LITERATURE REVIEW
MSW generation
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) encompasses a variety of materials, including paper, rags, food waste, plastic bags, food containers, ash, manure, and animal carcasses, collected from streets, markets, and farms It also includes hazardous waste generated by households or communities, excluding unused factory materials as defined by law (Salimar, 2019).
Rapid economic growth, urbanization, and population increase are driving the rising demand for food and goods, leading to higher waste generation The Asia-Pacific region, home to over 60% of the global population, is experiencing significant urban migration, with an annual urban population growth rate of approximately 2.3% The World Bank reports that global municipal solid waste (MSW) has surged since 2012, reaching about 1.3 billion tons annually, with projections indicating it could nearly double to 2.2 billion tons by 2025, equating to 1.42 kilograms per person per day In Asia's urban areas, current MSW production is around 760,000 tons daily, expected to rise to 1.8 million tons by 2025, posing serious environmental and economic challenges, as MSW management costs city regions in Asia nearly USD 25 billion each year.
The growing waste problem has significantly impacted the environment and human health, exacerbating issues related to municipal solid waste (MSW) management This challenge affects sustainable development across environmental, social, and economic dimensions Despite a substantial increase in MSW volume, effective waste management remains inadequate, with less than 70% of waste collected in the least developed countries Additionally, over 50% of waste continues to be poorly managed, highlighting the urgent need for improved strategies.
5 waste collected is disposed of through open dumping or unmanaged landfills, and 15% of waste is recycled, although in hazardous ways (US EPA, 2021)
Municipal solid waste (MSW) composition varies significantly based on the economic status of a region, with low to middle-income countries producing 50 to 60 percent organic waste, compared to only 28 percent in high-income nations Conversely, high-income countries generate a substantial amount of paper waste at 31%, while middle-income nations contribute between 9% and 14%, and low-income countries produce just 5% This disparity in waste types reflects the differing standards of living and consumption patterns across various countries.
In low-income nations, the organic waste component is significantly larger compared to high-income countries, as illustrated in Figure 1-1 As these nations experience economic growth, the increase in total organic waste occurs at a slower pace than that of non-organic waste.
Figure 1.1 Variation in MSW composition grouped by country income
6 organic fraction of 64%, while high-income countries have an organic fraction of 28% (Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata, 2012)
1.1.1 Types of municipal solid waste
In general, MSW is classified based on the nature of physical waste and can be divided into 4 types (MoNRE-Lao, 2020) as follows:
Compostable waste refers to organic materials that break down rapidly, including items like vegetable peels, fruit scraps, food leftovers, leaves, and meat remnants This type of waste is generated from various sources such as households, restaurants, fresh markets, and agricultural activities.
Recyclable waste refers to solid materials that can be reused, including packaging waste such as glass, paper, plastic scraps, boxes, beverage cans, scrap metal, aluminum, and tires These materials can be recycled and repurposed through industrial management processes, contributing to sustainability and resource conservation.
Hazardous waste refers to materials that are either composed of or contaminated by dangerous substances, including explosives, flammable items, oxidizers, toxic agents, pathogens, radioactive materials, or genetic mutagens.
General waste is a distinct category of waste that includes materials that are neither biodegradable nor recyclable This type of waste is characterized by its difficulty to decompose and lack of reuse value, encompassing items such as plastic snack wraps, detergent bags, instant noodle sachets, and food-contaminated plastic bags.
Thares has divided the sources of MSW into 5 sources (Thares, 2010) as follows:
Domestic solid waste is generated from everyday living in households, primarily consisting of kitchen waste such as food scraps, vegetables, and fruits Additionally, this waste may include paper and plastic remnants, reflecting various household activities.
The commercial sector generates significant solid waste due to community activities, particularly in commercial districts and fresh markets This waste predominantly consists of unwanted materials, including packaging, plastics, and paper.
The institution generates solid waste primarily from government service activities, including significant amounts of paper and plastic Additionally, hazardous waste is produced from educational buildings focused on science, medicine, or culture, which may contain harmful chemicals such as heavy metals and radiation.
An industrial area is defined as a zone that hosts industrial factories, where the production process generates solid waste both directly and indirectly, including waste from packaging and the manufacturing process itself.
An agricultural area refers to land utilized for cultivation or livestock farming, where solid waste primarily consists of organic matter that is naturally poised for decomposition upon disposal.
Impacts of MSW
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) significantly contributes to environmental issues, particularly air, water, and soil pollution Additionally, MSW plays a critical role in exacerbating climate change, highlighting the urgent need for effective waste management solutions.
Air pollution is significantly exacerbated by the burning of municipal solid waste (MSW), particularly in underdeveloped nations where waste collection services are often lacking or too costly Both individuals and municipalities resort to open-air burning, which releases harmful particulate matter and other pollutants Additionally, the transportation of MSW contributes to air pollution, as the collection process requires numerous vehicles, leading to increased emissions Beyond greenhouse gases, common air pollutants from this practice include particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide.
Landfills significantly impact air quality by generating landfill gases (LFG) during the decomposition of municipal solid waste (MSW), which primarily consists of methane and carbon dioxide While LFG contains lower levels of hazardous components like non-methane organic chemicals, its presence contributes to environmental issues such as global warming and ozone depletion, highlighting the urgent need for improved waste management practices.
8 effect on environmental and health security, when harmful gases are inhaled by communities living near landfills, depending on the type of gas generated (Parizeau,
2015) In addition, common occurrences include landfill fires or explosions, which release significant levels of toxic gases
MSW has severe direct and indirect climate change implications, mostly due to the release of two primary greenhouse gases (GHG), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide
In 2012, municipal solid waste (MSW) contributed approximately 5% to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, primarily due to the anaerobic decomposition of organic materials in landfills, which generates methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane is particularly concerning as it is 25 times more potent than CO2 in terms of global warming potential Although newer waste treatment technologies, such as gasification and pyrolysis, result in lower CO2 emissions compared to traditional methods, waste incineration continues to emit CO2 and contribute to air pollution, further exacerbating greenhouse gas emissions.
Water pollution is a critical issue, particularly concerning municipal solid waste (MSW), which poses a significant threat to groundwater sources, especially in developing nations MSW is often improperly stored in landfills and uncontrolled dumping sites, leading to slow decomposition that ultimately contaminates the surrounding groundwater Additionally, rainwater that permeates through solid waste creates leachate, which, if not properly managed, further poisons both land and water resources Addressing MSW-related water contamination is essential for protecting public health and preserving vital ecosystems.
Uncontrolled municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in urban areas leads to clogged sewer drains, resulting in water stagnation and decreased water quality, which poses significant health risks Research indicates a direct correlation between MSW accumulation and flooding, as waste obstructs effective drainage systems This contamination raises serious concerns for residents, as access to clean drinking water is essential for survival, making the situation unsustainable for those living in affected areas.
Soil pollution poses serious threats to the natural environment and human health, particularly due to the contamination from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills, which are significant sources of heavy metal pollution Heavy metals are hazardous contaminants that persist in the environment and accumulate in various organs, such as the kidneys, liver, bones, and brain, leading to severe health issues, including increased cancer risks (Chanhthamixay, 2016).
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) significantly affects the environment and human well-being, leading to various health issues and impacting food security This article will explore the extensive implications of MSW on social health and its contribution to disease proliferation, highlighting the urgent need for effective waste management strategies.
In many developing countries, municipal solid waste (MSW) serves as a crucial source of income for impoverished and vulnerable populations, who often sift through garbage for reusable or sellable items This practice can include collecting plastic and metal debris from the streets or directly from open-air dumps However, the health risks associated with MSW collection significantly heighten the health insecurity faced by these individuals.
Uncontrolled landfills often contain hazardous materials like lead-acid batteries, gas containers, and pesticides, posing significant health risks Research indicates that populations living near these sites experience severe health issues, including respiratory problems, infections, and even cancers For instance, a study on street recyclers in Argentina highlighted various health complications, alongside prevalent psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety.
Moreover, people who work with MSW are not the only ones who are affected The vicinity of landfills might also increase health risks Significant levels of babies
10 with congenital deformities have been found, according to research conducted in the United Kingdom in 2000 on a population living near a dump(Fielder et al., 2000)
In 2011, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reported that approximately one-third of global food production is lost or wasted annually, while over a billion people face hunger This highlights a significant connection between food waste and food security, as some of this discarded food could be repurposed to help alleviate hunger and improve food access for those in need.
Food waste constitutes a significant portion of municipal solid waste (MSW), with a large amount still being edible In affluent countries, substantial food waste occurs across various sectors, including the food industry, retail, hospitality, and households A 2008 survey revealed that the total value of wasted food in the United States reached USD 165 billion, primarily from meat and fish, vegetables, and dairy products This figure represents over 10% of the total food expenditure in the U.S (Buzby & Hyman, 2012).
A study in Switzerland reveals that two-thirds of food waste in the sector is entirely preventable Factors such as shelf-life regulations, quality standards, production techniques, and consumer preferences—particularly the rejection of oddly shaped fruits and vegetables—contribute to the disposal of perfectly edible food.
A significant amount of food waste occurs at the end of the food chain, particularly in restaurants and households, contributing to municipal solid waste (MSW) and undermining global food security According to a recent FAO report, developed countries, especially North America, generate a large portion of this waste at the consumer level Reducing food waste is essential for enhancing human security, as it can decrease MSW and its associated negative impacts, improve food security through donations, and mitigate the detrimental effects of food overproduction that ultimately ends up discarded.
The economic impact of municipal solid waste (MSW) primarily revolves around financial management costs According to UNEP (2015), the expenses for collecting MSW can vary significantly, ranging from USD 20 to USD 250 per ton based on the country's income level Additionally, the costs associated with MSW disposal fall between USD 10 and USD 200 per ton, which also depends on the country's income and the technology employed (Wilson et al., 2015) Overall, the costs of managing solid waste can range from USD 0.66 to higher amounts, reflecting the diverse economic factors at play.
106 per capita per year, depending on the country and city Despite its size, this figure usually amounts to less than 0.5 percent of the gross national product per capita
MSW management
The escalating volume of solid waste and its residues in disposal sites has led to improper management practices, causing detrimental effects on the environment and public health Effective solid waste management requires a coordinated effort across all sectors, focusing on waste reduction at the source and ensuring proper collection and disposal methods.
1.3.1 Reduction and segregation of solid waste at source
Effective solid waste management begins at the source, encompassing households, office buildings, and markets Key processes involve minimizing waste generation and implementing proper waste separation techniques.
Reducing municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is the most effective approach to waste management, as it minimizes the need for transportation and disposal By decreasing solid waste production, we can significantly lessen the environmental impact associated with waste handling.
It also reduces operating costs as well as being able to reuse more solid waste by
12 using the 3Rs solid waste management concept as follows: Reduce, reuse, and recycle
- MSW sorting: This is a method of dealing with MSW that has already been generated in everyday life
Solid waste is collected from various locations, including residences, schools, government offices, markets, shopping malls, bus stations, and parks This waste is gathered in containers and taken to a waste station, where it is transferred to garbage trucks for transport to disposal sites for non-reusable waste However, recyclable materials sorted into designated receptacles are collected separately and sent for processing to enable their reuse.
Efficient solid waste management involves the prompt collection of waste from designated receptacles by garbage trucks, which transport it to disposal sites to prevent decomposition and reduce residual waste accumulation around the area.
Improper disposal of waste leads to a lack of recycling, necessitating quarantine before disposal to ensure safety, especially for hazardous materials Local governments are legally obligated to manage solid waste collection, requiring effective systems and plans to handle daily waste appropriately.
Unloading and transportation involve collecting solid waste from a building site and transferring it into collection trucks for disposal To effectively manage solid waste in urban areas, it is crucial to transport it quickly away from the source to minimize waste accumulation If the disposal site is far from the collection point, establishing a transfer station can enhance the efficiency of solid waste management.
Solid waste disposal is the final phase of solid waste management and involves various methods tailored to specific factors such as waste type, site restrictions, and budget constraints Currently, there are numerous sanitary and effective disposal techniques available It is essential to adhere to sanitary principles that prohibit certain practices in waste management.
- An uncontrolled or Open Dump is a form of dumping of solid waste on the ground without control or with some control
- Controlled Dumping is a type of dumping in which the amount of solid waste that enters a certain location is limited
A sanitary landfill is a method of solid waste disposal that adheres to specific guidelines to ensure sanitation and safety This process involves careful site selection, the design and installation of on-site infrastructure, and the proper implementation of waterproofing systems, all in compliance with engineering standards.
Incineration is the process of burning combustible solid waste, including organic materials, plastics, paper, and wood, in a controlled environment to reduce waste volume and generate energy This method not only helps in waste disposal but also harnesses the heat produced for various applications, such as heating water, generating steam, and producing electricity Additionally, it is crucial to manage the pollution generated during incineration and ensure that the resulting ash is safely buried to protect the environment.
Composting is the biological process in which microorganisms decompose organic matter into stable, nutrient-rich minerals that enhance soil quality This process can be categorized into two distinct phases.
Aerobic decomposition involves creating an environment where microorganisms thrive by utilizing oxygen to break down nutrients This process leads to rapid microbial growth and mineralization without generating unpleasant odors.
Anaerobic decomposition occurs when microorganisms thrive in oxygen-free environments, facilitating the breakdown of nutrients into essential minerals This process can generate unpleasant gases, including hydrogen sulfide and methane, which have potential applications as fuel sources.
Circular economy in MSW management
Circular Economy (CE) refers to a strategic approach aimed at creating a sustainable production system where resources are restored and reused effectively By promoting the most renewable cycle of resource utilization, CE seeks to minimize reliance on finite natural resources, fostering a more sustainable and efficient economic model.
The circular economy emphasizes the recycling of resources to address future shortages caused by the continuous growth of the global economy and rising consumer demand By prioritizing the maintenance of product value, promoting reuse, and minimizing waste, this approach differs from the traditional linear economy, which follows a "Take-Make-Use-Dispose" model Instead, the circular economy seeks to integrate previously used raw materials back into production processes, effectively closing the loop on waste and enabling sustainable economic growth despite limited resource availability This shift represents a significant transformation in economic thinking.
The concept of a CE began to emerge in the 1970s (Ellen MacArthur Foundation,
The concept of Circular Economy (CE), championed by the European Union (EU), emphasizes minimizing waste and balancing resources with production to enhance economic sustainability Many governments and businesses are advocating for the implementation of CE principles to foster a more efficient and environmentally friendly production process.
The transition to a renewable energy-based economic system could enhance local economies by over 600 billion euros annually (Beaulieu, 2015) This circular economy (CE) model promotes sustainable development, focusing on both local and global environmental sustainability (Robert et al., 2013).
Wautelet described the concept of a CE as having six elements that important (Wautelet, 2018) as follow:
1) The Spaceship Earth and environmental economics consider the earth as a closed system (natural resources are limited, with virtually no matter exchanges with the outside environment) Therefore, users should be delayed extending their lifespan or making use of them to be more cost-effective for a long time by recycling resources so that the world has enough resources to support the lives of the world's population
2) The performance economy, which is an index that indicates competitiveness consists of the economic environment, such as the system tax characteristics of the economy, an indicator of sufficiency rather than measured efficiency, has good economic stability by the nature of the economic system based on a closed-loop economy, which is based on reduction activities, recycling and being reused in the production process for use 3Rs, etc
3) A blue economy is an economy that is based on resources An emphasis is placed on the use of marine and coastal resources, such as the idea that waste from one person's belongings may be valuable to another person This is an economic system based on using resources to increase product value through business innovation, but must not affect the environment and natural resources so much that nature is not able to heal itself
4) Industrial ecology: Human activities must not create environmental impact At the heart of this concept is industrial design, which uses industrial processes to minimize the impact on the environment and reduce waste generated from the production process
5) From cradle to cradle, another word that is substituted is used, which is from origin to origin (Sarinee, 2012) A new approach to developing our material things that goes beyond the concept of eco-efficiency, which focuses solely on
16 eliminating the negative effects of human activity on the environment (Braungart et al., 2012)
6) Imitation of living things in nature to solve human problems (Biomimicry) The heart of the method of imitating nature is learning and understanding the marvelous manufacturing and design processes found in nature, especially the special properties found in plants and animals of different types, then when understanding the mechanics well and trying to come up with new ideas, find inspiration and solution to the problem The problem to be solved to make products or efficient business operations in harmony with nature and does not create problems for the environment For example, the study of gecko feet leads to producing high-quality adhesive; a study of spider webs that evolved into safety glass for birds, etc (Nattaphan, 2010)
The concept of Circular Economy (CE) revolves around the 3Rs principle—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle CE emphasizes sustainable management by designing products that utilize environmentally friendly materials and can be easily processed It focuses on incorporating waste materials to enhance the creation of new products, promoting their reuse and fostering a more sustainable approach to consumption.
Figure 1.2 Circular economy concept (Wautelet, 2018)
The local government has embraced the 3Rs principle, fostering a longer product life cycle through effective waste management strategies By promoting solid waste separation, recyclable materials are identified and sold, generating income for the community Additionally, certain waste types are converted into biogas for household use, enhancing sorting efficiency Collaborating with waste sorters allows for the monetization of recyclables and energy production from trash Community learning centers and waste banks facilitate sustainable waste management, linking municipalities with local communities This approach not only creates value from waste but also significantly reduces landfill contributions and greenhouse gas emissions.
1.4.1 The value chain of the CE
The Circular Economy (CE) emphasizes the continuous recycling of raw materials, moving away from the traditional linear model of production and waste Unlike conventional industries that prioritize profit without considering the lifecycle of products, CE promotes sustainable practices by designing new business models that utilize renewable resources This innovative approach has the potential to transform society by fostering sustainability across economic systems, natural ecosystems, and the environment (Petch, 2018).
Kalmykova et al (2018) outlined a closed-loop economic system's value chain, emphasizing the flow of products and the integration of renewable energy in production This system begins with raw material sourcing, followed by product design, production, and logistics for distribution It culminates in consumption, where leftover materials are selected for reuse, initiating a cycle of recycling back into the production process This approach not only generates new products but also ensures that disposable goods and leftovers are repurposed as raw materials, thereby extending their useful life and contributing to sustainable manufacturing practices.
According to Kalmykova et al (2018), the product has a lifespan of 18 years, surpassing the typical duration, and can be repurposed as raw materials for future production Effective waste management within the Circular Economy (CE) framework begins with source separation, laying the foundation for a comprehensive waste management cycle.
The legislative framework supporting waste management and CE
Lao PDR currently lacks effective policies and legislation to promote the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle), with insufficient measures addressing littering and open dumping, and a lack of incentives for source separation of waste Public awareness regarding solid waste management is low, necessitating an enhancement of national policy frameworks to shift from end-of-pipe solutions to integrated resource management It is crucial to incorporate the 3Rs into municipal waste management strategies, especially in larger cities Various government agencies, including the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, and the Ministry of Health, are involved in developing waste management laws While these ministries offer general guidelines, provincial legislation specifies responsibilities, delineates areas of activity, and establishes fees for waste management from households and businesses.
The national government, municipal governments, and private sectors are all important players in solid waste management The following are the primary roles and characteristics of each of them
The Ministry of Public Works and Transport, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, and the Ministry of Public Health are collaborating to address waste management issues According to Sungkap et al (2019), the MPWT and MONRE play crucial roles in managing urban solid waste, yet their specific responsibilities remain ambiguous.
The Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) is the primary government agency responsible for waste management in municipalities, overseeing infrastructure such as housing, public parks, and drainage systems The Department of Housing and Urban Development plays a crucial role in enhancing urban infrastructure through solid waste management Additionally, the MPWT promotes improved waste management in cities by providing technical assistance and guidance for the development of landfills, incinerators, and transfer stations, essential facilities for effective waste disposal.
The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) prioritizes solid waste management laws, alongside the formulation of plans and policies Since its establishment in 2011, the MoNRE has experienced significant reductions in its authority and responsibilities The Pollution Control Department plays a crucial role in regulating hazardous chemicals and waste, developing regulations that integrate the 3Rs—reduce, reuse, and recycle—into effective solid waste management strategies.
The Ministry of Industry and Commerce (MoIC) is responsible for managing the risks associated with wastewater and waste discharge, which can affect water quality and public health It oversees industrial and hazardous waste, issues permits to waste-generating companies like recycling facilities and plastic importers/exporters, and regulates the import and export of hazardous waste.
The Ministry of Health (MoH) oversees the regulations for the management and disposal of medical waste generated by healthcare facilities, including collection, storage, and disposal processes Additionally, the MoH is responsible for the manufacture and administration of pesticides and herbicides, as well as the handling of waste materials like chemical containers Meanwhile, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry regulates compost produced from municipal waste.
Local governments, including provincial and district administrations, have always held the primary responsibility for solid waste management (SWM) Established in 1997, the Urban Development and Administrative Authority (UDAA) oversees urban development projects, infrastructure maintenance, and urban service provision across all provinces, starting with Vientiane as the capital Its jurisdiction encompasses essential services such as road construction, sewage management, garbage collection and treatment, food safety, sanitation, environmental protection, and park management.
The Provincial Natural Resource and Environment Department (PONRE) and the Department of Public Works and Transportation are responsible for implementing central government regulations at the local level The Department of Public Works and Transportation develops laws governing waste treatment facilities, including landfills and incinerators, while also offering technical guidance PONRE focuses on creating solid waste management policies and enhancing public awareness about waste issues, supported by its district-level Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) and local Environment Village Units.
The following ministerial directives, ministerial decisions, statutes, and other legislations have been passed:
Table 1.2 Legislative Framework Supporting Waste management and CE in Lao
Relevance to SWM and CE
Constitution According to the legislation, all organizations and individuals must protect the environment and natural resources
Regulation The discharge of poisonous or harmful waste into public water sources is prohibited
The Environmental Protection Law (EPL), enacted in 1999 and revised in 2012, prohibits all forms of littering and mandates proper waste disposal and separation before recycling and municipal processing This legislation establishes guidelines for managing, treating, and recycling municipal solid waste (MSW) while promoting resource recovery.
Effective waste management is essential for maintaining hygiene in various settings, including manufacturing operations, hospitals, public areas, and markets This practice plays a crucial role in environmental sanitation and pollution control.
Decree Demands that health-care waste be properly managed, including separation, collection and storage, transfer, and disposal
2013 Hanoi 3Rs Declaration extended producer responsibility by encouraging producers, importers, retailers, collecting, recycling, and disposing of new
Sources: Sungkap et al (2019); UNDP (2021); Vatthanamixay (2020); Worldbank
Material flow analysis
Material Flow Analysis (MFA) is a quantitative method used to analyze the flow of materials and energy, serving as a critical tool in various applications such as process control, waste treatment, nutrient management, and resource conservation Primarily utilized in environmental management planning within the industrial ecology sector, MFA aims to optimize natural resource use and develop strategies to address global environmental challenges like climate change and biodiversity loss Its principles are grounded in the laws of thermodynamics, where the accumulation of materials in a system, combined with outputs, equals inputs MFA provides a systematic approach to understanding material movement and accumulation, particularly in relation to emerging waste streams, including electronic waste.
Determines the classification of hazardous waste and governs its import, export, transfer, storage, use, recycling, and disposal
Vision The reduction of raw materials and waste generation, as well as the implementation of proper waste separation techniques,
Strategy The goal is to promote green production and the 3R concept (reduce, reuse, and recycle) throughout the country
Material Flow Analysis (MFA) serves as a crucial tool across various sectors, including economics, environmental management, and waste management In waste management specifically, MFA is instrumental in evaluating recycling and treatment facilities, highlighting the differences in chemical control methods such as incineration versus mechanical-biological treatment Additionally, MFA aids designers in creating products that are more user-friendly and easier to manage at the end of their life cycle This approach encompasses concepts like design for recycling, design for disposal, and design for the environment, ultimately promoting sustainability in product development (Tech, 2013).
A study by Xaysackda and Sandhya (2017) in Luangprabang, Laos, examined the benefits of improved municipal solid waste (MSW) management in reducing greenhouse gas emissions The research analyzed existing MSW management practices and proposed scenarios to address the increasing waste problem in LBP Utilizing material flow analysis and JICA MSW data alongside the latest demographic statistics, the study determined that LBP generates approximately 30 tons of waste annually, with a collection rate of about 9 tons and a recycling rate of around 30%.
800 tons per day, and the remaining waste is disposed of at a landfill detail as follow figure 1.4:
A study conducted by Tech (2013) aimed to create a mass flow analysis diagram, calculate carbon footprints, and evaluate the eco-efficiency of infectious waste management in Bangkok's public and private hospitals The research revealed that from June 2012 to May 2013, there were 2,409 public health institutions with a total of 28,141 beds The analysis indicated that two incinerators processed 871.33 tons of infectious waste, resulting in significant air pollutants, including 497.87 tons of emissions, alongside 281.35 tons of evaporated water, 90 tons of bottom ashes, and 2.11 tons of wastewater Notably, the incinerators were major contributors to environmental impact, with the overall system emitting 682.39 tons of CO2 monthly The study also explored options to enhance the efficiency of waste collection, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and treatment costs to improve infectious waste management in Bangkok.
Cost-benefit analysis
Cost-benefit analysis is an essential tool for decision-making, aimed at identifying the most economical option by evaluating all associated costs of a policy or action It involves calculating net benefits by subtracting total expenses from overall benefits.
Figure 1.4 MFA of MSW in LPB in 2015 (tons/year)(Xaysackda & Sandhya, 2017)
A cost-benefit analysis evaluates initiatives by comparing their costs and outcomes in monetary terms, allowing for the assessment of projects with varying outputs and side effects (Ibrahem, 2010; Suvimol, 2015) This economic tool quantifies both profits, which enhance human well-being, and costs, which detract from it, facilitating informed decision-making (United Nations, 2012) It measures individuals' willingness to pay for benefits or accept compensation for incurred costs, reflecting their satisfaction and preferences Ultimately, the goal is to achieve economic efficiency that maximizes consumer surplus while ensuring profits exceed costs.
SWOT analysis and TOWS matrix
SWOT analysis is a strategic tool that evaluates an organization's internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats By identifying strengths as key competencies needed to achieve goals and weaknesses as areas for improvement, organizations can effectively navigate external opportunities and threats Successful strategic management hinges on leveraging these internal factors to align with external conditions, ultimately guiding organizational planning and development (Theerawadee, 2008).
29 realized; and threats as crises that will prevent the organization from achieving its objectives
An internal factor analysis evaluates an organization's strengths and weaknesses, influencing its reputation This assessment focuses on controllable elements within the organization that contribute to its overall performance Understanding these internal factors is essential for identifying areas of improvement and leveraging strengths to enhance the organization's success.
Strengths are internal factors that positively influence an organization when leveraged effectively To maximize these strengths, it is essential to identify opportunities for their application, maintain their effectiveness, and actively work on enhancing them for sustained growth.
Weaknesses are internal factors that can negatively impact an organization, and if left unaddressed, they can hinder growth and success To mitigate these vulnerabilities, it is essential to identify and rectify flaws within the organization Taking proactive steps to strengthen these areas will not only enhance overall performance but also foster a more resilient and competitive organization.
An external factors analysis examines the opportunities and threats that influence an organization's operations This analysis is crucial for strategic management, as it identifies external elements that can either benefit or harm the organization in the future Understanding these uncontrollable opportunities and threats is essential for effective planning and decision-making.
External opportunities can positively impact an organization by providing favorable circumstances that enhance its activities To leverage these opportunities effectively, organizations must identify and utilize them strategically during their validity period.
Threats represent external factors that can negatively impact an organization, placing it at a disadvantage if not proactively addressed Identifying and mitigating these external dangers is crucial for reducing barriers that may affect the organization's success.
In a study conducted by Peeraya (2013) on solid waste management in Muangklang Municipality, Rayong Province, Thailand, the research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of local authorities' waste management systems and identify key factors contributing to their success Data collection methods included observations, interviews, and focus group discussions with various stakeholders, such as administrators, officers, community leaders, and local residents A SWOT analysis revealed that the municipality's strong leadership, strategic vision, and organized operations were critical internal factors influencing successful solid waste management.
The TOWS Matrix is a strategic tool that identifies external opportunities and threats in relation to an organization's internal strengths and weaknesses By utilizing SWOT analysis, organizations can effectively plan and develop strategies to maximize their potential The TOWS Matrix serves as an enhanced framework of SWOT, facilitating the practical application of these strategic insights.
Taking advantage of internal strengths and external opportunities (Aggressive strategy)
Resolving or reducing external threats by adopting internal strengths (Diversification Strategy)
Resolving internal weaknesses based on external opportunities that are beneficial to the organization (Turnaround Strategy)
Resolving or minimizing the damage caused by internal weaknesses and external threats (Defensive Strategy)
The Strengths-Opportunities strategy leverages an organization’s strengths to capitalize on available opportunities, aiming to optimize its capabilities effectively This strategic approach focuses on maximizing potential by aligning internal strengths with external opportunities for growth and success.
The Strengths-Threats strategy focuses on leveraging an organization's internal strengths to effectively address and mitigate external challenges Although these strengths may not completely eliminate obstacles, they play a crucial role in reducing potential risks and minimizing damage.
The Weaknesses-Opportunities strategy focuses on addressing internal weaknesses by leveraging external opportunities, ultimately aiming to enhance organizational benefits.
- The Weaknesses - threats strategy is an attempt to correct or mitigate damage caused by internal organizational weaknesses and threats from external impacts that can severely affect the organization's operations
METHODOLOGY
Study area
The Vang Vieng district, covering approximately 212.5 km² and part of Vientiane province, is home to around 59,661 residents across 63 villages Surrounded by various districts, it features rugged terrain dominated by high limestone mountains, with about 80% of the area comprising peaks ranging from 300 to 1,000 meters above sea level This unique landscape, characterized by cliffs and colorful hues, attracts significant tourism, resulting in visitor numbers exceeding the local population by more than tenfold However, the rapid growth in tourism has led to increased waste generation, primarily from households, businesses, and public facilities, raising health concerns related to inadequate solid waste management practices amidst ongoing urbanization.
The Urban Development and Administration Authority (UDAA) oversees waste management in Vang Vieng, coordinating waste collection and transportation in the town center Partnering with a private company, UDAA manages the final disposal facility and establishes direct contracts with residents for waste services While the Department of Public Works and Transport in Vang Vieng offers technical assistance for waste management outside UDAA's jurisdiction, the private collectors handle door-to-door waste collection without the use of transfer stations.
In the region, general household waste is collected on a weekly basis, while businesses experience daily waste collections that fluctuate based on their specific waste output.
Conceptual framework
The research study utilized a conceptual framework to outline its methodology, which involved gathering information through a comprehensive literature review and document analysis related to municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Vang Vieng district This included examining relevant policies, plans, and projects, as well as conducting semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders from the government, private sector, and community organizations involved in MSW management Additionally, a household questionnaire was employed to explore MSW management practices in relation to circular economy (CE) principles To evaluate the collected data, SWOT Analysis was implemented to identify the internal and external factors influencing MSW management, while the TOWS matrix was utilized to provide strategic recommendations for effective solid waste management.
Current status of MSW management in Vang Vieng district
Assess opportunities and barriers of MSW management toward circular economy in Vang Vieng district
To propose some solutions on how to apply for the concept of the circular economy to MSW management at local administrative organizations
Data collection method
This research aims to analyze municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Vang Vieng, focusing on its role in promoting a circular economy (CE) To achieve this, data will be collected from both primary and secondary sources.
This study conducts a comprehensive literature review on solid waste management, focusing on both historical and contemporary projects in the Vang Vieng district It encompasses general municipal information and explores various types of solid waste management, including standards, procedures, and reports specific to the region Data is gathered from a diverse range of sources, including articles from websites, government reports, NGO publications, international organization papers, and contributions from private companies.
In this study, the following methods were utilized, including (i) semi-structured interview, (ii) random and purposive sampling to collect primary data and information
The article focuses on the stakeholders involved in municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Vang Vieng district, emphasizing both policy and operational aspects Key information providers include three government sectors: the Urban Development and Administration Authority, which comprises the office head and a technical staff member responsible for MSW management; the Public Works and Transport Office, also led by a head and supported by a technical staff member; and the Natural Resource and Environment Office, which plays a crucial role in overseeing MSW management initiatives.
The study involved three key groups: (1) the Department of Health Office, which included the head of the office and one technical staff member responsible for municipal solid waste (MSW) management; (2) representatives from the private sector, comprising ten individuals from various companies, hotels, and restaurants; and (3) community representatives, specifically twenty village chiefs contracted for waste collection services Data was gathered through face-to-face in-depth interviews and questionnaires.
Sampling: The solid waste sampling was performed in different areas in Vang
Vieng district, such as the urban area (15 samples), the rural area (15 samples), and the
A study analyzed 36 public area waste samples, weighing a total of 10 kg from public spaces and 5 kg from households Randomly collected from various households, the waste was categorized into different components, including organic, plastic, paper, and other types This separation allowed for the calculation of waste generation and the overall composition of municipal solid waste (MSW).
This study will utilize semi-structured interviews and questionnaires to engage with local organizations, including government entities, private companies, and public sector groups involved in waste management in the Vang Vieng district The interviews will be conducted in Lao and subsequently translated into English for analysis.
Data analysis
The data analysis in the study will be based on a qualitative method by content analysis of the results of the interviews
The sampling examination involves analyzing data collected from solid waste samples taken from households Each sample will be weighed and recorded to determine the total weight of solid waste This data will be utilized to calculate municipal solid waste (MSW) generation, waste composition, collection rate percentages, recycling status, and disposal methods.
MFA was applied to draws the waste flow The mass balance equation used in this investigation is as follows(Kanokporn, 2019):
Mass Stoct =Mass input −Mass output (1) (Assumption: no reaction occurred)
The SWOT, MFA, and CBA methodologies were utilized to assess the opportunities and challenges in municipal solid waste (MSW) management, focusing on both internal and external factors influencing its implementation (Peeraya, 2013) External factors identify potential opportunities and threats, whereas internal factors evaluate strengths and weaknesses.
- Internal factors include the management of the local administrative organization, policies/activities/projects related to the management of the community's solid waste, readiness, and potential of local government organizations
- External factors include community solid waste management policies of relevant agencies, laws, regulations, and regulations of external agencies, and public participation
The TOWS matrix was utilized to develop solutions for implementing the concept of Circular Economy (CE) within local government organizations, integrating relevant theoretical frameworks from documented sources to systematically present and discuss the study's findings in a clear and organized manner.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Current status of MSW management in Vang Vieng
A recent study reveals that the primary sources of solid waste in Vang Vieng stem from daily activities in households, shops, government offices, and educational institutions The total solid waste generated amounts to 43.33 tons per day, with urban areas contributing 21,717 tons (50.11%), rural areas 15,393 tons (35.52%), and public places 6,225 tons (14.37%) However, waste collection services cover only 15 tons per day, which is about 35% of the total waste generated The recycling rate is alarmingly low at just 5 tons per day, while waste disposal methods include landfill operations at roughly one ton per day and uncontrolled methods, such as burning and dumping, accounting for approximately 26,835 tons per day.
The unit is ton/day
Figure 3.1 Waste flow in Vang Vieng
The composition of MSW in Vang Vieng district mainly is organic waste, covering 55.43%, plastic 19,33%, paper 11%, and other 14%
The waste composition from urban area, public area, and rural area is given in Table 3.1 as follows
Table 3.1 Composition of MSW from different areas in Vang Vieng
The waste collection service utilizes two types of compactor dump trucks for efficient garbage transportation, with daily pickups in urban areas and weekly collections in villages The municipality has deemed the garbage depot an eyesore and a source of nuisance due to odors, pests, and unsightly conditions Consequently, the municipality has decided against placing bins in various locations, instead encouraging residents to manage waste around their homes and dispose of it during scheduled collection times.
Type Urban area Rural area Public area
Figure 3.2 Composition of MSW in Vang Vieng district
On the designated day each week, residents are requested to place their garbage bags in front of their homes for collection Waste collectors operate in urban areas during the night and in rural areas during the day, ensuring efficient waste management across the community.
In the district, there are two recycling centers that facilitate the collection of recyclables from markets, restaurants, and waste pickers, who also sell materials at disposal sites These recycled materials are then transported to Vientiane capital for sale, with some buyers specifically purchasing aluminum cans Additionally, solid waste collected from the community is sorted at a landfill, where approximately 30 workers are engaged in waste separation Non-reusable items, such as heavily soiled plastic bags and foam, are disposed of at the landfill, which is situated about 10 kilometers from Vang Vieng town.
The landfill, spanning 9 hectares with 2.5 hectares currently utilized, is undergoing an upgrade to a sanitary landfill, supported by funding from the Asian Development Bank The design of the sanitary landfill includes several key components aimed at enhancing its efficiency and environmental safety.
- Four lined waste cells that will be constructed over time starting with Cell;
- Existing waste moved and contained in a capped closed cell;
Figure 3.3 Waste before collected and compactor trucks
- Two administration and service buildings; and
- Upgraded access and internal roads
The Urban Development and Administrative Authority of Vang Vieng is a provincial-level organization responsible for state administration, specifically focused on the Vang Vieng district.
Established in 2002 under notice No 1069/PM and decree No 177/PM, the Urban Development and Architectural Authority (UDAA) plays a crucial role in urban management planning and services The district president and vice president assist provincial and district authorities in implementing various grants from international organizations aimed at urban development (UDAA's Vanvieng, 2021) UDAA Vangvieng employs 11 staff members, comprising 5 females and 5 males The authority generates revenue through waste collection fees, totaling 3,806 units from 3,096 contracted households and commercial facilities.
710 business units, and is used to fund its annual budget details as follow table 3.2:
Figure 3.4 Vang Vieng landfill under upgrading
Table 3.2 UDAA's Van Vieng annually budget plan 2016 – 2020 (UDAA's Vanvieng,
Remark: 1 US dollar = 11,527.60 Lao kip (exchange rate on March 15 th 2022)
The Vang Vieng office for natural resources and the environment is actively promoting awareness of waste management issues within the community Additionally, in areas lacking waste collection services, the local Department of Public Works and Transport offers technical support to enhance waste management efforts.
Due to limited financial and personnel resources, municipalities often delegate waste management responsibilities to private firms In Vang Vieng, as per the provincial governor's agreement No: 502/PG.VT dated May 28, 2019, Ecogreen Co., Ltd has been responsible for waste collection since December 2020 The company employs 14 staff members, including 4 in administration and 9 as waste pickers, primarily operating within the informal sector to collect recyclable materials from households and landfills.
43 collection rate is still low Sometimes the collection is not on time The fee for waste collection has not been agreed with the UDAA
Figure 3.5 Organization chart of waste management in Vang Vieng District(Vientiane
Opportunities and barriers of MSW management toward CE in Vang Vieng 44 1 Internal factors
Document research and interviews with local organizations responsible for solid waste management in Vang Vieng district were conducted in a semi-structured manner A SWOT analysis was utilized to identify key internal and external factors influencing municipal solid waste (MSW) management This analysis highlights the critical elements affecting MSW management in the context of promoting a circular economy.
An internal factor analysis evaluates the strengths and weaknesses within an organization, focusing on critical elements such as human resources, policies, organizational structure, management, capital, and equipment In the context of MSW management in Vang Vieng district, these factors play a significant role in determining the effectiveness and efficiency of operations.
The municipality's management team possesses a comprehensive vision and systematic approach, demonstrating a commitment to optimal performance in their roles The governor collaborates closely with relevant authorities to enhance municipal solid waste (MSW) management However, there is a notable shortage of skilled human resources equipped with the necessary knowledge and experience in MSW management.
The policy-making process in Vang Vieng district emphasizes local participation and good governance, integrating municipal solid waste (MSW) management strategies into the Vang Vieng Master Plan This initiative promotes public involvement by educating local youth and residents about the importance of waste segregation However, there remains a significant gap in the guidelines for effective MSW management.
The absence of segregation trash cans in various locations, coupled with insufficient waste collection vehicles for narrow roads, restricts municipal solid waste (MSW) collection to main thoroughfares.
- The current waste collection fee does not reflect the actual cost for the entire MSW management system Vang Vieng needs additional budget for MSW management
1) Human resources: A person or people is a factor in MSW management Having a clear organizational structure at the administrative, technical, and operational levels is critical in driving the operation of the Vang Vieng district
- Vang Vieng has the local authorities in charge of handling the MSW
- The involvement of the private sector in the MSW management e.g., waste collection, leaning, grass moving, equipment providing) helps local staffs relieve heavy workload
- Human resources who have knowledge and experience in the MSW management is insufficient
- The MSW segregation is still lacking
- Some people are unconcerned about their responsibilities and do not function properly
2) Policies/Plans/Projects An important factor in Vang Vieng waste management is included in the green urban development plan of Vang Vieng district and a preliminary plan to promote 3Rs in some schools and enterprises:
3) Capital/fund the report on Vang Vieng's revenue projections and general expenditure budget, as well as the collection of waste management fees, were studied
- The government and the private sector share both responsibility and revenue from garbage collection service
- The current waste collection fee does not reflect the actual cost for the entire solid waste management
- The principles of good governance and local engagement are taken into consideration when the government of
Vang Vieng formulates its policies
- Strategies, plans, and programs related to the MSW management are defined in accordance with the Vang Vieng town and environment master plan
- Policies from the executive level or the district mayor currently lack the supervision of the community
- Guidelines on the MSW management are still lacking
- Payments by parties involved in MSW disposal at the landfill help to reduce the municipality’s expenses for MSW management
- The municipality sets aside a budget for solid waste disposal, enabling the implementation of work contracts and equipment purchasing system, thus being insufficient for maintaining its operation
- The annual budget may be in adequate to cover all expenditures for raising people’s awareness and changing people’s behaviors
4) Equipment materials is one of the enabling variables that makes it possible to efficiently handle solid waste
- The municipality has provided vehicles for MSW management in
Vang Vieng, such as 3 solid waste collection vehicles, including 1 small- wheeled garbage truck and 2 compactor dump trucks
- Trash cans are insufficient to handle the daily waste stream Outside the ferret bins, there is a problem with rubbish overflow
- Separation trash cans are placed in a certain location so they cannot be found in the remaining areas Hence, people are not encouraged to sort their trash
Opportunities and threats are external factors that can positively or negatively impact an organization Key elements influencing these factors include geographical location, community engagement, collaboration with other organizations, government regulations, media presence, technological advancements, and overall economic conditions.
Vang Vieng, a medium-sized municipality covering 212.5 km² in central Vientiane province, is primarily driven by its thriving tourism industry The district is currently upgrading its large open landfill to a sanitary landfill, enhancing its environmental management.
Rural communities in Vang Vieng exhibit strong interdependence and effective communication, making it easy to coordinate efforts and seek assistance Community leaders are passionate and environmentally aware, actively participating in meetings to share their insights on municipal solid waste (MSW) management Furthermore, local residents demonstrate a commitment to environmental protection, highlighting the community's collective dedication to sustainability.
Various external environmental organizations, such as the Swisscontact project, have provided financial support, materials, and equipment to enhance municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Vang Vieng This collaboration reflects successful environmental practices and fosters greater involvement from both public and private sectors in improving MSW management in the region.
Information technology and mass communication have enhanced access to information and knowledge dissemination regarding MSW management, increasing awareness of Vang Vieng and attracting external collaboration and investment.
- Technologies for MSW treatment (e.g., biogas fermentation) improve the effectiveness of the MSW disposal in Vang Vieng
1) Area conditions: Consider the city's topography Urbanization will have an impact on solid waste management were detailed:
- Vang Vieng is located in the central of Vientiane Province so the transportation of MSW is convenient
- Vang Vieng has a landfill with a total area of 9 ha Of which, 2 ha are in use The landfill is being upgraded to a sanitary landfill, which will be completed in 2024
- The alleys are quite small, making the waste collection in alleys difficult Thus, the waste collection service is restricted to only areas near the main roads
2) Social and community engagement: The results of the analysis of external social factors and community participation were detailed:
- There are rural communities living in the periphery areas of Vang Vieng that the district can easily communicate, coordinate with, and seek for their help in MSW management
- The community leaders in Vang Vieng are enthusiastic and have awareness of the environment
- As a result of environmental education given by the town authority, the local residents have consciousness of the environment
- In areas, ulterior people come to work in a large number, forming urban communities, which refuse to collaborate with the municipality in MSW management
Many individuals think that the municipality has effectively managed solid waste at disposal sites, leading them to believe that separating waste at the source is unnecessary As a result, the responsibility of waste separation falls heavily on the municipality.
3) Cooperation with external agencies: The results of the external factor analysis on external agency collaboration are presented in detail:
- Some external organizations are pioneers in supporting the municipality to improve the effectiveness of its
MSW management in forms of money, equipment, etc (E.g., the Asian
Development Bank sponsored the upgrading of open landfill to the sanitary landfill, and the project on turning waste into added value products.)
- Shopping malls, hotels and a few eateries have been categorized Waste that is both wet and recycled adapting
49 to packaging biodegradable products, modifying food packaging, and lowering the usage of foam and plastic
4) Government policies: The government has established policies and prioritized the issue of solid waste management It is an issue that must be addressed immediately in order for all sectors to engage in management in order to attain maximum efficiency Set goals and strategies for reducing and controlling the amount of solid waste made and for making solid waste management more efficient until waste is disposed of in a way that follows sanitation principles:
- The State has an environmental strategy that promotes 3Rs in the
- Law enforcement is ineffective There is a lack of regulations on solid waste management
5) Technology and mass media: Modern technology, like the internet and social media systems, as well as technologies for getting rid of trash that are efficient and good for the environment, are being used in solid waste management, which leads to systematic learning and growth:
- Internet and social media make it easy and quick for sharing information and expertise on MSW management among individuals, leaders of the communities, and organizations
- Initiatives related to the MSW management (e.g., transformation of trash using eco-friendly products) are increasingly practical and intriguing
- Lack of cost-effective and green technologies for the MSW management
Applying the concept of CE in local government organizations
This article offers recommendations for local administrative organizations on implementing the Circular Economy (CE) concept in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management It is structured in two parts: the first part examines strategies for integrating CE principles into MSW management, while the second part suggests effective practices for managing waste from its source to disposal.
3.3.1 Applying the CE concept to MSW management
To analyze ways of applying CE concepts to MSW management and provide suggestions for waste management as much as possible, the TOWS Matrix table was used in this research
Solutions for applying CE in MSW management in Vang Vieng
- Promoting the local communities to apply the 3Rs principle (reduce, reuse, and recycle) more widely in the practice
- Encouraging local businesses to recycle waste as raw materials to produce goods
- There should be framework and procedure for classifying and gathering different kinds of waste from the community
- Collaboration among the private sector, local government entities, and external agencies in addressing the MSW management
Strengths - opportunities strategies Weaknesses - opportunities strategies
- Continue to promote the principle of 3
- Using organic waste to make gasuse in household
- Using composting of organic waste to use in household
- The municipality supports the schools under the waste bank concept
- Promote community engagement and knowledge based on the concept of a
- Encourage and educate community- based businesses to use recycled waste as a source of raw materials for product manufacturing
Strengths - threats strategies Weaknesses - threats strategies
- To create discipline and awareness in individuals to throw rubbish at a specific area
- The city supplies more vehicle that are fit for limited roadways and cover high collection rate
- Encourage individuals to make money from garbage
- Waste processing can minimize household costs, such as biogas fertilizer
- Local government should work with the national government to modify existing laws and regulations to encourage the CE implementation in MSW management
- The conversion of MSW into energy and value- added products should be further promoted
Besides, solution above there is some solution for applying CE in specific area different characteristics of area as following in table 3.5:
Table 3.5 Solutions for applying CE in specific areas
Urban area Public area Rural area
- Promoting urban organic waste utilization
- Promote waste separate and provide more for buyer of recycle items,
- Promote knowledge and community participation based on the circular economy concept
- Encourage people to generate income from waste
- Promote the enterprises are representatives to help sell compost
- Promote and educate community enterprises in the use of recycled waste to be processed as raw materials for production
- Promote and organize more activities the 3Rs:
- Organize knowledge- sharing activities in the school and community on awareness of waste management
- Promote to mange the waste and utilization of organic waste
- Promote the community to generate income from waste
3.3.2 Suggestions for management of MSW for local government organizations
Effective waste management begins at the source and continues through to final disposal, with waste segregation being a crucial step in promoting the circular economy (CE) concept Ongoing organization of local government municipal solid waste (MSW) management initiatives is essential for enhancing economic value through service restoration and privatization Key strategies include reducing solid waste generation, sorting waste effectively, and maximizing the use of solid materials.
Effective waste management involves collecting solid waste and processing it to generate value and revenue By implementing recommendations and regulations, we can optimize waste handling from its source to final disposal, ensuring that trash is transformed into a resource rather than a burden.
Effective municipal solid waste (MSW) management from source to final disposal is crucial for advancing the circular economy (CE) concept To enhance economic value, waste management processes must prioritize waste sorting, reuse, and processing A systematic approach is essential, starting with reducing solid waste generation, followed by waste separation and utilization, and culminating in the processing and value creation from waste This includes providing recommendations and guidelines for waste management at all stages: source, midway, and final disposal.
Table 3.6 Guidelines MSW management at sources to final disposal
Encourage household, business, and community waste separation
To produce cash for the family, recycled garbage such as plastic, scrap, and paper is sold to antique dealers
Local government organizations should collaborate with educational institutions, such as technical colleges, to design and manufacture food fermentation tanks for biogas production These tanks should be tailored for household use and installation, enabling families to generate biogas from organic waste effectively.
To reduce cooking gas costs, biogas is produced by fermenting food waste in an oxygen-free environment This process involves decomposing organic materials, such as food scraps and rice residues, which do not release carbon dioxide or exhibit acidity.
Separate trash cans should be provided
Local government organizations that do not have any action in the provision of
To promote effective waste separation, it is essential to provide designated bins for different types of trash in areas such as villages, parks, and attractions Having separate waste bins encourages individuals to sort their garbage properly, highlighting the significance of responsible waste management and the positive impact it has on the environment.
To effectively cover the amount of solid waste generated in the area of responsibility, arrange for rubbish transportation, a waste collection truck, and a crew
Setting aside funds for hiring garbage collectors in high-trash areas is essential for enhancing waste collection efficiency This investment leads to improved waste separation capabilities, which are crucial for effective recycling and adding value to materials.
Encourage the community to manage on their own
Local governments promote community involvement in waste management by encouraging the handling of organic waste for composting and biogas production, as well as the separation of recyclable materials for resale to antique shops This initiative allows the remaining waste to be efficiently recycled, with local authorities responsible for its disposal.
Encouraging community enterprise communities add value from waste
Local government organizations should actively promote and support community enterprises and government groups to effectively minimize waste sent to landfills.
The value of inventions has evolved to encompass their role as keepsakes or multifunctional containers, which also serve as marketing tools for the artifacts they hold Effective distribution channels are essential; without the ability to sell a product, it risks fading into obscurity and failing to capture community interest.
The Ellen MacArthur Foundation emphasizes that local governments must initiate the implementation of a circular economy by clearly defining their vision and policies This process involves creating detailed implementation plans and roadmaps, as well as educating and empowering communities to adopt circular economy practices Additionally, local administrations require financial support to foster economically beneficial activities and must update regulations and legislation to effectively promote the circular economy.
The concept of a "circular economy" is still emerging in Vang Vieng district, yet the community is actively engaging with its principles Efforts are being made to promote the 3Rs—reduce, reuse, and recycle—alongside initiatives for garbage separation and selling recycled materials to generate income The circular economy is not solely the domain of large businesses; local communities can also adapt this concept by leveraging resources creatively and innovatively to create value By prioritizing self-reliance, communities are encouraged to use recycled waste as raw materials for production, fostering a sustainable economic model that benefits both the environment and local livelihoods.
Local government organizations are pivotal in advancing the circular economy concept within communities due to their proximity to residents Additionally, the government serves a crucial role as both a policymaker and lawmaker, significantly influencing the implementation of sustainable practices.
Vatthanamixay emphasizes the need to shift waste management from a linear economy to an integrated resource management approach by strengthening policy frameworks Furthermore, it is essential to incorporate the principles of the 3Rs—reduce, reuse, and recycle—into municipal solid waste management strategies and action plans at the local level (Vatthanamixay, 2020).