Giáo trình sinh học đại cương phần động vật ths nguyễn mỹ nhung

Difa vao chufc nang sinh ly de phan chia thanh: nOron cam giac hutfng tarn, nOron van dong ly tarn va nOron trung gian lien hop.. Ccf che dan truyen hitng phan qua spi true: *Qua sqi trd

NguySn My Nhung

Giao Trinh

Phan Dong Vat

Lilu hanh noi bo

Vinh Long - 2009

l

nfSiGDAiHQC LAP • ’ 10^ 1

Trtrcfng Dai hoc Dan lap Cufu Long muon khang dinh la trung tam dao tao nguon nhan life co trinh do cao cho khu vife dong bang song Cdu Long de phuc vu cho cong cuoc cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat niidc thi phai nang cao chat lutfng dao tao toan dien Mot trong nhffng yeu to' trong yeu la doi ngu thay co, he thong cac giao trinh va trang thiet bi day hoc.Cung vdi cac nganh cac cap trong toan quoc dang day nhanh tien do xay dilng va cung co vi the trong xu the hoi nhap, trirdng Dai hoc Dan lap Cdu Long dan thng bifdc hoan thien de daong dau vdi nhu'ng thach thtfc do, gop phan difa nen giao due dai hoc Viet Nam ddng vQng, ngang tam khu vife va the gidi.

Ke hoach xay diTng ve mot Bo giao trinh sd dung cho cac giang vien lam tai lieu co ban de giang day, cho sinh vien nghien cdu tham khao hoc tap la nhu cau cap bdch cua nha trOo'ng

An pham nay la giao trinh Sinh Hoc Dai Coong - Phan Dong Vat cua Khoa Khoa Hoc Co Ban, Trirbng Dai hoc Dan lap Cdu Long, do ThS Nguyen My Nhung bien soan

Lanh dao triTdng Dai hoc Dan lap Cufu Long tran trong nhtfng cong hien, dong gop cua Quy thay cd mdi giang cung nhiT cac thay co can bo - giang vien co hull cua nha trOd'ng

ThS Nguyen Cao Dat

trong nha trifcfng.

Tran trong gidi thieu giao trinh nay den Quy thay cd vacac em sinh vien trifdng Dai hoc Dan lap Cdu Long.

Q. HIEU TRLfdNG

Chitong 1

cd the trong bat ky thbi gian nao deu tddng dng vcri toan bo boat dong cua mot cd the hoan chinh Nguyen tac nay giup ta giai thfch mot each bien chiing moi quan he giufa cue bo va toan the Trong there te mbi boat dong cua cd the diTcri sit lanh dao thong nhat cua he than kinh deu tong hdp thanh mot cd the hoan chinh.Trong qua trinh song cd the khong ngtrng tac dong qua lai mot each phute tap vdi hoan canh chung quanh, tac dong qua lai nay bieu hien d qud trinh trao doi chat Cho nen sd tac dong qua lai gitfa cd the va ngoai canh lb dac tinh cd ban cua moi cd the, hdn ntfa cd the muon sinh ton va phat trien thirdng yeu cau mot ngoai canh nhat dinh, neu ngoai canh thay doi thi sd boat dong sinh ly phat sinh thay doi mot each tddng dng

II CAC C0 QUAN TRONG CO THE

Cd the dong vat ddde chia lam nhieu he cd quan Mbi he cd

sau:

He than kinh: he thong kiem soat trong viec dieu

phoi chdc nang.

Giac quan: dam nhan vai trb cam thu xa va cam thu gan

He tieu hoa: xd ly vh hap thu chat dinh dddng

He noi tiet: cac tuyen va hormone cua chung co vai tro trong viec kiem sodt noi moi.

He ho hap: co vai tro trao doi khi, thu nhan oxi, thai khi cacbonic

He mau va the dich: co nhiem vu nuoi va bao ve ccf the

He sinh due: co vai tro trong viec san sinh cac ca the mefi

8-

9-III CAC LOAI MO

Mo la mot nhom te bao co cung cau true va chdc nang Co 4 loai mo chfnh:

1) Bieu mo:

Phu mat ngoai cd the, mat trong cac cd quan cd the hoac tao

thanh cac tuyen Bieu mo co nguon goc rat khac nhau, co the tit noi phoi bi, ngoai phoi bi hoac trung phoi bi Chung ditoc lien ket chat che vdi nhau va khong co mach mau Chung difOc nuoi difdng nhb sir tham thau cac chat tif mo lien ket

Bao ve, hap thu va che bien trong cac khoang (tieu hoa, bang quang, da con ), lam ngan each moi triTcfng ngoai vdi cac phan cau tao khde cua cd the.

*Bi$u mo phut dtfa vao hinh dang te bao ngtfbi ta chia ra:

bieu mo sting (Idt), bieu mo khoi (vuong), bieu mo tru Dita vao

so Idp, ngufri ta lai chia ra: bieu mo don, bieu mo tang, bieu mo gia tang (hinh la)

130.

1

Hinh la Cac loai bieu mo

A Bieu mo det; B Bieu mo khoi l.Tuyen ong; 2.Tuyen ngoai tiet;

C Bieu mo tru; D Bieu mo rung 3 Tuyen pha

*Bi£u mo tuyen: (hinh lb)

Bieu mo tuyen: gdm cac te bao tuyen co nhiem vu tong hop

va bai xuat cac san pham dac hieu goi la cdc chat tiet

Dtfa vao cac chat tiet, ban chat cua cac chat tiet va chile nang cua chung, ta phan thanh tuyen noi tiet va tuyen ngoai tiet

Doa vao each sap xep cua te bao ngObi ta lai chia ra: bieu

mo don bao, da bao hay chum da bao

2) Mo lien ket:

Mo lien ket la mo tao ra va gift cho co the cd hinh dang, chung lien ket cac co quan vdi nhau va tham gia cau tao phoi, gan, bao he thong than kinh Mo lien ket la mo chtfa nhieu mach mdu de nudi nd va cac mo khac

M6 lien ket gbm nhilng loai chinh:

2Hinh lb Cac loai bieu mo tuyen

3

- Mo lien ket d&c: mo sun va mo xiTOng.

- Mo mach: mau, bach huyet

*Thanh ph&n cua mo lien ket gdm mot lion hop la: (hinh 2)

- Chat nen: bao quanh mot so te bao khac nhau, nguyen bao sqi, tiet collagen va polysaccarit

- Cac dai thifc bao: tan cong vi sinh vat xam nhap

- Cac te bao phi: giai phong histamin trong qua trinh viem

- Titong bao : tong hop khang the, dam bao mi§n dich bang the dich

- Te bao m3: de dif tril m3, tao n£ng luOng, chuyen doi hormone sinh due, chuyen hoa nifdc

chat can bandai thifc bd

nguyen ban sqf ■

TB noi moHinh 2 Cau true cua mo lien ket

stfi chun

mastobao^-'

ttfcmg bao

TB md

Chvfcrng 2

I SU TIEN HOA CUA HE THAN KINH

d dong vat thap: amip chifa co he than kinh, d trung de giay

co can true dang soi truyen hifng phan den long rung dong

Nganh Cnidaria (hay ruot khoang) he than kinh gdm cac neuron lien ket vdi nhau tao nen mang lutfi than kinh Khi co tac nhan kfch thich tac dong vao 1 diem cua co the thi cac xung than kinh diTOc truyen di cac hirdng lam co cac te bao bieu

mo co thanh co the, do do dong vat se tranh xa cac kfch thich d mot vai loai ruot khoang con xuat hien them "cac dirdng din truyen ben" Chung rat can cho viec dieu hba cac van dong phtfc tap, vi du: dong tdc boi cua loai sila DSc diem

he than kinh phan tan la phan ting toan than khi nhan kich thich bat ky nen thieu chinh xdc

3) He than kinh hach (ganglion):

Lam rut ngan khoang each lien lac gitfa cac nOron vdi nhau

va hinh thanh nhieu moi lien he gitta cac nOron mufe do phat trien cao hon, thifc hien dong tac phifc tap, chinh xac hon To chile than kinh nay gap d than mem, giun tron, giun dot, con trung

Cl dong vat cd day song, he than kinh tap trung hinh ohg, nim d mat long, phan dau phinh rong ra tao thanh nao, phan con lai hinh tru la tuy sohg

d dong vat co xiTcfng song, phan dau cua o'ng than kinh phat trien kha manh va ngay cang chiem ifu the-ve chat kftfng lan khoi liTOng so vdri cdc phan ditdi cua ong than kinh.

II TE BAO THAN KINH VA CHtfC NANG SINH LY:

He than kinh cua ngirdi difOc cau tao bdi 10 - 16 ti te bao than kinh (hay con goi la neuron = ncfron) Te bao than kinh khong chi la don vi cau true ma con la don vi chufc nang cua he than kinh Trong cac te bao than kinh luon luon dien ra qua trinh tiep nhan, xd ly va chuyen giao thong tin vo cung phde tap Nhd do he than kinh nhan biet va co'cac dap ting thich hop, kip thbi ddi vdi moi kick thich tir ben ngoai hay ben trong

co the, giup cho con ngOdi thich dng vdi nhifrig bien co' cua moi trifdng song

1) Sd luWc cau tao te bao than kinh:

Tuy thuoc vao vi tri va chtfc nang boat dong trong he than kinh, te bao than kinh co hinh dang va cau tao khac nhau (hinhSa)

Difa vao chufc nang sinh ly de phan chia thanh: nOron cam giac (hutfng tarn), nOron van dong (ly tarn) va nOron trung gian (lien hop)

a Cau tao cua te bao than kinh: (hinh 3b)

Te bao than kinh gom than te bao, sqi true (axon) va sqi nhanh (tua gai, tua nhanh)

khac nhau Trong than co nhan, te bao chat co chufa cac the nis

la nhilng hat mau xam co chufa nhieu ARN vdi chtfc ndng Id tong hop protein Than te bao than kinh da tap hop tao thanh chat xdm cua he than kinh

1 Naron dan ctfc

dang pho bien d dQng

vat khong xifang song

3 Naron gia dan ctfc

Naron cam gidc a dpng vSt c6 xirang song

sOi true nhanh sai true

5 Naron da cifc

Te b&o Purkine d tieu nao

2 Naron lifdng cUc Naron cam giac d dong vat khong xitong song

^Sgi true cua te bdo th&n kinh: thifc/ng dai, tan cung cua sefi

true co xynap sefi true Hifng phan truyen tif than te bao ra (sefi van dong) Bao quanh sqi true la vo Schwann (Soan) do cac te bao Soan bao quanh sqi true tao thanh Neu vd Soan co chtfa chat mielin (la mot phospholipid co tinh each dien) goi la stfi co mielin

duoi gai sai nhanh thfin te bao

sai true cdc tan ciing —.

cac tan cung Xynap

Naron van dong d cot song

Hinh 3a Cac dang hinh thai cua nefron than kinh

cdc tan cung

Xynap

Hinh 3b Ncfron than kinh.

Cac stfi true co mielin tap trung lai tao thanh chat trSng cua

he than kinh Neu vo Soan khong co chat mielin gpi la spi khong co mielin Giffa hai te bao Soan co mot quang trong hep goi la eo Ranvie, eo nay co tac dung trong trao doi chat cua spi true va dan truyen hifng phan

nhanh truyen hifng phan ve than te bao goi la spi cam gidc

b Ban chat hiCng phan cua dong dien sinh hoc:

Cac to chile song cua cP the khi hifng phan se phat sinh dong dien sinh hoc Dien sinh hoc la ban chat cua hifng phan

Co 3 hien tifpng dien sinh hoc la:

*Ddng dien ton thuang:

Cuoi the ky XVII nha giai phdu ngifdi Y la Galvani da tien hanh thf nghiem: dung hai tieu ban ctf-than kinh ech, cat ngang co so mot de gay ton thifcfng, vat day than kinh cua co

so hai tiep xue tai hai diem cua co mot: diem A tai vung co

nguyen ven va diem B tai vung ton thifong thi thay co hai co

X

J-co 1 co 2

kich thich dien 6V

vi dien cite

Hinh 4c Thf nghiem Mateucci

ccf 1

te baoHinh 4b Scf do do

dien the mang

*Dien hoat dong:

Dien hoat dong phAt sinh la do stf chenh lech dien the gitta vung hoat dong- hi/ng phan va vung yen tinh Vimg hifng phan mang dien am, vung yen tinh mang dien difcfng Dong dien hoat dong dufPc minh hoa bling thf nghiem cua Mateucci (hinh 4b)

co 2\^

Hinh 14a Thf nghiem cua Galvani

Dieu do chtfng to cr co mot da phat sinh dong dien goi la dien ton thirong da kfch thich vao day than kinh cua ccf hai gay

hifng phan va lam co hai co.

^Dien nghi ngcfi (dien the mang):

Dien nghi ngPi or te bao than kinh khbng bi ton thiftfng va khong hitag phan goi la dien ncfron

Cdch ghi dien noron: dat dien cifc thiidng tren mang ncfron

va cho vi dien cifc xuyen qua mang tiep xuc vdri te bao chat (hinh 4a) Dien ghi diftfc la hieu dien the mang, nen con goi dien the mang Bang each nay Le Quang Long (1962) da do dien ncfron cua mite dng co chi so bling 48 mV, te bao tieu nao cho bang 90 mV

Vat day than kinh cua ccf hai len tiep xuc tai hai diem A va B cua ccf mot Dung dong dien cam ting 6V de kich thich day than kinh cua co mot, thi thay hai co deu co Co hai co la do sir chenh lech dien the gitta diem A hong phan, vdi diem B yen tinh tao ra dong dien hoat dong, dong dien nay da kich thich co hai co.

c Ccf che dan truyen hitng phan qua spi true:

*Qua sqi trdn (sqi khdng co mielin):

Hifng phan diTOc lan truyen tef dau soi den cudi soi tren co so’ phat sinh dong dien hoat dong do chenh lech dien the giffa diem hiTng phan va vung con yen tinh tren soi than kinh

Phan Idn nhtfng soi khong co mielin thuoc he than kinh dinh dilo’ng, toe do dSn truyen htfng phan d cac loai soi nay cham chap

^Qua sqi co vd mielin:

Cac soi co mielin each dien nen dong dien cue bo phai

"nhay" tir eo Ranvie nay sang eo Ranvie ke tiep hinh thanh phtiong thde nhay "bac", d trang thai yen tinh mat ngoai mang cua tat ca cac eo Ranvie deu tich dien difOng, trong mang tich dien am

PhOOng thtfc nhay bac co toe do dan truyen hifng phan nhanh hon lan truyen xung than kinh tren soi khong cd mielin, dong thdi tiet kiem difOc nang ItfOng Vi sif chuyen dich ion Na+, K+ chi dien ra d cac eo, gay ra sif dao cOc (chu’ khong gay

ra tren toan soi nhif d sOi tran)

Phan Idn cac soi co bao mielin thuoc he than kinh dong vat

d Dac diem cua sit dan truyen htfng phan qua sod so bao mielin:

- Toe do d£n truyen ti le thuan vdi difdng kinh cua day than kinh va tiiy thuoc vao loai, tinh chat cua day than kinh

Hinh 5a Phifcrng thufe nhay bac tren stfi co vd mielin.

- Scfi than kinh cang lota bao nhieu thi ngifctag kich thndc

cang nhd bay nhieu

- Xung dong than kinh chi di theo mot chieu va gia tri hieu

dien the giam dan theo do dai va then gian truyen dan

e Ccf che dan truyen hitng phan qua xinap (hinh 5):

*Cdu true xinap (hinh 5b) hod hoc:

- Mang trade xinap cd nhieu tui nhd chda chat moi gidi hda

hoc : axetylcolin, hoac adrenaline

- Mang sau xinap cd nhieu enzim axetylcolinesteraza

- Khe xinap nefron - noron rong 150 A0, con khe xinap nefron-

co rong 500 A0

^Mot so dqc diem ddn truyen hitng phdn qua xinap: (hinh 5b)

den mang sau xinap

- To'c do d&n truyen hong phan qua xinap bi cham lai

- Sa mdi xay ra 6 xinap trade tien

- Xinap dd bi cac chat hda hoc tac dung

eo A hung phan nhay bac eo B eo C

hifdng xung dong TK

ma ng sau xynap

(phan dendrite

hay than th cua

ncfron sau xynap)

mang tri/dc

xynap k

khe xynap

-di$n the sau xynap

co the tfip cong vdi

ty the tui xynap chila ch&'t trung gian hod hoc 0.5pm

jit

chat trung gian x

hoa hoc ditoc giai phong ra khoi th cdc dien the khac can cac ion Ca2+

Hinh 5b Cau true xinap

• Co die d&n truyen liitng phdn qua xinap.

• Co die vat ly vd thuyet dien hoc:

Hitng phan truyen qua xinap la nhb dong dien boat dong Khi hung phan truyen den phan tan ciing sqi true thi tao ra dong dien cd ctfbng do Idn de qua dutfc khe xinap den kich thfch mang sau xinap hung phan va hefng phan duqc dan truyen di tiep Nhuqc diem cua co che vat ly la khdng giai thfch difqc dac diem d§n truyen mot chieu, cham lai qua xinap

va sit moi cua xinap

• Co die hoa hoc:

Hung phan duqc dan truyen nhd cac chat moi gidi hoa hoc.Thi nghiem cua Levi: buoc hai tim red vao hai dng thong tim chda dung dich sinh ly va thong vdi nhau Khi kich thich day than kinh me tau cua tim mot thi tim mot dap cham va yeu, tim hai khdng duqc kich thich nhifng cung dap cham va yeu Neu kich thich day than kinh giao cam cua tim mot thi ca tim mot va tim hai deu dap nhanh va manh Do la do dau day than kinh me tau va giao cam cua tim mot da tiet ra hai chat moi

cac to TK ben |i trongaxon ’_LjI|ilui1

A-'.S'

tin dien

gidi ho a hoc khdc nhau lan tda trong dung dich sinh ly den

Rich thich tim hai va tim hai da dap dng Chat tiet tit than kinh me tau la axetylcolin co tac dung kim ham chat tiet tit

than kinh giao cam la adrenalin co tac dung tang citdng sit boat dong cua tim

ch$ dien - hoa - dien:

Hien nay ngifdi ta thay rang cd che dan truyen hitng phan qua xinap co sit tham gia dong thdi cua dong dien va chat hoa hoc goi la cd che dien - hoa - dien va co the khai quat bang sd

do sau day:

"Xung than kinh —tin dl-n -> mang tritdc xinap tac dong

len mang sau xinap —> tinh tham ion cua mang sau xinap thay doi -> dao cite phdt sinh dong dien boat dong —tin dl——> xung than kinh tiep tuc truyen di."

Khi xung than kinh truyen den mang trifde xinap ditdi dang tin dien, se gay mot tac dong lam cac tui nhd vd va giai phong chat hoa hoc moi gidi la axetylcolin hoac noradrenalin, adrenalin Chat moi gidi cd vai trd la nhdng tin hoa, nhit vay cac tin dien da chuyen thanh tin hoa

Chat moi gidi khuech tan qua khe xinap den mang sau, d day nd da tac dung vdi phde chat lipoprotein cua mang sau, lam tang trong choc lat tinh tham cua mang sau, gay ra sir khd cifc va dao cite cua mang sau Ket qua la: phat sinh dong dien

thanh tin dien va hiftig phan dirqc ddn truyen di tiep tuc

a Khai niem: phan xa la boat dong tra Idi cua cd the doi vdi sir kich thich cac cd quan nhan cam dude thtfc hien qua he than kinh trung iTdng Hoat dong phan xa la dac tntng cua boat dong

Hinh 6 Phan xa dtfn xinap: phan xa dau goi.

ddi vdi he than kinh Phan Idn cac phan ting cua con ngtrdi deu

la ket qua cua cac boat dong phan xa cua he than kinh

tif

b Cung phan xa:

Mot phan xa muon thtfc hien ditoc phai co cung phan xa Mot cung phan xa gom 5 yeu to' (cac phan xa dcfn gian):

Bo phan nhan cam (thu quan)

Day than kinh hifdng tarn (hay day than kinh cam giac)

Trung khu phan xa trong than kinh trung tfcrng

Day than kinh ly tarn (hay day than kinh van dong)

Co quan dap ting (ccf quan thifc hien phan xa)

Phan xa chi dOOc thifc hien khi 5 yeu to cua cung phan xa con nguyen ven, ve phifOng dien giai phau va chdc nang Nhifng nghien cufu khac con cho thay cung phan xa la mot vdng khep kin, phan xa khong difng lai d sif tra Idi cua co quan thifc hien ma tif co quan nay se co nhtfng xung dong than kinh chay ngifqc ve than kinh trung ifOng de bdo ket qua cua hanh dong

da thifc hien (hinh 6)

2

6

1 Ccf ttf dau dui bi keo cSng khi go bua.

2 Thoi ccf bi kich thich

3 Than cua nOron cam giac d hach sau

4 Xinap

5 Noron van dong

6 Hodng xung dong

7 Co ttf dau goi dui co, gay ra dong tac dubi dac tnfng

8 Bua go vao gan ditcfi xOOng banh che

Do la tin hieu phan hoi hay "dobng lien he ngUOc " (goi la yeu to thuf 6 trong cung phan xa) Dodng di cua cung phan xa la mot dobng khep kin hay vong xoay tron oc theo chieu mcf rong

do ket qua cua tin hieu phan hoi, vi vay da co khai niem "vong phan xa" hoac "cung phan xa"

3) Rich thtfdc noTron:

Co diidng kinh vai micromet, soi nhanh co khi ngan, co khi lai rat dai, chieu dai phu thuoc vao vai tro cua chung trong he than kinh

truyen cac xung than kinh den tuy song tdi cac co khac nhau cac co the, dieu hoa boat dong cua co O cac dong vat Idn, noron van dong co the dai Im hoac hon, noron chan con hiTOu cao co dai tif co den chan Cac noron cam giac d£n truyen cac xung dong tir co quan cam giac den tuy song cung thodng la nhOng te bao co sqi dai NhOng sqi cua noron trung gian noi gitfa mot trung khu nay va mot trung khu khac trong he than kinh lai rat ngan

Sir khac nhau ve vi tri va ti le cac sqi nhanh va sqi true giup

ta phan biet dirqc loai noron chu yeu la noron nhan cam, noron dap ling va noron trung gian

a Norron nhan cam giac:

Nhan klch thich nhif anh sang, ap life, nhiet, hoSc kfch thich hoa hoc tit cac sefi nhanh roi bien doi thanh boat dong dien, di theo soi true dutfi dang mot xung than kinh Mot so ccf quan cam giac co rat nhieu te bao nhan cam: mot mSt co the co tdi

100 trieu, mot tai co 20.000 te bao Cac te bao nhan cam nhif vay khong co sqi true va chuyen thong tin tdi cdc ntfron cam giac, cac nefron nay mang thong tin tdi cac nerron trung gian hoac tori cac nerron van dong

b Nerron van dong:

Truyen thong tin tdi co gay co co va tdi tuyen lam tuyen tiet

ra Phan dng hoac vdi klch thich chuyen hoa hoac vdi menh lenh mile cao hefn tir nao bo co the thifc hien done nhieu phan ilng: mat chdp, gam gif, la ket qua phoi hop d mang noron dap dng O ngitdi co khoang 3 trieu nOron dap dng

c Norron trung gian :

Nhan thong tin td cac noron cam giac hoSc noron trung gian khac Cac nOron trung gian dcfOc sap xep thanh mang than kinh, tuy mile do philc tap va tiiy so- loqng cac noron trung gian

ma mang than kinh thay doi rat nhieu, philc tap nhat gom hang ngan noron trong nao bo dong vat cd vu Cac mang cd noron trung gian la nhttng noi dac biet doi vdi cac mang phoi hop giQa cac noron van dong va cd dong, hoat dong cua cac bo phan trong co the

III CHLfC NANG CUA HE THAN KINH:

He thdn kinh co cac nhiem vu chinh sau day:

-Dam bao sir thong nhat cdc hoat dong gitta co the va moi tmOng hay noi each khac la he than kinh da lien ket cac te bao, cac mo va cac co quan trong co the thanh mot khoi thong nhat, nhSm duy tri moi lien he gitta co the va moi trifbng bang

ctf che dieu chinh, phoi htfp sit boat dong giffa cac co quan, dam

bao sq thlch ting can thiet cua co the vdi so bien doi cua moi trilOng song

-Dieu khien, dieu tiet va phoi hop moi boat dong cua cac co quan chdc nang va toan bo boat dong song trong co the

IV HE THAN KINH TRUNG UO’NG:

A-TUY SONG:

1) So? ItfoTc ve can tao: (hinh 7b)

d ngifcfi trifbng thanh tuy song la mot ong chat tr&ng, dai 45cm, nd nam trong cot song, dOOc bao boc bang mot bo xOOng: cac dot song Do la he than kinh cd cau tao phan dot, chay tiX nao xuohg Mdi dot song cd mot doi day than kinh diTOc tao nen bbi rd trifdc va rd sau hop lai, tao thanh cac doi day than kinh chay doc theo tuy song Day than kinh tuy thuoc loai day pha, nghia la gom ca sqi than kinh cam giac lan sqi than kinh van dong

Trdn thiet didn cat ngang cua tuy song (hinh7a), ta thay chat xam va chat tr4ng

a Chat xam:

Ong tuy n^m chinh gitfa cd chda dich nao tuy, bao quanh la khoi chat xam hinh con bifd’m chia thanh sting trifdc, sting sau

va sting ben

kinh keo dai thanh re trifdc, dieu khien chdc nang van dong

kinh keo dai thanh re sau, dieu khid’n chdc nang cam giac

than kinh thdc vat

10 2 3

Doan ngtfc <

Doan th^t lifng <

Doan cung Doan cut

Hinh 7b Cot song ngi/bi Hinh 7a. Lat cat ngang tuy song

I Ranh sau; 2 Sting sau; 3 Re sau;

4 Sting ben; 5 Sting triftic; 6 Vting

trung gian; 7 Ranh trutfc; 8 Ong tuy;

9 Re trtidc; 10 Cac bo xuong;

II Cac bo len

b Chat trdng:

Nam ben ngoai bao quanh chat xam chia thanh: cot trade,cot sau va cot ben. Do la cac dtfcmg dan truyen xung than kinh noi tuy song vdi cac bo phan khac nhau cua nao bo, cung nhif ndi cac tiet doan tuy song vdi nhau va ndi chung vdi he than kinh ngoai bien

Toan bo tuy song diTOc bao ve bang cac cung cua cot song vadaqc ba Idp mang mo lien ket bao boc. Ngoai cung la Idp mangedng, tiep den Idp mang xop hay con goi la mang nhen vatrong cung la mang mem hay mang mach chtfa mach mau, lamnhiem vu dinh dif^ng va trao doi chat Giffa cac mang cungchda day dich nao tuy nhb do tuy song cung nha nao bo diftfc bao ve, tranh sirva cham khi van dong.

Doan cd <

11 1

*Chttc ndng ddn truy&n:

Tuy song dam nhiem chtfc nang lien lac, dan truyen xung dong th cac thu quan len nao va th nao qua tuy song den cac cP quan dap tfng Tuy song co 3 loai difdng ddn truyen chu yeu Id:

Dildng dan truyen cam giac (la dhbng hirdng tarn) bao gdm cac bo Goll, Burdach, Flechsig va difdng tuy- ddi thi

Dirbng ddn truyen van dong (dufrng ly tarn) gdm cac

bo thap thang, thap cheo, dildng nhan do - tuy va tien dinh - tuy D6 la difdng truyen cac xung ly tarn th cac trung khu van dong d nao bo xuong tuy va den cac ccf quan dap hng

Dhdng trung gian hay dhdng lien he giha cac cung phan xa trong mot tiet doan tuy va giha cac tiet doan tuy vdi nhau

nao trung gian

tieu naohanh tuy

1) Hanh tuy:

Hanh tuy la phan keo dai cua tuy song 6 day, ranh gitta cua tuy song phinh rong tao thanh mot xoang Idn goi la nao that 4 Hanh tuy cung vdi nao giGa va nao trung gian hop thanh than nao, bao gdm cac bo chat trang tao thanh cac dirdng ddn truyen len xuong va co nhan goi la trung khu than kinh dieu hanh cac phan xa khong dieu kien, cung nhif tuy song

ban caunao

tuyen yen—

nao giiJa'hanh tuy •tGy

A

tap, va la ncfi tap trung cac trung khu ho hap, tuan hoan, tieu hoa va trao doi chat thuoc bo phan than kinh there vat.

*Ddn truyen :

Hanh tuy la mot tram truyen thong tin lien lac cac dufrng dan truyen than kinh cam giac td tuy song len nao va xung van dong td nao xuong deu di qua hanh tuy Dong thbi edn nhan cac thong tin cam giac tif cac thu quan da, mat, niem mac, mat, mui, mieng, tai, hau, tim mach, dng tieu hoa, khf quan, phoi, tuyen tuy, gan va la diem xuat phat cua cac day

than kinh td nao so IX den so XII.

Nhir vay hanh tuy la trung khu "sinh menh" cua ngi/di va dong vat Moi ton thiTOng d hanh tuy deu gay tuf vong, trade het

vi lam ngiTng boat dong ho hap

2) Tieu nao:

a Cau tao:

Tieu nao nam sau hanh tuy gdm co 3 doi cuong (phan gitfa)

va hai ban cau Phan chat xam n&m ben ngoai tao thanh vd bdn cau tieu nao vdi nhieu nep nhan Chat trang nam ben trong tao thanh cac difdng ddn truyen nd! lien hai ban cau tieu nao vdi nhau, noi lien tieu nao vhi hanh tuy, cau nao va cac phan tren cua nao bo thong qua 3 doi cud'ng cua no

b Chitc ndng chung cua tieu nao:

Kiem soat va dieu hoa cac van dong khong tuy y nhif: truO'ng life co, sir phoi hop cac dong tac va duy tri tiT the thang bang trong khong gian cua co the

Kiem soat va dieu hoa cac van dong tuy y Neu tieu nao bi ton thiTOng se xuat hien cdc rdi loan van dong tuy y: sai tarn, sai hirdng, giam triTOng lire co, chong mat

Tieu nao con tham gia cdc chiJc nSng sing ly cua he than kinh thifc vat: dinh difdng, hoat dong tim mach, than nhiet, tieu hoa, ho hap

3) Nao giffa:

a Vi tri:

Nao gitfa diioc phat hien tif bong nao gitta Nao gitfa nSm trade tieu nao va tren cau nao, gom 2 phan: cu nao sinh tif va cuong nao Xoang nao giffa la mot ong hep chtfa dich nao tuy goi la cuong sylvius, noi lien nao that IV cua hanh tuy va nao that III d doi thi (nao trung gian) Nao giffa la nefi xuat phat cua day III va IV (day than kinh van dong)

b Chifc ndng:

Nao giffa la tram trung chuyen thong tin lien lac giffa doi thi

va 2 ban cau dai nao, dong thefi nao giffa cung la cau ndi giffa tuy song va ban cau dai nao thong qua nao trung gian

Nao giffa co cu nao sinh tff, 2 gef phla trade dam nhan chffc nang thi giac, 2 gd phia sau dam nhan chffc nffng thinh giac.Ngoai ra nao giffa con cd nhan do va nhan den cd vai trb trong sff dieu hoa trffOng life ccf, dieu hoa tff the va van dong bang cac phan xa chinh the va trffOng life ccr trong cac tff the khac nhau cua cd the (dffng, ngdi, nffm hoac khi con vat di dong chu dong hay bi dong trong khdng gian)

4) Nao trung gian:

a Vi tri: Nao trung gian nffm trade nao giffa va dffdi ban

cau dai nao Nao trung gian gdm 4 phan bao quanh nao that III (doi thi, tren doi, dffdi doi va sau doi) Trong do doi thi va dffdi doi la bo phan quan trong nhat cua nao trung gian

cf difdi doi thi va tao thanh

+

+

+

b Chitc ndng:

quan cam giac va truyen len vd nao phoi hop vcfi the ladi mot vung chat xam khong rd ret trong than nao, doi thi giup cho dieu hoa trang thai "thtfc" cua cd the Khi the Iddi hoat dong

con ngufti d trong trang thai tinh Ngiidc lai neu the lifdi bi de

che thi con ngifbi se ngu Ngdcti ta cho rang giac ngd xuat hien

la do mot chat hoa hoc ten la serotonin san sinh ra td cac trung khu ngd nam d than nao

^Vung diidi doi: vung nay nam

day eda nao trade Day la vung nao quan trong nhat, no cd 3 chtfc nang chinh:

Vung dirdi doi la cau nod gitfa he than kinh va he noi tiet Nd san sinh ra cac hormone va nhieu chat khac ntfa diidc goi la yeu td giai phdng tac dong len tuyen yen lam cho tuyen yen tiet ra cac hormone tifdng dng.Vung dudi doi la trung khu dieu hoa chinh cua noi moi Nd dieu hoa can bang ap life tham thau cd the, dieu hoa than nhiet, nd chda cac trung khu dieu hda cam giac doi, no va khat

Do cd lien quan tdi cac vung khac cua bo nao ma vung difdi doi giup cho viec dieu hoa he than kinh thtfc vat dieu khien rat nhieu cac hoat dong tuy y: tiet md hoi,

co mach, nhip tim, gian dong td va run

Doi thi con la trung tarn cao cap cua cam giac dau ddn, dieu hoa, pho'i hop ca nhilng bieu hien cam xue ben ngoai Khi doi thi bi ton thUOng mot va cham nhe len da cung gay cam giac dau ddn, song cung cd trOdng hop ton thiTOng doi thi lam mat han cam giac dau

5) Ban can dai nao:

a Vi tri va cau tao:

Hai ban cau nao cua ngifcri phdt trien rat to Idn che khuat hau nhif toan bo cua bo nao

b Chute nang:

Defa vao cau true va cac chufc nang cua te bao, ngufbi ta

da chia vd nao thanh cac vung chufc n&ng khac nhau nhif:

Vo nao: day la vung rong 16n nhat cua nao dong vat cd

vu, no chda tdi 90% nefron trong toan bo he than kinh Nao diTOc phan chia thanh hai ban cau dai nao noi vdi nhau bdi the chai - mot bo chat trSng Idn Be mat cua ban cau dai nao gap lai rat nhieu lan Lam cho than cac te bao than kinh nam gan mat nao co the trao doi chat vdi dich nao tuy, nep gap len cua

vo nao ditoc goi la hoi nao gyri, nep gap xuong rong hern diftfc goi la khe nao sulci, d mot vai cho co ranh sau chia cac ban cau thanh cac tieu thuy rieng biet (hinh 9a,b,c) Mot vai khu vtfc cua nao co chdc nang nhat dinh

+ Vung vd nao van dong scr cap: nam ngay trade ranh trung tarn Nd chtfa nhilng te bao cd chtfc nang dieu khien boat dong van dong Nhtfng te bao nay daoc s£p xep theo mot trat tif nhat dinh, do do chung tao nen "ban do" cac co cua co the tren

be mat nao Rich thich dien d bat cd diem nao cung gay nen van dong cua phan co the taong dng Vi ly do gi cho den nay ngOdi ta chifa biet cac bd than kinh van dong td vd nao thddng

di den phia ben kia cua co the qua tuy song, nghia la nao trai dieu khien cac van dong phia ben phai cua co the va ngdqc lai.+ Vd nao cam giac so cap: ngay phia sau ranh trung tarn la noi cac xung dong cam giac hifdng tarn td phia doi ben truyen den va nd cung tao thanh "ban do" tdOng to nha tren Rich thich dien cac vung nay se tao cam gidc dau d cac vung co the tifOng dng Cac khu vdc nSm rieng le cua vd nao nhan nhtfng

10 -tin hieu co lien quan den thi giac (vd nao thi giac so cap) va thinh gidc (vd nao thlnh giac so cap).

Hinh 9b

Ban cau dai nao

1 Vd nao cam giac; 2 Than minh v& chan; 3 Ban tay; 4 Mat;

5 Moi; 6 LifOi; 7 Thiiy ben; 8 Thuy cham; 9 Vung vd nao; 10 Tieu nao; 11 Tuy song; 12 Than minh vh chan; 13 Canh tay;

14 Bhn tay; 15 Ng6n tay; 16 Mdt; 17 Mat; 18 Moi; 19 Lodi;

20 Thuy trdn; 21 Thuy thdi ditong; 22 Vd nao thlnh gidc; 23 Hanh nao

-12 -13

1

2 3 4

5

6

7

8 9 10

Hinh 9a Nao trung gian

I V6 nao (chat xam); 2 Chat trang; 3 Cdc sei tif vd nao; 4 Cac nao that chila day dich nao tuy (DNT); 5 Ranh nao; 6 Hoi nao;

7 Khe nao; 8 Nhan chat xam; 9 Viing ditoi ddi; 10 Tuyen yen;

II Ranh doc; 12 The chai; 13 Cac difdng ndi ddi nao vdi vd nao vd cac nhan khac; 14 Ddi nao

Ranh trung tarn

i

2 —

/ 73

/ Thiiy

- -C cham

Hinh 9c

Cac vung chtfc n^ng cua nao

+V6 nao lien hop (phan con lai cua vd nao), chung khong cd lien quan rd rang vdi cac chile nang khac nhau cua co the Mac

du van cd mot sif dinh khu ve dai the

d nao ngufri deu khong tao difqc nhifrig am ro rang, nhifng tie ng ndi se mat di neu nhttng khu viTc nay bi ton thiTOng hay

bi lay di bang phau thuat Nhtfng tin hieu tit nhieu vung ngdn ngu" khac nhau di den vung vd nao lien hop va duOc xcf ly d day Qua trinh nay thitbng cd lien quan vdi boat dong tri tue bao gdm sq suy nghi, hoc hanh va tri nhd

Hai ban cau dai nao chile nang gidng nhau Ngufdi thuan tay phai, bdn cau trai chile nang vung ngdn ngff quan trong cd Ou the ngdn ngG* Ban cau ngOdi cd Ou the tay phai cd Ou the cac chile nang khac, vi du nhan ra do vat bang cam giac thi giac philc hop Hai ban cau bo sung cho nhau ve cac chile n£ng chung cua toan co the, d ngOdi thuan tay trai cac chdc nang ngdn ngd do ban cau phai Ou the

V HE THAN KINH NGOAI BIEN:

/Thuy Iran Thiiy dinh '

j-^Si^Thiiy thdi diitfng

a He than kinh dpng vat:

b He than kinh thvtc vat:

Mdt

7

Hinh 10 He than kinh thifc vat

La phan co chtfc nang dieu khien hoat dong cac co quan co cau tao bang co tron va cac tuyen ben trong co the Than kinh thifc vat gdm hai phan nho sau:

va tuy den cac co quan thifc hien He than kinh ngoai bien gdm hai phan chinh sau:

Dieu khien hoat dong cua co van bam xuOng va mot so' co quan d ben ngoai vung dau, viing mat

Cac hach nude -Q—

Cac soi trade

Da day

Rupt non

Tuy

Phan th^t lung

cua tuy song

Than TK giao cam n&’i cac hach giao cam (co hai thfin, moi thSn nam ve mot phia cua tuy s5'ng)

Cdc soi hach den cdc tuyen m6 h6i, mach mau va cdc nang Idng d da

Tim

Phoi t - Hach bung

Da ddy

J / Rapt non

& Tuv

Mt gid Tuy thnang than Hach treo mang tren Rupt gia

Hach mac treo trdng dt/di

Bdng quang

Co quan sinh due

Bdng quang q —

Bp phdn sinh due —(J

Cac hach pho |

giao cam gan

co quan chi phd’i

Khu vUc cung cua tuy song

Hp pho giao cam He giao cam

— Viing dtrdi doi

— Tieu nao

— Hanh nao PhAn co cua tuy song _ Cdc sdi sau hach dai nLMdt

- Cac hach ndde hot - Tim

Lam tangLam tangLam tangLam tangLam tang

Tac dung giao cam

Gian Gian

Co

Co Gian

Lam giamLam giamLam giamLam giamLam giam

Tac dung pho giao

Tac dong cua he than kinh thifc vat len mot so' co quan difqc tom tat bang bang difdi day:

Bang 1 Tac dung cua day than kinh thufe vat

CoGianTang co trifOng life Gian

GianCoGiam co bdp va trifOng life

Co

tietda

tiet

tietbai

TSng bai tiet dich

Mo hoi

Tuy noi tiet

Tuyen d

day

Tuy ngoai tiet

Giam trifctaglacGian

GianGianGian

Tang tiet nadcbot dac

dich vi Giam bai dich tuyTang tiet

Chutcfng 3

Ccf quan cam giac co nhiem vu tiep nhan cac kfch thfch tif moi triicfng ngoai (nhtfng klch thfch thuoc ccf hoc, ly hoc, hoa hoc) hoac moi trifcmg trong ccf the (stf thay doi ap Iqc, thay doi thanh phan hoa hoc cua mau ) De ccf the co nhilng dap dng thfch hep, dam bao stf thfch nghi cua ccf the vdi moi trtfcfng Cac ccf quan nay con co ten la ccf quan thu cam Ngifcfi ta phan biet hai loai ccf quan thu cam: ccf quan thu cam trong va ccf quan thu cam ngoai

Ccf quan thu cam phan ngoai cung cua cP quan phan tfch Con ngirbi nhan thifc diftfc the gidi xung quanh la nhb cac ccf quan phan tfch, trong thanh phan cua chung gom co ccf quan thu cam, difcfng d4n truyen than kinh va vung phan tfch d vb nao

Thtfc ra sir phan tfch xay d ngay pham vi ccf the nhcf cdc ccf quan thu cam Vi mbi cd quan thu cam chi tiep nhan mot loai kfch thfch dac trifng (mat ngdcfi thu nhan kfch thfch anh sang, tai thu nhan kfch thfch am thanh, da tiep nhan cac kfch thfch nhiet do, ap life ) Ngay d mbi cd quan thu cam cung co sir phan tfch sef bb nhcf cau true cua mbi cd quan, chang han d mat: trong mang lirdi te bao que va te bao non tiep nhan nhu'ng kfch thfch khac nhau, or day trong va day ngoai thu nhan nhu’ng (kfch thfch khac nhau) am thanh co do cao, thap

va manh, yeu khac nhau, nhiTng cac vung tiTcfng ting cua vb nao

la be mat phan tfch va tong hep cao hen, cho ta nhan thde rd doi tireng mot each hoan chinh

Can cd vao kha nang thu kfch thfch xa hay kfch thfch trdc tiep cua cac cd quan thu cam ma ngdcfi ta chia ra:

Cac ccf quan thu cam xa: mat, tai, cac ccf quart khtfu giac.Cac ccf quan thu cam trite tiep: da, cac thu quan vi giac, cac tit thu quan (thu quan nSm trong ccf, khdp)

Neu difa vao tinh chat thu nhan cac kich thlch cua cac thu quan lai cd the sap xep thanh cac loai:

+ Ccf quan thu cam anh sdng: mat

+ Ccf quan thu cam am thanh, thang bang: tai

+ Ccf quan thu cam hda hoc: mui, litdi

+ Ccf quan thu cam nhiet do, ap lite, dau ddn: da

+ Ccf quan thu cam ben trong: ccf, khdp, thanh mach mau.Trong sb cac ccf quan thu cam tren, chung ta se di sau nghien cull mot sb co quan cd cau true phufe tap

I CO QUAN THU CAM ANH SANG: MAT

1) Cau tao va chute phan cua mat:

Cau tao mat bao gbm: cau mbt va cac ccf quan hb trq: mi mat, tuyen le, cac ccf

khoang 25mm va cd 3 mang: mang cifrig, mang mach, mang than kinh (hinh Ila)

bo xtfcfng de bao ve mbt Mang cifrig gbm hai phan:

Phfa sau cau mbt cau tao bang mo lien ket sqi chbc, phan nay chiem khoang 4/5 dien tich cau mat, cd mau nau trang

+ Phfa trade cau mdt chiem 1/5 dien tich cau mat, phan nay trong subt goi la giac mac Giac mac khdng cd

10

-5 11

6 12

Hinh Ila Cau tao mat ngilcfi

Hinh 11b Cau tao mang lifdi

1 Te bao sac to'

2 Te bao hinh non

S

•J

«!

t i

6

5

1 Day chang; 2 Mong mat; 3

Thuy dich; 4 Thuy tinh the; 5

Giac mac; 6 The my; 7 Mang 3 Te bao hinh que

cdng; 8 Mang mach; 9 Mang 4 Anh sang

lifdi; 10 Diem vang; 11 Day 5 Day than kinh den nao than kinh thi giac; 12 Diem mu; 6 Than ntfron

13 Dich trong suot; 14 Ccf my

* Mang mach: la Idp thii hai tif ngoai vao trong, mang mach

mem va co nhieu mach mau phu day dac xen ke vdi cac te bao sac to'

+ The mi la phan day cua mang mach, nam d ranh gidi gitfa mang ciing va giac mac The mi gom khoang 70 mau Idi mi, trong co nhieu mach mau, the mi co chiic nang tiet ra thuy dich

+ Long den la phan trifdc cua mang mach hinh dia trdn,

d chfnh gitta cd lo thung goi la con ngufcri (dong td) Long den cau tao bdi mo dem lien ket chda nhieu s&c to' So Itfdng sac to' quye't dinh mau mSt, neu nhieu sac to' thi long mat mau den, it sac td thi long mat mau

+

+

nau ho^c xanh da trdi Neu khong co sac to thi ngifcfi

bi benh bach tang, long mat se co mau do hong (do mach mau anh len) Ldng den co 2 loai co trOn giup co gian dong tuf co tdc dung dieu chinh ItfOng anh sang lot vao ben trong

^Mdng thdn kinh: la Idp mang thtf 3 d trong cung Do la

nhiing te bao than kinh thu nhan cam giac anh sang, mang than kinh gdm co 3 Idp te bao (hinh 11b):

Ldp 1 : nam sat thuy tinh di ch la Idp s&c to

Ldp 2: la Idp te bao cam thu anh sang cd dang hinh non va hinh que 6 mat ngOdi cd khoang 130 trieu te bao hinh que va 7 trieu te bao hinh non Tai nOi day than kinh thi giac di ra khong cd te bao hinh non hay hinh que difOc goi la diem mu Cach diem mu vai milimet la diem vang Diem vang thang vdi 16 con ngtfOi qua nhan mSt va thuy tinh dich, cang xa diem vang thi so te bao hinh que cang tang va so te bao hinh non cang giam Cac te bao hinh non tiep nhan nhiing anh sdng chieu thing vdi ctidng do Idn Con cac te bao que tiep nhan nhiing anh sang chieu xien vdi ciidng do nhd Te bao hinh non thu nhan mau sac: phat trien manh d nhiing loai thu san moi ban ngay

Te bao hinh que thu nhan ciidng do anh sang cho nen phat trien manh d nhiing loai thu sSn moi ban dem.Ldp 3: la cac te bao hach Sqi true cua cac te bao hach tap trung tao thanh day thi giac so II

Trong thanh phan cua cau mat con cd thuy tinh dich Do la

he thong chiet quang cua cau mit

* Thuy tinh dich' gidng nhti chat thach la khoi Idn choan day khoang trong gida nhan mit vdi mang than kinh, toan bo

difcfc boc trong mang mong trong suot nhif thuy tinh co khuc xa anh sang.

* Nh&n mdt (thuy tinh the): giong nhif mot than kinh hoi tu

co hai mat loi co difcmg kinh khoang 9mm, day khoang 4mm, nhan mat diTOc cd dinh bdi cac day chang tif the mi, ngay phia sau long den Khi nhin xa nhan mat dep bdt xuohg Khi nhin gan, nhan mat phong len

* Thuy dich: do mach mdu trong long den va the mi tiet ra,

thuy dich chiia day trong 2 khoang phia trudc va phia sau long den

* Cdc cdu tao ho trg cua cdu mdt:

Cac cau tao hd tro cau mat: mi mat, tuyen le, va cac co dieu khien cau mat

- Mi mat : gdm cd mi tren va mi diidi Do la nhiZng nep da nam triTbc cau mat Khi hai mi khep lai che kin cau mat, bd mi mat cd nhieu long de che chan gid va bui vao cau mat Phia diidi cua mi mdt la Idp mo lien ket dan hoi, trong do cd khoang

30 - 40 tuyen tiet chat nhbn do ra bb mi Gida mi mdt va ket

tren cua mi mdt cd cung may cung cd tac dung bao ve cau mdt

- Tuyen le nam trong ho' le cua xuOng tran Do la nhtfng tuyen tiet ra nifd'c mdt do vao ho' le d gd'c mdt Nifdc mat cd tac dung rda sach bui bam va nhOng vat la xam nhap vao giac mac Node mat theo d'ng mui le xud'ng khoang mui d difdi ddi xiTOng xoan cud'i cung Nifdc mdt con cd tdc dung sat trung va

gift cho giac mac trong sud't

- Cac co van dong cau mdt gdm cd 6 cO: 4 co thang giup cau mdt lie'e ngang, liec doc, 2 co chho giup cau mdt liec cheo