Báo cáo khoa học nông nghiệp " Commercial and High Quality Cultivars of Root and Tuber Crops for Processing Purpose in the Northern and Central Vietnam " potx

AusAID CARD Project 008/07VIE Food Crops Research Institute, Vietnam and University of Sydney, Australia Baseline survey on the current production and consumption of sweet potato in Quan

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Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development

Commercial and High Quality Cultivars of Root and Tuber Crops for Processing Purpose in the

Northern and Central Vietnam

(Project No 008/07VIE)

Baseline Study

(Milestone 2)

Date: 22 July 2008

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Executive Summary……… 3

I Background ……… 4

II Survey objectives……… 4

III Survey Methodology ……… 4

IV Research results ……… 5

ATTACHMENT A: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ……… 21

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AusAID CARD Project 008/07VIE Food Crops Research Institute, Vietnam and University of Sydney, Australia

Baseline survey on the current production and consumption of sweet potato in Quangtri,

Thanhhoa and Bacgiang provinces of Vietnam

- Vietnamese Project Leader: A/Prof Dr Nguyen Van Tuat

- Australian Project Leader: Prof Les Copeland

Haiduong, Vietnam, May 2008

Executive Summary

A survey of current practices for sweet potato cultivation and use was conducted by local

extension officers in Thanhoa, Bacgiang and Quangtri Provinces The survey involved a

questionnaire (designed by FCRI in conjunction with the USyd partners; Attachment A) and

interviews in each of three communes in three districts in the three selected provinces, and

addressed issues including: source of planting materials; cultivation methods; planting and

harvest times; inputs; area planted, yield and dry matter content of tubers; use of sweet potato

tubers, leaves and stems A brief, initial review of the sweet potato literature was also conducted,

which will be updated progressively during the project

The following were among the conclusions of the survey:

• Farmers in the three provinces have been planting sweet potato for a long time and it has

brought considerable economic return for farmers in all three investigated provinces Sweet

potato cultivation is been considered irreplaceable in the cropping systems

• Sweet potato is planted in as a spring crop in Quangtri, mainly as a winter crop in Thanhhoa

and as a winter and spring crop in Bacgiang

• Farmers in all investigated localities needed new, high yielding varieties with good quality,

and an accompanying advanced technical package on planting materials, cultivation, maintenance techniques, processing, and storage The cultivation techniques in all investigated localities were based on the experience of farmers and were very backward

• Sweet potato processed products were still very simple and poor The stems and leaves were

mainly used for animal feed Tubers were partly used for animal feed, for food and for other

purposes Nevertheless, the processing products such as starch, chips and wines had not

been produced and considered important

• Sweet potato products had been commercialized, and mainly traded at home and local

markets However, the price was still low and not stable, while the production cost was still

high

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I Background

The project "Development and Selection of Commercial and High Quality Cultivars of Root

and Tuber Crops for Processing Purpose in the Northern and Central Vietnam" has as its

objectives:

1 Choose a small number of sweet potato cultivars from those designated by FCRI as potentially suitable for cultivating in locations in northern and central Vietnam and conduct

field trials in selected locations to evaluate these cultivars according to yield and dry matter

content for value-adding purposes

2 Development and evaluation of processing methods for sweet potato, for example production

of flour and starch for food processing and industrial applications, sweet potato chips, sweet

potato wine

3 Develop methods that can be used by small-holder farmers for fermenting leaves and stems

of sweet potatoes into a silage-type product for animal feeding

4 With the assistance of Australian experts, improve the science capacity of Vietnamese researchers and extension workers in modern techniques for plant improvement, storage and

food processing technology, analysis of food quality

5 Improve of knowledge and skills of farmers for cultivation of sweet potato as part of a

sustainable farming system

6 Establish model sites to display advanced cultivation techniques, and organize field day

meetings to spread knowledge to farmers

To fulfill these objectives, the review on current production and consumption of sweet potato is an

important first step, after which the design of the operational aspects of project will be fine tuned The questionnaire used to obtain information from the farmers is in Appendix A

II Survey objectives

- To evaluate the current production of sweet potato in the three provinces selected: Quangtri,

Thanhhoa and Bacgiang

- To examine the current cultivation techniques for intensive sweet potato production

- To evaluate the status of consumption and processing of sweet potato

III Survey Methodology

3.1 Methods

3.1.1 The survey locations

Three provinces selected were Quangtri, Thanhhoa and Bacgiang Thanh Hoa, in Central VN, is

the largest province in VN in size and population It is mostly flat with large areas of poor sandy

soils suitable for sweet potato cultivation Bac Giang in North East VN, is located in a dry region

with many sloping areas and much potential area for upland crops The soils are poor and

degraded Quang Tri in central VN 550 km from Hanoi, is located at boundary between northern

and southern VN in a different climatic region from other sites, but suitable for upland crops The

soils are heavier and marginal

3.1.2 Methods for doing the survey

Method for choosing sample: In each province, three districts were selected, and in each

district, 3 communes were selected In summary, 27 survey points (communes) were selected In

each survey points, farmers were randomly selected for getting information

Method for getting information: Interviewing method was used for getting information Besides

of that the Participatory Rural Assessment (PRA) and questionnaire were also used for getting

the information The interviewed people were explained and trained before interviewed The data

were statically analyzed by using EXCEL program

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3.1.3 The data collection and analysis methods

Participatory Rural Assessment (PRA) was used for collecting data The investigator used

questionnaire to get information from the leader of communes and farmers through directly

interviewing them The data were then statically analysed

3.2 Investigation contents

3.2.1 Investigation of the current situation of sweet potato production

The data were collected as follows

- Area (ha)

- Yields (tonnes/ha)

- Total production (tonnes)

- Crop system formula of sweet potato

- Varieties

- The application of intensive cultivation techniques

3.2.2 The usage and consumption of sweet potato

- For human food

- For animal feed

- Sale in market

- Processing

IV Research results

4.1 The situation of sweet potato production in the survey area

4.1.1 Land resources and the current situation of land usage at communes in the three

provinces

The results of survey in Table 1 show that the average population per commune ranged from

2708-8126 people Quangxuong district of Thanhhoa province had the lowest population per

commune (2708.8) On the other hand Tinhgia district of Thanhhoa had the highest population

per commune (8126), followed by Hiephoa district of Bacgiang (7690) and Hailang district of

Quangtri (5049)

The average cultivated land per commune was various with districts and provinces, and it ranged

from 169.8-439.4 ha Vietyen district of Bacgiang province had the largest average cultivated land

area per commune (666.9 ha), and Vinhlinh district of Quangtri had the lowest land area per

commune (169,8 ha)

The average sweet potato area per commune ranged from 10-61.3 ha Dongson district of

Thanhhoa province had the lowest average sweet potato area per commune (10.0 ha) On the

other hand, Tinhgia district of Thanhhoa had the highest average sweet potato area per

commune (75 ha), followed by Tanyen district of Bacgiang province (61.3 ha), Quangxuong

district of Thanhhoa (54.7 ha) and Giolinh district of Quangtri province (47.6 ha)

Table 1: Population, main labor, the average cultivated land and sweet potato land area per

commune in 9 districts of 3 provinces

Quangtri Thanhhoa Bacgiang Province/ districts

Parameters GL VL HL TG QX DS TY VY HH Population

3947.7 3367.0 5049.7 8126.3 2708.8 3611.7 4223.1 5638 7690

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Main labor

882.3 2418.3 3463.67 4221.7 1407.2 1876.3 1407.7 2796 3847 Cultivated land (ha)

439.4 169.8 210.0 1642.7 379.2 374.8 666.9 261.9 269.3 Sweet potato land (ha)

47.6 25.8 37.3 75 54.7 10.0 61.3 36.7 29.7

Note: GL = Giolinh district; VL= Vinhlinh district; HL = Hailang district

TG = Tinhgia district; QX = Quangxuong district; DS= Dongson district

TY = Tanyen district; VY = Vietyen district; HH = Hiephoa district

4.1.2 Growing season, the purpose of sweet potato production and suggestion

Data in Table 2 show that in Thanhhoa and Bacgiang province sweet potato was mainly

cultivated in the winter season However, in Quangtri province, sweet potato was largely

cultivated in the winter-spring season In Quangxuong and Dongson district of Thanhhoa, sweet

potato was also cultivated in the spring season

The results of survey on the purpose of sweet potato cultivation show that 100% of interviewed

people indicated they grew sweet potato for getting leaves and stems to feed animals About 30%

of tubers were used as human food and 30% of tubers were used as animal feed In communes

of 3 investigated districts in Quangtri province, about 20% of tubers were used to produce food

processing product called “Khoaigieo) About 10-20% tubers were boiled and used, and about

10% of tuber was sale in the market

The result of the investigation on people point of view about the cultivation of sweet potato in the

future indicated that 100% of interviewed people agreed that there was a need for change in

sweet potato cultivation in the near future First, there was a need in the improvement of varieties,

especially replace the old varieties by the new ones with higher yield and better quality Beside of

that 100% of interviewed people also advocated that along with new varieties, it was necessary to

focus on the development of new and advanced cultivation technical procedure

Table 2: Percentage of sweet potato area in different growth season, the purpose for use

of sweet potato products, and the attitude of people towards the improvement of new

varieties and technology in the future

Parameters GL VL HL TG QX DS TY VY HH Crop productions (%)

Winter 0 0 0 75 100 100 100 100 100 Winter -Spring 100 100 100 25 0 0 0 0 0

Purposes for using sweet potato products(%)

Using stem, leaf for

animal feed 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Using tuber for food 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Using tuber for animal

feed 30 30 30 50 50 50 50 50 50

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Using tuber for

sun-dried sweet potato slices

4.1.3 The real situation on the usage of sweet potato varieties in 3 investigated provinces

The result of collecting information on the use of sweet potato varieties in 3 provinces (Table 3)

shows that in all 3 investigated provinces, there are 100% of communes growing old sweet potato

varieties, with the exception of Tinhgia and Dongson districts of Thanhhoa where the new

varieties were cultivated under 33-67% of sweet potato cultivated areas

The reason for planting old varieties: When was asked about the reason for the use of old

varieties, 67-100 of interviewed people in Quangtri province said that old varieties tolerated rather

well to drought, 33% indicated that old varieties had good quality, 33-67% agreed that the

planting materials of old varieties was cheap, and 33% gave the opinion that old varieties

tolerated well to pests and diseases

Table 3: Information on the use of sweet potato varieties in 3 investigated provinces

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In Thanhhoa province, 67% of interviewed people reported that old varieties had high yield,

33-100% believed that these varieties had good quality, and 33% indicated that the planting

materials from old varieties were cheap In Bacgiang province, 67-100% of interviewed people

said that old varieties had good quality

The reason for cultivating new varieties: When was asked about the use of new sweet potato

varieties, up to 67% of interviewed people in Quangtri province answered that they got

information from public information system (television, radio, paper …), while 33% informed that

the information was acquired through friends and relatives In Thanhhoa province, 67% of

interviewed people reported that they got information about new varieties from agricultural

extension workers, 33% from public information system and 33% from friends and relatives In

Bacgiang province, the number was 70% from public information system and 30% from friends

and relatives It is understood that in Quangtri and Bacgiang provinces, where the extension

system has not been developed well, farmers get more information from public information

system and friends On the other hand, in Thanhhoa province that has extension systems

developed well, more number of farmers got information from these systems

The place of buying planting materials: When was asked where they bought planting

materials, nearly 100% of interviewed people answered that they bought from local markets or

neighbors However, about 67% of farmers in Dongson district, Quangtri province informed that

they bought planting material through agricultural extension centers

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Activities in selection of planting materials: The activities in evaluation and selection of

planting materials were still not considered important In Quangtri and Bacgiang provinces 100%

of planting materials was not evaluated and carefully selected In Thanhhoa province, only 10%

of communes carried out the activity in evaluation and selection of planting materials

4.1.4 The technical procedure for multiplication of planting materials and cultivation

The results of survey on the technical procedure for multiplication of planting materials and

cultivation of sweet potato are presented in Table 4

Generally, the activities in selection and maintenance of pure planting materials have not been

seriously considered Almost 100% farmers in investigated communes used the poor planting

materials With the exception of districts in Bacgiang province, farmers in other provinces used

planting materials that had been cultivated through more than 3 times

The methods of maintenance and multiplication of planting materials: 100% of farmers

maintained and multiplied planting materials in their own garden by using the stems There was

no farmer using the tuber roots as the initiated source for the multiplication of planting materials

The use of different stem segments for planting materials: 100% of farmers often use the first

and second stem segments for planting Farmers did not use the third and fourth segments for

planting

The method for planting sweet potato: 100% of farmers reported that they used the

conventional techniques available in the locals for cultivating sweet potato The new cultivation

techniques for sweet potato had not been applied and seriously considered

Table 4: Information of technology for planting of sweet potato in three provinces for

survey (% average of commune’s survey)

More than 3 times 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 0 0

Method for multiplication of planting materials (%)

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3 stem segment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Techniques for planting (%)

Traditional 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 New technology 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4.1.5 Growth season, cultivation area and yield of sweet potato in 3 investigated provinces

The results of investigation in growth season, cultivation area and yield of sweet potato in 3

provinces are shown in Table 5

Table 5: Crop production, cultivation area and yield of sweet potato in 3 investigated

Oct Time for harvesting - - - Dec or

Jan

Dec or Jan

Dec or Jan Yield (ton/ha) - - - 8,7 6,7 5,3 13,06 11,2 12,6 Winter-Spring season

(ha) 47,6 25,8 37,3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Planting time Dec/.Jan Dec/

Jan

Dec/

Time for harvesting Jun/ Jul Jun/

Jul Jun/ Jul - - - Yield (ton/ha) 8,0 8,0 10,7 - - - Spring season (ha) 0 0 0 87,33 14,33 0.0 0 0 0 Planting time - - - Jan/ Feb Jan/ Feb Jan/ Feb - - -

Time for harvesting - - - May/ Jun May/ Jun May/ Jun - - -

Yield (ton/ha) - - - 14,0 11,32 7,33 - - - Summer-Autumn

Oct

Apr and May

Apr and

Time for harvesting - - Dec/

Jan Ju/ Aug Jul/ Aug - - - - Yield (ton/ha) - - 6,0 - - -

Note: 1) GL = Giolinh district; VL= Vinhlinh district; HL = Hailang district

TY = Tanyen district; VY = Vietyen district; HH = Hiephoa district 2) Data represented the average cultivation area per commune in a district

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Winter growth season: In the winter season, sweet potato was planted only in Thanhhoa and

Bacgiang province In Quangtri province, sweet potato had not been grown in this season The

planting time is in September and November and the harvest time is around December and

January The average cultivation area per commune in a district ranged from 13.3 ha to 122 ha in

Dongson district of Thanhhoa province The yield was about 5.3-13.0 tons/ha

Winter-spring growth season: In the winter-spring season, sweet potato was only planted in

Quangtri province The planting time is from December to January and the harvest time is around

June and July

The Spring season: Sweet potato is mainly planting in Thanhhoa province The planting time is

from January to February and the harvest time is around May and June

4.1.6 Land preparation and cultivation techniques

The results of survey on the methods of land preparation and cultivation techniques are shown in

Table 6

Table 6: Methods used for soil preparation and planting sweet potato in three provinces

Method for putting the planting materials (%)

Stand vertically against

the growing bed wall 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Curve lines 100 100 100 0 0 0 100 100 100

Put horizontally in the

growing bed 0 0 0 100 100 100 0 0 0

Method for planting (%)

Use growing bed 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

No growing bed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Method for preparation of land: Farmer often prepares their land by buffaloes and cows In

Thanhhoa and Bacgiang provinces, the percentage of farmers using animals for preparing land

was about 67-100% On the other hand, the percentage of farmers using machines for preparing

their land was rather high in Dongson district of Thanhhoa province (100%) and Tanyen district of

Bacgiang province (33%) The percentage of farmers preparing land by hand was high in all

districts of Quangtri province (66%)

Method for putting planting materials on soil: 100% of farmers in Quangtri and Bacgiang

provinces planted sweet potato by putting the plant materials on the curve line (look like the boat)

In Thanhhoa province, farmers often put planting materials horizontally in the growing beds

The techniques for cultivating sweet potato: All farmers (100%) in 3 provinces plant sweet

potato in the growing beds

4.1.7 Fertilizer application regimes

The results of investigation on fertilizer application regimes are shown in Table 7 It is clear that

100% of farmers using the conventional application methods available in the locality The

standard fertilizer application regime had not been applied in the farm

Table 7: Fertilizer application regimes for sweet potato in three provinces

Parameters

GL VL HL TG QX DS TY VY HH Type of fertilizer application method used by farmer (%)

Traditional method 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Standard method 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Quantity of fertilizer applied per ha (kg)

Urea 246 226 180 106 146 160 176.4 140 134.4 Potassium 134 186 146 54 174 66 131.6 103.6 92.4 Phosphorus 434 434 366 266 186 566 420 327.6 316.4 Amount and time of fertilization

Base dressing

(before planting)

100P +30 (N+K)

100NP

K +20N

100P 100

(PC+P)

100 (PC+P) +20N

100 (PC+P) +50N

100 P+30N

100 (P+

PC) +30(N +K)

100 (P+PC ) +30(N +K) First application

30(N+K )

40N+5 0K 50(N+K)

100(N+K )

30N+

50K

50N +50K

The amount of N, P, K fertilizer applied for sweet potato was various with different localities, and

there was a big difference in the amount of fertilizer applied in different regions

The method of application was also various with different localities Even in one district of a

province, the method of fertilizer application was also very different This is a big issue should be

considered in the future

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4.1.8 The situation of sweet potato trading

Table 8 presents the data on the current situation of sweet potato trading After harvest, sweet

potato was often brought to the market In Quangtri province, about 67-100% of sweet potato

tubers were transferred to the market This number was about 33-67% for Thanhhoa, and

67-100% for Bacgiang provinces

Sweet potato products were often sale in the big volume (wholesale) and small amount (retail)

However, farmers often sale retail (Table 8)

Table 8: The current situation of trading of sweet potato in three provinces

Farmers often sell sweet potato products at both home and local markets In Vietyen and

Hiephoa of Bacgiang province, 100 % of farmers sell their products at the local markets Farmers

in all 3 provinces did not sell products in the city

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