meaningful data is available and 15 to 20 years before varieties can be fully assessed
as to sustainable production of good quality kernel
The somewhat older trials of FSI and WASI are playing an important role in providing early indicators as to which varieties are showing promise Data relating to growth, plant health, flowering, nut set, Nut in Husk production, are of interest, however kernel recovery, quality and quantity will be the determining factors in the selection of varieties This will take time and will be an ongoing process as the industry develops
The experience of macadamia industry development in Australia provides very useful insights when trying to develop the best varieties The idea of a super macadamia tree that fulfils all requirements is perhaps a good target concept but is most unlikely in reality If one
Part 1 Research Publication/Technical Report on interim results from Macadamia nut
varietal trials (at least 10 cultivars in 3 provinces)
14 cultivars have been planted in trials in 4 provinces, Ba vi, Hoa Binh, Lang son and Daklak Additional trials of FSI and WASI are also considered in this report
Part 2 Report on evaluation of existing cultivars
Since yield of premium kernel is the most import factor in evaluating cultivars varieties, results from the 3 year old project trials will not start to become significant for another 3
to 4 years Trials of FSI and WASI that are producing kernel provide an opportunity for evaluation Comprehensive variety trials in Australia provide the best opportunity for evaluation of cultivars to date Other trials in China, Thailand, Hawaii and South Africa also complement this evaluation
Part 3 Research and management protocol including assignment of responsibilities for
long term management, analysis and reporting of macadamia nut varietal trials
The Macadamia Association of Vietnam along with research agencies is becoming
involved in this regard utilising the approach taken in other countries, particularly
Australia and South Africa Evaluation criteria for the selection of cultivars are detailed in this report
Trang 5considers seasonal and site variation alone, the saying “the right tree for the right reason at the right place” is possibly worth keeping in mind
Hence the idea of certification of varieties suitable for Vietnam, needs to be approached with some sensitivity It may be worth considering certifying nurseries in producing quality trees suitable to a range of environments and conditions, while at the same time allowing for the freedom to develop new and improved cultivars
The information with regard to varieties resulting from research and practice in Australia, Hawaii, South Africa, China and Thailand continues to be under consideration as a result of the projects role in facilitating collaboration within this global macadamia fraternity Reports relating to these are included in this report with further details attached This collaboration needs to continue beyond the life of this project, by way of the Macadamia Association of Vietnam and the key research agencies
Research and management of variety trials needs to aim at identifying and developing cultivars, which will improve grower productivity, profitability and sustainability The related research and management protocol including assignment of responsibilities has evolved collaboratively during the life of this project and this should continue as the industry develops It will be the important and critical responsibility of the industry stakeholders represented by the Macadamia Association of Vietnam and supported by research agencies and MARD to ensure that the industry, as it develops, is focused on these key factors This report contains attachments which detail research and management protocols and findings for variety trials designed and implemented in Australia and South Africa
4 Introduction and background
The macadamia industries commercial varieties have been developed from the Macadamia integrifolia and Macadamia tetraphylla These are the only commercial species of the macadamia and the world industry is based on varieties and hybrids of these two species The Australian and Hawaiian commercial industries are overwhelmingly based on M.integrifolia
In China, South Africa and New Zealand M tetraphylla is more common mainly via the popularity of the tetraphylla Beaumont Generally the global market prefers the integrifolia because of its whiter uniform kernel colour Growers also prefer it because it falls out of the tree more readily and processors prefer it because of its more round and even thickness shell The history of the use of the macadamia nut tree goes back to the aboriginal people of Australia, however the selection of suitable varieties dates back to the early nineteenth century European settlement of northern NSW and south-eastern Queensland The tree is native to the subtropical regions of eastern Australia and it was farmers who were growing the trees in these regions, on a small scale, who first started selecting trees mostly by way of the highest yield of NIS
The Hawaiian industry was based on some seedling nuts imported from Australia in the 1880s (Trochoulias 1989) These important introductions were made in the late nineteenth century by W.H Purvis (1881), the Jordan Brothers (1892) and the Territorial Board of Agriculture (1881-1895) (Shigeura & Ooka 1984) Van Tassell was a pioneer of the Hawaiian industry who overcame many setbacks to form the Hawaiian Macadamia Nut Co in
1922 which was the first venture to plant commercial macadamia orchards numbering thousands of trees (Agropress 3/94)
Trang 6The commercial industry was established earlier and on a larger scale in Hawaii than in Australia Development of a macadamia industry in Hawaii was very much encouraged by Government The development and growth of this industry has been based largely on the efforts of the agricultural scientists of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Federal Experiment Station, and the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station (HAES) of the University of Hawaii (Shigeura & Ooka 1984) The research of HAES lies behind the industry standard varieties in both Australia, Hawaii, China, South Africa, Brazil and Thailand
1936 in Hawaii, marked the start of successful nursery grafting and this led to the selection of trees suitable for grafting on a commercial basis They discovered by chance the importance
of cincturing and preparing suitable scion wood This was a major undertaking from 1937-39 with 60,000 seedling trees being assessed As a result of this, 62 selections were made, grafted on to seedling trees and planted in four test orchards on four of the Islands
During the 1940s, Dr Storey began the evaluation of these and other trees with most of the trial processing carried out at the factory of Honokaa Sugar Company Finally in 1948, Dr Storey awarded variety status to five selections with two more in 1952 These selections were Ikaika (HAES 333), Kohala (386), and Pahuu (425), all from Van Tassel’s orchard at Mt Tantalus Then Kakea (508) selected at Honolulu in 1936, Keauu (660) from Deschmanda orchard at Kauai and Keahou (246), and an open pollinated seedling from the Kona Coast The American business acumen and the plant breeding from Hawaii have both been fundamental to the development of the macadamia industry around the world It was only in the mid 1990’s that the Australian industry has overtaken the Hawaiians as a world leader both in research and production
Macadamia seedlings are inherently variable and viable commercial production was greatly assisted by Norman Greber in Australia who perfected the simple side graft - still in use today (Power 1982) This development enabled cloning of varieties so that a superior tree might be copied to ensure a uniform orchard
The first organised purchasing and processing operation in Australia was developed by the Angus family (and the giant Mac Farms operations in Australia has its origins with the Angus family processor) which began around the time of the second world war
The first large scale producers and processors in Australia were Commonwealth Sugar Refinery (C.S.R) Macadamia Plantations of Australia (M.P.A.) and Gray Plantations, who in the 1960s and 1970s gave the, industry the critical mass required for a long term future It was this commercial development that encouraged growers and researchers to invest in the industry There have been many pioneers who, in different ways, have made life easier for the growers who followed them In Australia for example Greber, Cottram, Hesslewood, Gowen, Ainsbury, Spooner and Bell to name a few
The industry in Australia only developed following the development of the Hawaii selection
of superior clones For many years most of the Australian industry was based on varieties developed in Hawaii, with varieties HAES 246 (Keauhou), HAES 344 (Kau), HAES 741 (Mauka) and HAES 660 (Keaau) making up most of the orchards However in recent years with the development of Australian varieties such as Hidden Valley A4 and A16, A38, A203,
Trang 7A268 and others, developed by Henry Bell, most new orchards are now based on a mixture of Hawaiian and Australian varieties The project has included some of the Hidden Valley varieties in the trials, including A4, A16 and A38
Currently Australia’s leading research agency, the CSIRO, under its CSIRO Plant Industry (CPI) program is working on an extensive macadamia-breeding program The higher yielding macadamia trees project has identified a selection of the 20 best new macadamia cultivars which look likely to double the yield of existing commercial varieties It is a long term project and unfortunately cultivars are not available to the industry as yet (Attachment 5.2) For details regarding the Hawaiian and Australian varieties refer to Part 2 Section 6 of the report below and Attachments 5 and 10
The development of new varieties is also being undertaken in China, South Africa, Brazil and Thailand Some of this work is detailed in Part 2 Section 6 of the report below and in the attached research papers For details regarding development and features of the Chinese, Thai and South African varieties refer to Attachments 8, 9 and 10 respectively
5 Part 1 Research Publication/Technical Report on interim results from Macadamia nut varietal trials (at least 10 cultivars in 3 provinces).
14 macadamia varieties have been selected for the projects 3 variety trials These include 10 best bet varieties from Australia and 4 from China They include 264, 344, 741, 849, 816,
842, 814, A4, A38, A16 from Australia Guy Yan1, 695, 900, OC were selected from China The trials sites were initially established in 3 provinces including Ba vi, Hoa Binh and Lang son in the subtropical northern parts of Vietnam in 2007 and 2008 In 2009 an additional 2 have been established in Daklak, as it became evident due to the trials of FSI and WASI that the central tablelands was the most promising region to grow macadamia in Vietnam
The design of the trials was undertaken by Craig Hardener and Kim Wilson both of whom have extensive experience with varietal trials in Australia Because of the limited time frame
of the project, data to fully evaluate the varieties is insufficient to date It takes 6 to 7 years before meaningful data is available and 15 to 20 years before varieties can be fully assessed
as to sustainable production of good quality kernel
Most of the information available to date, is gained from the preliminary data of the 3 Variety Trial Technical Reports below [5.1] and further detailed studies of the FSI and WASI variety research trials in [6] Complimentary information is presented from reports of Chinese and Thai project collaborators as well as from research undertaken in South Africa in [6]
5.2 Reports on interim results from Macadamia nut variety trials
The project supported the establishment of three trial sites at Van linh, Ba vi and Yen thuy 2 more recent trials have been established in Daklak, since the focus of macadamia development has sifted to the central highlands
Van linh Station – trial plans (Refer to attachment A1 and photos in A13)
Trang 8Density – 7m x 4m, 14 varieties, 5 trees / variety (3 monitored), Replicated 4 times
Trees required, 14 varieties x 5 x 4 = 280
Buffer trees = 108, Total 388 trees, Total area = 1.1 ha
(For additional details May 2008 Trial Report Attachment 1.1 - detailed reports prepared for original project completion dated December 2008.)
Progress as at October 2008 (Attachment A1.1)
.62 Ha Planted March 2007, 5m x 4m = 500 trees / Ha 312 trees fully planted
Recording growth every 3 months, Recorded trial layout & varieties
Trees require more fertiliser
Progress August 02,2010
Van linh trial plot and nursery: ( Canh)
Trial plot 1: 47 trees of H2 + 741( planted in 2003) 7 years old
- growing well, spacing 3mx3m too dense ( H=5m, )
- harvest 120kg NIS ( 2009)
- estimate 150 kg NIS ( 2010)
Trial plot 2: planted in Nov.2007
- trees growing well ( 60%) H2, 5M-3,0M, 40% trees look not so good
- there are some trees have a few early fruit (3 years-old) fruit mostly size big (Attachment A13)
- Map of plot has been submit in 2008
Ba vi Station – trial plan ( Refer to Attachment A2 and photos in A13)
Density – 7m x 4m, 14 varieties, 10 trees / variety (8 monitored), Replicated 4 times Trees required, 14 varieties x 10 x 4 = 560, Buffer trees = 102, Total 662 trees
Total area = 1.85 ha
(For additional details May 2008 Trial Report Attachment 2.1 - detailed reports prepared for original project completion dated December 2008.)
Progress as at October 2008 (Attachment 2.1)
.85 Ha Planted January 2007, 4m x 2.5m = 1000 trees / Ha, 825 trees fully planted
Recorded trial layout & varieties, Recording costs
Trial plot 2:
- 2007 planted 1000 trees, now H=2-3m, 50% of trees good, the rest not so good smaller and poorer color for all varieties
Trial plot 3
Trang 9- Jan 2008 they planted 2 Ha ( 660 trees) in Bavi, look about 50% trees good H=2-2,5 M, green leaves
Progress at March 2010
Trial sites
1 ha planted 2007 & flowering
600 trees planted 2008 half not good
2009 crop 400 trees produced 250 kg NIH 119 NIS used for seed nut
Flowering time was in April 695 had lots flowers
Overall not much nut set – lacked water & nutrition
Going to collect data on nut yield, measure flowering and fruit
7 trees died in trial plot 3
Fertiliser 1kg NPK x 2 pa will do not yet done Plus 5 -10 kg organic manure
Progress at July 2010
There are some early fruit on the trees of trial plot 3 after a good flowering in March –April (2008 planting)
Yen thuy – trial plan (Refer to Attachment A3 and photos in A13))
Density – 7m x 4m, 14 varieties, 10 trees / variety (8 monitored), Replicated 4 times Trees required, 14 varieties x 10 x 4 = 560, Buffer trees = 128, Total 688 trees
Total area = 1.9 ha
(For additional details May 2008 Trial Report Attachment 3.1 - detailed reports prepared for original project completion dated December 2008.)
Progress as at October 2008 (A3.1)
Yen thuy trial plot , just planted Spring 2008
Progress as at July 2010
2 Yen thuy nursery: ( Yen)
- new planted 02 ha of trial plot ( Yen 01 ha, Duc 01 ha) ( 600 trees )
Continuing to raising 4000 seedlings
Vinamaca Co – Macadamia variety trials (Trial plan Refer to Attachment 4 and photos in
A13))
Village Ka Mang Commune Deliza
District Krongnoang Province Daklak
Total area 1.3ha including trial plot fully fenced
Trial plot
Transplanted from Yen Thuy Nov 2009
360 grafted trees most tagged
Needs mulch around trees
Need to check tag wire otherwise will ring bark trees
Color and trees look good
5.3 General comments for all trial sites based on Progress October 2008
Trang 10There does not appear to be significant difference between varieties at this stage
Very important that all information is recorded the same way
Standard recording sheets have been provided
All need to adopt tree training to improve form
Improve nutrition program
Ensure varieties are identified correctly and careful labelling is maintained
5.4 Advice given to replicate Australian variety trials (Attachments 5)
Monitoring, and measuring the following:
1 Tree growth, Stem diameter, Canopy volume
2 Yield per tree and per square meter, Kernel recovery
3 Pest & Disease occurrence, across different areas
Important that Vietnam researchers collect all this data however No 2 data is the critical data for selecting the best preforming varieties
Consideration needs also to be given to research into varieties in China, Thailand and South Africa referred to below However it should not be assumed that varieties recommended by researchers in other countries will be as suitable in Vietnam The tendency of some research organizations to recommend one cultivar needs to be resisted, until extensive long term monitoring and analysis has been undertaken
5.5 General comments for all trial sites based on Progress Reports of 2010
Data collection needs to be recorded on the standard recording sheets and shared with the Macadamia Association of Vietnam and the relevant research agencies
It appears that recording sheets have not been maintained and /or shared since copies have not been delivered to the project team
It is still too early to come to any meaningful conclusions regarding variety selection so a range of varieties should continue to be monitored
Consistency of treatment within trials and across trials, needs to be maintained much as possible For example, intercropping and fertilizing only part of a trial block introduces variables that are not necessary to the objective of the variety trial
6 Part 2 Report on evaluation of existing cultivars
Since yield of premium kernel is the most import factor in evaluating cultivars varieties, results from the 3 year old project trials will not start to become significant for another 3 to 4 years Trials of FSI and WASI that are producing kernel provide an opportunity for evaluation Comprehensive variety trials in Australia provide the best opportunity for evaluation of cultivars to date Other trials in China, Thailand, Hawaii and South Africa also complement this evaluation
6.1 Findings relating to variety trial research undertaken by Forest Science Institute - FSI
Trang 11FSI Daklak workshop 2009 report extracts (Attachment A6 Full FSI report)
FSI has been testing varieties in 16 trials in 6 provinces They have been collecting a range of data in survival, growth, flowering and fruit production The following tables are examples of the data collected from trials in Ba vi and Daklak
The growth and development of macca varieties in Ba Vi, Ha Tay
Do (cm) H (m) Dt (m) The rate of bearing fruittrees in 008(%)
Name of
variepy Survival rate (%)
X V% X V% X V% Little average Much Daddow 100 8,8 25,5 3,8 18,8 3,5 26,0 40,0 20,0 20,0
The growth and development of macca in Krongnang , Dak Lak
Do (cm) H (m) Dt (m) Rate of bearing fruittrees in 2008 (%)
Trang 12-In Dong Hoi (Quang Binh) macca varieties, OC, 741, 816 246
Grow well and the bearing fruit rate is high
-In Krong nang, Dak Lak, macca varieties 842, 800, 849,246, 741 and OC grow well and the bearing fruit rate is high
-In Mai Son, Son La, macca varieties OC and 246 grow well and are capable of bearing fruit
-In Drakpao, Dak Nong, macca varieties 816, OC, NG8, MC2 and A800 grow well
-In Dai Lai, Vinh Phuc, macca varieties 816, 246, OC, A800 and Daddow grow well
- In Ba Vi macca bear buds from December to the following February Flowers bloom from March to April, bearing fruits from the end of April to June, fruits ripe and fall from December to November The length of flowers is from 11.1 to 21.6 Number of flowers is
226 to 453, bearing fruits rate is 0.02 to 1.6 % Radiance of fruits is from 2.8 to 3.2 cm
- There are differences in the blooming time, so it is necessary to grow the varieties with same blooming time together This makes it easier for trees of different varieties to inter-pollinate and increase bearing fruits rate For a high-productive garden we should grow trees
of different varieties together
Variety 900 -Variety 856 - Variety 842 -Variety 246 - Variety 344
Variety 800 - Variety 788 – Variety 816 - Variety H2
Variety NG8 - Variety 800 – Variety 856 -Variety OC - Variety Daddow- Variety 816 Variety 741 - Variety OC - Variety Daddow - Variety 816 - Variety 849
Table below correlates Variation of size of Macadamia fruit
For varieties: 344, 816, 900