Workshop Training Manual: " Technologies for improving goat housing and hygiene in the central provinces of Vietnam " ppt

House door • The door is required to be larger than the goat’s body size about 60-80 cm for be easy to go out and in, especially for pregnant goats • Materials for goat cage door should

Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development

Vietnam-Australia Goat Improvement Program

(Card Program 009/VIE05 2006-2009)

Workshop Training Manual

Technologies for improving goat housing and hygiene

in the central provinces of Vietnam

PGS Dr Dinh van Binh

Dr Nguyen Thi Mui MSc Khuc Thi Hue

Ha Tay, November 21, 2008

PART I Housing technology in goat production

1 Principles

• Goat houses are required to be clean, clear, dry and convenient for taking care of goats

• Housing floor is 60-80 cm from ground

• Housing place is required to be away from rain, wind and sunlight directly shinning to goats

• Housing place should be with good drainage, dry place and in large tree shade

• Along with goat houses should be a yard for managing, breeding, testing, feeding, trading and treating goats

• Inside the cage and yard is required to be a feed trough for goats

• Vietnam’s climate is a tropical monsoon, with high temperature and humidity Therefore, goat housing should be in east south direction for avoiding east north wind in winter and receiving east south wind in summer

2 Materials for goat housing

Materials for goat housing can be wood, steel nets, or bamboo House stands are made of brick

3 Goat housing technology

3.1 House frame

Support pillar made of wood Two-roof house structure

• House frame is made of wood or bamboo It is the best way if the frame is made of wood because it is the big stand for the cage

• The support pillar can be made of wood or brick with 50-70 cm height, the top should be covered with solid wooden girders

3.2 House roofing

Roofs are made of white corrugated

iron

Roofs are made of fibro cement

• The roof is from the ground enough to avoid wind, and slopping for good drainage, and at least 60 cm from the wall to keep away from sunshine and rain

• Roof is made of bamboo, wood, or corrugated iron, or fibro cement

3.3 House walls

House wall covered by B40 net House wall made of bamboo/wood

Squares made of bamboo for keeping baby

goats before gazing

House walls made of bamboo

• House walls are for keeping goats at the height of 1.5-1.8 m

• Walls are made of bamboo, wood, or B40 iron net

• The distance of bamboo lines is about 6-10 cm in order to let goats not go out

• Walls are required to be strong, and without small iron hooks which can hurt goats

• Walls should be arranged by panels to avoid sticking goat legs

• Inside cages should be small panels for baby goats

3.4 House door

• The door is required to be larger than the goat’s body size (about 60-80 cm) for be easy to

go out and in, especially for pregnant goats

• Materials for goat cage door should be bamboo, wood or plastic

• Cage door can be designed as the barrier and as stairs for goats to go in and out the cage

Door made of wood and corrugated iron Doors made of bamboo, wood or B40 net

Stair made of bricks Stair made of wood

3.5 House floor

Floor at 30-35 o c slope Floor made of cement

• House floor should be built at the slope of 30-35o

backward for being more convenient to clean the cage

• The house floor at best is made of cement or solid soil

Pit for manure at the back of cage Drain for compost

• At the back of the cage should be drains or holes for composting This is a good way of preventing pollution in the house and from disease infection

• Goat manure should be compost for at least 1 month before manuring the trees

• In front of the house underneath should be the fence for keeping goats from going inside

or to the back

Fence in front of the cage underneath

3.6 House floor

This is the important part of the goat cage

• The floor should be made of wood with size of 2.5 x 3 cm, assembled into lines with a space of 1-1,5 cm in between that is large enough for manure, but goat leg to drop down

Floor made of bamboo Floor made of wood

• If the floor is made of bamboo, the bamboo sticks are required to be straight so that goat leg can not be dropped in the space between bamboo sticks, and bamboo splints should

be directed above, which will not in turns create stagnant water and manure on the floor

• Goat cage floor should be flat and at 50-70 cm away from the ground

Floor is about 0.5m from the ground

3.7 Feeding trough

• Feeding trough of green and raw feed should be made in front and outside the cage Holes should be made for goats to leave their heads to eat feeds These holes should be at 40-60 cm from the ground, at the size of 25-30 cm

• Feeding troughs should be made of wood or bamboo or plastic with the size of 30 x 50 x 25cm

Green feeding trough inside Green feeding trough outside

• Feeding troughs of pure feeds can be made of wood, bamboo, or plastics and hung outside the cage, at 50-60 cm from the floor, which is easy for raisers to clean the house and put feed in the troughs The size of the troughs should be 30 x15 x10 cm

• Water troughs are made of plastic or pottery or cement Water troughs can be put outside

in the ground and should be at 50 cm from the ground so that goats can not step on

Feeding trough put on the wall Watering goats with aluminum pots

3.8 Yard

For good management of breeding, it is required to be a yard around the cage

• The yards is put in front of the cage with required area of 1.5 m2

per goat

• Yard should be made of cement or soils and with fence around it

• Fences are required to be made of bamboo, or wood, or B40 net

Yards with fence made of B40 net

4 Standard area for goat house

Depending on the purpose of raising goats for meats or milk, the structure of goat houses are designed to be different If raising goats for milk, goats should be kept individually But for meat, goats should be kept in groups Areas of the goat houses should be calculated as follows:

Breeding billy goats 1.0 – 1.2 1.4 – 1.6

Goats of 07-12 months old 0.6 – 0.8 0.8 – 1.0

Below 6-month old goats 0.3 – 0.5 0.4 – 0.6

PART 2 Process of raising and taking care of goats at different ages

1 Taking care of goats by their mother

1.1 From birth to the age of 15 day old

After delivered from their mother, baby goats are cleaned and placenta be cut, they are put in a straw pallet beside their mother 20-30 minutes right after delivery, baby goats should be breast –fed In the first 3-7 days, mother goats’ milk is rich in nutrition which is a good for baby goats to grow up and prevent from diseases

In case of weak newly-born goats, it is required to assist baby goats to be breast-fed or feed them with bottles of breast milk 3-4 times a day

If the mother goat does not allow her baby to be breast –fed, it is required to keep tightly the mother goat and leave baby goats to be breast-fed many times until when the mother let her baby to be fed directly

In the 3-4 first days, the weak newly-born goat needs to assist to be breast-fed from the both nipples If the baby is only breast-fed from one breast, the other breast will in turns be swollen and can be led to mastitis and no milk left for baby to be fed

A newly-born goat is kept warm in a straw pallet

1 2 In the period of 15 days-45 days after delivery

In this period of time, keep the baby from his/her mother As usual, milk twice a day for goats with daily milk production of more than 1 litter After milking, let the baby goat to be breast fed in order to take all milk from his/her mother Then let the baby goats to be fed 300-350

ml more (2-3 times per day) To identify the amount of milk for baby goats, it is required to weigh baby goats before and after being breast-fed, and then you can know how much bottle milk to provide more for baby goats

As for milk goats in household farming, as keep the baby goat away from his/her mother at night (from 5pm until 6.30 am in the following day) and milk once a day in the morning As for meat goats, it is required to keep baby goats together with his/her mother

1.3.In the period of 46-90 days old

Feeding baby goats with 600 ml litter of milk everyday and cut down to 400 ml in two times a day Goat milk or any other milk should be kept warm at 38-40oC Before feeding, nipple should be kept clean or sterilized

From the 15th days on, baby goats should be fed with other digestive feeds like bran, corn powder, Soya bean powder, green leaves

A 24- 45 day old goats should be fed with 30-35g of feed, and a 46-90 day old goats should be fed with 50-100g of pure feed Animal feed will be added until the baby goat can eat indepently Baby goats needs feeding with clean waters

2 Take care of reserve goats

It is better to select high-productive she goats and nanny goats after weaning:

• Take care of reserve goats by good regulations Goats should not be fed with feeds rich in energy like corns, cassava, mixed feed, but fed with green and raw feed (2-5 kilogram per day), equivalent to 65-75% dry materials

• As for new feed, by products should be added step by step with digestion capacity of 0,5kg per head

0,1-• Provide enough clean water for goats, create good conditions for goats to exercise 3-4 hours a day Clean cage floor, ground, trough daily

• Baby Billy goats should be taken good care After 3 month old, the goat should be keep separately When the goat is 11-12 months old, it is able to copulate

• At the first stage of taking care of reserve goats, the goats are easy to be infected such diseases as diarrhea, bloating stomas Thus, feed sources are required to be hygienic, and suitable solutions should be given out

3 Technology of taking care of reproductive goats

3.1 Pregnant goats

After mating, if the cycle of heat does not come back, it means that the goat is pregnant The time of pregnancy for goats lasts at average of 150 days (ranging from 145-157 days) Thus,

it is required to make preparation for goats to deliver

During the time of pregnancy, goats should be paid more attention because they tend to eat more Therefore, they should be provided more nutritious feed for more milk and better life

If the baby goats get stuck, mother goats will cry out At this time we need help them by using sterilized hand to push the embryo out favorably by rhythm of contracting muscles of the mother

It is important to identify the position of the embryo When the baby goat goes out, the mother goat herself lick her baby Then clean the baby goat and cut umbilical cord which is 3-4cm from the belly by sharp sterilized knife It is important not to allow the mother to eat the placenta

In case of difficult delivery and 4 hours after delivery placenta not going out, it is required to ask veterinary staffs

After delivery, mother goats are required to be fed with 0.5% salty water or 5-10% sugar water Everyday, mother goats are fed with fresh, green and high quality feed by identified helps However, mother goats should not be fed with too much pure feed to avoid bloating

Clean udder and vulva of mother goats In case of red swelled udders, it required to apply hot compress to avoid obstructed lactiferous duct

3.3 Milking goats

If good care is taken of goats, they will give a high production of milk Therefore, it is required to provide the following assistance:

• Mother goats should be fed with more green and fresh feed and pure mixed feed with a content of protein of 15-17%, Premix, mineral, and salt In addition, some feeds like jack fruit leaves, mixed bran good for milk should be supplemented

• A goat with a daily milk productivity of more than 2 liters should be provided with enough pure feed of 400 g per liter of milk at the first and the second month, and it should be milked twice daily

• Provide as much water as possible (about 3-5 liter per head) in troughs inside cages and grounds Often supplement mineral prefix of 0.5 kilogram for goats per month during the time of milking The mineral premix can be mixed with pure feed or be made in blocks

on the cage walls, or put in bamboo pipe for goats to lick

• Create good conditions for goats to exercise or run around the ground 3-5 hours everyday Rub and delouse goats

• Keep tracks of mother goats in the first second months after delivery The weight of mother goats in the period of time decline by 5-7%, but it will improve since the middle second month If the mother goats are not taken good care, they will give bad production

• As for high- yield goats, it is easy for them to get mastitis Thus, it is required to keep tracks of goats, their udders, colors and flavor of milk In case of unusual circumstance, there should be some methods of warming or massage udders by salty and warm water,

or some other veterinary solutions

Milk

Posture for milking

• Milking process

1 Clean hands and nipples before milking

2 Hold the nipple 3 Hold tightly by other fingers

by thumb and fore finger

4 Hold the nipple by the whole hand 5 Hold tightly by the whole hands

6 Leave milk go down to the nipple 7.Do again the above process

8 Milking by the thumb and fore finger 9 Stroke the nipple from up to down

4 Taking care of male breeding goats (bucks)

The breeding bucks should be kept away from the milking goats or kept in the region at the back of the house This will make the bucks more ardent and will prevent the strong smell from the milk As usual, a 50 kilogram buck needs feeding about 4 kg of green grass, 1.5 kg of protein leaves and 0.4 kg of pure feed daily If breeding twice a day, it is required to be fed 0.3kg

of vegetables or 1-2 chicken eggs more

Breeding goats needs providing enough minerals It is required to leave goats to exercise twice a week by cleaning and combing goat body

It is required to have a book tracking the effects of breeding for productivity management When the effect of breeding can only reach below 60%, and the age of the breeds is more

than 6 years, the breeds should be rejected

Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development

Vietnam-Australia Goat Improvement Project

(CARD Project 009/VIE05 2006-2009) Workshop Training Manual

Goat selection, breeding and management in the

Central provinces

Asst Prof., Ph.D Dinh Van Binh

Engineer: Trinh Xuan Thanh

Ha Tay, Nov 21, 2008

Part 1 Goat selection and management

I Background

Goat raising industry is cost effective, with a low initial cost and a high rate of walking capital Goat development crucially depends on breeding knowledge, which can help create goats of great adaptability and high productivity, and thus improve goat raising industry

1 Goat raising in Vietnam

Total number of goats in Vietnam in 2006 is over 850,000; in which the North accounts for 72.5% and the South accounts for 27.5% (12.3% for the Central Highlands, 8.9% for the Central Coast, and 2.1-3% for the Southeastern and the Southwestern) Goats in the Northern moutainous areas make up 48% of the country, and 67% of the North

Most of them are local grass goats, which are small in size and low in productivity Presently, there is neither a national system of breeding management, nor a large scale farming industry

In 1994, there were 3 breeds of dairy goats (Beetal, Jumnapari, Barbari) imported from India In

2002, there were 2 breeds of dairy goats (Alpine, Saanen) and 1 breed of meat goat (Boer)

imported from America for raising and cross-breeding to improve productivity

The result shows that cross-breeding between the Bach Thao or Indian male with the local grass female will help create an F1 with 25-30% higher productivity In case of the F2, the productivity is higher by 40-55%

Up to now, goat development has been contributing to hunger ellimination and poverty eradication, income enhancement and economic improvement in many places, especially in the mountainous areas

2 Goat raising’s significance

Goat is a cow to a poor family, according to Mahatma Gandhi – the famous Indian leader, or a bank of the poor, according to Peacock, or even a trustful insurance company to the poor,

according to RM Acharay, President of the International Goat Association

In China and Vietnam, goat industry is considered to be profitable and cost effective; due to the fact that goats are fecund, adaptable, disease-resistant, easy to raise, as well as have a short period of pregnancy (5 months), and do not compete with human for food

According to FAO, more than 90% of goats in the world are raised in developing countries, which may represent a significant income

Goat raising has been contributing to the poor’s economic development, especially in the mountainous areas, where other animal like cows or pigs are hard to raise Goats play an important part in hunger ellimination and poverty eradication; many households get out of poverty thank to goats

3 Advantages and disadvantages of goat raising

3.1 Advantages

• Goat raising needs less initial capital than cow raising (the price of 20-25 million VND for a cow is equal to the amount needed for 10-15 Bach Thao dairy goats, or 25-30 meat grass goats)

• Goat is more prolific than cow After 4 years, a nanny-goat gives birth to 23 kids with

500 kg of meat and 2,500 kg of milk, in comparision with a cow delivering only 1 calf with 350 kg of meat and 2,000 kg of milk Moreover, goat is easily adaptive, even in severe environmental conditions

• Goat is smaller than cow; still a good dairy goat can produce milk of 3-3.5 liters/day, providing a suitable raising procedure In term of milk output/100 kgP ratio, Barbari goat has the highest figure of 3.41, Bach Thao goat reaches 2.4, and Ba Vi local cow records a mere figure of 2.1 Goat’s feed is abundant, multiple, easy to find; total amount of feedstuff for goats is smaller than that for cows or buffaloes

• Total amount of feed for 10 goats is equal to that for 1 cow, whereas total amount of feed for 7-8 dairy goats is equal to that for 1 milch cow Meanwhile, the sensitivity to change

of food is much lower in goat than in cow

• Raising goat is easy due to goat’s tameness and small size; whereas raising cow is more difficult to undertake, especially to the elderly, women and children

• Goat is clean; it does not eat the leftover, dirty or rotten stuffs Goat prefers to stay in high and airy place

• Goat pasturing needs a smaller space, with a larger number of heads in comparison with cow pasturing A small herd of goats can be pastured around the house, alongside the dyke or ricefield’s edge Goats can be raised inside stable, or in grassland, orchard, timber forest or moutainous areas

• Goat’s excrement provides a good source of manure, foodstuff for fish, foodstuff for earthworm (which in turn can be fed to domestic fowls and fertilized plants)

• Goat raising is a stable source of self-insurance In case of crops failure or emergency condition, goats can be easily sold for a quick cash

• Goat is small in size, easy to carry and sell; products from goat are nutrious and prefered

• Lack of experience is one of the main causes for the underdevelopment of the goat raising industry Experience comes from reality, guidebook, or information exchange But in fact, goat raising documents are rare, whereas raising knowhow has yet found the

natural grassland, to take full advantage of natural resources, idle employment and dormant capital; goat raising is yet conceived as a main source of income and wealth

II breeds of goat in vietnam

1 Dual-purpose goat

1.1 Bach Thao goat

Normal weight: 45-50kg (female) and

60-70kg (male)

Fertility rate: 1.8 young/brood

Milk output: 1.5-3 liter/day Milk cycle: 150-160 days

1.2 Babari goat

- Male: 50-55kg

- Female: 35-40 kg

Milk output: 1.2-2.2 liter/day

Milk cycle: 150-155 days

- Fertility rate Young/brood: 1.5; brood/year: 1.5 Survival rate until weaning: 85-95%

1.3 Jumnapari goat

- Male: 80-85kg,

- Female: 45-50 kg

- Milk productivity

Milk output:1.8-2.5 liter/day

Milk cycle: 180-200 days

- Fertility rate Young/brood: 1.4; brood/year: 1.3 Survival rate until weaning: 85-95%

1.4 Beetal goat

- Male: 80-85kg,

- Female: 50-55 kg

- Milk productivity: 1.8-3 liter/day

- Milk cycle: 180-210 days

- Fertility rate Young/brood:1.3 ; brood/year: 1.3 Survival rate until weaning: 85-95%

2 Dairy goats in Vietnam

- Milk out put: 2.8-3.5 liter/day Milk cycle: 180-220 days

3 Meat goat

3.1 Boer goat

Male:100 - 140 kg Female: 80 – 100 kg

Young/brood: 1,7; brood/year: 1,5 Carcass rate: 50-55%, Meat rate: 38-40%

3.2 Grass goat

Weight: 27-32 kg

Female’s weight 24-27 kg Milk output: 0,3-0,4 liter/day, Milk cycle: 80-90 days

Survival rate until weaning: 65-70%

4 Hybrid goats in Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Lam Dong

1 Male selection for breeding

1.1 Selection by the previous generation

A good male breeder is very important, because it may contribute up to 50% of its heredity to the next generation

Selection standards:

Breed males should be selected from a generation of high reproductiveness, with a good appearance, excellent fertility rate, and healthy offspring Breed Male should be selected from a prolific mother, within the second breed onwards (which secures the healthiness of the offspring) Fertility rate reaches at least 85%

1.2 Selection by apperance and productivity

ƒ Breed Male should have a short head, large and thick and lowered ears, proportioned body, large neck, brawny breast, strong and robust limps, equal and big testicles Sperm quality must meet VAC standard (i.e over 1 billion)

well-ƒ Fertility rate should be over 80% Offspring should be healthy; the rate of new born/breed should be higher than normal

Breed Male with short head,

large and thick and lowered

ears, well-proportioned body

Equal, big, split testicles

Sperm quality meets VAC standard (i.e over 1 billion)

Well-proportioned body, large neck, brawny breast, strong and robust limps

1.3 Selection by the next generation

Evaluating the male breeder by its offspring

2 Female breeder selection

Selection by the previous generation (grandparents, parents)

Selection by the quality of the breeder:

- Appearance

- Productivity and adaptability

- Selection by the next generation

Æ In case of goat, due to its high fertility rate, short reproductive cycle and large herd, people often choose the breeder by its attributes

Selection criteria:

1 Broad, firm and slightly long head, vivacious face

2 Neck is long, soft, firm and tapering toward head

3 Straight back

4 Rib is round and slanting backward

5 There is a furrow before pelvis, representing a good digestive system

6 Broad hip, equal and large breasts with obvious milk sinew

7 Straight and well-proportioned forelegs; straight hindlegs

8 Long and strong jaw

9 Good genital

10 Meet with criteria of weight and fertility

11 Suitable age; overage nanny-goat should not be chosen as breeder

Goats suitable for breeding

Goat with 3.2 kg of milk/day Boer goat with 3 newborns

- Large and equal breasts with obvious milk

sinew

- Good genital structures

- Nanny-goat with 2 or more young

- Nanny-goat which was born by a mother of 2

or more young/breed

Nanny-goat should not be selected:

1) Long head, skinned ears

2) Short and rough neck

3) Rib is straight and brick-like if looked from side

4) Small belly

5) Rough and meaty breasts (feel like meat if squeezing); milk amount less than usual 6) Ankle joints close together when walking

7) Narrow and sloping hip bone

8) Overage goat, which often miscarries or feels hard to copulate

9) Abnormal genital

- Too close hindlegs - Too spreading hindlegs

PART 2 BREEDING KNOWLEDGE

• Bach Thao goat 22 – 25 kg each

• Grass goat: 18 – 20 kg each

- Female rut season: 19-21 days

- Rut time 1-3 days

2 Female rut signs

• Red, swollen and wet vulva

• Goat screams, refuses to eat, jumps on other goat’s back

• Tail wagging

• Sudden decrease of milk if in lactation

• Billy-goats run after this female and try to copulate

3 Suitable mating time

When accepting copulation, the female stands still for the male jumps on her back

Suitable mating time

Notice:

a Do not choose a consanguineous male breeder

b Breeding twice with 12 hours interval: before 9 o’clock and after 16 o’clock

c Do not pasturing a rutting nanny-goat to avoid:

i Multiple copulation

ii Fighting among the males

d 21 days after copulation, the nanny-goat becomes pregnant if it does not rut again

e After copulation, a record should be taken, which helps monitor, manage and anticipate the day of delivery

f If a nanny-goat has a wet, smelly vulva and often followed by the male, that female may catch vaginitis, which requires examination and treatment

4 Keep record of the breeding time

Brood Time Date

Anticipated day of delivery

Day of delivery

No of young Weight

5 Breeding methods

Purebred:

Male Bach Thao Female Bach Thao

Purebred Bach Thao

Male Boer Female Boer

Male Bach Thao

Female Bach Thao

X

Purebred Boer

Hybrid breed

Using Bach Thao or Indian goat male crossed with Co

Co

Dª Cá

Use Boer, Saanen, Alpine males cross with females of Bach thao,

India and F1 goats

Barbari

Bachthao Beetal Jumnapari F1BtC;JuC;BeC

F1 x Boer for meat

F2 x Boer (75%)for meatt

F1 x Saanen or Alpine for milk F2 x Saanen or Alpine (75%) for milk

Male Boer Female Bach Thao

Boer Bach Thao of 50% Boer’s blood Boer Bach Thao of 75% Boer’s blood

F1 BtCỏ

BoBtCỏ ½ máu Boer

BoBtCỏ ¾ máu Boer Boer

Boer

Male Female grass Bach Thao

Boer (grass Bach Thao) of 50% Boer(grass Bach Thao) of 75% Boer’s blood

Boer’s blood

Hybrid to dairy goat

SaBt ½ máu Sa Saanen

SaBt ¾ máu Sa

Male Saanen Female Bach Thao

Female Bach Thao of 50% Saa’s blood Saa Bach Thao of 75% Saa’s blood

6 Exchange of male breeders

In traditional goat breeding, people often use 1 male breeder for many years, which may cause lower productivity and vitality of the next generations, due to consanguinity

To overcome this problem, people may exchange male breeders among different herds in order

to maximize the use of good male breeders without the risk of consanguinity

1 Breeding by diagram among farms or cooperatives to avoid consanguinity

2 Grouping several households into a group with several male breeders

3 Each household group has >= 5 breeding groups

4 Each breeding group comprises of 1 male breeder and a herd of females

6.1 Time of breeder exchange

Time of breeder exchange is the time for a male breeder copulating with a herd of consanguineous female In a more precise way, time of breeder exchange is the duration between the times of male breeder copulating with a herd of female to the time of their female offspring come into the first rut

non-Time of breeder exchange = non-Time of pregnancy + The first rut of the female offspring

In reality, a 1 year of breeder exchange time and a 5 families group will maximize the productivity of the male breeder

Ear No of Mother female

Weight Color Horn

kg

P3 month,

kg

P 6 month,

kg

P 9 month,

kg

P 12 month,

kg

P 18 month,

kg

P 24 month,

Weight Day of

delivery

Weight after 1 week

Young/brood Newborn

weight

Survival after the 1st

24 hours

PART 3 BREEDING TECHNIQUES

1 Numbering

– To facilitate goat raising, herd management and goat breeding

– Goats should be numbered by each

– Goat’s ears can be numbered by:

ƒ Sink ear tag

ƒ Clipping number on ears

ƒ Cuting ear tag

2 Age determination by tooth

Temporary front tooth if below 1 year old 1 pair of permanent front tooth if between 1-2

year old

2 pair of permanent front tooth if between 2-3

To avoid injuries caused by horns during goat fighting

ƒ Long horn goats should be horn-trimmed before 3 month old

ƒ Equipment is a solid tube of steel, 5-6 cm long and 3-4 cm wide, with a wooden handle

ƒ Goat should be shaven and cleaned around the horn area before trimmed

ƒ Heat the tube and quickly apply on the horn stem