Giáo trình ngữ dụng học ngữ văn ths gvc nguyễn thị thu thủy

ngirdi trong qua trinh giao tiep, nhu tdm li, sinh li vd xd hoi." [10,Tren ca sa thua nhan su khac biet giira Ngti phap vai viec str dung ngon ngu, Levinson dinh nghTa: "Ngu dung hoc ngh

Gido Trinh

NGU DUNG HOC - NGU’ VAN

Vinh Long - 2008

l THUVlfiN ! TRUONG DAI HOC DAN LAP Gifu LONG

Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy

•>

Ngil Van, Nguydn Thi

Trifdng Dai hoc Dan lap Chu Long muon khang dinh la trung tam dao tao nguon nhan life co trinh do cao cho khu virc dong bang song Cdu Long de phuc vu cho cong cuoc cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa da't nude thi phai nang cao cha't litong dao tao toan dien Mot trong nhiing ye'u to' trong ye'u la doi ngu thay co, he thong cac giao trinh va trang thie't bi day hoc

Cung vdi cac nganh cac cap trong toan qudc dang day nhanh tien do xay dung va cung cd vi the trong xu the hoi nhap, tnrtag Dai hoc Dan lap Guru Long dan tu'ng budc hoan thien de duong ddu vdi nhiing thach thilc do, gop phan dera nen giao due dai hoc Viet Nam dilng vOng, ngang tam khu vile va the gidi

Ke hoach xay du’ng vd

giang vien lam tai lieu ctf

e mot Bo giao trinh sd dung cho cac ban de giang day, cho sinh vien nghien cun tham khao hoc tap la nhu cau cap bach cua nha triicfng

An pham nay la giao trinh Ngu* Dung Hoc -

Triidng Dai hoc Dan lap Cufu Long, do ThS GVC

Thu Thiiy bien soan

Lanh dao triXdng Dai hoc Dan lap Cufu Long tran trong nhu'ng cong hien, dong gop cua Quy thay co mdi giang cung nhu” cac thay co can bo - giang vien co hull cua nha triThng

ThS Nguyen Cao Dat

trong nha truing

Tran trong gidi thieu giao trinh nay den Quy thay co va

cac em sinh vien trifcrng Dai hoc Dan lap Cdu Long

Vinh Long, thang 01 nam 2008

Q HIEU TRtfdNG

LOT NOI DAU

»

Ngit dm hoc, Tic rung hoc, Ngu phdp hoc Id nhung chuyen ngdnh quen thuoc trong gidi nghien cuu Viet ngu, sinh vien va hoc sinh song Ngu dung hpc lai duong nhu cdn xa la ddi vdi nhi'eu ngudi mac

du nhung van de ye Ngu dung tu bao gid da trd nen vo cung thih than trong giao tiep xd hoi Co the noi, Ngu dung hoc Id mot chuyen nganh mdi cua Viet Nam; do vqy, cdc cong trinh, bdi viet linh vuc nay d nude ta hien nay cdn rat it 6 Trudng Dai hoc Dan lap Cim Long, cdc tai lieu lien quan den mon hoc nay lai edng hidm.

Trong tinh hinh nhu vqy, giao trinh nay duac hien soon nhdm hd trp bdi gidng cua giao vien tren Idp, giup sinh vien ndm vung nhung kien thuc ve mon hoc.

Trong xu hudng ddi mdi phuang phdp day - hoc d bdc dai hoc giao trinh dupe hien soqn hudng ddn cdc muc dich, yeu cdu sau:

1 Dam bao nhung noi dung co han cua mdn hoc Tren co so trinh bay nhung van de It thuyet ye Ngu dung hoc; d tung phdn chung tdi

co gang hen he den van de su dung ngdn ngu cua cong ddng trong ngu ednh cu the.

2 Dam bao tinh vua sue, de hieu Trude nhung vdn dd khoa hoc

co the co hai each trinh hay: hoqc trinh hay theo phong each han lam, hoqc^ trinh hay theo phong each su phqm Chung tdi chon each thii hai de giup sinh vien de tiep can mdn hoc.

3 Dam hdo thdi lupng dupe phdn phdi ddi vdi mdn hoc (30 tidt)

De ddm hdo thdi gian, chung tdi mqnh dan ho qua nhung vdn dd ma chung tdi cho la khdng co ban, hoqc nhung vdn de tuy co ban nhung con mo hd vd hien tai gidi Viet ngu it dd cap ddn.

4 Dam hdo tinh su phqm Dd dqt dupe didu nay, d lung bdi, chung tdi kdt hop giua ly thuydt vd thuc hdnh Nhdm giup sinh vien phdt huy tinh tich cue, chu ddng trong hoc tap, gido trinh khdng trinh bay can ke, chi tidt tat cd noi dung cua bdi hoc Mot sd vdn dd dupe chungJdi cd y bd lung de sinh vien suy nghi vd thdo ludn Chung tdi cho rang, gido trinh chi Id phuong tidn hd trp cho vide day vd hoc, do

TP Can Tha ngay 01 thdng 1 ndm 2008.

Thong tin ca ban

Bai tap ddnh gia

} eu cdu kien thuc cua mon hoc thi nhieu nhung thdi luqng duqc

phan phoi tren lop thi co han, do vdy phuang phdp hoc tap tlch cue

la quan trong De su dung duqc tdi da hieu qua thdi gian tren lap, hoc vien can nghien cuu ki gido tr'inh trudc khi Ten lap Cu thd:

li a lai cdc cdu hoi, thuc hien cdc nhiem vu a phan "Hoat dong " theo tr'inh tu duqc hudng ddn trong gido trinh.

Doc Thong tin ca ban " de ndm duqc npi dung cua bdi hoc Thqc hipn cdc bdi tap phan "Ddnh gid ” de cung cd, ma rdng kien thuc vd tim nhung ung dung cua kidn thuc da hoc vdo ddi song.

Ndi dung hoc tqp gdm hai phdn: phdn bdt budc vd phdn khdng bat buoc.^ Phdn bdt budc se duqc gido vien td chuc hoc tap q lop Phdn khdn^g bdt budc, sinh vien tu nghien cuu, tim hieu Phdn ddnh

^ia P^n ^u^c' tl{y nhien do han che ve mat thdi gian, hdu hdt bdi tap sinh vien phai tu lam a nhd.

Trudc mot chuyen ngdnh mdi me, con nhi'eu vdn dd bd ngd tdi heu chdchdn khd dap ung duqc tdt cd mong mudn tim hidu, nghien cuu ve mon hoc Chung tdi rat mong nhdn duqc y kidn dong gdp cua nguai hoc va dong nghidp.

Chude 1

NHUNG VAN DE CHUNG VE NGf DUNG HOC

Giffi thieu chung

Qua chit de nay, hoc yien thdy duac su ra dai cua Ngu dung hoc

la mot nhu cdu buc thiet cua viec sic dung ngbn ngic, tren co so do xac dinh duoc doi tuong, nhiem vii va noi dung nghien cuu cua mon hoc De dat duoc dieu do, trudc h^t hoc vien cdn phdn biet ddi tuong

va nhiem vu nghien cuu cua Ngu dung hoc vol cdc bo mon nhu Ngu

am hoc, Tic vung hoc, Ngu phdp hoc va Ngic nghia hoc (trong do vol Ngu phdp hoc va Ngic nghia hoc la quan trong nhdt).

Ngoai ra, qua chit d'e nay hoc vien co th^ trinh bay duoc cdc chicc ndng cua giao tiep, phdn tich duoc ngu canh trong mot di^n ngdn cu the va su chi phoi cua no doi vdi van de tqo lap va tUp nhdn di&n ngdn Day la co so d& hoc tidp cdc chii dd sau.

I Sir RA Ddi VA PHAT TRIEN CUA NGU’ DUNG HOC

Hoat dong 1

Hay neu len nhung luan diem quan trong trong "Giao trinh ngon ngu hoc dai cirong" cua F de Saussure va anh hirong cua no d^n ddi tirong, nhiem vu va phuong phap nghien ctru cua Ngdn ngir hoc thd gidi dau the ki XX

Thong tin ca ban cua boat dong 1

'Sir ra ddi cua "Giao trinh ngdn ngu hoc dai cuong" la mot cot

mdc quan trong, danh dau su ra ddi cua nganh Ngdn ngu hoc thd gidi Nhung luan diem quan trong cua giao trinh da chi phdi manh

me Ngdn ngu hoc ca mot thdi ki Ddy la cac luan didm phan biet ngdn ngu/ldi noi, quan he ndi tai/quan he ngoai tai, thd chSt/cdu true, dong dai/lich dai

Nhung anh hudng tich cue cua cac luan didm ddn ngdn ngu hoc dau the ki XX la khdng thd phu nhan Anh hudng dupe danh gia la tich cue cua Saussure la d cho da "khdng dinh dupe ban chdt he

thong cua ngdn ngu, va d su khdng dinh su tdn tai quy dinh Idn nhau

ban va neu nhfrng tien dd thuc ddy su ra dcri va

cua cdc quern he^ trong he thdng ngdn ngicjd d chd qua viec chung minh han chat he thong cua ngdn ngu ma de ra nhung net ca han cua phucmgphdp he thong va cua cdc thao tdc nghien cihi ngdn ngu theo phuang phdp he thong ” [4, 6].

Tuy nhien cung can nhan thAy nhung anh huemg tieu cue cua chung doi vd-i buac ti^n cua Ngdn ngu hoc Chinh luan didm cue doan doi lap ngdn ngu va lai ndi, quan he ndi tai va ngoqi tai cua F

De Saussure da khep lai doi tuong nghien cuu cua ngdn ngu hoc dAu the ki Gido trinh Ngdn ngu hoc dqi cuomg da khSng dinh: Ddi tuang

duy nhdt va chan thuc cua Ngdn ngu hoc Id ngdn ngu xet trong han than nd vd vi han than nd [7, 393].

Chiu anh hudng cua quan diem nay, nghien cuu Ngdn ngu hoc cac trudng phai cau true luan cd dien chi tap trung su chu y vao cdu true ndi tai cua ngdn ngu, phan nao xem nhe boat dong cua ngdn ngu trong hanh chuc, tuc trong boat dpng thuc hien cac chuc nang ma xa hoi quy dinh cho nd Dieu nay dan den mot he qua khdng the tranh khdi la Ngdn ngu hoc cau true phai chiu bd tay trubc nhidu cau hoi

cd lien quan den lot ndi, lien quan ddn quan he ngoqi tai Cu thd nhung cau hoi nhu: "Chung ta lam gi khi chung ta ndi ? Chung ta

thuc su ndi gi khi chung ta ndi? Tai sao chung ta lai hoi ngudi cung han an vdi chung ta rang anh ta cd the chuyen cho chung ta lo mudi hay khdng trong khi rd rang vd hien nhien la anh ta hodn loan cd the? Ai ndi vdi ai ? Ai ndi vd ndi cho ai ? Anh nghitoi Id ai dd cd thd ndi vd-i tdi nhu yay ? Chung ta edn phai hidt nhung gi dd cho cau ndi nay hay cau ndi kia cua chung khdng edn mo hd nua ? Thd nao Id mot lai hua ? Ngudi ta cd thd ndi mot didu gi khde vd-i didu ngudi ta muon ndi nhu the nao ? Ngudi ta cd thd tin vdo didu ndi theo cau chu dupe khdng ? Nghta Id cd thd tin vdo nghia cau chu- cua Idi ndi dupe khdng ? Nhung edng dung cua ngdn ngu Id gi? [4, 12]

Tom lai do chiu anh huemg boi nhung luan didm cue doan cua F.de Saussure, dau the ki XX Ngu dung hau nhu khdng duac dd cap den

Hoat dong 2

Doc^thdng tin cor ban va neu nhung tien dd thuc ddy su ra ddi va phat then cua ngu dung hoc

Thong tin co’ ban cua hoat dong 2

' Ngu- dung hoc da co mdm mdng ttr thai cd dai dirdi ten goi "Dien 7otQC'\ (rh<korique) hay khoa "hung bien" D£n thai hien dai, nam

1926 no tiep tuc dirge nha triet hoc va logic hoc L.Wittgenstein nghien cun thong qua "thuyet nguyen tu luan logic", "cac tro choi ng°n ngu Nam 1938, Charles W Morris, tren ca sa k6 thua li thuyet ki hi?u hoc cua C.S Pierce, trong cong trinh Nhii-ng ca sa cua

h thuyet ki heu cua minh, da phan biet ki hieu hoc thanh ba nganh:

Net hpc (Syntax), Nghia hoc (Semantics) va Dung hoc (Pragmatics) Theo Morris, Ket hoc nghien cuu nhii-ng quan he hinh thuc giita cdc

tin hieu; Nghia hoc nghien cuu quan he giiia tin hieu vdi cdc su vat

ma tin hieu co the dp dqt duac cho chung; Dung hoc nghien cuu quan h^ giua tin hieu vdi con ngudi li gidi chung [4, 55] Ngon ngu

ban chat cung la mpt loai tin hieu Nhtrng khai niem va nguyen li cua

1 in hieu hoc co the gop phan soi sang nhi£u vdn de cua Ngon ngu hoc, theo do Ngu dung hoc ra dai

Nghien cuu ngon ngu, den giai doan nay, cac nha Ngu dung hoc tpp trung su chu y vao moi quan he giua ngon ngu va xa hoi, vao su thuc hien chuc nang giao tiep cua no Nha thoat khdi he thdng va cdu true, gan ngon ngu vai hoat dong, cac nha Ngu dung hoc ddn tra Idi duac nhieu cau hoi ma cac nha cau true luan cd didn truac do da chiu

bo tay Tuy nhien phai den nam 70 cua thd ki XX, Ngu dung hoc mdi thuc su phat then Trong Principles of Pragmatics, Geoffrey Leech nhcin xet: "15 nam trudc do (truac 1983) Ngu dung hoc hdu nhu

khong^ duac cdc nha Ngon ngu hoc nhde d^n, n^u co duac nhde d^n thi cung chi vdi tu each la mot thu "sot gidy loai" (Waste-paper basket) chuyen thu luam nhung edi gi edn thua cua Ngu nghia hoc (Semantics) gidng nhu trudc do mot thdp ki, Ngu nghia hoc duac giao nhiem vu gidi thich tdt ca nhung gi ma Ngu phdp tao sinh khdng xuh not, thi tu nam 1983 tra di, Ngu dung hoc da phat tridn mqnh

me ca ve h thuyet, cd ve nghien cuu cu thd Trong lich su Ngon ngu hpc, chua tung co mot chuyen nganh Ngon ngu hoc ddng dai ndo lai Idi cuon duac nhieu nha Ngon ngu hoc vao vdng xody cua minh trong mot thai gian ngdn nhu Ngu dung hoc"[4,5].

Tiep theo Morris, hang loat nhung tac gia ten tudi nhu: K.Camap J.Bar-Hillel, L.Austin, J.R Searle F Armengaud, P Brown and S

C Levinson M Coulthard, O Ducrot, Ch J Fillmore J A Fishman, H P Grice, J Lyons, G Yule, da noi len cung nhau hudmg den xay dung nhung he thdng li thuy^t cho Ngu dung hoc the

ki XX

0 Viet Nam, cung mai den nhung nam 80 cua the ki XX, Ngu dung hoc moi duoc cac nha Viet ngu quan tarn Nhung ngudi tien phong cua nganh Ngu dung o Viet Nam vdi nhung cong trinh klioi mao quan trong co the ke den la Hoang Phe vdi Logic Ngon ngu hoc Cao Xuan Hao vdi Tieng Viet - Sa ihdo Ngu phdp chuc ndng Do

Huu Chau vdi Dai cuang Ngon ngu hoc, Nguyen Thien Giap vdi Ca

sa Ngon ngu hqc, Nguyen Due Dan vdi Ngu dung hoc - tap 1 Cac

cong trinh da bo sung cho nhau md dudng khai thac mot ITnh dia mdi

vd cung thiet yeu cua Ngon ngu hoc tieng Viet

Tom lai do nhung han che cua Ngon ngu hoc cau true, d6i tuvng

va nhiem vu nghien ctru cua Ngon ngu hoc nhdt thiet phai duoc dieu chinh lai Ngu dung hoc ra ddi la mot khuynli hudng, mot nhu cdu tdt yeu Tuy nhien ddi tuong, nhi?m vu cu the cua ngu dung hoc la gi, cho den nay van con nhidu y kien khac nhau

II NGLT DUNG HOC LA GI?

Hoat dong

Doc thong tin ca ban va thdo luan dinh nghia cua cac nha nghien cuu ve ddi tuong vd nhiem vu nghien cun cua Ngu dung hoc.

Thong tin co ban

A.M Diller va Recanati dinh nghia : "Ngu dung hoc nghien cuu viec diing ngon ngu trong didn tic vd cac chi hieu dqc thii trong ngon ngu nhung^ edi lam nen each thirc noi ndng" [10 10] Nhu vay theo

ong van de co ban ma Ngu diing hoc quan tarn la mdi quan he giua ngon ngu va dien tir Cu the day la qua trinh tao ra dien tir va kdt qua cua chung

Dua vao li thuydt su dung ngon ngu, cd tac gia cho ring tit ca nhung gi tac dong tdi qua trinh giao tidp deu thudc vd ngu dung hoc

R Fasold dinh nghia "Ngu dung hoc dd cap tdi moi y'eu rd con

ngirdi trong qua trinh giao tiep, nhu tdm li, sinh li vd xd hoi." [10,

Tren ca sa thua nhan su khac biet giira Ngti phap vai viec str dung ngon ngu, Levinson dinh nghTa: "Ngu dung hoc nghien cdu nhung

quan hegiua ngon ngu vd ngu cdnh da duqc ngu phap hda hodc dupe ma hda trong cdu true cua mot ngon ngu ”[10.17].

Dua vao ngtr canh xa hoi (social context), J.L Mey dinh nghTa:

Ngu dung hoc la khoa hoc nghien cuu vd nhung didu kidn su dung ngon ngu tu nhidn nhu Id nhung ydu td dupe chd dinh bpi ngu cdnh

xa hoi " [10, 12]

Virol ra khdi y nghTa mieu ta cua dien ngon, G Jule cho ring:

Ngu dung hoc Id su nghien cuu phdn y nghia thudc vd ngudi ndi (Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning), y nghia cua ngu canh (Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning), nghien cuu nhung each giup thong bdo dupe nhidu han nhung gi dupe ndi ra (bang lai) (Pragmatics is the study of how more get communicated than is said), nghien cuu vd vide thd hidn khodng each tuang ddi (Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance) " [20

15].

R.E Nofsinger cho rang "Ngu dung hoc nghien cuu su giao tidp

bang ngdn ngu, nghien cuu each dung ngon ngu thuc su trong nhung ngu canh chuydn biet (Specific Situations) " [4, 49] Cu the, "nd quan tdm den vide ngudi ndi dd diing lai ndi cua minh thd hidn hanh vi xd hoi ridng biet nhu thd ndo, quan tdm ddn vide lai ndi dupe ngudi nghe h gidi nhu la nhung hanh vi do ngudi ndi tqo ra nhu thd ndo, quan tarn ddn vide nhung ngudi tham gia thuc hidn su suy y nhu thd ndo de tim ra edi y nghia dupe, truydn dqt thuc su trong nhung trudng hap dqc biet, quan tdm ddn vide cdc cam nhdn vd tinh thich hap cua ngudi tham gia dd dupe su dung nhu thd ndo de tqo ra nhung hidu qua giao tiep dqc thu, quan tdm ddn vide nhung ngudi tham gia to chuc lai ndi cua minh nhu the ndo v.v " [4 49]

, A Weizbicka dinh nghTa : "Ngdnh hoc nghien cuu su tuang tdc

bang ngdn ngu giua I vd You (toi va anh) dupe goi la Ngu dung hoc."

[4, 50]

Kasper dinh nghia: "Dung hoc Id ngdnh hoc nghien cicu ngon ngic

tu phia ngudi diing, dqc diet nghien cuu nhung su lua chon md ho thuc hien, nhung bo buoc md ho gap phdi khi su dung ngon ngic bong tuang tdc xd hoi vd nghien cicu tdc dong cua each sic dung ngon ngic len ngudi doi thoqi cua minh trong hoqt dong giao ti^p" [4,

0 Viet Nam, Do Hiru Chau dinh nghia: "Dung hoc nghien cicu nhung phuccng dien ndo khong thuoc Nghia hoc (hilu theo nghia cua

Cao Xuan Hao cho rang “Dung phdp co th^ dinh nghia Id ngdnh

nghien cuu noidung cua ngon tic trong nhieng tdc dong qua lai cua

nd vdi tinh huong ben ngodi, vdi ngon canh vdi nhieng ngudi tham gia cuoc giao tiep bang ngon ngic Ndi mot each khde, no nghien cicu true tiep each sic dung ngon ngic trong sinh hoqt xd hoD [11,59]

Nguyen Thien Giap quan niem, Ngic dung hoc Id su nghien cicu

ngon ngic trong su dung vd trong giao tidp.

Cac y kien tren tuy co nhieu di£m chua thdng nMt, nhimg chung

da dan lam sang to doi throng nghien cun cua Ngu dung hoc Chung

quy co the hieu, Ngic dung hoc Id ngdnh nghien cicu each sic dung ngon ngic trong giao tiep xd hoi, trong ngu ednh cu thd

III PHAN BIET NGU' PHAP NGU* NGHIA VA NGU” DUNG

Hoat dong

Co phat ngon sau:

-Hom nay nd da vd thdnh pho.

1 • Chi ra noi dung nghien ciru cua Ngu phap, Ngu nghTa va Ngu dung a phat ngon cu the tren.

2 Qua do phan biet d6i tuong nghien cu’u cua Ngir phap hoc (cu phap), Ngu nghia hoc va Ngu dung hoc.

Thong tin co ban

Cu phap hoc nghien cuu each thuc td chuc, sSp x^p cac dun vi

ngon ngu tren chud! ngu luu Viec nghien cuu nay nhin chung khong tinh den the gidi ma cac ket cau ngu phap chi ra, khong chu y d£n ca nguo1! su dung cung nhu dieu kien su dung chung

, Ngu nghia hoc nghien cuu mdi quan he giua cac ket c^u ngon ngu voi cac thuc the trong the gidi, tuc la lam sao cac tu ngu gin ket dung duac vdi cac su vat, bat luan ai la ngudi tao ra su mieu ta Ay Theo Levinson, hieu theo nghia hep ngu nghia hoc nghien cuu nhung y nghia bi quy dinh bdi tinh dung sai logich

Ngu dung hoc nghien cuu mdi quan he giua cac ket cau ngon ngu

va ngudi su dung cu the trong mpt tinh hudng cu the, nd hudng dAn giup ngudi nghe chi ra nhung dieu ma ngudi ndi chu dinh diAn dat qua phat ngon cua ho hon la cai ma tu than cac tu ngu trong phat ngon do cd the cd, dong thdi giup chi ra chinh xac cac loai hanh dong

ma ngudi ndi thuc hien trong khi ndi phu hop vdi dac trung van hda cua tung dan toe, tung dia phuong.

Vi du, mot phat ngon nhu:

- Hom nay no da ve' thanh phd.

.Ngu phap hoc se giup ngudi nghien cuu chi ra cAu tao cua cau Cu the: Hom nay la trang ngu nd la chu ngu, v'e thanh phd la vi ngu va cau nay cd hinh thuc cua mot cau kA Tuy nhien Hom nay la ngay 20 thang 12,21 thang 11 hay mot ngay cu the nao khac? No la ai? La

Tu hay Tuan hay mot ngudi nao khac? Va thanh phd la thanh phd Hd Chi Minh hay thanh phd CAn Tho, hay Hai Phdng? Ndi khac di, ngu phap hoc chi hudng ddn nghien cuu cau ca sd, cau tach rdi vdi ngu canh cu the.

C on Ngu nghia hoc se giup chi ra noi dung phan anh cua cac tu, ngu va cau Cu the, ve mat nghia cua tu, trong Tic didn tidng Viet cua

Nha xuat ban khoa hoc xa hoi, hom nay co nghia la ngdy hien tai, khi

dang noi; con thdnh phd la khu vuc tap trung ddng dan cu, cong nghiep vd thicang nghiep phdt tri^n , cd quy mo Ian N'q mat nghia cua can, can tren neu len mot su tinh ma a do co mot dien t6 la nd

thyc hien mot hanh dong la ve mot noi goi la thdnh phd vao mot thoi diem la horn nay Day se la mot can dung neu horn nay no co mat 6 thanh pho, va se la mot cau sai neu sir hien dien cua no d thanh pho hom nay khong xay ra Ngu nghia hoc khong quan tarn phat ngon tren duoc ngudi noi phat ra nhSm muc dich gi, ngu y cua nguoi noi khi phat ra cau do ra sao

Ngu dung hoc nghien cuu phat ngon g^n li£n voi nguoi noi va

nguoi nghe cu the, d mot thoi gian, khong gian cu th£, hay noi khac

di la trong mot ngu canh cu the, voi mot muc dich giao tiep cu the

Ro rang, trong ngu canh khac nhau, phat ngon tren co the mang y nghia khac nhau va thuc hien chuc nang khac nhau Day co the la mot canh bao khi nd trong cau la pham nhan dang bi truy to va nguoi noi la cong an dang truy tim thu pham; co the la mot loi nhSc nho khi

nd la sinh vien va nguoi noi la cha hay me.

Nghien cuu ngon ngu cdn nhan thdy mdi quan he giua ba ITnh vuc Ket hoc Ngu nghia hoc va Ngu dung hoc Ban dau Moms da tach roi ba Imh vuc nay va duong nhu thua nhan ring Dung hoc tiin gia dinli Ket hoc va Nghia hoc, trong khi thuc te cho thiy trong Kit hoc, Nghia hoc cd nhung yeu to Dung hoc Ve sau dng neu nhan xet:

"Ngon ngu theo each hien hodn loan tin hieu hoc Id moi tap hap lien chu the nhung tin hieu md each su dung bi quydt dinh bdi cdc quy tdc ket hoc nghia hoc, dung hoc" [4, 11], That vay, Ngu nghia hoc va

Ngu dung hoc va Cu phap hoc duemg nhu khong tach roi Thi du mot phat ngon nhu:

- Cam choi quet nha ngay !

Muon thuc hien hanh vi sai khien ay, ngoai viec phai tuan thu nhung quy tac ngu dung (ma ta se duoc hoc 6 nhung phan sau) ta phai tuan thu nhung quy tac ngu phap, ngu nghia cua tiing Viet Trong truong hop nay, khong the dao Ion trat tu cac thanh td thanh

Ngay nhd^ quet choi cam hay phan anh sai hien thuc khach quan nhu cam xe co quet het chdi dang chqy tren dudng.

Ro rang ba binh dien Cu phap, Ngu nghia va Ngu dung lam thanh mot the thong nhat him co, trong do Ngu- dung chi ph6i tdt ca cac inh dien kia Co le chfnh vi vay ma ngay nay, hdu nhu tdt ca cac cong tnnh nghien ctm ve Ngon ngu hoc, tu Ngon ngu hoc dai cuong

lu vung, Ngu nghia den Ngu phap hay Phong each d£u dd cap den Ngu dung hoc

Bank gid

Trinh bay nhiem vu nghien cuu cua Ngu phap, Ngu nghTa va Ngu dung qua tung phat ngon sau:

a Tuan da trao cho Dung chiec nhdn cucri nay.

b Tdi hua se den dir cuoc hop chieu mai.

c Be ngu.

d Cho mac vay linh.

e Con mat may d Iren chan may a ?

IV CAC CHUC NANG CUA GIAO TIEP

Hoat dong

1 Trong cac tinh hudng str dung lai noi sau, tinh hufing nao co hoat

dong giao tiep dien ra?

a Lan viet thu cho ban a phuong xa

b Lan goi dien thoai cho ban

c Lan tro chuyen veri ban trong lop hoc.

d Lan dang nghT vg chuyen hoc hanh o lop sang nay

e Lan dang viet nhat ki

Theo ban, giao tiep la gi ?

2 Chi ra muc dich giao tiep cua ngudi noi qua cac phat ngon sau:

a Can bdo se di qua tinh A vao ngay mai.

b Chao ban! Tdi la Tien, sinh vien lap sir phqm van khod 5 tnrdng DHDL Cicu Long Rat han hanh duac lam quen vdi ban.

c.

d.

Oi, ho a dep I dm sao !

Ngdy xua ngdy xua, tai mot ngoi lang nhd, cd mot thanh nien nhd ngheo, hoc gidi

Ban nen di hoc dung gid.

Tir do hay cho biet giao tiep co nhung chirc nang co ban nao ?

Thong tin co ban

Khi co ft nliat hai ngirbi trao d6i vdi nhau vg mot van d£ nao dAy thi hocrt dong giao ti£p dien ra Nhir vay co thd hiSu giao ti£p la boat dpng tiep xuc gitra cac thanh vien trong xa hoi v€ mot noi dung nao day nhu noi buon, niem vui hay mot sy vat, hien tuong nao d£y dien

ra xung quanh hoac d chinh ho

Giao tiep co the duoc thirc hien bang nhieu phirong tien nhu ngon ngu, cu chi, dieu bo, tieng cbi, cd hieu , trong do ngon ngu la phuong tien giao tiep quan trong nhdt Giao ti£p cd the duoc ti£n hanh true tiep (bang mi?ng) hoac hoac gian tiep (bang van tu) Trong hai dang do, giao tiep bang mieng la dang co so

Giao tiep cd cac chuc nang co ban sau :

- Thong tin (informative function) hay con goi la thong bao

Thong cjua giao hep, ngudi noi va ngudi nghe thu nhan duoc nhung hieu biet moi ve the gidi Day la chuc nang co ban cua boat dong giao tiep

- Tao lap quan he ; Thong qua giao tiep quan he giua ngudi noi

va ngudi nghe cd the thay ddi Tu xa la cd the trd nen quen biet tir quen biet trd nen than thiet Di nhien trong thuc te cung cd khi ket qua dien tien nguoc lai- tir quan he than thiet cd the trd thanh xa la hay han thii

- Bieu Id hay bieu hien (expressive): Thong qua giao tiep, nhan vat

giao tiep cd the boc 16 trang thai noi tarn, the hien tinli cam thai do each danli gia ve hien thuc khach quan hoac ddi vdi nhan vat giao tiep Ngoai ra thong qua giao tiep, nhan vat giao tiep con cd the bay

to dac diem, so thich, uu diem, nhuoc diem cua ban than hay ngudn gdc xuat than cua minh,

t

co the trdi qua

ra khong? Neu co

- Gz’di/ tri: Thong qua giao ti£p, cac nhan vat giao ti^p co the tieu

khien, giai tda nhung hue xue, thu gian nhung cang th^ng thAn kinh

da co tir truoc

~ - Hdnh dong : Thong qua giao tiep, cac nhan vat giao tigp co the

ho trq nhau, giup do nhau thuc hien mot hanh dong Xet cho cung

hanh dong la muc dich cuoi cung cua moi boat dong giao tiep co

dieu can chu y la tuy thuoc vao ngu canh ma chj^nangnT^Q^ae73

D<inh8“> 1

1 Xac dinh chuc nang giao tiep cua bai ca dao Tdthuac-ddirdinh vd

bai tho Than cua Li Thubng Kiet

2 Van ban sau day co hoat dong giao tiep dien

hay chi ra chuc nang cua no

Thu ndm, ngay 10 thdng 11

Bo de y Id sang nay^ luc^ co giao den thdm, khi noi vdi me, toi co

nhd (hot ra mot lai thieu le do T)t canh cdo toi, bd da vidt thu nay

Doc thu tdi xue dong vd cimg.

“ Trude mat cd giao, con da thi^u le do vdi me Viec nhu the'

khong bao gid con duac tdi phqm nua En-ri-cd cua bd a ! Su hdn

Ido cua con nhu mot nhdt dao dam cdo trdi tim bd vqy ! Bd nhd each

day mdy ndm, me da phdi thuc sudt dem cui rn'inh tren chide noi

trdng chung hai thd hdn hen cua con, qudn quqi vi noi sa, khde nuc

nd khi nghi rang co the mdt con ! Nhd lai didu dy bd khong thd nen

duac can tuc gian ddi vdi con Hay nghi xern En-ri-cd a ! Con md

lai xue phqm me u ? Ngudi me sdn sang bo hdt mqt ndm hanh phuc

de trdnh cho con mdt gid dau dan, ngudi me co thd di an xin dd nudi

con !

Hay nghi ki dieu nay, En-ri-cd a : Trong ddi, con co the trdi qua

nhung ngdy budn thdm nhdt tat se Id ngay md con mdt me.

Khi da khon Ian, trudng thdnh, khi cac cudc ddu tranh da tdi

luyen con thdnh ngudi dung cam, cd thd co luc con se mong udc thidt

tha duac nghe lai tieng noi cua me, duac me dang tay ra don vdo

long Du co Idn khdn, khoe mqnh thd ndo di chdng nua, con se vdn tu

Bo ciia con

trong trich doan sau:

k

(Et-mdn-da A-mi-xi, Nhung tdm long cao co)

3 B?n co nhan xet gi ve sir hien dien cua cac chiic nang trong van ban /

V NGU CANH (context of situation)

Hoat dong

1 Nhac lai cac nhan to tham gia vao boat dong giao tf6p da hoc a mon Co sa ngon ngu nam thu nhat.

2 Cho biet nhan vat giao tiep, hoan canh giao ti£p trong bai ca dao

1 at nuorc dau clinh.

3-.Phan ti'ch sv chi phoi cua hai nhan 16 nay ddi voi v&i tao lap

4 Thu doan y nghia cua tu “thdp”

thdyminh chi la mot diia tri tpi nghiip, yiu du6i va khong dupe chd che Con se cay dang khi nha lai nhung luc da lam cho me dau Idng Con se khong the song thanh than, ntu da lam cho me budn phi'en

DU CO,.°l hQn’ c<5^u xin linh me tha thu tdt cd cung chi vd ich

ma thoi Luang tdm con se khong mot phut ndo yen tinh ITtnh dnh diu dang vd hien hdu cua me se lam tdm hdn con nhu bi khd hinh En-n-co nay Con hay nhd rang, tinh yeu thuang, kinh trong cha me la^ tinh cam thieng heng han cd That dang xdu ho va nhuc nhd cho ke nao cha dap len tinh thutmgyeu do.

Tit nay, khong bao gio con duac thdt ra mot lai noi ndng vat me Con phai xm loi me khong phdi vi so b6 ma do su thanh khdn trong long Con hay can xin me hdn con, de cho chide hdn dy xod di edi dau vet vong an bpi nghia tren trdn con Bd rdt yeu con En-ri-cd con la niem hi vpng tha Met nhdt cua ddi bd nhimg tha bd khong co con con han la thdy con bpi bac vdi me Thdi, trong mot thdi gian con dung hon bo : bd se khong the vui long dap lai edi hdn cua con auac.

“Su a phdng ben nghe anh hoc trd goi thing nhd mang sdch lai Trude tien mang “Van tuyen ”, su nghe che “thap”, mang tiip “Han thu” lai nghe che “thdp", mangtiip “Sic ki” vdn nghe che “thip".

Qua do ban rut ra duac nhan t6 gi cua ngu canh ? D6ng thai chi ra vai trd cua nd ddi vai vice giai ma y nghTa cua tu ngu- trong van ban

5 Hay tong ket bang sa do cac nhan to thuoc ngu canh

Thong tin co1 ban

0 nam hoc thu nhat hpc vien da duo-c biet den nhung nhan td tham gia vao boat dong giao tiep De cho mot cuoc giao tidp cd thd dien ra, ddi hdi phai cd nhung nhan td tham gia sau: nhan vat giao tidp, thuc

td duuc ndi tdi, hoan canh giao tidp, muc dich giao tidp va he thdng tin hidu dupe su dung

Lien quan tdi noi dung Ay, dung tu gdc do ngu dung, ta se ban ddn nhan td ngu canh trong giao tidp Theo GS Do Huu Chau, tdng thd nhung nhan td cd mat trong mot cudc giao tidp nhung nam ngoai dien ngdn dupe gpi la ngu canh Cu thd, ngu canh bao gdm cac nhan td:

nhan vgt giao tiip vdi nhung vai giao tidp nhat dinh cung nhung quan he lien ca nhan; hidn thuc ngoai dien ngdn ma cu thd la hoan canh giao ti^p dupe hidu theo nghia rdng va nghTa hep va hien thuc -

de tai cua dien ngdn.

I Nhan vat giao tiep (participants)

Nhan vat giao tidp la nhung ngudi true tiep tham gia vao mot cudc giao tidp nhAt dinh

1 rong giao tidp, cac nhan vat giao tidp bi chi phdi bdi quan he vai giao tiep va quan he lien cd nhan.

a Quan he vai giao tiep:

Quan he vai giao tiep la quan he giua cac nhan vat giao tidp ddi vdi chinh su phdt - nhan

Giao tidp bao gid cung cd ngudi noi va ngudi nghe hay cac ddi ngdn Ndi ddn vai giao tidp la ndi ddn vai phat (Spl) va vai nhan (Sp2) Cac vai phat va nhan luan phidn tu Spl sang Sp2, chinh vi vay ddi khi vide nhan ra cac vai khdng don gian

1 - >KC

True lung bigu thi quan he vi th& xa hoi hay quan he quy^n uy

power) Quan he nay duac danh gia qua thong s6 cao / thdp / nganj tang Quan he v; the xa hoi thirdng do chuc quygn, tu6i tac nghf ghiep.mang Iji Xetamotthen glan dai, quan he vi thexa hoi co the hay doi tuy theo quan niem van hda d timg giai doan lich su; tuy,C1 tr°"g cuoc giao tiep cu the, mot khi quan he Sy da dtroc

,r°”8 * “ d!

Tn^c hoanh bieu thi quanhekhodng eachhay con goi quan hetinhcam Quan he nay dtroc danh gia qua thong s6 gin / xa, than'/ so ItocVc T8 S th-‘ C ta° 'dp tren sv hi"u bi^ ohaugiua cac nhan vat giao tiep. Tuy khong nhat thiet da hi6u nhau thi se than nhau^nhung not chung muc do than can thirong ti le thuan vdi mure do hieu biet ve nhau giua cac nhan vatgiao ti£p. Khac vdi quan

Ve so lirong cac dot ngon, thong thtrdng va phd bien la hai (vai phat mpt va yai nghe mot) Tuy nhien cung cd khi vai nghe Ion hon mpt, tham chi hang tram, hang van ngtrbi Dieu nay din ddn su phan let vai nghe tich eye va vai nghe tieu cue Vai nghe tich cue khi anh

ta vua thuc hiynyai nghe, vita gdp phan vao viec thuc diy cudc thoai hen len hay cat dut Vai nghe tku cue khi anh ta chi giu vai trd thu

d ng khong gop phan vao viec dieu chinh hay din dit cudc thoai

b Quan he lien cd nhan:

Con ngudi trong xa hoi, ndi chung, hay trong mot cudc giao tidp

cy the noi neng, deu co nhtrng quan he xa hoi va tinh cam nhit dinh Nhung quan he ay duoc goi la quan he lien ca nhan Quan he lien cd

nhan la quan he giita cac nhan vat giao tigp xet theo quan he xa hoi

va quan he tinh cam, khodng each.

Co the hien thi quan he ay tren true lung va true hoanh nhu sau:

“ VTXH

,Vi the xa hoi khac Vdi vi the giao tiep Thong thuong, ngudi cd vi the xa hoi cao thi cd vi the giao tiep manh Tuy nhien, khdng it trudng hop ngudi cd vi the xa hoi cao lai d vi the giao tidp ydu Khao sat cuoc ddi thoai giua Chi Pheo va Ba Kien trong phan bai tap cd thd thay dieu do.

Quan he lien ca nhan chi phdi manh me qua trinh giao tidp, chinh

vi vay khi trd chuyen vdi ngudi chua timg quen bidt, ngudi ta phai tham do de xac dinh vi the xa hoi cua ngudi ddi thoai (thong qua each

an mac, dieu bd, cu chi, each ndi nang, nhung gidi thieu ciia ngudi ddi thoai trong budi so giao )

2 Hoan canh giao tiep:

Moi boat dong giao tiep deu phai duoc dicn ra trong mot hoan ‘ canh nhat dinh Hoan canh giao ti^p cd thd duoc hidu theo nghia

rdng va nghia hep

- Theo nghia rdng, hoan canh giao tdp cd thd duoc hidu la toan bd hidn thuc ngoai ngdn ngu lam ndn hoan canh rdng cua cudc giao tiep

Cu thd, day la nhung hieu biet vl th£ gicri vat It sinh li, tdm It xa

hoi, van hoa, ton giao, lich su cdc nganh khoa hoc, nghe thuqt d thdi diem va khdng gian trong do didn ra cuoc giao tidp [3, 23 ].

Hoan canh giao tiep hidu rdng chi phdi manh me boat dong giao tiep C hung ta khdng thd hidu duoc ndi dung y nghia cau ca dao:

Con cd Ian Idi bd song,

Gdnh gqo nudi chdng, tieng khde ni non.

" Ray gid mai tnua

Ngdy xuan da dd tinh cd mdy khi! "

Trdng xa cu tudng Thuy Ki^u,Lai gdn mdi bih ngudiyeu Chi Pheo.

khi chung ta khong co kiSn thirc, su hiSu bift vg hinh anh bi£u trirng

con cd trong nen van hoa Viet Nam, khong bi6t diroc Truyen Kieu

cua Nguyen Du, truyen Chi Pheo cua Nam Cao

- Ngoai ra, do mot cuoc giao tiep con phai diroc dien ratrong motkhong gian, then gian cu the, cho nen hoan canh giao ti^p co the duoc

hieu theo nghia h?p Hoan canh giao tidp hidu hep la khong gian, thoi gian cu the ma noi do boat dong giao tiep dien ra Ddy cd the h noi trirang hoc, nha tha, nha may, benh vien hoac tren duemg phd Hoan canh giao tiep hieu hep khong nhirng chi chi ph6i viec sirdung

ngon ng(r ma con gitr vai quyet dinh viec tiep nhan y nghia cua dien ngon Vi du mot cau nhir: Cho tdi cdc nude! Neu cau noi dien ra a phong thi nghiem giua mpt giao su va mot nhan vien thi so chi nude

phai duoc hieu la hop chat H2O, va phat ngon tren la mot hanh vi ra

lenh, nhirng neu cau noi dien rad mot quan giai khat thi nude cothe

duoc hieu la nude mot loai nude giai khat nao do va phat ngon tren la

mot hanh vi yeu cau

Ngoai ra cung can phan biet khai niem hoan canh giao tidp va

ngon canh "Ngon canh la nhung didn ngon trudc va sau didn n^dn

dang xem xet " [4, 129].

Vi du phat ngon:

Du khi la thdm chi hong,Nen chdng thi cung tai long me cha.

Co tien ngoncanh la:

Tien day xin mot hai dieu,Dai guang soi den ddu beo cho chdng

vahau ngoncanh la:

Noi chung, hoan canh giao ti£p hi£u rong hay hi£u hep la nhungyeu to quan trongchi phdi true tigp doi voi viec tao lap va ti^p nhan,phan tich dien ngon.

3. De tai giao tiep

Khi giao tiep thi bao gio ngudi ta cung phai noi (trao ddi) v£ mot cai gi do Cai duoc noi den trong mot cuoc giao ti^p duoc goi la detai De taicua giao tiep noi chungrit phong phu Ddyco the la nhungcai da, dang hoac se dien ra trong hien thuc khach quan hay nhung dieu chi dien ra trong tu tuong, tinh cam cua con ngudi Tham chi, day cung cd the la nhung dieu khdng cd thuc, chi tdn tai trong tudng tuong (vi du, nhung chuy^n ma quai) hay trong gia thuydt Ngoai ra,

de tai giao tiep cung cd thd la ban than ngon ngu (vi du nhu thdy giao giang ve tieng Viet), hay chinh mot cuoc giao tidp nao do da hoacdang dien tidn.

Tuy nhien khdng phai moi hien thuc ddu cd thd cung mot luc trd thanh detai cua giao tiep Trong mot cuoc giao tiep, ngudi ndi chi cd the chonmot bo phan nao dotrong cac mang hien thuc da neu dd lam

de tai cho dien ngon cua minh vdi didu kidn dd tai ay dong thdi phai duoc su chap thuan cua ngudi nghe. Khdng cd su dong thuan giua ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe thi khdng thd cd dd tai giao tiep. Tu dd cdthe dinh nghTa dd tai giao tiep nhu sau: Dd tai giao ti^p la mot mang

trong hien thuc dupe cac nhdn vat giao tUp thoa thuan Idy lam ddi tuong de trao doi trong cuoc giao tiep nhdt dinh.

~Dd tai giao tiep la mot nhan td quan trong giup giai ma chinh xacdien ngon (Theo tac gia Dd Huu Chau, "Chudi nhung don vi ngon

ngu vita la san phdm, vua la phuong tien cua giao ti^p Id di^n ngon, cung tuc la thong diep being ngdn ngu cua giao tiep ”) [5,134]

' Nhung hien tuong ong noi gd, bd noi vit, hien tuong ndi mot dang, hieu mot neo thudng cd ngudn gdc tir vide ngudi ndi va ngudinghe khdng thong nhat de tai Vi du tinh hudng truyen cudi TrungQudc Thdp daneu Sau day la phantiep theo cua truyen kd:

“Su ngac nhien Nhung quyen nay md van chua vua y, sue hoc that dang phuc.' Khdng nen ndi td md len tieng hdi Thi ra anh ta bao lay sdeh lam goi ” [4, 64]

Vi khong hieu de tai giao tiep gitia hai tMy tro th^ng nhd, thoat tien vi sir ngac nhien va than phuc sue hoc cua cau hoc trovi dSn nh£m? quyen “Han thu”, “Sir ki” ma chang vdn chira vira y Sau khi

en tieng tieng^hoi thi mai hieu ra sir that rdng anh ta bao thing nhd laysach lam gdi ngu trira. De taigiao tiep cua hai chu td la vdn de bd day cua quyen sach chq khong phai noi dung cua nhilng quyen sach Qua do, ta thay duoc vai tro cua de tai giao tidp ddi vdi vide giai ma dien ngdn.

, Tom l^i, ngu canh ma cu the la nhanvat giao tiep, hoan canh giao

tiep va de tai cua dien ngdn chi phdi manh me qua trinh tao lap va

tiepnhan dien ngdn.

Ddnh gid

1 Phan tich ngucanh trong hai trich doan sau day ddng thdi chi ra sir chi phdi ciia chung ddi voi vide tao lap dien ngdn.

a Anh Dau u6n vai ngdp dai mot tigng Ult oai, chdng tay xudng

phan, anh vua ren, vim ngong ddu len Run rdy cdt bat chdo, anh mm

ke vao den mteng, cat le va ngudi nhd It tnrcmg da sdm sap tiin vdo

vai nhimg roi song, tay thuoc vd day thimg.

Go dau rot xuong ddt, cai le thet bang gipng khan khan cua ngudi

hut nhieu xai cu :

- Thdng kia ! Ong tudng may chtt dem qua, con sdng ddy a Non

tien suu! Mau!

Hoang qua. anh Dau vpi de bat chdo xuong phan vd Ian dung ra

do khong not dupe cau gi Ngudi nhd li trudng cudi mot each mia

mat:

-Anh ta lai sap phdi gid nhu dem qua ddy

Roi han chi ludn vdo mat chi Dau :

- Chi khat tien suu den chidu mai phdi khong ? Chi hay noi vdi

ong cai, de ong ay ra dinh keu vdi quan cho ! Chu dng li tdi thi

khong co quyen dam cho chi khat mdt gid ndo nua !

Chi Dau run run:

- Nha chdu da ti'mg, lai phdi dong cd sudt suu cua chu no nua, nen

moi loi thoi nhu thL Chu chdu cd dam bo bd tidn cua Nha nude ddu! Hai dng lam phuc ndi vdi dng ll hay cho chdu khdt.

Cai le khdng de cho chi duqc ndi hdt cdu, iron ngucrc hai mdt, hdn qudt:

- May dinh ndi cho cha may nghe ddy a? Suu cua Nha nude, ma dam md mom xin khdt!

Chi Dau van cd thiet tha:

- Khdn nan! Nha chdu da khdng cd, ddu dng chui mdng cung den the thoi Xin dng trdng lai!

Cai le giong ham he:

- Neu khdng cd tien nop sum cho dng bay gid, thi dng se dd cd nha may di, chid mdng thoi a!

Rdi hdn quay ra bdo anh ngudi nha ll trudng:

- Khdng hoi ddu md ndi vdi nd, trdi cd thdng chdng nd lai, dieu ra dinh kia.

( )

Chi Ddu xdm mat, vdi vang ddt con be con xudng ddt, chqy d£n dd lay lay hdn:

- Chdu van dng, nha chdu vua mdi tinh duqc mot liic, dng tha cho!

- Tha nay! Tha nay!

r Vua ndi hdn vua bich ludn vdo nguc chi Ddu mdy bKh roi lai sdn den de trdi anh Dau.

Hinh nhu tire qua khdng the chiu duqc, chi Ddu lidu mqng cu lai:

- Chdng tdi dau dm, dng khdng duqc phep hdnh hq!

Chi Ddu nghien hai ham rang:

- Mdy trdi ngay chdng bd di, bd cho mdy xem!

Rdi chi turn lay cd hdn, an dii ra cua Sire leo khoeo cua anh chdng nghien chqy khdng kip vdri sire xd day cia ngudi dan bd luc

(Ngo Tat To, Tat den)

Gam tram cuon bqc nghin can,

Tq Idng de xung hdo an goi la.

Vti chdng quy qudi tinh ma, Phen nay ke cdp bd gid gap nhau.

Kien bd mieng chen chtea lau, Mini sdu ciing trd nghia sdu cho vita

Thodt trdng ndng da chdo thua:

"Tieu thu cung cd bay giti ddn day ! ■

Dan bd de cd mdy tay, Dtii xua mdy mat dtii nay mdy gan !

De dang la thdi hong nhan, Gang cay nghiet I dm edng oan trdi nhidu

Hoqn Thu hdn lac phdeh xieu, Khdu ddu dutii truting lieu didu keu ca.

Rang: “Tdi chut phdn dan bd,

Ghen tuong thi cung ngucri ta thudmg tinh.

Nghi cho khi cdc viet kinh, Vdi khi khdi cira diet tinh chdng theo.

Long rieng rieng nhieng kinh yeu, Chong chung chua dd ai chidu cho ai.

Trot long gay vice chdng gai, Con nhd lu^ng be thuang bai nao chdng"

Khen cho: "That da nen rang, Khon ngoan den muc ndi ndng phdi Idi.

Tha ra thi ciing may dal, Lam ra thi cung con ngudi nhd nhen.

Da long tri qua thi nen ” Truyen qudn lenh xudngtrudng tidn tha ngay.

(Truyen Kieu)

ve ngtr canh, hay giai thich cuoc doi dap giua

3 Dira vao kien thiic

hai me con sau:

- Me ai, nhang tren ban tha sdp tan rdi kia !

- Con hw lam ! / Do ham an !

4 Co mot cuoc giao tiep dien ra nhu sau :

-I! 2! 3! Cdt!

Hay dat dien ngon vao ngtr canh va chi ra noi dung cua nd

5 Chi ra moi quan he giua cac cau hoi sau vdi cac nhan td ngu canh:

Ai ndi / viet? Ndi / viet cho ai ?

Ndi / viet trong hodn canh nao?

Ndi/ viet ve edi gi?

Gitri th leu chung

Qua chu de nay, hoc vien co th^ tr'mh bay duac khdi niem chi£u vat cdc phuang thuc chi^u vat trong titng Viet; phdn biet dupe nghia bieu vat va nghia chieu vat; xdc dinh dupe nghia chi£u vat vaphdn rich dupe phuang thuc chieu vat trong ngu ednh cu thL Tu do

cd y thuc su dung va Iran ddi ngon ngu sao cho dat hieu qua.

I CHIEU VAT LA GI ?

Hoat dong

Tinh huong:

1 Trong lop hoc, giao vien mu6n yen cdu mot sinh vien dung len

giao vien phai lam gi de sinh vien 2y nhan bi^t yen cdu cua minh vi

thuc hien dung ?

2 6 quan kern, banmu6n an mot loai kern nao do, ban phai lam gi ddng1?1 qUdn dLrQC 10’’ kem b’n thfch mang d^n phyc vy

Thong tin co1 ban

Theo G Green, "Thuqt ngu chieu vat (reference) duac dung dd chi phuorng tien nhd do ngudi nbi phdt ra mot bidu thuc ngon ngu vdi

bieu thuc nay ngudi noi nghT rdng nd se giup cho ngudi nghe suy ra dupe mot each dung dan thuc the nao, dqc tinh nao, quan he nao su kien nao anh ta dinh ndi tdi " [4.61 ]

Con theo^tu diSn thuat ngu ngon ngu hoc Longman, reference

duoc dung de chi "moi quan he giua cdc tic vd cdc su vat, hdnh dong,

su kien, vd phdm chat ma chung bidu hien." reference: (in

Semantics) the relationship between words and things, actions

events, and qualities they standfor".

Theo George Yule, chiSu vatla “chira"thong a

vat la hanh vi ma ngucri noi dung mot phuang tien ndo do (trong do

ngon ngu la phuong tien quan trong va chu yeu) de giup ngucri nghe nhan biet duoc su vat, hien tucrng ma minh dinh noi dSn.

Nhu vay^chiSu vat la dau hieu d£u tien the hien quan he giua ngu canh vbi dien ngon Chieu vat giup dua su vat hien tuong ma minh dinh noi tai trong thuc te khach quan vao dien ngon de phan anh chung, bieu dat chung Ro rang, trong boat dong giao tiep ngubi nghe se khong the hieu dung duac noi dung phat ngon neu khong xac dinh duac cac tu ngu trong phat ngon quy chieu vao su vat nao tron» hien thuc.

II DIED KIEN THUC HIEN SU CHIEU VAT

Hoat dong

Sau gio hoc, Lan noi vai Ngoc:

- Chieu nay hen gap nhau d chd cu nhe !

Theo ban Ngoc co co den dupe dung diem hen khong Vi sao?

Muon chieu vat duac thanh cong, cac cAn thoa man nhung dieu kien nao?

Neu khong rd chd cu la cho nao, Ngoc se lam gi

Thong tin co1 ban

De hanh vi chieu vat duac thanh cong, can phai thoa man mot s6 yeu cau nhat dinh.

1 Phai ton tai su vat, hien tuang, hanh dong, tinh chdt duac quy

chieu Khong co su tdn tai su vat, hien tuang hanh dong, tinh chat duoc quy chieu thi khong the co hanh vi chieu vat

Can chu y ve de khai niem ton tai Ton tai hieu theo nghia rong bao gom ca sp hien hien hay xudt hien cu the, co thuc trong the gidi khach quan, lan su ton tai trim tuang, ma ao trong nhan thuc, trong tarn tuang, cua con ngudi ChSng han, thien thdn ma quy, thien

duong la nhung khai niem ma cho d£n nay co le chi t6n tai trongtirdng tirong, tuy nhien chung cung la mot noi dung cua sir tdri tai.

2. Ngudi noi va.ngudi nghedeu phai co niem tin vao su chi6u vat

Cuthe, khi thirc hien chieu vat, ngirdi noi phai tinrang ngirai nghecokha nang nhan biet dirge sir vatma anh ta dinh noi tai qua bi£u thde chieu vat ma anh ta dung. Neu qua nhtrng tin hieu hdi dap, nguoi noidir doan rang ngubi nghe khong nhan bi£t dirge su vat dugc quy chieu thi tu minh phai thay doi bieu thuc chiSu vat hoac di£u chinh bieu thuc chieu vat ay Con nguoi nghe, ke hiring thy rii ich cua su chieu vat, cung phai tin rang nguoi noi cd y dinh chidu vat, ring nguoi noi muon minh nh|n biet dugc su vat ma anh ta dinh noi tbi qua bieu thuc chieu vat, de tu dodua vao ngucanh vaco sb suy y ma

xac dinh nghia chieu vat cua biiu thuc chieu vat Ndu dua vao ngu canh van chua xac dinh dugc nghia chieu vat thi nguoi nghe co thi yeu cau de dugccung cap them nhung thong tin cAn thiit cho su suy

Ddnh gid

Hay van dung hiSu biet vS chi6u vat dS phan tich sir hjgu nham

cua ong khach trong truyen dan gian Mdt rdi

runSu NGH’A BIEU VAT (denotatum) VA NGHIA

CHIEU V^l (referential meaning), CHUG NANG CHIEU VAT VA

CHUG NANG THUQC NGU’ NGHIA CHIEU VAT XAC DINH

VA NGHIA CHIEU VAT KHONG XAC DINH

Hoatdong

1 Neu nghia bieu vat cua tu ban ma ban tung biit.

2 Cho biitnghiachiiu vat cua tuban trong tinh hudngsau:

nojc^gi^’ C6 Ch^m b^’ hQC h<?C Sinh mang bai t^p

- Em de tren ban cho cd.

3. Chi ra su khac nhau giua nghia bieu vat va nghiachieu vat.

4 Phan biet nghiatumeo trong hai phat ngbnsau:

-Dudi meo di ! (a)

- An nhu meo (b)

5 Chi ra su di biet ve cau true va y nghia cua hai cum til duoc gach ducri sau:

- Ban cho toi tmrern cuon sack.

- Ban cho toi muon mot cuon sdch.

Thong tin co1 ban

1 Nghia bieu vat va nghia chi£u vat

Trong chtrong trinh’ tu vimg hoc nam thu hai, ta da tim hieu qua

khai niem nghia bieu vat Pham vi str vat, hien tuong, tinh chdt ma mot tir nao do bieu hien la nghia bieu vat Nd chinh la su khai quat hda cua hang loat su vat, hien tuong rieng le tdn tai trong thuc td, do

do nghia bieu vat la nghia he thdng, mang tinh khai quat, trim tuong

Prong Idi ndi, nghia bieu vat chuy£n thanh nghia chieu vat Nghia chieu vat chi xudt hien trong tinh hudng cu thd Do la su vat, hien tuong ma trong boat dong giao ti^p cu thd tir ngu chi ra

Trong vi du tren, nghia cua tir ban duoc cd giao dimg trong phat ngdn chinh la nghia chieu vat vi trong tinh hudng giao tidp cu thd nd xac dinh cho hoc sinh biet duoc cai ban cd giao de cap va ngay sau

do hoc sinh cd hanh dong hdi dap phii hop Mot sd tac gia goi nghia chieu vat la nghia sd chi

2 Chu’c nang chieu vat va chile nang thupc

ngii-Ta,biet rang, cac tir bidu thi cac su vat, dac tinh quan he trong

he thdng deu cd ndi ham va ngoai dien Tuy nhien trong Idi ndi, khdng phai luc nao hai thanh phan dy cung duoc hien thuc hda Do vay khi tiep nhan mot phat ngdn, ta edn nhdn dien cho duoc khi nao thi tir, ngu bieu thi su vat, dac tinh, quan he, su kien duoc dimg d chirc nang chieu vat, khi nao thi duoc diing khdng d chirc nang chieu vat

Meo trong phat ngdn (a) duoc diing trong chirc nang chieu vat Trong ngu canh cu the, nd goi len duoc con meo cu thd Do cd thd la meo dng Ba, hay cd Nam nha hang xdm thudng qua nha an vung Nhung trong phat ngdn (b), meo khdng nhdm muc dich xac dinh mot con meo cu the nao ta ndi nd duoc diing trong chuc nang thudc ngu

Tac gia Cor sd ngu dung hoc, tap 1 vi^t: "Co iht noi rdng bdt cu khi nao nghia ciia mot bieu thuc chieu vat cd cd noi ham, cd cd ngoqi dien du ngoqi dien cd thu cue hep, chi gdm mot cd th£ - thi su vat, dqc dnh, quan he ma chung quy chidu dupe dung trong chuc ndng chieu vat Ngucrc lai, khi nao edi bidu thuc do chi neu ra noi ham ma khdng cd ngoqi dien thi luc do su vat, dqc tinh, quan he, su kien dupe dung trong chuc ndng thuoc ngu, ndi cho chinh xdc luc nay chung duoc dung theo kieu hodn du dqi dien cho mot thuoc tinh nao ddy Vd luc naybieu thuc do khdng phdi Id bieu thuc chidu vat nua md Id bieu thuc thuoc ngu " [4,202].

3 Nghia chieu vat xdc dinh vd nghia chieu vat khdng xdc dinh

Nhu a tren da noi, bi£u thuc mieu ta cd cdu true: Ten chung + phu

to (vd: Con meo nhd Ong Nam, Chide do mdu xanh cua ban ) cd

nghia chieu vat xac dinh Tuy nhien trong tidng Viet, nhung ngu danh

tu bat dau bang mot vdi cd hoac khdng cd loai tu (hay danh tu chi don vi) d giua lai thudng mang nghia chidu vat khdng xac dinh Vi du:

- Ban cho tdi muon mot cuon sdch.

Mot cuon sdch.va^ag nghia chidu vat khdng xac dinh bdi le nd khdng la "duy nhat" trong the gicri he quy chidu cua<cac ddi ngdn Do

cd the la bat ki cuon sach nao Do Huu Chau vidt: " Mot su vat -

.nghia chieu vqt dupe xem Id xdc dinh khi nd da dupe dinh vi trong the gidi khd huu - he quy chieu vd nd cd tinh duy nhat trong thd gidi

he quy chieu do" [4,227].

Nghia chidu vat thudng phan anh su vat dudi dang ca thd, tuy nhien cung cd khi phan anh su vat khai quat dudi dang loai hay dang

mot so hoac tap hop Vi du:

- Tieu thuyet moi xudt ban bao gid cung dupe doc gid chdo don.

- Nhung cuon tieu thuyet mdi xudt ban ndy rdt hay.

- Chong tieu thuyet mdi xudt ban ndy dupe doc gid nhiet Het chdo don.

Tom lai, chidu vat la van dd quan trong cua ngu dung Trong tidng Viet cd nhidu phuong thuc chidu vat Tuy nhien su chidu vat cd thanh

cu thanh Harriet (The Mirror)

1.

2

3

4

(AV - Bao Thanh nien )

Tim nhimg yeu to ngon ngir dirge dung dS chigu vat riia trong

Hay neu cac phirong thde chidu vat trong tidng Viet

Thong tin co’ ban

Phuong thirc chieu vat la each thuc sir dung cac phuvng tien ngdn ngu de thuc hien hanh vi chieu vat

edng hay khdng con tuy thudc vao niem tin chidu vat cua ngudi ndi

va ngudi nghe That ra giua cac thuc the va tir thing co mot m6i quan he true tiep nao, do vay nhiem vu cua ngudi ndi la van di chon lua cho duoc bieu thuc chidu vat phu hop, va nhiem vu cua ngudi nghe la lam sao suy luan dung duoc su vat ma ngudi ndi hudng tdi III CAC PHUONG THUC CHIEU VAT

Hoat dong

Doc van ban sau: •

Mung sinh nhat “cu rua ’’ gia nhdt trdn gian

[Idm qua, cu i ua gia nhdt the gid'i Harriet dd mirng sinh nhdt Idn thu^ 175 cua minh dr Uc Nhieu ngudi tin rdng Harriet (ung Id vat nudi trong nhd cua nhd bdc hoc Charles Darwin Ducrc phdt hien ngodi khoi Ecuador hoi nhung ndm 1930, Harriet ducrc Darwin, luc

dp dang “thai nghen ” thuydt tidn hod, dem v'e nghien cun Luc dy, cu rua chi to bang edi dia, con bay gid dd to bdng edi ban an vdri trong luong 150 kg vd Id “ngdi sao" cua yuan thu Australia d bang Queensland.^ Harriet dd dupe ghi vdo Each ki luc Guinness vi sdn^

I du nhdt the gidi Trude do trong gdn 100 ndm cu rua nay chi ducrc biet tdi nhu mot con rua due vd ducrc goi Id Harry, nhung sau khi cac nhd khoa hoc phdt hien ra cu dich thuc Id “phdiydu ”, ho dd doi ten

Trong tieng Viet, ngircxi ta cd the dung tir hay cum tir d£ chidu vat

Tu hay cum tir dung de chieu vat dirge goi la bidu thirc chidu vat

1 Phu ffng thicc chieu vat biing danh tir rieng.

Nhir ta da bi6t, ten rieng la ten dat cho timg ca thd su vat, bao gdm ten ngucn, dia danh, ten cac to chirc xa hoi, Ten rieng do dac trung

co ban cua no la dat ten cho tirng ca the, nen no co the giup ngudi noi chieu vat mot each chinh xac, de dang Trong ngu dung, nguoi ta danh gia phuong thirc diing ten rieng nhir mot bidu thirc chidu vat "li tud-ng Vi du, khi SP1 ndi "Tdz den nhci Mai"; "Lan hen gap loi

chieu nay", "Tuan sau toi di Da Lat", thi SP2 xac dinh dirge ngay

nghia chieu vat cua Mai, Lan, Da Lat ndu cac su vat dv da tim^ ton tai trong tarn tuemg, trong tri nhd cua ho

, h)1*/11 chi^U ri^n§ khong ludn dirge giai ma chinhxac Cu the, do la cac tnrdng hop:

- cd nhidu ngudi triing ten,

- ten ngudi va ten dia danh triing nhau

- ten ngirai duoc dung then nghia hoan du hay an du

Nhu' da noi a tren, khi chigu vat, doi hoi ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe deu phai co mem tin chieu vat Do do trong mot cuoc giao tigp cu the khi nhan thay co su mo ho ve nghia chigu vat tire la khi ngudi nghe chua xac^dinh dung hoac ro cai minh mudn di cap din ngudi noi huong co gang dieu chinh bieu thuc chieu vat cua minh bSng each them nhimg dinh ngu hoac cac " tieu danh" sau ten rieng, vi du:

Dung co Dung mog (ten rieng + dac digm ngoai hinh)

Tuan ngon^ Huong lum (ten rieng + tinh each)

Thuy Dong Thap, Thiiy Minh Udi (ten rieng + que quan)

Ngpc khoa y Ngoc khoa todn (ten rieng + don vi)

Nam tiensi, Minh^ao su (ten rieng + hoc vi hay hoc ham)

Nhan gidm d6c, Nhdn thuki (ten rieng + chirc vu)

Ha thamay, HajAru( ten rieng + nghi nghiep )

Bang each them vao cac dinh t6 hoac "tiSu danh", ngtreri noi co the giup ngirdi nghe quy chieu dung doi tuong ma minh muon de cap.

0 nhung trirong hop mo hd v6 chieu vat giua ten ngirdi va ten khu vuc dia li (nhu: nui, song v.v ), ngirdi noi thudng them nhung danh tir than toe nhu chi, ba, cd vao trudc danh tir rieng chi ten ngudi: hay nhung danh tir chung nhu song, nui, thon, lang, khdeh san, nude,

v.v vao trudc danh tir rieng chi dia danh Nhd do, ngudi nghe se xac dinh duoc ro rang doi tuong duoc d£ cap d£n tranh duoc sir mo hd

giua chi_Nga vd nude Nga, giua chu Due va nude Due, giua hdc Tran Van Thdi va huyen Trdn Van Thdi d Minh Hai

Trong loi noi, ngudi ta con cd thd chidu vat dung ten rieng theo phuong thuc chuydn nghTa Vi du, khi Spl noi: Luc con di hoc toi rat ghet Shakespear: hoac Picasso treo ddy tudng; hay Vichto Hugo d ngdn dudi kj sdeh thi khdng he cd y dinh chieu vat cac nha van ma chinh la muon de cap ddn tac phdm cua cac tac gia Ay

2 Phuwng thuc chi^u vat bdng danh ngu

Nhu ta da bidt, danh ngu la cum tir cd danh tir lam trung tarn phAn phu sau cd the gom ba phu td: han dinh midu ta va chi dinh Tuy thudc vao ngu canh, phAn phy sau cd thd duoc sir dung linh boat phii hop Dua vao choc nang chieu vat va ngu canh cd thd chia phuong

th ire chieu v|t bang danh ngu ra lam hai nhdm: chidu vat bAng danh ngu cd phu td midu ta han dinh va chidu vat bang danh ngu cd phu td chi dinh

2.7 Chieu vat bang danh ngu co phu td mieu td, han dinh

Phuong thuc nay cd thd duoc diing ca trong trirong hop vat chidu khdng cd ten rieng ma chi cd ten chung "Ten chung la ten cua ca mot loai sir vat va cho tAt ca cac cac thd sir vat kd ca tinh chAt, trang thai, van dong trong ciing mot loai" [4,221]

Qua vay, thuc td khach quan vd ciing phong phu va khdng phai moi su vat ddu duoc dat mot ten rieng Hon nua, ngdn ngu khdng thd d$t ten rieng cho tirng cai ban, timg cai cay timg chide ao, ma chi

cd the goi ten cho ca logi Trong nhung trudng hop nay, dd chidu vat

ca thd ngirdi ndi cd the diing danh ngu bAng each ghep mot ydu td phu cd tac dung midu ta, han dinh vao ten chung Nhd cac ydu td phu

nay ma sir vat (nghia bigu vat) dirge tach ra khoi pham tru str vat cung loat va tra thanh sir vat ca the (nghia chigu vat) xac dinh Vi du:

- Chiec ao ban mac hom qua (rit dep)

- Quyen sach ban cho toi muan (hay that)

- Con meo nha ong Nam (da chSt hom qua')

To hop cua yeu t6 chinh va nhung ygu t6 phu diing d6 mieu ta xac dinh sir vqt duoc got la bieu thuc mieu ta Nguai ta sir dung bi^u thuc mieu ta cang dai khi giua ngudi noi va ngudi nghe cang it cd tidn gia

i chung, khi kha nang dir doan cua ngudi nghe ve sir vat duoc mieu ta cang it.

2.2 Chieu vat bang each dung danh ngic cd phu td chi dinh

Cung mot doi tircmg cu the, ngucri ta co thg chigu vat bing each dung danh ngu co phu to mieu ta, han dinh hoac danh ngir co phu td chi dinh Vi du ngudi ta cd the noi:

- Cd be xinh xdn, de thicang Trucmg Doan Thi Didm

hay:

- Em nay

Tuy ririen khac voi phirong thuc diing danh ngu co phu td mieu ta han dinh phuong thuc diing danh ngu cd phu td chi dinh duoc str dung khi vat chieu hien dien trudc mat nguai noi, ngudi nghe hay da xuat hien a tien ngon canh va ngudi noi mudn xac dinh vat duoc noi toi, phan biet no vdi cac vat khac theo quan he thdi gian, khdng gian

Do Huu Chau goi each chieu vat nay la phuong thuc chi xuit Theo tac gia, Chi xuat laphuong thuc chieu vat bdng ngon ngu dua trenhanh vt chi tro" [4,72], Thuat ngu chi xuit bit ngudn td thuat ngu tfeic/iCT cua tieng Hy lap Thuat ngu nay cd nghia la chi tro, mot each thuc true chi bang tay mot sir vat nao do Trong thuc td, true chi

co nhieu han che boi "cat can duoc true chi thi nhiSu ma edi cd thitrue chi duoc thi rat cd han", va "khongphdi lite ndo chi tro duoc thi chi tro luon luon khong gay ra hieu lam", "han nua tay khongphdi la yeu to ngon ngu" [4, 240-241], Do vay, true chi khdng thi dam nhiem duoc chuc nang chieu vat cua ngon ngu Tir nhung quy tic cua

cd dac diem la moi lan nd xuat hien trong lai ndi deu phai cd su hien

dien cua su vat ma nd ndi den Nhung nha ngu phap hoc goi chunu la dai tir chi dinh

Cd mot dieu quan trong cin chu y la mudn chieu vat bing phuong thuc nay, nguoi ndi bao gid cung phai xac dinh duoc diem mdc Diem mdc cd the la ton tai chii quan hay khdeh quan trong tuong quan voi nguoi ndi

Diem mdc la cai chu quan khi nguoi ndi liy vi tri minh dang

dimg, thdi gian minh dang ndi 1dm gdc di dinh vi khdng gian thdi

gian cua su vat su kien dien ra trong Idi ndi

De dinh vi khdng gian, nguoi ta thudng dua vao khodng each, vao tarn vdri, yao hicdmg nhin cua su vat so voi didm gdc dd chi xuat Trong tidng Viet cd nhung tu cum tu chi xudt khdng gian chu quan nhu: nay, kia. do, day, dr day, dr kia, dang dd,

Dd dinh vi thdi gian chu quan, nguoi ta chu ydu dua vao quan he trudc sau ciia su vat hay hanh dong so vdi thdi gian gdc Ndu liy thdi diem dang ndi lam diem gdc thi ta cd cac thdi hien tai, qua khu tuong lai Irong tidng Viet, cac tir nay, kia, mai, mot, hdm nay, horn

qua, ndm ngodi, thdng trudc, thdng sau, duoc diing dd dinh vi thdi

gian chu quan

Diem mdc la cai khdeh quan khi nguoi ndi khdng lay thdi gian khdng gian minh dang ndi lam chudn ma lAy mot didm khdng gian hay thdi gian trong dien tien cua su kien khdeh quan lam gdc (vi du:

Iiic dy, Iuc dd d day).

3 Phuong th ire chieu vat being tie xirng ho

Pham tru xung hd trong ngon ngu gdm ba ngdi (ngdi thu nhat, ngdi thu hai, ngdi thu ba), nhung theo tac gia Dd Hun Chau, chi

I

img dai ttr ngoi thu nhat va ngoi thii hai mdi thyc sii la nhirng tir ximg ho trong giao tiep Ngoi thu ba thuc ra diroc dung d£ chiSu vat nguoi hay su vat duac noi tdi, chu khong phai la nhan vat true tigp gop phan tao nen cuoc giao tiep hay xue tign cuoc giao tidp Trong tieng Viet co 4 nhdm tir xung ho sau:

Ngoi thur nhat

_Sb it / Sb nhieu Sb it /Ngoi thirSb hai nhieu

Xet mattir loai, cothe th4y co cac tirxungho sau:

- Nhung dai tu nhu tdi, to, ta, tao minh, may, bay, chung may

Chung ta, chung minh, bon m'mh ( chuake nhung dai tir phuong ngff

nhu: tui, choa, qua bqu, ), Truac day, trong tiSng Viet con sir dung

nhung tu xung ho chuyen dung nhu: ngai, tram, thdn, khanh ngu &

hien de, ngu huynh, hien huynh, tai hq, cdchq, ''

- Cac danh tir rieng nhu: Lan, Diep, Dung,

-Cac danh tir than toe khac nhu: u, bdm, bit, tia, md ba anh chi

em chu bac, con, chdu,

- Cactirchi nghi nghiep nhu: bac si, gido su, chu tich, gido su,

Dua vao chiic nang, co thephan cac tirxung ho thanhhai loai:

;Tir xung ho ngoi : la nhung tir chi co the duoc dung o

ngoi thu nhat hoac ngoi thii hai Vi du cac daitirxung ho nhutdi, to,

x™!8 h°k'Sm nSdi :1a.nhung tir co the duac diing o nhieu

ngoi khac nhau Loai nay chu yeu bao gom nhung tiir chuybn loai No

bao gom nhieu nhom nhd nhu:

+ Nhung danhtir chung nhungudi ta, minh chuybn loai.

+Ten rieng nhuHdng, Lan Diep

+ Cac danhtir than toe chuybn loai nhuong, ba, chu, chdu

Cac danh tirchi chirc nghiep nhug/uo su bac si thdy chuybn

Rieng daitir ngoi thir I sb nhieu, phan tich sau co thb thdy co hai

loai nhung tu xung ho bao gop vanhung tirxung hb khong bao gop.

Vi du, chung la la dai tir bao gop vi no chi xuat ca nhom ngudi trong

do co ca ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe; chung tdi la dai tu khdng bao gop

vi nd chi xuat mot nhom ngudi cd ngudi ndi nhung khdng ke d^n ngudi nghe

So vdi each xung ho d nhidu ngdn ngu khac, dac biet cac ngdn ngu an -Au nhu tidng Nga, Anh, Phap, xung hd trong tidng Viet phuc tap hon nhieu bdi nd chiu su chi phdi cua nhidu nhan td nhu:

- Vai giao tiep

- Vi the xa hoi

- Quan he than can

- Hoan canh giao tiep, dac biet la thoai trudng

- Van hda dan toe

- Muc dich giao tiep

Vi nhung le tren, xung hd trong tidng Viet dupe xem la mot hanh

vi ngdn ngu Trong qua trinh giao tiep ngudi ndi se lua chon tir xung

hd phii hop vdi muc dich ndi, vdi chien lupc giao tiep ma minh hoach dinh Viec lua chon each thuc xung hd nay qua thuemg lupng cd thd thay ddi Khi cd su thay ddi each xung hd xay ra thi keo theo quan he khoang each giua cac nhan vat giao tidp cung thay ddi Trong nhung trudng hop nay, ngudi nghe cd thd thuc hien thao tac suy y dd xac dinh y dinh giao tiep, chien lupc giao tidp cua ngudi ddi thoai

4 Phuwng thuc chieu vat bhng dai tic (cum dai tic) thay the

Dai tir hay cum dai tir thay thd (chSng han nhu thl vqy, nay, nhu

the nhu the nay, dieu ay, ) dupe sir dung trong dien ngdn khi vat chi

xuat da xuat hien trong tien van ban hay se dupe ndi ddn trong hau van ban Vi du:

-Hien dang hoc ndm thii hai, Tuan ciing vqy.

- Anh dung ndi nhu the ngudi la hien nhdm.

- Ddn la cd long yen nudre ndng nan Do Id mot truydn thdng quy ban cua ddn toe.

Tom lai cd nhieu phuemg thuc chieu vat va ngudi ndi cd thd lua chon sir dung trong qua trinh giao tiep sao cho phii hop