INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Greeting plays a crucial role in communication as it initiates interaction, fosters connection, and establishes an open atmosphere It can be categorized into two types: verbal and non-verbal greetings In certain situations, such as distance communication or language barriers, non-verbal greetings are often preferred due to their ability to convey more messages and ease of use compared to verbal greetings.
Greeting customs vary widely around the world, with Western countries like France, Spain, and Italy often favoring hugs or cheek kisses In contrast, Middle Eastern and Asian cultures, such as Vietnam, require careful consideration of greetings between opposite sexes to avoid misunderstandings Using inappropriate greeting rituals can lead to awkward situations or even offense To make a positive first impression, it's essential to understand the greeting customs of your communication partner's culture.
Understanding greeting gestures is crucial for English major students who frequently interact with international partners, as it helps prevent misunderstandings and creates a positive first impression This realization has motivated me to explore the significance of greeting gestures across different cultures Consequently, I have chosen to research the topic "Using Greeting Gestures in America and Vietnam – The Similarities and Differences in Light of Cross-Cultural Communication."
Aims of the study
This study aims to compare the similarities and differences in greeting gestures between America and Vietnam, highlighting common gestures in both countries to enhance cultural understanding Additionally, it explores factors that influence the use of these gestures, helping individuals avoid misunderstandings and engage in effective cross-cultural communication.
Research questions
The study is conducted to answer the following questions:
1 Which greeting gestures are commonly used in America and Vietnam?
2 Which factors do Vietnamese and American people consider when using greeting gestures?
3 What are the similarities and differences in using greeting gestures in Vietnam and America?
Scope of the study
Greeting gestures vary widely across cultures, with numerous forms of expression worldwide This article focuses on specific gestures such as handshaking, hugging, kissing, waving, nodding, patting, smiling, bowing, high fives, and the V-sign By examining these gestures in the context of America and Vietnam, we can identify both similarities and differences, helping to minimize culture shock in cross-cultural communication.
Methods of the study
A survey was conducted among American and Vietnamese residents in Haiphong city, with 30 questionnaires distributed in English to Americans and 30 in Vietnamese to Vietnamese participants, resulting in a total of 60 responses An in-depth analysis of the collected data was subsequently performed to address the research questions.
Design of the study
The study contains three parts
- Part I: Introduction presents the rationales, aims, research questions, scope, methods and design of the study
- Part II: Consists of three chapters
+ The first chapter is theoretical background which provides readers the overview of culture, communication and body language
+ The second chapter talks about greeting and 10 common greeting gestures in America and Vietnam
The final chapter focuses on data analysis and comparison, where I examine and interpret the findings from the survey questionnaires and evaluations This section highlights the similarities and differences in greeting gestures observed between the two countries.
- The study is ended with the third part - Conclusion This part presents an overview of the study, and recommendations for further study n
DEVELOPMENT
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
The concept of culture appeared very early in human history The word,
“Culture" comes from French term, which in turn derives from the Latin
The term "colere," which translates to care, cultivation, and nurture, highlights the evolving nature of culture Despite its significance, defining culture remains a challenge, with numerous interpretations existing In 1952, anthropologists Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn published "Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions," a comprehensive exploration featuring over 200 definitions of culture Since then, various scholars across different fields have contributed additional definitions, each offering unique perspectives and evaluations of cultural concepts.
The concept of culture was first introduced by British anthropologist Edward B Tylor in his 1871 book, "Primitive Culture." He defined culture as a comprehensive system that encompasses knowledge, beliefs, art, law, morals, customs, and all other skills and habits that individuals acquire as members of society.
Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (1952:47) also pointed out that
Culture is defined by the patterns of behavior, both explicit and implicit, that are acquired and communicated through symbols, representing the unique achievements of human groups At its core, culture comprises traditional ideas and the values associated with them, which are historically derived and selected Culture can be viewed as both a product of human actions and as a factor that influences future actions.
According to Cambridge English Dictionary Online, culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time."
Nguyen Quang (1998) defines culture as a shared background shaped by common language, communication styles, customs, beliefs, attitudes, and values, rather than by visible elements like art or food He emphasizes that culture encompasses the often hidden patterns of human interaction and perspectives shared within a group This hidden aspect of culture is likened to an iceberg, where the majority remains unseen, significantly influencing individual behavior and interactions without being overtly apparent Understanding these hidden cultural elements is crucial for navigating cross-cultural interactions effectively.
Culture encompasses both the material and spiritual achievements of humanity, serving to sustain human society and reflecting our relationship with the surrounding world Each region possesses its unique culture, which goes beyond mere definitions and captures the essence of human experience.
Communication is a vital process where individuals share information, ideas, and emotions through various means, including spoken and written words, body language, and personal mannerisms As Hybels (1992) emphasizes, to live is to communicate, highlighting the essential role communication plays in our daily lives.
Nguyen Quang (1998:3) sees communication as the process of sharing meaning through verbal and nonverbal behavior
Communication is defined by Lustig and Koester as “a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process in which people create shared meanings” (2010:13)
Larry A Samovar, Richard E Porter and Edwin R McDaniel (2006:12) select the all-encompassing definition of “human communication is the process through which symbols are transmitted for the purpose of eliciting a response”
Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feelings, and emotions through various means such as speech, signals, writing, or behavior In this process, a sender encodes a message and transmits it through a medium to a receiver.
7 decodes the message and after processing information, sends back appropriate feedback
According to Nguyen Quang communication is divided into verbal communication and nonverbal communication
Verbal communication utilizes sounds and language to convey messages, playing a crucial role in expressing thoughts, desires, and concepts It is essential for effective learning and teaching processes.
For example: when a baby says “I’m hungry!" His parents will know that he wants something to eat
Verbal Communication is divided into two types: oral communication and written communication
Oral communication involves conveying information or ideas through spoken words This can occur in various forms, including face-to-face conversations, speeches, telephone calls, video chats, radio broadcasts, television, and voice over internet services.
Written Communication is a type of interaction that makes use of the written word A written message may be printed or hand written In written
8 communication message can be transmitted via email, letter, report, memo etc Written communication is influenced by the vocabulary, grammar, writing style, precision and clarity of the language used
Nonverbal communication may cover any aspect of communication that not purely verbal More precisely, nonverbal communication can be viewed from two different perspectives (R.F.Verderber 1990)
Nonverbal communication encompasses actions and attributes beyond spoken words, as defined by J Burgoon and T Saine (1978) It includes human behaviors that carry socially shared meanings, are intentionally conveyed or interpreted, and involve conscious sending and receiving, allowing for potential feedback from the recipient.
According to Knapp (1972:20), nonverbal communication is term that describes “all communication events which transcend spoken or written words”
In short, we can simply define nonverbal communication as the process of conveying the information without using words
There are many classifications of nonverbal communication Nguyen Quang (2001:9) presents clearly and easily to understand in the diagram below: n
Diagram 2: Classification of Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication is divided into 2 types: paralanguage and extralanguage
Paralanguage refers to the nuances of how we express ourselves verbally, encompassing the manner in which something is communicated It can be categorized into four primary elements: vocal characteristics, which include aspects like tone and pitch; vocal quality, which pertains to the unique sound of a person's voice; vocal interferences, which are disruptions that affect communication; and the use of silence or pauses, which can convey meaning in conversation.
Extralanguage includes body language, object language and environmental language
According to Samovar and Porter (1997), cultural differences significantly influence communication practices and behaviors, leading to variations in how individuals perceive the world Therefore, cross-cultural communication is defined as the examination of interactions between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are sufficiently distinct to impact their communication.
Nguyen Quang (1998:3) emphasizes that communication, whether verbal or nonverbal, occurs between individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds and is significantly shaped by cultural values, attitudes, and behaviors This cultural influence affects how people react and respond to one another.
From these definitions we can understand cross-cultural communication is the communication between people who live in different countries and come from different cultural background
In today's interconnected world, businesses are increasingly entering global markets, governments are engaging in international negotiations, and millions are pursuing education and careers abroad As a result, effective cross-cultural communication has become vital for success in this diverse landscape.
Body language is a form of nonverbal communication that conveys thoughts, intentions, and emotions through physical behaviors These include facial expressions, body posture, gestures, eye movement, touch, and spatial use.
GREETING GESTURES
Greeting is commonly understood as a friendly or polite act that you say or do when you meet or welcome someone
Greeting is a communicative act where individuals intentionally acknowledge each other's presence, demonstrating attention and suggesting the nature of their relationship—be it cordial or reflecting social status—when they come into contact.
Greetings can be categorized into two types: verbal and nonverbal In certain situations, particularly those involving distance communication or language barriers, nonverbal greetings are often more prevalent.
2.2 Some common greeting gestures in America and Vietnam
Greeting plays a crucial role in the cultural life of nations, with diverse methods of expression worldwide In America and Vietnam, various common greeting gestures reflect the unique traditions and social norms of each country.
A handshake is a brief ritual where two individuals clasp each other's hands, typically involving a quick up-and-down motion.
Handshaking is a universal gesture, widely recognized as the standard greeting in business contexts It is typically performed during meetings, greetings, congratulations, or when finalizing agreements The primary purpose of a handshake is to express trust, balance, and equality between individuals.
The exact origin of the handshake remains uncertain, but the most popular theory suggests it began in medieval Europe when knights extended their hands to demonstrate they were unarmed Today, people of all backgrounds use handshakes as a universal gesture for greeting, making agreements, or bidding farewell.
Cheek kissing is a social gesture that signifies friendship, greetings, congratulations, comfort, respect, or romantic interest This ritual involves two individuals leaning in to lightly touch their cheeks or lips to each other's cheeks, often repeating the gesture on the opposite cheek or alternating between both.
Cheek kissing is a prevalent social greeting in regions such as Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America In contrast, this practice is less common in English-speaking countries like Canada and the United States, as well as in Asia and Northern Europe.
Cheek kissing is a culturally accepted greeting among family, friends, and acquaintances in many societies, involving interactions between men and women, as well as same-gender pairs While this gesture is common in numerous cultures, particularly in regions where cheek kissing is widespread, there are notable exceptions, especially in certain areas of Latin America.
A hug is a universal expression of physical intimacy, where two individuals embrace by wrapping their arms around each other's neck, back, or waist When multiple people participate, it is commonly known as a group hug.
A hug usually demonstrates affection and emotional warmth, sometimes arising from joy or happiness when reunited with someone or seeing someone absent after a long time
The hug, historically believed to signify trust by assuring that no weapons were concealed beneath flowing robes, has evolved into a meaningful gesture across cultures In Latin America, this gesture is referred to as "abrazo," translating to "embrace," and is often enhanced by a few hearty claps on the back, symbolizing warmth and camaraderie.
Waving is a universally recognized gesture involving raising and moving the hand side to side, commonly used as a greeting or farewell Originally a symbol of distress, waving serves as an effective way to make oneself visible from afar Its ability to attract attention has transformed it into a popular form of greeting, signaling one’s presence as they approach This simple yet meaningful gesture is utilized in various contexts and cultures.
Nodding the head is a common gesture characterized by tilting the head up and down along the sagittal plane, often signifying agreement, acceptance, or acknowledgment in various cultures, although its meaning can vary.
Cultural interpretations of gestures vary widely, with nodding commonly signifying "yes" in numerous countries However, in several nations, including Greece, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Turkey, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania, and Sicily, the meanings of nodding and shaking the head are reversed.
In those countries, a single nod of the head up (not down) indicates a "no"
Nodding serves as a nonverbal greeting or acknowledgment of someone's presence, functioning as a subtle form of bowing that conveys respect without excessive formality This gesture includes both the traditional downward nod, which is more formal, and the upward nod, typically used informally among friends or subordinates To enhance the formality of the interaction, a downward nod can be paired with an appropriate verbal greeting.
DATA ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON
As mentioned in the methods of the study, a survey was conducted to collect data for the study The survey consists of 12 questions
The survey offers a comprehensive analysis of greeting gestures among American and Vietnamese individuals, highlighting the similarities and differences in their usage This comparison sheds light on cultural nuances in communication styles between Vietnam and America.
The survey targets Vietnamese and American individuals in Hai Phong, with a significant portion of American participants being teachers and travelers, comprising 52% males aged between 25 to 55 Similarly, the Vietnamese respondents, all from Hai Phong city, also reflect a balanced gender distribution with 50% males, and their ages range from 22 to 45.
There are 30 surveys written in English for American people, and 30 surveys written in Vietnamese for Vietnamese people There are 60 surveys correspondents being collected for analyzing
The investigation results on the use of gestures among Vietnamese and American individuals are presented in the following charts, focusing primarily on the analysis of closed questionnaire responses The insights from open questions will be explored in the next section to facilitate a comparison of greeting gestures between the two cultures.
3.3.2.1 Frequency of using greeting gestures
Chart 1: Frequency of using greeting gestures in Vietnam
In Vietnam, the most commonly used greeting gestures include smiling, waving, and nodding Smiling is the most prevalent, with 40% of survey respondents always smiling and 60% doing so when greeting others Waving follows, with 10% of people always using it, while 80% usually wave and 20% sometimes do Nodding ranks third, as 70% of individuals typically nod and 30% do so occasionally Handshaking is less common, utilized by only 20% of people, with 70% using it sometimes and 10% rarely Other gestures like patting, hugging, bowing, high fives, and V-signs are occasionally observed in specific contexts Notably, kissing is entirely absent as a greeting gesture in Vietnam, with 100% of respondents indicating they never use it.
Chart 2: Frequency of using greeting gestures in America
In America, common greeting gestures include smiling, handshaking, waving, and nodding, with smiling being the most prevalent as 80% of survey respondents always smile when greeting others Handshaking follows closely, with 10% always using it and 90% usually opting for this gesture Waving is also popular, with 10% always using it, 80% usually, and 10% sometimes Nodding is frequently employed by 70% of respondents, while 30% use it occasionally Other gestures like hugging, bowing, high fives, and the V-sign are less common Unlike in Vietnam, kissing is rarely used in American greetings, with 90% of Americans seldom engaging in this practice.
3.3.2.2 The factors influencing on using greeting gestures
Factors The factors influencing on using greeting gestures in
The factors influencing on using greeting gestures in American (%)
Table 1: The factors influencing on using greeting gestures in Vietnam and
The survey results reveal that age, sex, and relationship are the most significant factors influencing greetings in both Vietnam and America In Vietnam, 100% of respondents prioritize age, while 88% of Americans do the same Relationship is the second most important factor, with 92% of Vietnamese and 71% of Americans considering it Sex is also valued, with 85% of Vietnamese and 72% of Americans acknowledging its importance Additionally, the communication environment and situation impact greeting behaviors, with 75% of Vietnamese and 60% of Americans recognizing the communication environment, and 72% in Vietnam compared to 65% in America for the communication situation Conversely, occupation and marital status are less significant, with only 38% of Vietnamese and 22% of Americans considering occupation, and 40% of Vietnamese versus 44% of Americans regarding marital status Notably, social status is highly regarded in Vietnam at 80%, while only 36% of Americans consider it important.
3.3.2.3 The influence of the age on using greeting gestures
Chart 3: The influence of the age on using greeting gestures in Vietnam
The chart illustrates that Vietnamese individuals of the same age predominantly greet each other with smiles (100%) and waves (90%) Other common gestures include the V-sign (60%), patting (50%), nodding and high fives (40%), and handshakes (10%) In contrast, less frequent greetings among this age group are hugging, kissing, and bowing.
When greeting older individuals in Vietnamese culture, there are three primary gestures: bowing, handshaking, and smiling Bowing is the preferred method, reflecting deep respect, while handshaking and smiling are also acceptable, accounting for 50% and 40% of greetings, respectively Other gestures such as hugging, kissing, waving, nodding, high fives, and V-signs are not commonly used to greet seniors.
In comparison with the older, there are more ways to greet the younger
In Vietnam, the primary greeting among the younger generation is nodding, with 80% of survey respondents indicating this preference Additionally, smiling is favored by 60% of participants, while waving is chosen by 50%.
When greeting children, smiling is the most prevalent gesture, accounting for 80% of interactions Following closely is hugging, which is used in 50% of greetings Additionally, gestures such as waving, nodding, patting, giving a high five, and making a V-sign are also commonly employed in various situations.
Chart 4: The influence of the age on using greeting gestures in America
In America, people have various greeting options at the same age, including smiling, waving, nodding, and handshaking Smiling is the most popular choice, with 100% of survey respondents selecting it, while waving and nodding are utilized by 92% of individuals Handshaking also remains a common greeting among peers.
In the United States, verbal communication dominates greetings, accounting for 80% of interactions, while physical gestures like high fives, hugs, pats, and kisses are less common, making up only 46% to 56% of greetings Notably, bowing is rarely used, representing just 10% of greeting behaviors, and it is not employed when addressing younger individuals.
In America, the two most common ways to greet older individuals are through handshakes and smiles, with a unanimous 100% of survey respondents favoring these methods In contrast to Vietnam, where gestures like waving, nodding, hugging, and kissing are less common, 56% of American respondents indicated they would use waving and nodding to greet seniors Additionally, hugging is embraced by 40% of people, while 23% prefer kissing as a form of greeting.
The same age The older The Young er Th e children n
In America, bowing is occasionally used as a greeting for older individuals, but it represents only a small percentage (20%) of common greetings Alternative gestures like patting, high fives, and V-signs are not typically chosen to greet the elderly.
In American culture, younger individuals typically greet one another with a smile, with 100% of survey respondents affirming this practice Additionally, 92% of respondents prefer waving, while 77% opt for handshaking as a greeting Other gestures, such as nodding, patting, hugging, high-fives, V-signs, and kissing, are occasionally employed in greetings.
CONCLUSION
Recommendation for further study
In the future, I aim to conduct a comprehensive survey with a larger population and interview respondents to gain deeper insights into the data Additionally, I plan to explore the evolution of greeting gestures in both America and Vietnam across different time periods Furthermore, I aspire to undertake research on greeting gestures in all English-speaking countries.
1 Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (1952) Culture: A Critical
Review of Concepts and Definitions Vintage Books publisher
2 Burgoon, J K., & Saine, T J (1978) The unspoken dialogue Boston: Houghton-Mifflin
3 Darwin Charles, Ekman Paul, Prodger Phillip (1998).The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, London: Harper Collins
4 Edward Burnett Tylor (1871) Primitive Culture Cambridge University Press
5 Ellis,C.(1996) Culture Shock! Vietnam Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company, Portland, Oregon
6 Harrison R.P (1965), Toward an Understanding of Nonverbal
7 Hybells, S and Weaver II, R.L (1989) Communicating Effectively Von Hoffmann Press, Inc
8 Hybels S., et al., (1992), Communicating Effectively, McGraw-ill, Inc
9 Larry A Samovar, Richard E Porter and Edwin R McDaniel (2006) Communication Between Cultures Wadsworth Publishing n
10 Levine D.R, Adelman M.B (1993), Beyond Language ‐ Cross ‐ Cultural
11 Lustig, M and Koester, J (1996) Intercultural competence Interpersonal Communication across Cultures Harper Collins College Publishers
12 Mark L Knapp and Judith A Hall (2013) Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction Wadsworth Publishing
13 Nguyen Quang (2000) Intercultural Communication Vietnam National University - Hanoi, College of Foreign languages
14 Nguyen Quang (2011) An Introduction To Intercultural Communication 2 Vietnam National University, Hanoi, University Of Language And
15 Samovar, L A., & Porter, R E (1997) Intercultural communication: A reader Wadsworth Publishing Company
16 Samovar, L A., & Porter, R E (1991) Communication between cultures Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
1 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTGOVACC/Resources/NonverbalCom mweb.pdf
2 http://tapchi.vnu.edu.vn/Duc_Thien/Bai%202.pdf
4 http://dayhoctindat.weebly.com/v259n-hoacutea-chagraveo-h7887i.html
5 http://changingminds.org/techniques/body/greeting.htm
6 http://evaair.biz.vn/van-hoa-ung-xu-khi-gap-nguoi-my-eva6289.html
8 http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Vietnam/sub5_9c/entry-3386.html
APPENDIX A: SAMPLE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES FOR
My name is Do Thi Thu Phuong, a student at Haiphong Private University I am conducting research on "Using Greeting Gestures in America and Vietnam: Similarities and Differences in Cross-Cultural Communication." Your participation in this survey is invaluable, and I appreciate your honest responses Please note that this is not a test—there are no right or wrong answers, and you do not need to provide your name Your sincere answers will contribute significantly to the success of this study.
Thank you very much for your help!
Please tick ( √ ) into your answer!
Below 20 years old 21-30 years old
31- 40 years old Over 40 years old n
3 Have you ever used greeting gestures?
If your answer is “No”, please explain the reason why you don’t use greeting gestures:
If your answer is “Yes”, please move on next questions!
4 How often do you use greeting gestures?
Frequency of using Greeting gestures
Always Usually Sometimes Seldom Never Handshaking
From question number 5 to 12, you can select as many responses as applicable
5 In your opinion, which factors we should consider when greeting? n
If your answer is “Others”, please specify:
6 When greeting a person, which way do you choose?
The same age The older The younger
7 When greeting a person, which way do you choose?
The same sex Opposite sex Handshaking
Hugging Kissing Waving Nodding Patting Smiling Bowing High five V-sign
8 When greeting a person, which way do you choose?
9 When greeting a person, which way do you choose?
Who you meet the first time
Who you have met several times
Who you have been acquainted with for a long time
10 Which way do you choose to greet a person? n
At home At workplace At the public places Handshaking
11 Which way do you choose to greet a person?
In a formal form In a informal form Handshaking
Hugging Kissing Waving Nodding Patting Smiling Bowing High five V-sign
12 Do you have any experiences in greeting Vietnamese people?
If your answer is “Yes”, please specify:
Thank you for your cooperation!
APPENDIX B: SAMPLE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR
VIETNAMESE PEOPLE BẢN ĐIỀU TRA CHO NGƯỜI VIỆT NAM
Tôi là Đỗ Thị Thu Phương, sinh viên trường Đại Học Dân Lập Hải Phòng, đang thực hiện nghiên cứu về “Sự tương đồng và khác biệt trong việc sử dụng các cử chỉ chào hỏi ở Mỹ và Việt Nam – dưới góc nhìn của giao thoa văn hóa” Phiếu khảo sát này nhằm thu thập dữ liệu cho nghiên cứu của tôi và sự hợp tác của bạn rất quan trọng Đây không phải là bài kiểm tra, không có câu trả lời “đúng” hay “sai”, và bạn không cần ghi tên Xin hãy trả lời thành thật để đảm bảo thành công cho nghiên cứu.
Cảm ơn sự giúp đỡ của bạn!
Các b ạ n hãy đ ánh d ấ u ( √ ) vào câu tr ả l ờ i c ủ a b ạ n!
3 Bạn có từng sử dụng các cử chỉ chào hỏi? Đã Từng Chưa từng
N ế u câu tr ả l ờ i c ủ a b ạ n là “ Ch ư a t ừ ng”, làm ơ n hãy gi ả i thích lý do t ạ i sao b ạ n không dùng các c ử ch ỉ chào h ỏ i?
N ế u câu tr ả l ờ i c ủ a b ạ n là “ Đ ã t ừ ng”, làm ơ n tr ả l ờ i các câu h ỏ i ti ế p theo
4 Bạn thường sử dụng các cử chỉ chào hỏi với mức độ như thế nào?
Mức độ sử dụng Các cử chỉ chào hỏi
Hiếm khi Không bao giờ
Cúi chào Đập tay chào
Từ câu hỏi số 5 đến câu hỏi số 12 bạn có thể chọn nhiều đáp án
5 Theo bạn những yếu tố nào cần được quan tâm khi chào hỏi? a Tuổi các b Giới tính c Nghề Nghiệp d Tình trạng hôn nhân n
57 e Địa vị xã hội f Mối quan hệ g Môi trường giao tiếp h Tình huống giao tiếp i Các yếu tố khác
N ế u câu tr ả l ờ i c ủ a b ạ n là “ Các y ế u t ố khác”, làm ơ n hãy ch ỉ rõ đ ó là y ế u t ố nào?
6 Bạn sẽ chọn cách nào khi chào một người?
7 Bạn sẽ chọn cách nào khi chào một người?
Người cùng giới Người khác giới n
8 Bạn sẽ chọn cách nào khi chào một người?
Người có địa vị cao hơn
Người có địa vị thấp hơn Bắt tay Ôm
9 Bạn sẽ chọn cách nào khi chào một người?
Người mà bạn gặp lần đầu tiên
Người mà bạn đã gặp một vài lần
Người mà bạn đã quen một thời gian n
10 Bạn sẽ chọn cách nào khi chào một người? Ở nhà Ở nơi làm việc Ở nơi công cộng
11 Bạn sẽ chọn cách nào để chào một người?
Một cách trang trọng Thân mật n
12 Bạn đã bao giờ chào hỏi một người Mỹ chưa? Đã Từng Chưa từng
Nếu bạn chọn “Đã từng”, bạn có gặp khó khăn gì khi chào hỏi một người Mỹ không? Làm ơn hãy làm rõ trải nghiệm của bạn