Manufacturing and engineering technology

Main axis of loom 1 transmits crank 2, ing shaft of space universal coupling 3, driven shaft of space universal coupling 4, linkage 5, segment gear 6, pinion 7, rapier wheel 8, pinion 7,

Ai Sheng Yizhong Wang

Editors

Sheng

AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

an informa business

Manufacturing and Engineering Technology brings together around

200 peer-reviewed papers presented at the 2014 International Conference on Manufacturing and Engineering Technology, held in San-ya, China, October 17-19, 2014.

The main objective of these proceedings is to take the Manufacturing and Engineering Technology discussion a step further Contributions cover Manufacture, Mechanical, Materials Science, Industrial Engi- neering, Control, Information and Computer Engineering.

Furthermore, these proceedings provide a platform for researchers, engineers, academics as well as industrial professionals from all over the world to present their research results and development activities

in Manufacturing Science and Engineering Technology.

Tai ngay!!! Ban co the xoa dong chu nay!!!

MANUFACTURING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2014 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANUFACTURING AND

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (ICMET 2014), SANYA, CHINA, 17–19 OCTOBER 2014

Manufacturing and Engineering

Technology

Editors

Ai Sheng

Information Science and Engineering Technology Research Association (ISET),

Hong Kong, China

Yizhong Wang

Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China

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ISBN: 978-1-315-76072-8 (eBook PDF)

Manufacturing and Engineering Technology – Sheng & Wang (Eds)

© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02645-2

Table of contents

Using an FPGA-based system for IEEE 1641 waveform generation 1

C Liu & C Meng

J.Y Xu

J.Y Xu

Design of wireless communication platform of MCU based on Wi-Fi 13

M.-L Wen, J.-C Wang & X Wang

The controlled blasting technology of sewage treatment pool concrete wall water hole

P Huang, E.H Wu, Q.S Liu, S.L Yang & J Li

Research based on thermal shock in gear temperature field and stress field 21

D Wang, G.H Li, H.J Zhang & X.S Ma

Study on the setting and evaluation of left-turn waiting area at signalized intersections 27

B.Q Sun & J.Y Chen

Pretreatment of pineapple leaf fiber with Bu-gong tea saponin 33

J.H Bai & S.L Cui

J Wang & J.F Zhao

Consider tooth surface forming error of spiral bevel gears parameterized modeling

Z.H Zhou, K Huang & Y.S Xiong

A reliability allocation method for Weapon Systems based on multi-expert blur theory 49

X.-J Wei & J.-S Xue

Research on system reliability allocation based on BP neural network and improved

J.-S Xue, Y.-S Zhang & X.-J Wei

The design and realization of a user mode device driver framework 57

H.J Bian, X.X Zhao, J.H Lei & H.C Ou

The research on the planning strategy of rural environmental image improvement—

taking Tiangongsi village of Baoding as an example 61

J.Y Guo, Y.H Wang & L.N Feng

Trajectory optimization with multiple constraints for a guided bomb using

Y.B Yuan & K Zhang

The research and design of terminal data security in power system 73

W.W Li, T Zhang, Y.Y Ma & S Deng

Study on crash simulation and structure optimization of rear bumper of the truck 77

X.-N Ye, W Huang & H.-C Yuan

Impact analysis of optimized rear bumper of the truck (mobile barrier 50% bias) 81

S.-L Feng, X.-N Ye & Z.-Y Zhang

W.-M Shi & X.-Y Yang

Reheating furnace model system based on Message-Oriented Middleware 91

L He, K Chen, H.L Ke & Y.H Peng

Research of the effects fabric performance for outside contour loose quantity

Y.N Han & Y Liu

Corrosion behavior of X80 pipeline steel in soil environment containing

D Wang, M Wu, F Xie, L Ge, W.J Zhang & Y Fu

The application of torsion angle method in shaft dynamic torque measurement 105

X.Y Zi, S Geng & S.F Zhao

The application of torque-sensitive materials in shaft dynamic torque measurement 111

X.Y Zi, S Geng, H Wu & S.F Zhao

Research on evaluation method of design schemes for customized product based

Y.K Ding, F.F Zhu, W.Y Shi & X.S Xu

Research on the tungsten alloy long-rod penetrator penetrating concrete target 121

G.Y Hang, W.L Yu, T Wang, J.T Wang & Z Li

The research of photocatalytic degradation of compound TiO2 film in dyeing wastewater 127

L Wang, C.S Hao & M.X Li

Effect of slag composition on inclusion transformation process for high-speed

Y Tang

The influence of line spacing and text background on visual search of web pages 135

N.N Zhang & D Xu

Study on pre-drainage seam gas technology with borehole drilled along seam

Z.-L Wang, Z.-L Li & A.-M Liang

Research on the master/slave model of the parallel processing technology

M.J Wu, H.Y Zhao, S.Y Xie, W.W Wu, X.F Zhang & N.C Yuan

Research key technologies of the current network security situation awareness 149

X.J Guan, T Zhang, Y.Y Ma & S Deng

Study on the data mining method of vehicle insurance based on a rough set 155

H Che, J Cheng & W.P Ding

Assessment for the fire risk of the underground parking area 159

H Che, W.P Ding & J Cheng

Deep-hole precision processing method of pin bush 163

H.H Chen, Q.T Wu, F.M Nie, B.G Hu & Z Kang

Workflow-based airworthiness certification document flow and its management system 169

X.B Yan, J.J Jiang, J.B Wang & Y.M Cao

Influence of fit tolerance between square tenon thickness and oval mortise width

M Chen, Y.-Q Yang, X Wu & J.-H Lyu

Influence of fit tolerance between tenon width and mortise length on joint performance

of oval-tenon manufactured by Alnus formosana wood 181

M Chen, Z.-G Cai, Y.-Q Yang & J.-H Lyu

Air flow noise analysis for the intake manifold based on CFD 187

P.H Huang, J.C Zhang & B Feng

Probabilistic design of spherical function mechanisms 191

A.P Zhuang, J.F Zhang, J.M Liao & Y.J Li

An indirect measurement method of volumetric errors for linear axes

J.W Fan, Y.H Tang & Y Song

CPOM to synthesis gas by ceria-promoted nickel nanowire catalyst 203

X.-B Hong

Research and development of a multiple data source curve drawing software

N Jin, A.D Xu, M.Z Liu, K Wang & C.X Wang

Analysis and calculation for LV auxiliary power system short-circuit current

H.Y He, Z.H Wang & N Jin

An open-source musculoskeletal model for lumbar force predictions 217

X.J Meng, D.E Anderson, A.G Bruno, W.J Wang, M.L Bouxsein, S.B Li & B Cheng

Improvement of the algorithm in addition to optimize the canal with the application 223

L.L Deng & X Zhang

B Chen & N Li

FA used in the development of the vending machine with the function of returning changes 231

W Wang & H Gu

Research on the cost driver selection and combination in Activity-Based Costing 237

Q.Y Cui, X.R Dong & Y.Z Ma

First-principle simulations of quantum transport for a nanoscale InAs device 241

L.Y Zhang, L Fang, N Xu & H.H Sun

Application and realization of remote control in power ultrasonic treatment 245

Y.G Kong, Y.Z Yang & M.D Luo

A novel method for deriving reservoir operation curves based on the concept

X Wang, X.N Guo, X Chen, X.H Lei, Y.Z Jiang & H Wang

IETM data in the comprehensive utilization of equipment life cycle 255

J Zhang, H.Y Zhao & J.Q Zhang

Research on the PV-Storage-Charging station method base on graph theory 259

J Yu, H Ge & H.G Wang

Analysis of vibration characteristics of a ball screw system 263

J.J Yang & Q Wu

Design of a multiplexing Pulse Power Source control system based on the CAN bus 267

X Zhang & Z Zhang

Research on discrete bipolar switching effect in memristor device 273

Z.-S Tang, N Xu, R.-L Liu, Y.-Q Chi & L Fang

Modification of the analytical model for drag bits in rotary rock drilling 277

Z.T Li, Y.Z Ma, L Yin, F.X Li & F Jin

Influence of titanium on hot-dip 55% Al–Zn alloy coating 283

T.X Guo, C.S Liu & Y.L Zhou

Designing and testing the control circuit for the base current of SiC transistors 287

T Jing & H.B Wang

Management of the food supply chain-based networking technology 291

H.B Wang

Research of a cold-chain logistics security monitoring platform based on Internet of things 295

H.B Wang & T Jing

The study of the impact of RMB appreciation on China’s service trade and the dealings

Q.C Wu

The study of the causes of the impact of RMB appreciation on service export 303

Q.C Wu

Gray correlation of China’s logistics capability and the growth of agriculture economy 309

X.M Liu & Z.H Ouyang

Diploma of patriarch-based management in Quanzhou’s industry transformation

and upgrading, and the analysis of its strategies 313

S.F Huang

E-commerce development strategy and platform establishment for the agricultural

W.C Hong

Quanzhou rural tourism development model and marketing strategy analysis 323

C.P Li

Econometric analysis on the relationship between regional logistics and industrial

S.B Yan

Study on the relationship between the economic growth and environmental pollution

X.Z Xu

Y.Y Wang

The comparison and evaluation on the regional scientific and technological innovation

T.E Su

C.P Li

Target detection and tracking based on digital image 353

J.X Wang, Y.L Wang & H.B Kang

Research and implementation of retrieval technology based on image content 357

J.X Wang, Y.L Wang & H.Y Sun

Hybrid ring coupler with arbitrary power division using phase inverters 361

N Zhang, C.-L Zhong, X.-H Xu & Y.-P Sun

Research on developing a log system based on Net 367

Y.-L Liu, Y.-H Liu, X Wang, Y.-B Zhang & X.-Z Cheng

Kinematic analysis of a deployable mast used for solar cell arrays 371

H.Y Tan, Y.J Hu, L Ling & J.L Li

Research on the genetic algorithm-based all-terminal network optimization 377

G.Z Zou & X.L Huang

Evaluation of an equipment operation maintenance plan based on the AHP

T.P Li, Y.L Qian & Y Li

A new guidance method for reentry warhead against a stationary target 387

Z.D Hu, X.M Tang, F.Y Zhou & Z.J Li

Magnetorheological elastomer damper design and finite-element analysis 393

W.J Xu, Z Ren, J.Y Wang, T.S Zhang, C Zhao & C.R Tang

Research on a new cloud trust model and its defense abilities 399

M.H Yang, Z.P Wang & J.J Yao

A secure data access method based on eID for mobile Internet 405

M.H Yang, J.J Yao & Z.X Liu

Research on security access control method of power intranet terminal 409

L Chen, X Liu & S Deng

An on-line monitoring system for the determination of ammonium nitrogen in waters 413

K.-L Wei & Q Fang

Research on calculation of thermal electromotive force of second-class Pt-Rh

10%-Pt thermocouple on 100 temperature points based on LabVIEW 417

B Zhou, J.H Zhao, Y.K Wei & D.D Li

Competitive dynamic I-Ching decision model—solar battery industry in Taiwan 421

W Pei & K.-H Lin

Thermal effects of various conductive thin films deposited on flexible substrates 427

F.Y Chen, M.J Kuo & R.C Chang

Preservative effects of antimicrobial controlled-release coatings containing Tea

H Wang, Z.H Huang, R Hu & J.Y He

Stress analysis and injury research of human thorax tissues during vehicle rear impacts 439

D.W Cheng & Q Xue

Research on Y-shaped elastomeric reciprocating seal lubrication conditions based

B Hong & F.Y Zhang

Residual stresses effects of transparently conductive thin films deposited

M.J Kuo, F.Y Chen & R.C Chang

Development of an ice shape non-contact measuring system based on 3D scanning technology 455

L Guo, J Ma & M Li

The feedback and correction of classification model for cold strips surface defects based

T Shi, J.Y Kong, X.D Wang, J.W Liu & Z Liu

Research on nonlinear polynomial least square error compensation based on method DEWE 2010 467

C He, G.L Dong, Q Li & M.Y Ye

An efficient distance metric for time series data mining 471

Y.-Q Shi & Y.-L Zhu

Research on the damping characteristics optimization of the tracked vehicle 475

Y.J Chen, M.X Hou, Y.F Zhang, H.J Ju & X.L Han

Rubber chemicals wastewater treatment technology research 481

X Bian, W Hong, X Tan, F Ma, X.F Zou & W Zhao

Research on three-dimensional measurement of wind tunnel model based on Kinect 485

W.M Zhao, L Liang, L.J Zhang & Y Cheng

Preparation of metallographic specimen of commercial pure titanium used for surgical implants 491

M Chang & J Su

Practical studies on a central solar heating system with high efficiency 493

Y.W Li, Y.X Jiang, L.L Zhao & J.Y Li

Research on spillage refinement algorithm of 70,000 tons tanker based on damage probability 497

J.N Zhang, M.Y Jing, M.X Jin & L Zhang

Research on some Thermal Weapon Sights signal acquisition technology 501

N Li, T.C Huang & R.X Duan

The formation mechanism and control measures of leakage defects on the cast

R.H Zhang, D.X Ma, S.C Sun & J.Z Mao

Optimizing an intake manifold shape for better function 509

P Zhou, W.-H Qian, L Liu, X.-J Hu & J Luo

J.B She, J Liu, Y.Z Xu & Y Wang

Crowdsourcing for early provisioning of road-disruption information:

T Dirgahayu, B.K Widodo & R.U.M Akbar

A study on effective implementation of staff rotation system in a state-owned enterprise 525

X.M Long, Y.Y Tian & H.M Shen

Research on cylindrical equipment launch process parameters simulation 529

H Chen, Z.H Kong, X Wang & K Zhang

Design of mobile phone bluetooth remote control light switch 535

F Hou

T Yang & S.C Li

Light trapping effect of aluminum back reflector on stainless steel substrate

T.-C Li, H Ay, Y.J Ciou, C.F Ai, J.D Jun, M.C Wang & T.K Tsai

A study on modeling of underwater FCAW process based on MATLAB 549

H Wang & B Chen

Fabrication and characterizations of electrospark coating on aluminum alloy substrate 553

F Guo, J.Z Hao & P Li

Cause analysis of the high logistics cost in China and relevant suggestions 557

N Dong

The development strategy of Chinese road freight enterprise under new circumstance 561

J Wang, C.L Jiang, N Dong & Y.F Li

The higher order crack tip fields for anti-plane crack in power functionally graded

Y Dai, X Chong & J.C Huang

The higher order crack tip fields for arbitrarily oriented crack with the physical

Y Dai, X Chong & J.W Pan

A simulation model of spare inventory with complex conditions 573

J.M Zhao, Q.W Hu & Y Tian

An aggregate-function-based filled function method for constrained global optimization 577

W Liu

The simulation model for research of island operation control strategy

Y.D Song, Q Zhang, J.S Liu, J.Y Zhang, W Fan, L.Y Yang, F.W Duan & C.F Zhao

Parametric screening and design refinement of ceiling fan blades 591

S Ahmad, R Ahmad & A Maqsood

Prediction of thermophysical properties of hydrogen via linear prediction

S.J Yang & J.Y Wang

Research on the development process, existing problems and countermeasures

of organization system, management mechanism, and law system of emergency

management of mega city in China—taking Shanghai as an example 603

X.-L Yan

The affection of the dip angle changing to the meridional velocity distribution

R.-N Li, Y.-X Deng, W Han, Z Li & D.-W Wang

Designed Textile Reinforced Concrete elements for architectural facade applications 613

K Pidun & M Schulze

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Manufacturing and Engineering Technology – Sheng & Wang (Eds)

© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02645-2

Preface

The 2014 International Conference on Manufacturing and Engineering Technology (ICMET 2014)

will be held in Sanya, Hainan, China during October 17–19, 2014 ICMET 2014 will provide a valuable

opportunity for researchers, scholars and scientists together to exchange their new ideas and application

experiences face to face, to establish business or research relations and to find global partners for future

collaboration

ICMET 2014 will be the most comprehensive conference focusing on Manufacturing and

Engineer-ing Technology The papers in this book are selected from more than 500 papers submitted to the 2014

International Conference on Manufacturing and Engineering Technology (ICMET 2014) The book

con-tributions cover 5 overall subjects: Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing, Materials Science and

Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Management, Control Engineering and Automation, and

Infor-mation and Computer Engineering The conference will promote the development of Manufacturing and

Engineering Technology, strengthening the international academic cooperation and communications

We would like to thank the conference chairs, the organizational staff, and the members of the

International Technological Committees for their hard work Thanks are also given to CRC Press/

Balkema—Taylor & Francis Group

We are looking forward to seeing all of you next year at ICMET 2015

Yizhong Wang

Tianjin University of Science and Technology, China

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Manufacturing and Engineering Technology – Sheng & Wang (Eds)

© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02645-2

ICMET 2014 committee

ORGANIZER

Aisen, Information Science and Engineering Technology Research Association (ISET), Hong Kong, China

CONFERENCE CO-CHAIRS

Aisen, Information Science and Engineering Technology Research Association (ISET), Hong Kong, China

Yizhong Wang, Professor, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China

COMMITTEES

Jihe Zhou, Professor, Chengdu Sport University, China

Hongmin Gao, Professor, Beijing Institute of Technology, China

Chunguang Xu, Professor, Beijing Institute of Technology, China

Haitao Li, Professor, Southwest Petroleum University, China

Zhiming Liu, Professor, Liao Ning Institute of Science and Technology, China

Shanglin Hou, Professor, Lanzhou University of Technology, China

N.K Sharma, Professor, The Glocal University, India

Kanglin Wei, Professor, Chongqing University, China

Je-Ee Ho, Professor, I-Lan University, Taiwan

Chunpeng Li, Professor, Quanzhou Normal University, China

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Manufacturing and Engineering Technology – Sheng & Wang (Eds)

© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02645-2

Using an FPGA-based system for IEEE 1641 waveform generation

C Liu & C Meng

Mechanical Engineering College, Shijiazhuang, China

ABSTRACT: As the complexity of an electronic equipment increases over time, a periodic waveform

generator system that can be re-configured was designed based on FPFA and DDS During this project,

an overview of the project and the hardware were developed The paper concludes by discussing the

suit-ability of an FPGA system, comparing synthesized signals with simulated waveforms, and indicating

suitable future enhancements to the system

Keywords: FPGA; DDS; signal generator

accurate simulation but the process is slow and does

not provide a real-time output newWaveX-SD,

a product developed by EADS Test ing Services, was used as a convenient method of obtaining simulated signals This product has been benchmarked against the formal 1641 SML defini-tions and the values from these simulations were used to verify the results from the FPGA-based system

Engineer-1.3 Signal definition and simulation

Figure 1 shows a waveform that is typical of those used in this project and identifies the attributes as defined in IEEE 1641

This is a simple sinusoid, where the amplitude is given by the formula in (1)

where A is the amplitude, ω is 2π × frequency, ϕ is

the initial phase angle, and t is time.

1 GENERATION OF IEEE 1641 PERIODIC

WAVEFORMS

1.1 General

In IEEE 1641, attributes are associated with the

generated signal and are used to define the

char-acteristics or behavior of that signal As an

exam-ple, a 1641 sinusoid waveform has an attribute of

‘frequency’ and when this attribute is dynamically

changed at run time the frequency of the sinusoid

waveform will also change A program written using

IEEE 1641 defines precisely what is required, but

does not suggest any specific method of achieving

the required result

This is left to the implementer, who is free to

choose the method most suited to the ATE to be

used The 1641 signal definition may be simulated

to verify that the signal provided by the ATE is the

correct one The method of generating signals used

by this project directly interprets the IEEE 1641

program code and does not require any

interven-ing conversion programs

1.2 Selecting the periodic waveforms

Specific bounds were defined for this project, which

limited the waveform generation to certain

peri-odic waveforms and combinations of them The

waveforms chosen included Sinusoid, Trapezoid,

Ramp, Triangle, and SquareWave These are all

defined in IEEE 1641 as Basic Signal Components

(BSCs) and may be accurately simulated using

software The Signal Modeling Language (SML)

defined within IEEE 1641 may be used for very Figure 1 IEEE 1641 sinusoid BSC with attributes

IEEE 1641 also defines combiners that perform

arithmetic operations on multiple input signals to

combine them into a single output These include

sum, product, and difference The effect of these

may also be simulated in newWaveX, which

pro-vides for the design and real-time simulation of

test signals Using this tool, complex signals can be

modeled and simulated

1.4 Generation of physical signals

A review of waveform generation systems was

undertaken and the conclusion was that a Direct

Digital Synthesizer (DDS) was the best solution for

this application, especially when compared to

ana-log methods DDS provides fine frequency

resolu-tion over a wide range of frequencies, and is ideal

for use for periodic waveform generation Existing

designs have demonstrated that DDS can be

imple-mented in an FPGA and is easily interfaced to an

embedded processor using memory mapped I/O

The inclusion of a memory lookup table in the

DDS architecture provides 1641 periodic waveform

generation with dynamic control of the waveform

attributes A USB communication link provides a

1641 PWGS capable of dynamic waveform

genera-tion under PC control Following this review the

architecture for a dual channel three-source 1641

PWGS with combiner was defined

2 1641 PWGS

When combining 1641 periodic waveforms, it is

important that the direct digital synthesizers are

synchronized to each other to ensure that the

cor-rect waveform samples are combined The dicor-rect

digital synthesizers provide a signal to allow the

DDS to be stopped and re-started The system

diagram Figure 2 shows the functional component

blocks required to implement a dual channel 1641

periodic waveform generator with combiner

• Download of the waveform Lookup Table (LUT)

• Control of the DDS frequency words and halt signal

• Interpretation of the PC commands

The complexity of the control block functionality lends itself to a microprocessor-based implementa-tion Though not based on DDS, a system archi-tecture for an FPGA-based waveform generator

is shown in Figure 3 This system utilizes a Xilinx MicroBlaze soft core embedded processor, Univer-sal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART), and control logic to provide the PC communica-tion interface and RAM update facility which is required by the 1641 periodic waveform generator

2.2 Communication bus

There is always a tradeoff between bus bandwidth and latency in the performance of interface buses found on a modern day PC For the transfer of large data blocks to a DDS lookup table, a data bus with

a high bandwidth is required While for multiple command transfer, a low latency bus is preferable

An ideal choice for the communication link is the PCI/PCI Express as it provides high bandwidth and low latency, and is a popular choice in commercially available waveform generators Due to the timescales

of the project, it was considered a risk to design the

1641 system with a PCI/PCI Express interface, so the Universal Serial Bus 2.0 (USB) was used for the

1641 communication link as it provides a practical compromise of bandwidth versus latency

2.3 PC interface block

The PC interface block provides the message translation from the PC USB 2.0 bus to the control block and is dependent on the interface provided

by the control block An effective PC interface that combines both USB and UART functionality without the need for additional peripheral ICs can be realized using a JTAG UART The Joint

Figure 2 DDS 1641 periodic waveform generator

Figure 3 Architecture for an FPGA-based waveform generator

Test Action Group (JTAG) interface of an FPGA

is used to download the design configuration to

the FPGA device (Altera 2008c) FGPA vendors

provide a software driver and programming cable

that allow the FPGA to be configured using the

PC USB port By using the JTAG port and the

JTAG UART available as IP from both Xilinx and

Altera, a USB UART can be realized eliminating

the need for a separate serial connection

2.4 Direct digital synthesizer block

The RAM LUT of the DDS is required to accept

write data from the control interface and output

the phase to amplitude data to the DAC The use of

dual port RAM allows the LUT data to be updated

using an independent clock at a slower rate than

the higher clock rate required by the DDS to

out-put the waveform data to the DAC This allows the

RAM LUT update to be performed at a clock rate

more suited to the control block

Another consideration when designing the RAM

LUT is whether to use internal on-chip SRAM or

external RAM The use of internal FPGA SRAM

eradicates the problem of speed degradation and

signal integrity caused by external chip

intercon-nection and is the principal choice for the

wave-form DDS LUT memory for this design

3 SYSTEM VERIFICATION

3.1 Text and indenting

The performance and operation of the 1641 PWGS

and its constituent components shown in Figure 1

were verified by comparison of the measured

results and the simulation results Measurement

was performed using an oscilloscope, spectrum

analyzer, and universal counter The Hewlett

Pack-ard 8591E spectrum analyzer was used to perform

the frequency domain measurements on the 1641

sinusoid waveform The RACALDANA 1992

uni-versal counter was used for frequency and period

measurements, while the Hewlett Packard (HP)

infinium oscilloscope was used to measure the

remaining 1641 periodic waveform attributes

The three squarewave signals used for the

dif-ference measurement had the attributes shown

in Table 1 Table 2 shows the difference

measure-ments for three squarewave signals

The ability of the 1641 PWGS to generate

com-pliant 1641 waveforms was assessed using the

waveform test functions developed earlier to

exer-cise and profile the operation of the 1641 PWGS

Analysis of these results showed that the 1641

PWGS obtained an attribute accuracy of within

0.633% of its set value for each periodic waveform

Additional comparisons were performed using

newWaveX to verify that the correct waveform

shape was produced The 1641 PWGS waveform generation was identical to the waveforms gener-

ated by the newWaveX simulator.

4 CONCLUSIONSThis project and analysis of the 1641 PWGS system show that and FPGA-based system, when used in conjunction with an appropriate DAC, provides a suitable platform for the generation of the periodic waveforms defined by the 1641 standard Research into frequency synthesis techniques highlighted

a frequency synthesis methodology and system architecture that has been successfully designed and implemented on an FPGA development platform

The development platform provided all the features required by the 1641 PWGS, allowing three 1641 DDSs to be incorporated into the design

REFERENCES

[1] IEEE Std 1641™-2004, IEEE Standard for Signal and Test Definition Institute of Electrical and Elec-tronics Engineers, Inc

[2] M Cornish and R Hazlewood, PC based IEEE STD synthesis, enhanced through dedicated devices IEEE AUTOTESTCON Proceedings 2004, pp 415–421

Table 1 Squarewave attribute values

Amplitude Frequency Dutycycle

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Manufacturing and Engineering Technology – Sheng & Wang (Eds)

© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02645-2

Analysis of GTM-AS rapier loom’s rapier mechanism

J.Y Xu

Jiangsu College of Engineering and Technology, Nantong, China

ABSTRACT: GTM-AS rapier loom is a kind of high-grade rapier looms produced by Belgium

PICA-NOL Company The process of the rapier mechanism is introduced; on the basis of this, the main

struc-tures of rapier mechanism are analyzed by the kinematic principle systematically, such as the working

principle of space universal coupling, the working principle of crank and rocker mechanism, and the

working principle of amplification mechanism, thus the law of motion of the rapier mechanism is

con-cluded, suggesting that the proper use of the space universal coupling can improve the law of motion of

the rapier mechanism and play a key role on convenient process regulation

Keywords: GTM-AS rapier loom; rapier mechanism; working principle; kinematic analysis

structure, less point of transfer structure, and ble and moderate motion The structural diagram

sta-of the rapier mechanism is shown in Figure 1

Main axis of loom (1) transmits crank (2), ing shaft of space universal coupling (3), driven shaft of space universal coupling (4), linkage (5), segment gear (6), pinion (7), rapier wheel (8), pinion (7), and rapier wheel (8) are fixed on the same axis, rapier wheel (8) transmits gripper band (9), gripper completes the weft insertion

driv-3 KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF RAPIER MECHANISM

The rapier mechanism can be divided into space universal coupling mechanism, crank-rocker mechanism formed by driven shaft of space uni-versal coupling, linkage and segment gear, amplifi-cation mechanism formed by segment gear, pinion, and rapier wheel

3.1 Space universal coupling mechanism

The working principle diagram of space universal coupling mechanism is shown in Figure 2

When driving shaft of space universal coupling (3) rotates with constant speed ω3, driven shaft of space universal coupling (4) rotates with variable angular speed ω4 According to the principle of the related mechanical knowledge, i43 is the relation-ships between the two shaft angular speed ratio

i43= =

−

ω ω

α

4 3

cos

1 INTRODUCTION

GTM-AS rapier loom is a kind of flexible rapier

looms produced by Belgium PICANOL Company

based on GTM-A rapier loom In recent years,

many textile manufacturers introduced and used

the GTM-AS rapier loom The GTM-AS rapier

loom not only has today’s other features and

advantages of advanced rapier looms, but also has

high degree of automation particularly due to the

wide use of the microcomputer

It is well known that the rapier mechanism is

the core part of the rapier loom, the law of motion

directly affects the performance of the loom The

rapier mechanism of the GTM-AS rapier loom is

analyzed and discussed emphatically

2 THE SKETCH OF RAPIER MECHANISM

GTM-AS rapier loom’s rapier mechanism has

many characteristics, such as independent box

Figure 1 The structural diagram of rapier mechanism

1,-main axis of loom; 2,-crank; 3,-driving shaft of space

universal coupling; 4,-driven shaft of space universal

coupling; 5,-linkage; 6,-segment gear; 7,-pinion; 8,-rapier

wheel; 9,-gripper band

where α is the included angle of driving shaft

of space universal coupling (3) and driven shaft of

space universal coupling (4), and

φ is the rotor angle of driving shaft of space

uni-versal coupling (3)

Power of the driving shaft of space universal

coupling (3) comes from main axis of loom (1) and

crank (2) if rotating speed of the main axis is ω0,

rotor angle of driven shaft of space universal

cou-pling (4) is β.

ω3= ω0, ϕ = ω0t

The rotation of driven shaft of space universal

coupling (4) is obtained by Equation (1)

2

ω (4)

3.2 Crank-rocker mechanism

Kinematic diagram of crank-rocker

mecha-nism is shown in Figure 3 Vector r shows

crank O’B that is driven shaft of space

uni-versal coupling (4), 

that

is linkage (5), R shows rocker OA that is

seg-ment gear (6), d is the distance oo′ between

dead axle of segment gear and support of

space universal coupling, β is included angle

between crank r and x-axis that is rotor angle

of driven shaft of space universal coupling (4),

Rsin γ − Lsin θ − rsin β = 0 (7)Simplify Equations 6 and 7

rL

d L

Equations 6 and 7 adopt two derivatives and finish, angular acceleration of oscillating bar is γ:

Figure 2 Working principle diagram of space universal

coupling mechanism Figure 3 Kinematic diagram of crank-rocker mechanism.

The value of magnification can be obtained due to

the characteristics of incomplete gear mechanism

where R1 is the pitch radius of segment gear,

R2 is the pitch radius of pinion, and

R′ is the pitch radius of rapier wheel

Rapier’s law of motion can be obtained

Displacement: S = C γ Velocity: V = C  γ

Acceler-ated velocity: a = C. γ

The concrete value of rapier’s law of motion can

be obtained if L, d, R, r, R′, R1, R2, a, and ω0 are

substituted into the above equations

4 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 The selection of α

The specialty of GTM-AS rapier loom’s rapier

mechanism is the use of the space universal

pling, on the one hand, the space universal

cou-pling of GTM-AS rapier loom’s rapier mechanism

plays the role of transfer movement, on the other

hand, effectively improving the rapier motion law

Because it can machine spindle uniform rotation

changes for variable speed rotation and then passed

to the back of the motion mechanism

From Equation 1 we can conclude than the angle

rapier loom’s rapier mechanism is an important

structural parameter

When α changes, i43 (ω0) just changes too, its change rule as shown in Figure 4

When ϕ is in the scope of the 180 °, the

chang-ing curve for different α and i43 with the change

4.2 The adjustment of the rapier motion process

In order to meet the requirements of weaving ess, rapier dynamic process must be adjusted when the reed space changes

proc-On the sector gear in the rapier institutions has one arc grooves, in order to reach the purpose of changing rapier traverse, may adjust the position

of its connecting rod hinged with the sector gear

to change the length R of the crank rocker nism (Figure 1), the adjustment is convenient

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Manufacturing and Engineering Technology – Sheng & Wang (Eds)

© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02645-2

Analysis of GTM-A rapier loom’s take-up mechanism

J.Y Xu

Jiangsu College of Engineering and Technology, Nantong, China

ABSTRACT: GTM-A rapier loom is a kind of high-grade rapier looms produced by Belgium PICANOL

Company, it is a kind of continuous mechanical mechanism that adjusts weft density by changing gear

set This paper systematically analyzes the working process and principle of the mechanism, and the weft

density and weft density gear transform formula are analyzed, the results of the analysis can be used for

related weaving enterprise production guidance

Keywords: GTM-A rapier loom; take-up mechanism; working principle; weft density

3 THE ANALYSIS OF THE WEFT DENSITY AND WEFT DENSITY GEAR TRANSFORM FORMULAThe weft density of fabric is controlled by take-up mechanism, to meet the requirements of the change of the weft density must change the weft density change gear A, B, C, D When weaving conditions change, weft density changes too, in order to adapt to the new changes also need to change the weft density change gear A, B, C, D,

so change weft density change gear A, B, C, D is

a normal work

1 INTRODUCTION

GTM-A rapier loom takes continuous take-up,

its take-up mechanism is composed of weft

den-sity transform box, gear, licker-in roller, and cloth

roller The weft density transform box is

com-posed of a series of gears and a worm and worm

gear, and uses oil bath lubrication These make

the whole take-up mechanism compact and drive

reasonably

2 THE WORKING PRINCIPLE

OF GTM-A RAPIER LOOM’S

TAKE-UP MECHANISM

The structure diagram of a GTM-A rapier loom’s

take-up mechanism is shown in Figure 1

The power supply of the GTM-A rapier loom’s

take-up mechanism comes from the main shaft of

dobby, complete continuous take-up by driving

licker-in roller though a series of gears and a worm

and worm gear The weft density of the fabric is

obtained by change gears A, B, C, and D and weft

density gear E

The rotation of the cloth roller is slightly faster

than the rotation of the licker-in roller because of

the power transmission But as a result of a set of

friction clutches, the tension of the fabric does not

increase much, this makes the fabric to move less The

take-up route of the fabric is shown in Figure 2

Through the hand wheel of gear shaft A, take-up

fabric can return with few wefts, at this point the

hand wheel of gear shaft A must be pulled out, half

turn of gear shaft A is equal to 1 weft If take-up

fabric returns with a large number of wefts, gear

shaft M may rotate by hand wheel

Figure 1 The structure diagram of GTM-A rapier loom’s take-up mechanism

It’s an important element to excellent fabric that

detecting density of weft and the frame course of

fabrics must be continuous and accurate Weft

den-sity calculation of GTM-A rapier loom’s take-up

mechanism is as follows

Because GTM-A rapier loom takes continuous

take-up, the main shaft of dobby and loom rotate

synchronously Half turn of gear shaft A is equal

to 1 weft, the gear shaft A turns one turn, GTM-A

rapier loom’s take-up mechanism take up two weft

According to the principle of gear train

trans-mission, when the main shaft of loom turns once

the licker-in roller’s revolutions is given by:

Z Z

Z Z

Z Z

Z Z

Z Z Z

Z

Z Z

Z Z

Z Z Z

Z Z

Z Z

Z Z

where Z1 is the worm line number, equals 1;

Z2 is the worm gear, equals 34;

D is the licker-in roller’s diameter, equals 17

3 cm

So, on-loom weft density Pa can be calculated

by means of the following formula (weft/cm)

a

C A

Equation 3, on-loom weft density Pa is given by.

Z Z

Z Z

Z

Z Z

B

⋅

73 weftt /ftft cm) (4)

If expressed in the British System, on-loom weft

density Pa is given by.

Z

Z Z Z Z

Z Z

2 Five weft density change gears, A, B, C, and D transform the weft density group, they are called weft change gear; according to the structure of weft density transform box, the weft density groups have six groups; ( )A = 17T, B = 68T;

six weft density groups and get the weft density

conversion table, the calculated results conform

with the relevant technical data completely, and

can use the weft density transform formulae

(1), (2), (3), (4), and (5) directly when varieties

change and transform the weft density

4 The weft density ranges of GTM-A rapier

loom’s take-up mechanism are 17.5–1338

weft/10 cm (or 4.44–339.84 weft/in)

theoreti-cally, thus the weft density varies in large range,

the better the continuity of the weft density, the

continuity of weft density is better, this reflects

that the variety adaptability of GTM-A rapier

loom’s take-up mechanism is more stronger

4 CONCLUSIONS

1 Thes weft density of fabric is obtained by change

gears A, B, C, and D and weft density gear E

2 Only change gears A, B, C, and E cause weft

density change, but in actual use, change gear D

also can be used

3 According to the structure of weft density

transform box, the weft density groups have six

groups, conversion ranges of change gear E are

the continuous change from 25T to 60T

4 The calculated results conform with the relevant

technical data completely

5 The weft density varies in large range, the better

the continuity of the weft density, the continuity

of weft density is better

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Manufacturing and Engineering Technology – Sheng & Wang (Eds)

© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02645-2

Design of wireless communication platform of MCU based on Wi-Fi

Mei-Li Wen, Jing-Cun Wang & Xiang Wang

College of Information Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology,

Wuhan, Hubei, China

ABSTRACT: In the industrial process controlling environment, the front-end data acquisition and

con-trol is mostly completed by the MCU and the MCU interacts data with PC generally by wire connection

In some harsh environments that can’t be wired, wireless communication is the preferred way to complete

data interaction This paper uses Wi-Fi wireless communication technology to design a set of general

platform to address communication issues under special circumstances that personnel can’t get close or

that is inconvenient to wiring The platform can be applied to some industrial field under harsh

environ-ment, such as metallurgical site, mine site and others, through the general platform with Wi-Fi devices we

can use mobile phone, PAD, notebooks to set and adjust MCU parameter, achieve the collected data and

to get some other operations

Keywords: wireless communication; ST-MW-08S; Wi-Fi; MCU

to achieve data interaction between PC and MCU through Wi-Fi networks PC can be a mobile device

When the data interaction is needed (eg the fication of control parameters, the collection of collected data, etc.), the operator carried a mobile device into a Wi-Fi network of specific MCU, and used a dedicated communication process to com-plete the interaction with MCU Therefore, data exchange was carried out according to the demand,

modi-or carried out fmodi-or each wmodi-ork shift cycle The tion is simple, no wiring, and maintenance, making the MCU control easy to implement in harsh envi-ronment The overall structure design of the com-munication platform is shown in Figure 1

opera-MCU is connected to the wireless router through the serial to Wi-Fi module, to achieve the communication with other devices connected

to the route For security considerations, ules only receive data transmitted from the target set machine’s IP and target set machine’s port by default, and only send data to the configured des-tination Users can easily and immediately control the parameter settings of the modules, to modify the delivery destination Users can also customize

mod-1 INTRODUCTION

Data transmission can be simply divided into two

categories: cable (including the erection of cable,

cable, or leased telecommunication line) and

wire-less (divided into build special-purpose wirewire-less

data transmission system or use of CDPD, GSM,

CDMA, and other public network information

platforms) In some industrial control

environ-ments, there are certain limitations in cable

com-munication, and the use of wireless communication

will not be constrained by these ways

Wireless communication has the following

advan-tages: (1), the cost is low Establishment of cable

communication mode to set up cable in cable trench

or mining and need to spend a lot of manpower and

material resources, are not required, low

construc-tion cost (2), Construcconstruc-tion period is short Cable

wiring project cycle is long, meets with relatively

complex environment in which even wiring cannot

be done, by contrast, wireless communication, can

quickly establish a communication link

This paper used the advantages of wireless

com-munication to establish a Wi-Fi-based MCU

wire-less communication platform, which can quickly

build up a communication network in a variety of

environments, with better scalability, and low cost

2 OVERALL DESIGN

The wireless communication platform was designed

mainly by combining MCU and Wi-Fi technology, Figure 1 The overall structure

special feature products such as not verifying the

source IP, to receive the data sent from multiple IPs

to achieve many to one communications.[1]

3 SOFTWARE DESIGN

Mobile devices have Wi-Fi, so the MCU control

system will have a Wi-Fi communication function

To choose the serial port, turn Wi-Fi module

ST-MW-08S to complete the conversion of single-chip

microcomputer serial data and Wi-Fi signal

Soft-ware completes the three basic functions such as

the work patterns settings of ST-MW-08S, packets

sending and receiving and definition of the packet

format

3.1 Working mode settings

ST-MW-08S has three work modes, TCP client

mode, the TCP server mode, and UDP, in

wire-less communication system design,[2] which

usu-ally work only under a pattern, this platform uses

UDP mode UDP mode ST-MW-08S forwards

all data (containing several other data of the

remote port) received by the local UDP port to

a serial port Network link rate is greater than

the serial port baud rate, so the module uses the

cycle of 1500 byte buffer to cache network

inter-vals in order to ensure accurate transmission of

a datagram Typically by using a serial port baud

rate of 115,200 bps, 50 ms network datagram

transmission interval, the module can achieve

better performance At the same time,

ST-MW-08S UDP mode transmission received all data to

the remote IP address of the remote UDP port

When module receives serial data, set 10 ms

over-time wait and 450 byte buffer overflow, any serial

datagram that meets one of the above two

con-ditions will be immediately sent to the network

When the network link rate is greater than the

baud rate of serial port, our module allows serial

data transmission without a break As shown in

Figure 2, ST-MW-08S on UDP mode monitor set

port after the electricity, don’t take the initiative

to establish a connection, when is over, forwarded

to the serial port, when a serial port receives data,

sent it over the network to the module settings IP

and port

After selected well the operation mode of the

module, with single-chip microcomputer and serial

port which is connected with ST-MW-08S can carry on the correct initialization Initialize includ-ing the transparent of a serial port baud rate, remote port, distal port and IP and local IP infor-mation settings Any SCM as long as it will set the information in a specific packet format, sent to the module with 2400 baud rate through a serial port

After a successful set, module will return a ful setting response command: 5B 00 03 with 2400 baud rate

success-3.2 The format of the packet

SCM surveillance network port through the ST-MW-08S, if any data packets, the serial port receiving program of SCM starts parsing pack-ets and returns the response signal As shown in Figure 3, a complete packet consists of the follow-ing sections

The packet header refers to the starting position

of a packet of data, set to A5 5 A; length equal

to the data bytes and CRC check code bytes bined; CRC check code is one of the most com-monly used error checking code in the area of data communication, and can effectively identify if there

com-is an error in sent packets MCU receives the gram parsing through packet header information such as length and CRC check code, to conclude the valid data from terminal device So, a packet of data is sent and received

pro-3.3 Packets send and receive

The data sending and receiving programs on the terminal equipment are written in C#, compile platform is Visual Studio 2010, the paper uses socket to realize the UDP Because UDP is a con-nectionless protocol, therefore, in order to make the terminal equipment to send and receive UDP packets, we need to do two things: (1), create a Socket object; (2), bind the socket object to local IPEndPoint.[3] After completing the above steps, the created socket can receive UDP packets flow-ing in on the IPEndPoint, or send the flowing out UDP packets to the specified MCU in network

Because no connection is established between ferent hosts, UDP cannot use the standard socket method the Send() and the Receive(), but uses two other methods: SendTo() and ReceiveFrom()

dif-SendTo() method specifies the data to send and target MCU IPEndPoint There are many differ-ent methods of using this method, we can choose

Figure 2 Operating mode Figure 3 Packet structure

according to the specific application, but at least to

specify the IP address of the packet and the target

MCU

ReceiveFrom() method is similar to the SendTo()

method, but use of the EndPoint object statement

is not the same Decorated with ref, is not an object

of the EndPoint, but pass parameters to an

End-Point object Figure 4 is the flow chart of the UDP

send and receive program based on socket

Due to this platform to realize full-duplex

com-munication, MCU and terminal equipment must

be able to send data to each other and receive

data from each other And UDP work mode has

the following advantages: resource consumption

is small and processing speed is fast, but the

dis-advantages are no packets grouping, no assembly,

and does not prioritize the packet, in other words,

when a message is sent, it is not clear whether it is

complete safe to arrive In order to compensate for

this shortcoming, it is necessary to custom a

com-munication protocol to enhance the reliability of

communication through the application of layer

mean packets sent and received program After

the terminal device sends a packet of data, it waits

for the target MCU response If the target MCU

receives packets and successfully parsed, it returns

the response signal If the terminal equipment had

not received response signal, it continues to send

three times, if it has received a one third response

signal, it stops sending the packet data; if in no

time it receives response signal, it gives up sending

Figure 5 shows the basic structure of the control system, in which AD590 is temperature sensor, There are eight channels in temperature acquisition system and eight channels in relay control heating system (Only one channel is shown in Figure 1)

Figure 5 shows the hardware design of granary temperature detection system

In this design, analog temperature sensor AD590 was used, which had strong anti-jamming capability, and was suitable for MCU to meas-ure and control temperature, and generally the temperature compensation and dedicated ahead circuit were not needed.[4] The high performance 12-bit serial ADC ADS7870 which is produced by

TI is selected, because it is a serial input structure,

it is able to save MCU I/O resources.[5] The relay

is driven by a transistor, the P0.4 pin of MCU is high, when the relay is pulled, the temperature con-trol started to work

The LAN of temperature detection system consists of a number of MCU temperature con-trol acquisition modules, a tablet computer, and a wireless router The collected temperature informa-tion is sent to ST-MW-08S module by each MCU temperature control acquisition module, and then transmitted to the table computer through LAN, and finally displayed in PC program On the other hand, the parameters of each MCU temperature acquisition module are set by PC software, such

as alarm temperature, sampling interval, sampling precision and so on

4.2 Test environment

Now, 80 sampling points were selected from one industrial site to place temperature sensors and to

Figure 4 UDP send and receive flow

Figure 5 Hardware design of granary temperature detection system

Figure 6 Parameter settings

Figure 7 Data collection

build MCU and ST-MW-08S module circuit, and

then the wireless router was set up The IP of the

ST-MW-08S module of the 80 sampling points was set

192.168.0.100 to 192.168.0.179 in turns, and then the

IP of the tablet computer was set to 192.168.0.1

4.3 Test result

As shown in Figure 6, in the PC software

param-eter settings interface, after the local port, remote

port, MCU ID, and the corresponding destination

IP address were set Then the parameters such as the potter rate of the corresponding MCU and ST-MW-08S module, the upper-lower limits of collect-ing temperature, the sampling precision, and the sampling interval can be modified

As shown in Figure 7, in the data acquisition interface, after the ID of the collected MCU was selected, the current temperature collected by this channel can be seen, and the history data (the start date were entered) can be saved in a path of the tablet PC, and then a specified file name and file format (TXT or BIN format) data file were generated

5 CONCLUSIONThis paper uses Wi-Fi wireless communication technology to design a set of general platform to address communication issues under special cir-cumstances that personnel can’t get close or that

is inconvenient to wiring, through the general platform with Wi-Fi devices we can use mobile phone, PAD, notebooks to set and adjust MCU parameter, achieve the collected data and to get some other operations The platform can be applied to some industrial field under harsh envi-ronment, such as metallurgical site, mine site, and others

REFERENCES

ST-MW-08S data book

Guixing Zheng Wireless communication system based on

SPCE061A design [J] Journal of information science

and technology, 2012, 28:3

Mingjun Dai, Zhongze Shen Oil depot level real-time

monitoring and control system simulation design [J]

Zhenquan Liu Integrated temperature sensor AD590 and

its application [J] Journal of sensors to the world,

2003, 03:35–37

Zhihao Sun WIFI network communication based remote

control the design of control circuit of a machine [D]

University of Inner Mongolia, 2011

Manufacturing and Engineering Technology – Sheng & Wang (Eds)

© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02645-2

The controlled blasting technology of sewage treatment pool concrete

wall water hole in complicated environment

P Huang, E.H Wu, Q.S Liu, S.L Yang & J Li

Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China

ABSTRACT: This paper introduces the selection of blasting scheme, and blasting technology

param-eters of sewage treatment pool concrete wall water hole under complicated environment, blasting harms,

and prevention measures were discussed During guarantee period, it ensures quality and also blasting

safety and efficiency

Keywords: controlled blasting; blasting technology; safety measures

water pool, eight small pools together side by side formed a big pool close to 1# waste water pool

Eight small pools together side by side formed a big pool close to 2# waste water pool The pool depth

is 12 m Pool wall and wall thickness are 60 cm The blasting opened 16 holes which are 1.5 meters wide and 1.8 meters high in partition wall and the wall at the bottom of the bottom of the pool, its four parts change into two parts Blasting location is a small black square as shown in Figure 2

2 ENGINEERING DIFFICULTIES AND GIVING APPROPRIATE MEASURES

1.1 Environment in blasting area

The construction of a wastewater treatment

sew-age pool needs be modified; opening 16 holes

at the bottom of the concrete wall in the

sew-age pool and the pool wall, the hole is used for

water The environment surrounding the sewage

treatment pool (shown in Figure 1) is more

com-plex as follows: the work shop in the north is 5 m

apart from the pool; an incinerator in the west is

10 m apart from the pool; mechanical facilities

are close to the pool in the east; control room is

close to the pool in the south And so the blasting

is difficult

1.2 The structure of the sewage treatment pool

The pool is formed by pouring concrete, that is

mainly composed of four parts (shown in Figures 1

and 2), respectively: 1# waste water pool, 2# waste

Figure 1 A blasting area floor plan and blasting location map

south, when a blasting fails, it will damage the

facilities and buildings

2 Before blasting it have waste water in 1# waste

water pool, eight small pools together side by

side close to 2# waste water pool Have

control-led blasting, after waste water in 1# waste water

pool are draining into 2# waste water pool, it

will be blasting which eight small pools together

side by side close to 1# waste water pool When

a blasting is failure, the outflow of sewage are

causing environmental pollution, at the same

time the remaining part of the wall is not bad

2.2 Giving appropriate measures

The measures taken in the test is as follows:

1 In order to prevent damage to the control room

facilities and buildings, each hole is blasted

separately

Figure 2 Eight small pools together side by side form a big pool

Figure 3 Artificial slot layout diagram

2 This is blasting wide 1.5 m, high 1.8 m hole, and ensure not to endanger the pool wall’s retain part, before blasting we will on blasting parts processing, then blasting a hole We use pneu-matic pick expanding gap again Until the size

of the hole meets the requirements

3 Before blasting operation, we will hew out of

a depth of about 10 cm groove along the tour blasting by manual and pneumatic pick along the blasting outline 5 cm (two surface blasting site will cut groove), this is the depth

con-of the groove which is been exposed reinforcing steel bar and steel can been cut by gas cutting

We will use gas cutting before blasting cutting off steel bar Artificial slot layout diagram is as shown in Figure 3

3 DESIGN OF BLASTING PARAMETER AND BLASTING NETWORK AND CALCULATION OF SECURITY VIBRATION OF BLASTING

3.1 The determination of blasting area

The wall and bottom of anti-seepage requirement

is higher, partition wall for seepage prevention of water demand is low In order to ensure the wall and bottom in blasting nowadays don’t appear crack, blasting parts as far as possible away from the wall and bottom

3.2 Determination of blasting range

Came out of the hole should be controlled as far

as possible in the design range (1.5 × 1.8 m), each hole, blasting (cut blasting) for the first time should

be controlled in the range of (0.4 × 0.6 m) The hole distance from the wall and bottom of recent distance shall be not less than 0.5 m Blasting area layout is as shown in Figure 4

blasting we used 2∼3 segments Network tion is as shown in Figure 5.

connec-3.6 Technical safety measure

The blasting environment is complex Factory work, some safety measures must be taken to ensure the blasting safety

3.7 The blasting test

Before the official start of the blasting operation,

we should undertake blasting test According to the blasting test, we adjusted the blasting param-eters, to ensure good blasting effect

3.8 Bamboo and iron, sandbag protection

Before blasting, in order to ensure safety, with bamboo and iron in blasting parts outside the closed cover.[3] Bamboo and iron with expansion bolts, at the same time, bamboo and hanging sand-bag to strengthen protection In blasting construc-tion, the jams blasting must be done, blast hole jams quality should be ensured

3.9 Calculation of security vibration of blasting

The blasting, each hole will be separate tion and three stage blasting Each blasting single dose is only 0.125 kg The security vibration of blasting was calculated as[1,4]

Figure 4 Cut blasting hole layout diagram

Figure 5 Network connection diagram

3.3 Blasting order

In order to ensure the retention of some blasting

try not to endanger the pool After blasting for the

first time, immediately with pneumatic pick trim

around the blasting area of fracture Then

deter-mine whether the next burst If the rest of the

width more than 0.5 m, we can drill a hole could

again, blasting again If the remainder is less than

0.5 m, no longer burst, with mechanical finishing

directly meet the requirements

3.4 Design of blasting parameter

The cuthole distance (expressed as a) a = 0.2 m,

each row has three cutholes and distance between

two rows (expressed as b) b = 0.15 m There are five

rows of cut holes: the blast hole depth (expressed

as L) L = 0.35 m, the explosive dose in per cuthole

(expressed as Q) Q = 25 g, the explosive factor, kg/m3

where a is the distance of cut hole, m; b is distance

between two rows, m; δ is thickness of stackwall, m

Cuthole number (expressed as N) N = 15 Explosive

dose of per hole (expressed as QZ).

QZ = 15 × 25 = 375 g = 0.375 kg

QZ = 15 × 25 = 0.375 kg

3.5 Design of blasting network

The blasting is using millisecond electric detonator

and emulsion explosives and series network We

put an electric detonator in each hole Every time

where V is the vibration velocity of a point

par-ticle on ground, cm/s; Q is the most large dosage

in an initiation, kg; R is the distance between

the check points and blasting center, m; K is

the coefficient involved in the spread medium;

K1 is attenuation coefficient, the range of K1 is

between 0.25 and 1.0 In the work, set K is equal

to 150, K1 is 1, a is 1.7, Q is 0.125 kg and R is 5 m

Then, V is equal to 2.99 cm/s V is smaller than

“blasting safety regulations” It shows that the

blasting vibration caused no damage to nearby

buildings.[5–6]

4 CONCLUSIONS

Blasting in advance before the treatment, and then

blasting construction, we successfully opened 16

1.5 m wide, 1.8 m high over the holes Partition

wall retaining part and the pool was not damaged

Blasting slung shot, shock wave have not impacted

on the surrounding facilities and window glass

The blasting was a success

REFERENCES

[1] Dian Zhong Liu Engineering blasting for manual[M]

The metallurgical industry press, 1999

[2] Bao Quan Yang Controlled blasting to produce flying stone causes and prevention[J] Mining technology

2003, 3(4):76–77

[3] Yi cheng Gu Blasting construction and safety[M]

Beijing Metallurgical industry press 2004

[4] Shi nong Yan Blasting asting in coal mine[J] 1999, 2(45):31–33

[5] Ling xiang Tao Safety protection technique of rock slope bursting construction in urban comliex environment[J] Journal of Jiangsu jianzhu institute

2013, 3(13):22–25

[6] Bin Jiang Urban controlled blasting under cated environment condition[J] Journal of under-ground space and engineering, 2007, 3(4):773–775

compli-Manufacturing and Engineering Technology – Sheng & Wang (Eds)

© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02645-2

Research based on thermal shock in gear temperature field

and stress field

D Wang, G.H Li & H.J Zhang

School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, China

X.S Ma

Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China

ABSTRACT: For the rapid development of machinery manufacturing, aerospace, the ships, and

metal-lurgy, the requirements of reliability of gear transmission are more and more high Generally, the gear

under high speed and heavy load will bear a high heat load, while its temperature field distribution and

variation are the main bases that calculate tooth deformation and determine whether the tooth surface

glues or not The article will calculate the temperature field of involutes cylindrical gear under the thermal

shock and does a finite element simulation It is believed that varied temperature field will produce

con-centrated thermal stress and larger thermal deformation; the heat shock because of temperature sharply

changes will produce varied stress and strain field, thus the teeth of the thermal deformation becomes

more complex To reduce the influence of temperature, the gear design source can usually be compensated

or process improvement adopted after processing

Keywords: thermal shock; finite element method; transient temperature field; stress field; simulation

analysis

the instantaneous temperature of Involutes spur gear under the thermal shock in the field is studied, and the stress field and coupled thermal deforma-tion are analyzed, so as to lay the foundation for further gear modification

2 BASIC THEORY AND METHOD

OF GEAR TEMPERATURE FIELD

2.1 Basic equations of gear temperature field

As is known to all, after a period of time of tained work, the transmission of gear basically reaches the steady state, the temperature field can also be considered as steady state But before this, the friction heat of tooth and also heat exchange with ambient environment are in non-equilibrium state, the temperature field is changeable along with time Expressed in mathematical language, the temperature distribution can be expressed by temperature function, namely the temperature field is the function of time and space, suppose the temperature function is given by Equation 1:

1 INTRODUCTION

Due to friction and extrusion, the transmission

gear accompanied by high speed and heavy load

generally bears higher thermal load and thermal

deformation, especially in the beginning stages of

high speed gear, because of suddenly increased

load, the gear bear huge instantaneous friction, the

friction heat generated gather together in a short

period of time, it cause that the temperature of

fric-tion surface rise quickly, the temperature gradient

will change very rapidly, the internal of gear will

produce the unsteady thermal stress, this kind of

violent temperature gradient phenomenon usually

called thermal shock[1–3] Exorbitant temperature

is the main reason for generating gluing and tear

on the tooth surface, therefore, to study the

ther-mal stress and therther-mal deformation distribution

of gear caused by thermal shock, first of all the

temperature field of gear under the thermal shock

should be calculated, and then its stress field and

deformation field determined, which provide the

basis for the design of the gear strength

Based on the analysis of gear on the actual

work, using the finite element software ANSYS,

Based on the basic principle of heat transfer, to

the heat conduction problem without internal heat

source, its basic differential equation is given by

T x

T y

T

In order to get the characteristic solution of

Equation 2, specific boundary conditions are also

needed According to the high speed working

con-dition of gear, the time of gear to rotate once is

much less than gear temperature field changes

Therefore, the temperature field of the whole gear

can be represented by a single tooth, while the

single tooth segmentation is shown in Figure 1

The following are different regions that satisfy the

The non-meshing working tooth surface—

addendum, dedendum, non-working surface

(area t) is given by:

Areas of p and q are gear body interior areas,

according to the continuity condition:

n

T n

conduc-α t is the heat transfer coefficient of tooth surface,

dedendum and addendum (W m m−2⋅K K K−1); α t is the heat transfer coefficient of the gear end sur-

face (W m m−22⋅K K K−1); T is the volume temperature

of gear (°C); n is the outer normal direction of

the heat exchange surface; q is the stable heat flow

inputted along the meshing working tooth surface ( −2)

2.2 Basic equations of finite element solution

Finite element method uses the finite discrete node temperature to express continuous temperature field and this solving process can be equivalently transformed into solving the extreme value of the corresponding function, then get the approximate solutions from various functions The solution of

partial differential Equation 2 T T x y z t( ,x , ,z ) the

boundary conditions (3)–(6) which satisfies the following function gives:

x

T y

J e (namely J J e

e E

∑=1 ) In a micro unit, temperature field can be expressed by linear node tempera-ture interpolation function, then unit function becomes the function of each node temperature within the unit, namely the total function is a func-tion of all the node temperature, then functional extremum is converted into the node temperature extremum problem

Differentiating the node temperature within the unit for the unit functional, we can get unit heat

conduction matrix [K ] e, unit heat capacity matrix

then the process of total functional extremum, and

is converted to element matrix superposition from equations according to unit node numbering:

T t

In the formula [K ], [C ], and [P0 ], respectively,

are the total thermal conduction matrix, heat

capacity matrix, and heat flow matrix assembled

by the corresponding unit matrix; [T ] and ∂ ∂∂

, respectively, are the temperature column matrix

of nodes and rate of temperature change column

matrix of nodes Solving formula (8), we can get

the temperature field distribution of the gear This

is the basic idea of solving temperature field of gear

using finite element method

3 EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION

3.1 Basic parameters of gear

In order to study its changes of temperature field,

stress field, and its distribution of the gear under

the thermal shock, the article regards the

stand-ard Involutes cylindrical gears as study object, its

number of teeth = 18, module m = 10 mm,

pres-sure angle α = °20 , the coefficient of addendum

and top clearance, respectively, are h h a*= 1 0 and

c*= 0 2 5 The gear is made by material of A3 steel,

its basic thermo-physical parameters are shown in

Table 1

3.2 Result of finite element simulation for gear

The case exerts thermal convection on test gear

with a period of time to simulate thermal shock

It obtains, respectively, the transient temperature

field under 30 min loads and the corresponding

stress fields[4–6], as shown in Figures 2 and 3

In the experiment of thermal-mechanical

cou-pling simulation of the gear, we carried out a

steady-state thermal analysis on gear and saved

their results, here load temperature is 100°C, and

then converted the unit type from the thermal

analysis to structural analysis, exerted stress loads

on all nodes of gear tooth meshing line, and finally

carried out thermal-mechanical coupling finite

ele-ment analysis[7] After solving, respectively, we get

the stress field and displacement fields of nodes,

as shown in Figures 4 and 5

Table 1 A3 steel thermo-physical property parameters

Thermal performance Unit Numerical

Heat conduction coefficient W/(m ⋅ K) 48

786048020512

0.3Heat transfer coefficient W/(m2⋅ K) 125

Figure 2 Transient temperature distribution images of gear models

Figure 3 Stress distribution images of gears under the situation of thermal transient

3.3 Thermal-mechanical coupling experiments

of gear

In this article, we carried out thermo-mechanical coupling experiment on measured gear using four dimension high-precision measurement of thermal deformation gear device and existing equipment[8],

Figure 4 Equivalent stress distribution of cloud images under thermal-mechanical coupling