Report of research results : “Research on selecting the macadamia varieties suitable to Central Highland Area and the possibility to develop macadamia with intercropping method” " ppt

VIETNAM AGRICULTURE SCIENCE INSTITUTECENTRAL HIGHLAND AGRICULTURE FORESTRY SCIENCE & TECHONOLY INSTITUE REPORT OF RESEARCH RESULTS TOPIC: “Research on selecting the macadamia varieties

VIETNAM AGRICULTURE SCIENCE INSTITUTE

CENTRAL HIGHLAND AGRICULTURE FORESTRY SCIENCE & TECHONOLY

INSTITUE

REPORT OF RESEARCH RESULTS

TOPIC:

“Research on selecting the macadamia varieties

suitable to Central Highland Area and the possibility to

develop macadamia with intercropping method”

Implementer: Agricultural Engineer Dang Thi Thuy Thao

Dak Lak, February 2009

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS OF MACADAMIA

1 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH

1.1 Define some promising macadamia varieties in the

garden of variety group.

1.2 Define the growth and developing possibility of grafted macadamia trees in the intercropping methods.

1.3 Define the growth and developing possibility of

germinated macadamia trees in the pure cropping.

2 OBJECTIVES AND CONTENT OF THE RESEARCH

The group from China

Organizing method:

Variety: H2, 508, OC, 344, 814

Density: 400 trees/ha (5 x 5m)

Area: 1 ha

Location: Central Highland Agriculture and

Forestry Science and Technology Institue

Productivity, Nut Quality

The group from Thailand

Organizing method:

Variety : H2, 508, 246, 344, 741, 660 Density : 1.100 trees/ha (3 x 3m) Area : 0,05 ha

Location: Central Highland Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology Institue Year of Planting : 2005

Plant with grafted trees Targets:

Growth Appearance

2.1 Assess and select macadamia varieties in the group

In 2009, continue to plant 8 varieties from Australia: A238, A38, A16, A4, Dadow,

344, 246, 203

2.2 Assess the ability of growth and development of the grafted Macadamia tree with the intercropping

Area : 1 ha Year of Planting : 2006 Location : B

Targets: Growth

Intercrop with Cacao Density : 138 trees/ha (6x12m) Variety : H2, 508, OC

Area : 1 ha Year of Planting : 2006 Location : Vi n KHKTNLNTN Targets: Growth

2.3 Assess the ability of growth and development of the grafted Macadamia tree with the pure cropping

Targets: Growth, rate of flowering

trees, rate of collasped trees

Ti Gia Lai

Density : 400 trees/ha (5 x 5m) Origination of variety: Lang Son Area : 1 ha

Year of Planting : 2004 Location: The Centre of Gia Lai Targets: Growth, rate of flowering trees, rate of collasped trees

3 RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH

3.1 Assess and select the macadamia varieties in the group garden : (Chart 1 to Chart 10)

3.2 The growth of Grafted Macadamia in the

intercropping methods : (Chart 11)

3.3 The growth of Germinated Macadamia in the Pure

cropping methods : (Chart 12)

Chart 1: The Growth of the Macadamia varieties after 6 years

6,1 500

21,9 384

17,9 13,1

344

8,4 518

18,9 348

13,4 12,7

814

18,9 425

14,3 349

8,8 13,3

OC

10,3 550

11,5 444

14 15,7

508

6,9 547

7,8 447

10,2 14,9

3.1 Assess and select the macadamia varieties in the group garden

3.1.1 The variety group of Macadamia originated from China

Chart 2: The Form Characters of Macadamia Varieties

40-45 35,0

Dense Pyramid

OC

35-40 40,0

Average Pyramid

344

20-25 51,6

Dense Pyramid

814

35-40 60,8

Average Pyramid

508

25-30 83,3

Average Pyramid

H2

Branch Angle

(o)

Height of branch (cm)

Canopy Density

Canopy Shape

Form Targets Variety

344 H2 508

Chart 3: The Flowering Characters of the Macadamia

varieties

Widespre ad 25

176 14,8

4 100

814

Widespre ad 30

182 15,2

6 100

344

Widespre ad 60

182 16,8

12 100

OC

Widespre ad 70

238 15,8

14 100

508

Widespre ad 60

284 22,7

8 100

H2

Flower Distributi

on per Plant

Rate of Flowering (%)

Number of flower/ste m

Stem length (cm)

Number of Flower/

Stem

Rate of Flowering Plant (%) Tên

ging

H2 OC 344

Chart 4: The Characters of Fruit of Macadamia Varieties

1,7 700

Green Round

3 814

2,1 750

Green Round

4 344

2,1 915

Green

Round,

núm

4 OC

0,8 660

Green Round

3 508

2,4 700

Green Round

7 H2

Colour of ripe fruit Fruit Shape

Number of Fruit/stem Variety

H2 OC

508

Chart 5: Seed Productivity and Quality of some Macadamia Varieties

after 6 years of planting

35,2 4,18

9,1 460

OC

28,4 1,58

6,6 240

508

30,5 3,43

7 490

H2

Rate of Kernel (%)

Productivity (kg/tree)

Weight of Seed (g)

Total of Fruit/Tree Variety

Chart 6: Rate of collapsed trees of macadamia varieties

0 0

0 OC

0 0

0 344

3 5

6 814

2 8,5

9,5 508

3 10

11,7 H2

2007-2008 2006

2005 Variety

Chart 7: Number of falling fruit in according to the sizes of 3

macadamia varieties

1.706 0

2 30

100 514

1.060 OC

6.255 0

11 62

717 2.359

3.106 Total

2.642 0

6 12

261 1.093

1.270 508

1.907 0

3 20

356 752

776 H2

>30 26-30

21-25 16-20

11-15 5-10

Total Fruit diameter (mm)

Variety

Chart 2: Number of falling fruit in according to the sizes of 3 macadamia

S_ qu_

_ K qu_

(mm)

Chart 8: Number of falling Fruit as the fruit Time of 3 macadamia

varieties

6.255 104

731 5.215

205 Total

1.706 23

72 1.557

54 OC

2.642 17

331 2.196

98 508

1.907 64

328 1.462

53 H2

Variety

3.1 2.9

4.3 4.3

3.3 2.3

3.0 2.7

2.0 3.0

2.3 2.0 2.3

1.7 2.0 2.0

2.0 2.0 2.3

2.3 2.7 2.0

2.3 3.3 3.0

3.7 3.0 4.3

5.3 2.7 4.7

4.3 4.7 3.7

Wind Speed

(m/s)

1890 2083

13.3 0.0

4.6 141

157 128

365 541

406 626 273

216 194 87

226 170 163

262 155 405

233 61 10

5.0 61 112

0.0 0.0 4.2

0.4 1.7 12

Raining Volume

(mm)

82 82

81 91

81 87

86 89

88 89

89 89 89

87 87 87

85 85 85

79 82 86

78 73 75

74 76 73

76 73 79

82 79 81

Average Air

Humidity

(%)

29.5 29.5

27.2 26.6

29.6 25.7

28.8 27.8

29.0 29.3

28.4 28.3 29.0

29.2 29.4 29.7

30.5 31.7 30.4

31.4 31.3 29.8

32.4 33.6 33.1

31.5 32.5 30.2

29.0 31.3 26.5

27.1 26.3 27.2

Max

Temperature

(oC)

20.9 20.6

19.2 19.0

20.2 19.1

20.8 21.3

21.7 21.5

21.6 21.6 20.8

22.1 21.7 21.3

22.2 22.2 21.6

21.8 22.2 21.4

21.9 21.8 21.7

20.3 20.4 19.5

19.9 18.5 17.7

19.0 18.5 18.0

Min

Temperature

(oC)

24.0 23.8

22.0 21.8

23.8 21.5

23.7 23.6

24.4 24.3

23.9 24.0 24.1

24.4 24.3 24.7

25.3 25.5 25.1

25.5 25.6 24.6

25.7 26.0 26.1

24.6 24.9 23.5

22.9 23.3 20.7

21.6 21.3 20.7

12 11

10 9

8 7

6 5

4 3

2 1

Month Factors

THE WEATHER STATISTICS IN BUON MA THUOT 2006, 2007, 2008

Chart 3: Number of falling Fruit as the fruit Time of 3 macadamia

varieties

05001000150020002500

H2508OC

Some Images of Falling FruitsM

r

Tháng 2

Chart 9: The impact of supplementary integration to macadamia

productivity

4,45 4,18

490 460

9,1 OC

1,12 1,58

170 240

6,6 508

3,57 3,43

i510 490

7,0 H2

Without Integratin g

With Integratin g

Without Integratin g

With Integratin g

Productivity (kg/tree)

Number of … Fruits

u Weight of

Seed (g) Variety

3.1.2 Macadamia variety group originating from

Thailand

Chart 10: The Growth of macadamia varieties imported from Thailand

after 3 years of planting

7,3 171,6

12,0 386,6

2,4 6,2

741

34,1 176,4

20,7 355,7

16,1 6,4

246

18,8 185,9

16,1 343,0

14,2 6,2

Average

18,9 168,3

17,6 319,1

13,8 6,0

344

25,2 143,3

18,8 270,5

27,0 4,9

660

10,1 208,0

11,7 360,0

9,6 6,6

508

17,2 247,8

15,9 366,1

16,3 7,1

H2

CV% Average

CV%

Average CV%

Average

Canopy Diameter

(cm) Tree height (cm)

Root Diameter (cm) Variety

Macadamia variety group originating from

Thailand

3.2 Assess the possibility of growing and developing of Grafted

macadamia in the intercropping methods

Chart 11: The growth of Grafted Macadamia in the Intercropping

Methods after 2 years

26,5 165,2

20,8 2,5

18,7 216,7

Average

27,4 98,2

16,2 2,9

18,1 207,0

Cocoa

27,9 110,7

25,4 1,9

22,0 207,3

Robusta

24,3 121,6

20,9 2,7

16,0 235,8

Arabica

CV% Averag

e

CV%

Averag e

CV%

Averag e

Canopy Diameter (cm)

Root Diameter

(cm) Tree Height (cm)

Intercrop with

Macadamia intercropping

with Arabica Macadamia intercropping with Cocoa

3.3 Assess the possibility of growing and developing of Germinated Macadamia in the pure cropping method

Chart 12: The Growth of Germinated Macadamia after 4 Years

22,0 24,6

261,2 13,0

424,6 10,1

8,7

Buon Ma

Thuot-
ak Lak

14,5 24,3

248,0 15,9

378,5 14,7

7,8

Ia Grai – Gia Lai

CV%

TB CV%

TB CV%

TB

% Flowerin

g Plant (%)

Canopy Diameter (cm)

Tree Height (cm)

Root Diameter

(cm)

Growing Targets Locations

Gia Lai Gia Lai

Grafted Macadamia after 3 years flowering

(Rate of Flowering Tree is 100%)

4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 Nhn xét

well In general, all the varieties can produce flowers and fruits Percentage of flowering plant of all the varieties is 100%; currently three varieties have high rate of flowering and producing fruit are H2,

- Initially OC is seen as a quite suitable variety with the ecological conditions in Dak Lak It has high potential yield, large seed size, less pest and in particular, the balanced canopy; it is also solid and drought-resistant.

- Macadamia varieties grown in Buon Ma Thuot has higher rate of falling fruit in the dry season, this is the biggest disadvantage to investigate and overcome.

- Supplementary integration in the dry season partly reduces the rate

of falling fruit and increases macadamia productivity but not so significant.

- Macadamia varieties imported from Thailand after 3 years grwoing well but having not produced flowers and fruits yet.

- Grafted Macadamia intercropped with robusta, arabica and cocao after 2 years growing normally and have no signal of pest.

- Germinated Macadamia grown in
ak Lak and Gia Lai after 4 years growing well Many trees start flowering and producing fruits, the rate of flowering treess reaches from 15 – 22%.

4.2 Recommendations

Continue to assess the possibility of flowering and producing fruits, and productivity of macadamia varieties in the above experiments, which will be the permanent base for selecting the suitable varieties

to develop this tree specie in Central Highland.

Developing macadamia is currently a good trend However, in order to grow macadamia effectively, instead

of being hasty, there should be steady steps from ecological needs assessment of macadamia, select the appropriate regions, varites and caring regime Thus, the possibility of success will be higher.

Macadamia Plantation in Thailand

August 4 th , 2009 Dak Lak Vietnam

Macadamia growing area of in Thailand

•Limited on the highland:
700

meters msl.

•Planted area about 15,000-20,000

rai (2,400-3,125 ha.) mainly in

northern of Thailand.

Situation of Macadamia Nut in Thailand

•1/3 of total trees planted is bearing and

produces about 3,000 tones NIS per year.

•Nut price is expensive = 500-1,000
.

($US 15-30 )

•Have to import from Australia.

• M integrifolia Maiden & Betche

History in Thailand

 1953 : By USOM, USA sent seed

of macadamia (M integrifolia) to

that is the beginning of the research

Chantaburi

experimental stations

Chiang Mai

Royal Agricultural Research Center

1955:Fang station (CM) 10 trees :Doi Musor(Tak) 10 trees

1956:Mae Jo station(CM) 3 trees

1968:Chiangdow(CM) # 246,333,508

1983:Mae Chon Luang Station(CM) D4(Seed)

# 741=300 trees # 800=200 trees

1984:# 246,333,344,508,660,741,800 Hinde = 1200 trees

1985:DOA Own Choice (OC)/Hy Varietal Testing

(10 Cultivars/15 locations)

16.3 15.2

14.9 12.6

21.4 10.5

6.7 Av

14.3 10.7

7.1 17

10 9.7

7.9 OC

11.9 10.5

17.5 14.7

18.5 14.4

8.9 HY

27.2 18.8

30.2 16.2

24.9 17.8

16.3 H2

13.6 7.7

15.4 10.1

14.3 5.4

2.1 800

12.7 17.9

13 8.3

19.4 6.3

2.3 741

14.5 16.4

11.2 5.2

17.7 10.5

2.4 660

13.8 17.8

24.7 16.1

25.3 6.7

8.2 508

12.6 14.4

7.2 8.7

31.5 14.2

1.1 344

16.5 24.9

11.3 11.9

26.6 11.4

11.8 333

16 13.3

11.9 18.2

26.1 8.5

6.2 246

KW KK

DMS FNG

CHR

Location/Altitude Variety

Macadamia NIS location yield trial at 12 years old (kg/tree)

2.2 2.4

2.1 2.2

2.0 2.0

1.8 Av

2.6 2.5

2.4 2.9

2.5 2.0

2.0 OC

1.6 1.9

1.8 2.2

2.4 1.8

1.7 HY

2.2 2.4

2.0 2.0

1.3 2.1

1.8 H2

2.8 3.0

2.6 2.2

2.3 2.1

1.7 800

2.3 2.8

2.4 2.3

2.2 2.3

1.5 741

2.2 2.4

2.0 1.7

1.7 1.9

1.9 660

2.2 2.2

2.2 2.2

1.7 1.7

1.8 508

2.2 2.3

2.1 2.2

2.1 2.3

2.0 344

1.9 1.8

1.8 2.1

1.8 1.9

1.6 333

2.5 2.7

2.3 2.3

2.1 2.3

2.0 246

KW KK

DMS FNG

CHR

Location/Altitude Variety

Average kernel weight (g) location trial between 5-12 years old

31.2 33.1

32.2 29.3

27.0 28.9

29.1 Av

32.8 31.5

31.7 32.2

31.2 29.6

32.3 OC

21.6 22.8

25.6 25.0

19.3 21.5

21.8 HY

29.0 31.5

29.3 28.4

28.2 29.7

29.0 H2

33.0 37.2

33.8 28.5

27.2 31.4

28.5 800

35.6 37.9

36.0 27.9

31.1 32.0

30.4 741

36.1 39.0

36.4 32.7

27.8 30.3

31.7 660

33.1 33.4

33.9 30.6

27.0 30.1

32.3 508

31.3 34.0

32.8 27.1

28.0 25.3

26.8 344

27.2 28.1

28.3 27.6

24.0 28.4

28.3 333

33.2 35.9

34.7 29.7

26.5 30.8

29.8 246

KW KK

DMS FNG

CHR

Location/Altitude Variety

Average kernel percentage location trial between 5-12 years old

27.8 30.3

26.8 22.6

24.1 26.6

26.1 Av

30.9 30.1

28.9 29.8

27.3 26.6

29.0 OC

17.9 18.0

17.3 19.4

23.2 19.1

22.8 HY

25.3 30.0

25.8 21.4

22.6 27.7

26.7 H2

31.7 24.9

19.8 24.9

23.4 29.8

24.3 800

31.6 35.3

30.7 24.3

27.4 30.0

27.5 741

34.4 37.0

30.8 24.3

27.9 28.5

29.8 660

29.9 29.6

28.9 19.2

20.5 27.4

29.3 508

28.2 32.6

28.4 22.6

27.1 23.4

22.7 344

23.6 25.0

22.4 21.4

21.7 26.6

23.9 333

25.9 30.3

25.2 19.3

20.0 27.6

25.6 246

KW KK

DMS FNG

CHR

Location/Altitude Variety

Average recovery percentage location trial between 5-12 years old

56 35

20

-55 33

19

-53 30

18

-51 27

17

-50 24

16

-48 18

15

-46 21

14

-43 18

13

-40 15

13.9 12

35 13

12.5 11

29 10

12.24 10

23 6

10.33 9

17 5

6.15 8

11 4.5

3 7

5 1.0-3.0

2 6

3 -

0.94 5

Hawaii Australia

Thailand Age (year)

Nut in shell (kg/tree)

History in Thailand

M integrifolia Maiden & Betche

Chiang mai 400 (Haes 660) Chiang mai 700 (Haes 741) Chiang mai 1000 (Haes 508)

 344 H2 (polliniser)

(800 meters MSL.

Chiang Mai (Khunwang 1300 meters MSL.

30-38 31-37

35-41

(%recovery)

84-100 88-99

93-100

Oil content

(%)

32-39 32-39

34-42

Kernel (%)

5-12 3-8

5-12

Fruits/raceme

148-170 135-150

175-190

Nuts/kg

Small-Medium Medium

Small-Medium

Nut in Shell

Haes508 (CM1000)

Haes741 (CM700)

Haes660 (CM400)

CULTIVARS

Characteristic

180 - 210 July-Sept.

Dec.-Feb.

< 800

180 - 210 Apr.-May

2.July-Aug.

180 - 240 Jun-Sept.

1.Dec.-Feb.

800-1,300

Harvest period (days)

Remove leaves and

weedy under tree

Hand harvesting

Shaw Dehusker Machine

NIS sorting machine into three sizes.

small/medium/large)

Harvesting-Nut Cracking

Method

II By machines (mechanical cracker)

I By hand (Pliers & hand crackers)

Harvesting-Sorting of

Kernels

Cracked macadamia nuts

which need to be sorted

hand sorting 4 classes: not cracked, partially cracked, whole nut, broken nut.

drying in the oven at 70° C for 3 days until they reach a

moisture content of 1%.

Harvesting-Storage and

Packaging

Machine used for

vacuum packaging Heated electric wire

seals the package.

Vacuum packed laminate packages.

1 Macadamia nut in shell

2 Select size in grading machine

3 Decrease humidity

in hot machine

4 Shell off in machine

5 Shelled kernels after used machine

6 Select grade of shelled kernels

7 Shelled kernels after selected

8 Shelled kernels

9 Cracked kernels

10 Clean shelled kernels

9 8

7

15 14

13

• Modified veneer side graft

• Top working

Propagation: Modified veneer side graft

Stock

Equipment

Root Stock

Coconut husk

Plastic bag

Equipment

Knife, scissor, plastic tape

Good cultivar Root Gro

Equipment

Method

Dip in IBA 10 secs.Method

Method

d

d

d

d

Commercial Potential

•Be the prime edible nut.

•Even at the high prices demanded, twice of

cashew nuts, the market remains unfilled.

•This demand for macadamia nuts has spurred a flurry of plantings in areas all over the world

where macadamias will thrive.

•There is a limited but significant commercial production of the nuts in Thailand.

Macadamia Cuisine

Macadamia + Arabica coffee