Influence of different breeds, feeding and housing systems on sow reproductive performance and piglet''''s resistance to diseases in Central Vietnam pdf

INTRODUCTION Pig husbandry is a professional of farmers in Thua Thien Hue and Quang Nam, more than 80% of sow population, which are kept in small holding farms.. The better understanding

Influence of different breeds, feeding and housing systems on sow

reproductive performance and piglet's resistance to diseases

in Central Vietnam

Nguyen Quang Linh1, Hoang Nghia Duyet1, Ngo Huu Toan1,

Vu Van Hai1, Ha Thi Hue1, Colin Cargill2

1

Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry,Vietnam; 2 South Instutute

of Livestock Development, Australia

1 INTRODUCTION

Pig husbandry is a professional of farmers in Thua Thien Hue and Quang Nam, more

than 80% of sow population, which are kept in small holding farms In response to the

increased demand for piglets for pig production systems, more small holders have

intensified their breeding and feeding systems, while others have attempted to continue to

produce pigs in older poorly designed facilities As intensification has increased, so too

have disease problems, particularly in the pre and post-weaning stages, so there are not

only surprising that enteric diseases cause very substantial losses in this stages, but also

housing system is very poor facilities and not suitable for sows and young piglets as

farrowing crates and piglet areas, pregnancy sow area and also heating section as well

While the diseases and other components involved can usually be controlled by a

combination of good management and strategic vaccination, the sub-optimal environment

provided on many farms is also a major risk factor, especially in the farrowing and

weaning areas Antibiotics, which add significantly to the cost of production, are used to

overcome these deficiencies and their indiscriminate use is probably contributing to the

current high level of multi-drug resistance in isolates from pigs in Vietnam This may

also have serious human health implications

The better understanding of risk factors that are contributing to pig health problems, and

limiting or reducing production, it is proposed to survey a large number of small holder

farms in Quang Nam and Thua Thien Hue provinces Retrospective baseline data on

production, health, housing, environment and income will be collected and deficiencies in

husbandry and housing will be detected and assessed so that they can be prioritized A

representative sample of small holder farms (defined as those with less than 10-15 sows)

and small commercial farms (30 to 100 sows) in each province will be selected for the

survey and audit process, which will be used to assess the standard of production and

competency of farmers and facilities The Questionnaire will be developed by Vietnamese Scientists and reviewed by E-mail contact between the Vietnamese and

Australian Scientists Prior to commencing the survey, technicians will be trained to visit

farms and interview the farmer and his/her family and collect required data on production

and facilities Following the survey of selected farms in the three provinces, a workshop

will be held at Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry to identify the key risk factors

that are negatively influencing health and production A set of priorities will then be

established for improving management, husbandry and housing on farms This will result

in the development of suitable models for pig production incorporating modified and

improved designs for housing, as well as husbandry and management techniques An

example of this approach would be the development of a “best practice” farrowing house design and management system The design would provide a specialized “microclimate” for piglets established within a macroclimate for sows and would include improved hygiene and management for the farrowing area Based on our collective personal experience, many small farms in Vietnam fail to provide facilities for farrowing sows and their litters that are adequate in terms of temperature, dryness and hygiene Piglets are often housed in a wet environment and exposed to significant air movement, resulting in rapid loss in body temperature and outbreaks of diarrhea Cleaning is often not part of the routine management process in farrowing pens The models would be based on universally accepted features and local requirements that are cost-effective, and easily established within existing small-scale pig farms A similar process would be used for modifying other areas of the production system until a complete production unit has been developed for both small householder units and small commercial units The farm and production models would also be suitable for small co-operative farms

2 METHODS AND MATERIALS

2.1 Questionnaires: There will be developed and discussed between different project partners and approach to small holding pig farms in Thua Thien Hue and Quang Nam

2.2 Training for interviewers

Before starting of the survey, project partner coordinator has instructed to interviewers and examples for practice

2.3 Farm selection

All of the pig farms, whereas were kept sows and piglets in two provinces (Quang Nam and Thua Thien Hue) and classified and random selection, 20 - 30 farms per commune and each province 90 farms at least

2.3 Visiting and interview on field with every household by appointments with commune PPC, district agricultural and rural development department

Dien Ban, Quang Nam province

1)Dien Hoa commune (rice area with large garden)

2) Dien Thang commune (rice area and intensive pig rearing)

3) Dien Nam commune (sandy soil and near Da Nang city)

Thua Thien Hue Province consist:

- Huong Tra District:

Huong Chu commune (rice production area)

Binh Dien commune (up land area)

- Huong Thuy District:

Thuy Phuong commune (large garden with households)

Thuy Duong (rice production, up land and near the Hue city)

Thuy Bang communes (up land area with large garden)

- Phu Vang District: Vinh Phu commune (sandy soil)

The lish of households numbers was selected and surveys:

households

Note

2.4 Variables will be collected in the questionaires and direct interviewing

- General household variables (household characteristics, land uses and area,

professional, labour)

- Technical variables: Number of sows, pigs and other animals, sow reproductive

variables, feeding variables and dietary composition

- Housing design areas, water supplies, floor areas and dimension variables (pen wall, pen floors, floor hygiene, bedding, bedding replacement)

- Disease infections and treated

2.5 Statistical and analysis

SPSS will be applied for analysis with relationships, correlations and mean, ANOVA will

be used for analysis

3 SURVEY RESULTS

3.1 Total of investigated pig farms in two provinces

Table 1 Structure of samples in survey of province

Cumulative Percent

Table 2 Contributions of different districts

Cumulative Percent

Table 3 Distributions of sows presented in different communes

Location name Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

The households in two provinces, whereas more sows were kept in different systems with Quang Nam province, with 92 households in average number of sows was higher than in Thua Thien Hue province, general evarege is 3.52 ± 2.99 sows in table 4 conducted that

no differences between two provinces P = 0.51, while maximum of 15 sows in Thua Thien Hue and 20 sows in Quang Nam

Table 4 Mean of sow numbers in different provinces

95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Quang

Thua

The education is very important for farmers, who can learn more techniques in pig husbandry however, in Central Vietnam Depend on the age of farmers, in table 5 age of household headed, more farmers in period of ages 46 -55 (60) years old, 42 % in total investigated farms

3.2 Education levels

Table 5 Educational levels of farmers in different areas of Central Vietnam

Educational levels Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent

Primary

High

Universit

Total 188 100.0

Table 5 was conducted the differences between educational levels of farmers in two

provinces, highest percentage of level 3 (primary school), 43.1%, so the differences in

education between two provinces (Hue and Quang Nam) More educational levels, they

can keep less sows and pigs in their systems, herewith a maximum average of sow

number for group of illiterate farmers

Table 6 Influence of educational levels on sow number keeping and sow breeding

types

The comparasion between differences of educational levels to sow breeding types

(MC-local breed, crossbreds and exotic breeds) The education level is not influenced on

number of sows but impact on sow breeding types, P < 0.01 With higher education of

farmers, they will raise in their systems with exotic and crossbreed, compared with lower

education with local breed in favors As some suggestions by Hampson et al., 1993

3.3 Pig husbandry experiences

The farmer experiences in pig husbandry that also is very important component in pig

development, especially households have skills and techniques via learning by farmers in

the villages; they also would like to have more knowledge and techniques for their own

farms However, farmers start to learn and practice by themselves as field farming school,

etc

Table 7 Experiences in pig husbandry of farmers

Experience years Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

11,00 108 57,4 57,4 69,1

There were more percentages of farmers have experiences around 10 years in pig

husbandry, this is also a traditional professional of farmers in the two provinces The relationship between experiences and sow breeding types, piglet born alive in table 8 seeming is a small difference between different experiences for sow breeding types More experiences in pig husbandry can keep more exotic or F1 sow breeds in their system, however the Cramer' V relationship parameter was not significant, P > 0.05

Table 8 Effect of pig experiences on sow breeding types

Mong Cai local

Pig_Ex

p

6,00

When we consider the multi-factors of different ecosystems, education, ages and

expriences on sow breeding types, table 9 conducted the relationship between education and ecosystems are significant effects, P < 0.01, so more farmers in lowland and urban areas can develop new breed as F1 and exotic breed (Yorkshire and Landrace), more farmers in sandy and highland areas by their favour in MC -local breed

In constrast in that, higher education they can reduce the sow numbers and remove exotic and F1 breed, this can show that more education and they has more opportunities to work

in other field and they don't want to lose their time for F1 and exotic breed by labour time While a longer experience in pig husbandry, farmer can apply more exotic and F1 breed in their production systems, conducted in table 8

Table 9 Multi-factors on sow breeding types (a-cofficiences)

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients F Sig

Std

Error Beta

The range of sow numbers in different areas was showed in table 10 The number of farmers keep 2-3 sows in each household mainly, 36.7 + 27.7 %, compared with 10 sows (only 1.6%) and 20 sows (0.5%), so we can think how many sows farmers in this areas can raise for project models, in strategies, we advise them to raise in their system from 5 -

10 sows depend on their capacity in animal husbandry

Table 10 Range of sow numbers in survey region (Hue and Quang Nam)

In generally, Number of sows are kept in household and types of breed were effected by areas, eductional and experience, skill of farmers

3.4 Piglets born alive and still born

The mainly, sows are kept in this areas can have more piglets for both local and exotic breeds as we can see in table 11 Genetic analysis yielded heritability of 0.02 for vitality

on a piglet basis and 0.07 for mothering ability (Knol et al., 2002) A heritability of 0.02

is extremely low, but still promising because genetic variation is considerable and

because a large number of observations are available per parent Simulation (Table 1)

showed that single trait selection for litter size will reduce piglet survival, as is expected Simultaneous selection for litter size and birth weight will increase birth weight

dramatically, but will not increase survival nor increase litter size Eight years of

selection on an index of litter size and piglet survival will increase litter size total born from 12.3 to 12.8 piglets per litter and at the same time increase survival from 80.3% to 84.2%

Table 11 The range of piglets born alive in pig farms of Hue and Quang Nam

Number of piglets born alive Frequency Percent

The average is 12.04 ± 1.63 piglets/litter in overall mean, so each of breeding type with different effect on the variable, P < 0.001 as highest value in MC-local breed, 12.61 ± 1.47; F1, 10.07 ± 1.60; exotic, 9.55 ± 1.51

While piglets stillborn was conducted in table 12 that conducted in significant

differences between groups of sow breeds (exotic, F1 and MC local), it is highest piglet dead during lactation period in group of F1, 3.67 ± 0.82, lowest in group of MC-local breed,, this is also showing that local breed has a better mother than others (exotic and F1) in the same condition, when we look in different interaction effects of breeds and ecosystems The genetic differences in piglet survival and stillborn can be predicted accurately, high/low piglets sampling can be done to investigate the underlying biological processes A high and low piglet group was formed of sows, inseminated with semen of high and low boar quality, respectively, and piglets were delivered with caesarean

section All piglets were sacrificed, dissected, and analyzed Individual placentas were available

Survivability is only one of many traits important for efficient pork production It is important to know the relationships between these traits A statistical analysis revealed significant moderate genetic correlations (0.4-0.5) between piglet survival on one side and feed intake, daily gain, and protein and fat accretion on the other side This indicates that selection for increased survival will definitely influence finishing traits, but also that intense selection on leanness will negatively affect piglet survival

Table 12 Piglet stillborn in different sow breeds

Sum of Sq df Mean Square F Sig Between

Groups

(Combine

The feed composition of the present invention, that is, the prepared cells, the disrupted cell fragments, or the cell wall component-containing fractions, may be given orally in the form of a supplement for piglets The feed composition of the present method may be prepared by adding the addition substances, the disrupted cell fragments or the

component-containing fractions to an ordinary feed for pregnant sows and mother sows and piglets During the investigation, our data were showed that the very much

differences between farmers to bring different dietary composition to sows and piglets

Table 13 Dietary composition in different areas for sows

Ingredient used Total Quang Nam Thua Thien Hue

Premix 43 18 25

There were showed different dietary composition for each household, who can keep animal by their own feed mixed from local feed resources in table 13 The main

households are processing for pig diets The other components constituting the feed composition for pregnant sows and mother sows administered in the present invention are not specifically defined For instance, the composition may contain from 10 to 15% by weight of crude proteins and from 1 to 5% by weight of crude fats The metabolic energy

of the composition is preferably 2000 to 3200 kcal/kg The compared with requirement of sows in different periods (dry, pregnancy and lactation) The present invention is

characterized by feeding the above-mentioned feed composition to pregnant sows and mother sows Such feeding may be carried out either continuously or discontinuously The period of the feeding may be before farrowing, preferably at least one week before farrowing, to at least up to farrowing, more preferably at least up to the end of the breast-feeding period

3.5 Piglets with diarrhea and infected

When picture of 155 of 188 litters had problems with diarrhea with 15%, 25%, 25%, 45%, 55%, 75% and 100% in two provinces There were 179/188 litters with diarrhea, 55.55 % with 15-25% of piglets infected, 32.25% of litters with 35-45 of infected piglets and last small group of litter, 12.2 % more than 55% piglets in litters infected There was correlations between different ecosystems, breeds and piglets infected by diarrhea with P

< 0.05, also model showed that the no significant effect of interaction between

ecosystems and breeds The figure was showed the strong effects of ecosystems and suggested the alternatives for region, which are suitable for each ecosystem to avoid infected diseases There were also relationships between piglet age groups and ETEC serogroup and pathotypes, Do et al., 2006

Table 14 Effects of different ecosystems and breeds on infected piglets during of lactation period

Source

Sum of

Corrected Model 1,710(a) 9 5,892 ,034

Sow_species *

The reason of low weaned piglets was from the infection When piglets had diarrhea after weaning, enterotoxigenic E.coli were generally detected in the faeces, (Evans, at al., 1975; Guinée et al., 1977; Marques, et al., 1987; Bertschinger et al., 1993; Casey et al., 1992) However, they were also detected in faeces of piglets without diarrhea So, other causal factors must be involved in the occurrence of diarrhea after during the weaning period The mortality, due to diarrhea, was associated with severe villus shortening and crypt deepening Furthermore, weaning piglets was also associated with villas shortening