Foreign exchange market n ['fɔrin iks´tʃeindʒ 'mɑ:kit] : thị trường ngoại hối Foreign exchange brokers n ['fɔrin iks´tʃeindʒ 'broukə] : người môi giới ngoại hối Financial market n [fai'n
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Unit 10: TAXATION
1 Vocubulary
Tax
Income tax
Eventual tax
Wealth tax
Capital transfer tax
Added- value tax
Capital gains tax
Sale tax
Tax avoidance
Tax evasion
Regressive tax
Progressive
Dissuade sb from sth/doing sth
Make sb/sth look different
from normal
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (v.ph) (v.ph)
[tæks]
[ˊinkʌm]
[ˊiventjuəl]
[welθ]
[ˊkæpitlˊtrænsfə]
[ædidˊvælju]
[geinz]
[seil]
[əˊvɔidəns]
[iˊveiӡn]
[riˊɡresiv]
[prəˊɡresiv]
[diˊsweid]
: thuế : thuế thu nhập : thuế tận thu : thuế tài sản : thuế chuyển nhƣợng vốn : thuế giá trị gia tăng : thuế lãi vốn
: thuế bán ra : tránh đánh thuế : trốn thuế
: thuế lũy thoái : thuế lũy tiến : ngan cản, cản trở : cải trang
2 Reading
Most of money to run the Government comes from taxes of all sorts – on personal and corporate incomes, on sales of goods, on inport and on inheritances The ultimate source of all tax money is the same-people
The primary function of taxation is, of course, to raise revenue to finance government expenditure, but taxes can also have other purpose Indirect excise duties, for example, can
be designed to dissuade people from smoking, drinking alcohol, and so on Government can also encourage capital investment by permiting various methods of accelerated depreciaion accounting that allow companies to deduct more of the cost of investment from their profit, and consequently reduce their tax bills
There is always a lot of debate as to the fairness of tax system Business profit, for example are generally taxed twice: companies pay tax on their profit (corporation tax in Britain, income tax in the USA) and the shareholders pay income tax on dividends Income tax in most countries are progressive, and are one of the ways in which governments can redistribute wealth The peoblem with progressive tax is that the marginal rate – the tax people pay on any additional income is always high, which is generally a disincentive to
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both working and investing On the other hand, most sales taxes are slightly regressive, because poorer people need to spend a larger proportion of their income on consumption than the rich
The higher the tax rate, the more people are tempted to cheat, but there is a substantial
“black” or “underground‟ economy nearly everywhere In Italy, for example, self – employed people – whose income is more difficult to control than that of company employees – account for morethan half of nation income Lots of people also have undeclared part- time jobs with small and medium – sized family firms, on which no one pays any tax or national insurance At the end of 1996, the Director of The Italian Institute
of Statistics calculated the size of the underground economy, and added 16.7% to Italy‟s gross national product (GNP) figure, and then claimed that Italy had overtaken Britain to become the world‟s fifth largest economy
To reduce income tax liability, some employers give high-paid employees lots of „perk‟ (short for perquisites) instead of taxable money, such as cars, free health insurance, and subsidized lunches Legal way of avoiding tax, such as these, are known as loopholes in tax law Life insurance policies, pention plans and other investment by which individual can postpone the payment of tax, are known as tax shelters.Donation to charities that can be subtracted from the income on which tax is calculate are described as tax – deductible Companies have a varity of ways of avoiding tax on profits They can bring forward capital expenditure so that at the end of the year all profits have been used up; this is kwown
as making a tax loss Multinational companies often set up their head offices in countries, where taxes are low; such countries are known as tax havens Criminal organization, meanwhile, tend to pass money through a series of companies in very comlicated transactions in order to disguise its origin from tax inspectors – and the police; this is known
as launding money
3 Comprehension
According to the text, are the following statements True (T) or False (F)
1 Taxes can be designed both to discourage and to encourage spending
2 The same amount of money can be taxed more than once
3 Progressive taxes may discourage people from working extra hours
4 Sales taxes are unfair because poor people spend more than rich
5 If you pay a lot of your income into a pension fund or a life insurance policy you never have to pay tax on it
4 Grammatical points: Much, many, few, little
4.1 Much and Many
- Much and many used to express that there is a large quantity of something
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- Much and many used in negative sentences and questions
- Many is used with countable nouns and much is used with uncountable nouns
I don't have many CD's in my collection (Countable noun)
They don't have much money to buy a present (Uncountable noun)
Note: we almost never use much and many in positive sentences, we almost always use a lot
of or lots of
4.2 Few and Little
- We use few and little to suggest a small quantity
- Few is used with countable nouns
- Little is used with uncountable nouns
There are only a few days left until Christmas (countable noun)
There is little hope of finding your wallet (uncountable noun)
5 Word study
5.1 Which terms do the following sentences define?
1 The tax people pay on their wages and salaries is called _
a capital transfer tax b income tax c wealth tax
2 A tax on wages and salaries or on companiy profit is a/an
a direct tax b indirect tax c value-added tax
3 A tax levied at higher rate or higher incomes is called a
a progressive tax b regressive tax c wealth tax
4 A tax paid on property, sales transaction, imports, and so on is a/an _
a direct tax b indirect tax c value-added tax
5 The annual tax imposed on people‟s fortunes is a/an
a added- value tax b capital gains tax c wealth tax
5.2 Complete the sentences with much, many, few, little
1 Not all of the children went outside of them stayed in the classroom
2 I have to go to the supermarket There isn't _coffee left
3 How _ loaves of bread do we need?
4 Would you like milk? Yes please Just
5 The land is not suitable for agriculture so _ of the food is imported
6 There are only people interested in the subject
7 How _ of the students have a computer at home?
8 Can you tell me _ about your experience in London?
9 Ann is very busy these days She has free time
10 The museum was very crowded There were too people
Trang 4: khả năng dự đoán : thanh toán, trả phí bảo hiểm : người mua bảo hiểm
: quĩ bảo hiểm
2 Reading
Throughout human history, unexpected economic losses have occurred Such looses
would continue to occur whether or not a system of insurance had ever been devised But through the operation of insurance system, losses can be predicted in advance, it allows the cost of losses to be financed and redistributed in advance
The first definition of insurance that we will exammine is the finance one In this instance, insurance is a financial arrangement that resdistributes the cost of unexpected losses The insurance arrangement involves the trasfer of many different exposures to loss to
one insurance pool, which combines the numerous exposures
An insurance system accomplishes the resdistributes of the cost of losses by collecting a
premium payment from every participant in the system In exchange for the payment of the premium, the insured receives a promise from the insurance system to be compensated in the event of a loss In most insurance system only a small percentage of those insured suffer losses Thus, an insurance system redistributes the cost of losses from the unfortunate few members who experience them to all the members of the insurance pool who have paid
premium
Trang 5It is sometimes said that insurance is like gambing The law however has found a mean
of distinguishing between gambing and contracts, which it will not enfore, and insurance contracts, which it will Contracts of insurance form a special class of contract in that the law requires parties to them, the insured and insurer, to exercise the utmost goods faith toward each other
3 Comprehension
1 In what way, losses can be predicted before they occur?
2 Why the predictability of losses in advance is basic to an insurane system‟s operation?
3 What is insurance in financial definition?
4 What does insurance agreement accomplish the redistribution of the cost of losses
5 How can an insurance system involve?
6 What does the insured receive when a loss occur?
7 Why are people willing to pay an insurance premium?
8 Is insurance like grambling? Why?
9 What do you know about contracts of insurance?
4 Grammatical points: Prepositions of time
Prepositions of time used before days, months, years and other time words
At: Used before:
- Times: We‟re leaving at 3 o‟clock
- Lunchtime, bedtime: He‟s arriving at lunchtime
- Night: I can‟t sleep at night
- The weekend: See you at the weekend!
- Festivals: We went away at Easter
In: used with:
- The morning/ afternoon / evening: See you in the morning!
- Months: My birthday‟s in June
- Seasons: We always go on holiday in summer
- Years: He was born in 1996
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- A minute, two weeks
On: used before:
- Dates: We arrived here on 4th August
- Days of the week: Let‟s go to the zoo on Saturday
- Single day events: on Good Friday, on Easter Sunday, on my birthday
We always eat out on Christmas Day
- A day + morning/ afternoon/ evening/ night
See you on Tuesday morning!
Note: Don‟t use a preposition before: today, tonight, tomorrow, yesterday
Other prepositions:
For: We use for + a period of time expressing duration
for six years/ for two hours/ for a week
I've lived in this house for six years They have been watching TV for two hours
Since: We use since + a starting point, a specific time
Since April/ since 1992/ since 8 o' clock
It has been raining since one o' clock
They've known each other since they were at school
From – to: We use from - to + beginning and end of a period
Last evening we watched TV from 5 to 8 o' clock
Until: We use until/till to say how long a situation continues
Let's wait until it stops raining
I stayed in bed until half past nine
During: We use during + noun to say when something happens
During the film - during our holiday - during the night
We met a lot of interesting people during our holiday
I fell asleep during the film
5 Word-study
5.1 Choose the best answer
1 Insurance companies can be considered as professional ……… takers
a life b risk c chance d misfortune
2 My insurance company offers a wide ……… of coverage
3 His insurance company has told him not to admit ……… even thought it was
clearly his fault
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4 Natural ……… insurance is obligatory in areas prone to flood, earthquakes, and hurricanes
5.2 Circle the correct preposition If no preposition is needed put in -
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17 They were working in the garden _3 o‟clock seven o‟clock
a from/to b for/since c in/at d at/on
18 I‟ve been waiting an hour
19 Ann works hard _the week, so she likes to relax _week-ends
a since/for b during/at c on/during d at/until
20 the age of twelve he wrote his first play
5.3 Circle the correct option in the sentences below
1 Which sentence is NOT correct?
A I‟ll finish the work in the morning
B We went to Turkey in June
C Let‟s go the cinema in the weekend
2 Which sentence is NOT correct?
A I‟m having a party at my birthday
B I‟ve got a meeting at 10 o‟clock
3 Which sentence is NOT correct?
A I‟ve got to go to work on Monday
C She was born on 6th December
4 Which sentence is NOT correct?
A Shall we go out tonight?
B I saw James yesterday
C I went to university 1996
5 Which preposition goes in the space?
We‟re going on holiday _ spring
A at
B in
C on
6 Which preposition goes in the space?
I always have a cup of tea _ the morning
A Don‟t need a preposition here
B on
C at
7 Complete the sentence
I saw Derek _ Friday afternoon
A in
B on
C in the
8 Complete the sentence
We‟re going clubbing tonight
A Don‟t need a preposition here
B on
C at
9 Which sentence is NOT correct?
B Can we visit you at Tuesday?
10 Which sentence is NOT correct?
A I start college in 30th September
B I left university in 2007
C It rains a lot in summer
5.4 Translate the reading into Vietnamese
Trang 9Financial metric (n) [fai'næn∫l ˈmɛtrɪk] : đơn vị tài chính
Liquidity (n) [li'kwiditi] : tính lưu động
Permanent (adj) ['pə:mənənt] : dài hạn
Temporary (adj) [ˈtɛmpərɛri] : ngắn hạn
Seasonal fluctuation (n) [´si:zənəl flʌktuəˈeɪʃən] : biến động theo mùa
Cyclical fluctuation (n) [´saiklikl flʌktuəˈeɪʃən] : biến động theo chu kỳ
Overdraft facility (n) [´ouvədra:ft fəˈsɪlɪti] : thỏa thuận với ngân hàng về
khoản vay vượt quá giới hạn Inventory (n) [´invəntəri] : hàng tồn kho
Work in progress (n) [wə:k in 'prougre] : bán thành phẩm, sản phẩm dở dang
(Không đúng từ)
Finished goods (n) [ˈfɪnɪʃt gudz] : thành phẩm
Debtors (n) [´detə] : người mắc nợ
Excess (adj) [ik'ses] : dư thừa
Soak up (v) [soʊk Λp] : bòn rút
Contingency (n) [cəntigənci] : điều xảy ra bất thường
2 Reading
Working capital is a financial metric which represents operating liquidity available to
a business, organization or other entity
Working capital management is the management of the short-term investment and financing of a company It consists of all aspects of both current assets and current liabilities, to minimize the risk of insolvency while maximizing the return on assets
The main objective of working capital management is to get the balance of current assets and current liabilities right
The aim of working capital management is to achieve balance between having sufficient working capital to ensure that the business is liquid but not too much that the level
of working capital reduced profitability
Trang 1045
Working capital management is essential for the long‐term success of a business No business can survive if it cannot meet its day‐to‐day obligations A business must therefore have clear policies for the management of each component of working capital
Working capital management is a key factor in an organization's long-term success Working capital can initially be broken down into two types: permanent and temporary Permanent working capital is tied up in keeping the business flowing throughout the year, while temporary working capital is needed from time to time to take account of seasonal, cyclical or unexpected fluctuation in the business The later type is usually serviced from an overdraft facility
Both types of working capital have three applications: firstly inventories, secondly debtors and finally cash
Inventories can be divided into inventories of raw materials, work in progress and finished goods These three can soak up an enormous amount of excess working capital if not well managed It‟s the job of the financial manager to minimize the stocks of raw materials, the level of the work in progress and the quantity of finished goods
On the debtor side, working capital is required to finance the gap between payment due to suppliers and payment owed by customers
Finally, cash is needed for both normal and abnormal requirements Sound cash management will ensure that adequate cash is always available for meeting the company‟s day to day debts and that is also a small reserve on hand to meet contingencies
3 Comprehension
3.1 Choose the correct answer
1 What does working capital 2 What is NOT the main purpose
management consists of? of working capital management?
A current assets and liabilities A to get balance assets
B short term loan and assets B to get balance liabilities
C interests and liabilities C to maximize the loan
3 How many types of working 4 Which of the following does
capital management are there? working capital has?
5 Which of the following is NOT 6 Cash is needed for:
included in inventories?
A raw materials, finished goods A normal requirements
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C payment owed by customers C maximize the return on assets
3.2 Answer the questions below
1 What is the aim of working capital management?
4 Grammatical points: Infinitives
The infinitive form of the verb is the original verb It can be with or without „to‟
4.1 Infinitive without to: Is used:
- After modal verbs:
He can type fifty words a minute
- After make (someone) and let (someone):
She made him write the report again
4.2 Infinitive with to: Is used:
- to express a reason or purpose:
He rang to apologize for the late delivery
- After some commons verbs such as: want, offer, manage, seem, hope, forget, need
I hope to meet him at the next conference
- With the verb patterns with two objects such as: persuade, order, permit, remind, force
He persuaded me to place an order
The company wants to export inexpensive goods in Vietnam to send to America and sell at a high price
- After some verbs, such as; agree, arrange, ask, promise, decide, afford
5 Word study
5.1 Use the correct form of words in brackets
1 She sent a letter _ (request) payment
2 If you want _ (buy or sell) some stocks, you can go to a Stock Exchange
3 A business must be profitable _ (attract) investors
4 I would like _ (come) to the party with you
5 We hope (visit) Amsterdam next month
6 She waited _ (buy) a drink
7 Finally I managed finish) the work
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8 Unfortunately, we can't afford (buy) a new car this year
9 The charge has proven very successful in _ (turn) away traffic from the city
10 Remember (post) the letter Otherwise they won‟t get it by Saturday
11 Would you like (drink) a cup of coffee?
12 It is difficult (understand) him
13 She wondered who (ask)
14 Elephants are known (have) a fantastic memory
15 I let her (get) on with her work
16 I‟d rather (be) in bed than go to work
17 She made us (wait) for hours
18 She learned (treat) pupils with respect
19 Would you rather (go) to a restaurant or eat at home
20 I‟m too old (change) my habits now
21 She promised (read) the report as soon as possible
22 My friend was happy (see) me at the party
23 It was very kind of you (help) me
24 Don‟t forget _ (sign) the document as soon as you are finished
25 She made me (feel) like a real man
26 The boy refused (do) what his mother said
27 Don't let them _ (cross) that dangerous road on their own
28 Remember _ (phone) Tom tomorrow - OK I won't forget
29 How old were you when you learnt _ (drive)?
30 I got up and looked out of the window _ (see) what the
weather was like
5.2 Circle the correct option in the sentences below
1 In which sentence can you write: to have?
a Fiona enjoys _ a shower after dinner
b I stopped work _ a cup of coffee
c _ children will change your life
2 In which sentence can you write to go?
b _ to the gym will keep you fit
c I‟m interested in _ to the flower show 3.Which verb is NEVER followed by
an infinitive?
a love
b.begin
c.deny
4 Complete the sentence
We‟re going to Chicago _ my uncle
b to visit
b for visit
c visit
5 Complete the sentence
I was driving to town when I saw Hannah
walking on the pavement, so I stopped
6 Which verb cannot go in the space?
We _ to sit in the table by the window
Trang 1348
a for give her a lift
b giving her a lift
c to give her a lift
Foreign exchange market (n) ['fɔrin iks´tʃeindʒ 'mɑ:kit] : thị trường ngoại hối
Foreign exchange brokers (n) ['fɔrin iks´tʃeindʒ 'broukə] : người môi giới ngoại hối
Financial market (n) [fai'næn∫l 'mɑ:kit] : thị trường tài chính
Foreign currency (n) ['fɔrin 'kɔrənsi] : tiền tệ quốc tế
Fluctuating exchange rates (n) [´flʌktʃueitiη] : sự lên xuống, dao động
iks´tʃeindʒ reit] của tỉ giá hối đoái Bank drafts (n) [bæηk dra:ft] : hối phiếu ngân hàng
Maturity period (n) [mə'tjuəriti 'piəriəd] : hạn đáo hạn
Hedging function (n) [´hedʒiη ˈfʌŋkʃən] : chức năng tự bảo hiểm Exchange rate variations (n) [iks´tʃeindʒ reit : sự thay đổi về
veəri'ei∫n] tỉ giá hối đoái Transactions (n) [træn'zæk∫n] : giao dịch, trao đổi
Spot Market (n) [spɒt 'mɑ:kit] : thị trường trực tiếp,
Forward Market (n) [ˈfɔrwərd 'mɑ:kit] : thị trường kỳ hạn
Speculation (n) [spekju'leiʃn] : đầu cơ, tích lũy
2 Reading
Foreign exchange market is the market in which foreign currencies are bought and sold The buyers and sellers include individuals, hegde funds, firms, commercial companies, foreign exchange brokers, commercial banks and the central banks
Like any other market, foreign exchange market is a system, not a place The transactions in this market are not confined to only one or few foreign currencies In fact, there are a large number of foreign currencies which are traded, converted and exchanged in the foreign exchange market
It‟s a means to reduce exposure to the risk to fluctuating exchange rates
Trang 1449
It‟s the largest and fastest growing financial market in the world
It‟s the most liquid market in the world, operating 24 hours a day, 5 and ½ days a week Currently, there is an average of 4.12 trillion dollars exchanged daily on the Forex market Forex market performs the following three functions
Transfer function:
It transfers purchasing power between the countries involved in the transaction This function is performed through credit instruments like bills of foreign exchange, bank drafts and telephonic transfers
Credit function:
It provides credit for foreign trade Bills of exchange, with maturity period of three months, are generally used for international payments Credit is required for this period in order to enable the importer to take possession of goods, sell them and obtain money to pay off the bill
Hedging function:
When exporters and importers enter into an agreement to sell and buy goods on some future date at the current prices and exchange rate, it is called hedging The purpose of hedging is to avoid losses that might be caused due to exchange rate variations in the future Foreign exchange markets are classified on the basis of whether the foreign exchange transactions are spot or forward accordingly, there are two kinds of foreign exchange markets:
Spot market refers to the market in which the receipts and payments are made immediately Generally, a time of two business days is permitted to settle the transaction Spot market is of daily nature and deals only in spot transactions of foreign exchange (not in future transactions) The rate of exchange, which prevails in the spot market, is termed as spot exchange rate or current rate of exchange
The term „spot transaction‟ is a bit misleading In fact, spot transaction should mean
a transaction, which is carried out „on the spot‟ (i.e., immediately) However, a two day margin is allowed as it takes two days for payments made through cheques to be cleared Forward market refers to the market in which sale and purchase of foreign currency is settled on a specified future date at a rate agreed upon today The exchange rate quoted in forward transactions is known as the forward exchange rate Generally, most of the international transactions are signed on one date and completed on a later date Forward exchange rate becomes useful for both the parties involved in the transaction
Forward contract is made for two reasons:
To minimize the risk of loss due to adverse changes in the exchange rate (through hedging) and to make profit (through speculation)
3 Comprehension:
3.1 True/ false statements:
a The transactions in the Forex market are limited to only one or few foreign currencies
Trang 1550
b The Forex market reduces the risk of fluctuating exchange rates
c The transfer function is performed through bills of foreign exchange or bank drafts
d The purpose of hedging is to increase losses caused due to exchange rate variations in the future
e Spot market means the receipts and payments are made immediately
f The exchange rate in the spot market is the current rate of exchange
g Foreign currency in the forward market is quoted on a specified future date at a rate agreed upon two days later
3.2 Answer the questions below
a What is the foreign exchange market?
b Who can attend the foreign exchange market?
c What is credit used for in the foreign exchange market?
d What is the purpose of hegding?
e How many kinds of foreign exchange market? What are they?
f How long is the payments allowed?
g Why do people make the forward market?
4 Grammatical points: While, whereas, so that/ in order to
- While and Whereas used for showing direct contrast:
Mary is rich, while John is poor
John is poor, while Mary is rich
Whereas Mary is rich, John is poor
- So that/ in order to: used to express purpose, to say why we do something
I study hard in order to pass the exam
I study hard so that not to fail the exam
I study hard in order not to fail the exam
So that + can/ could:
I study hard so that I can pass the exam
I am saving money so that I can buy a new car
I bought a dictionary so that I could learn more
5 Word study
5.1 Complete the sentences using whereas or while
1 Some people are tall, whereas _
2 Some people prefer to live in the country, while
3 While some people know only their native language, _
4 Some people are extremely rich, _
5 Some people like fat meat,
5.2 Complete with so that or in order (not) to
1 The government is raising taxes reduce the budget deficit
Trang 1651
2 I bought a dictionary help with my vocabulary
3 I went to bed early _I wouldn't be tired in the morning
4 I have to get up early I set the alarm for five o'clock oversleep
5 I waited for an hour _I could meet her
6 Some people do not eat before exercises _feel nauseated
7 The government is creating free training programmes reduce unemployment
8 My sister gave English lessons _earn some pin money
9 Jenny is a very nice person She is always prompt help her friends
10 _ stimulate consumer spending, the government is lowering the interect rate
5.3 Write out complete sentences from the words in brackets, making any necessary
changes and including so that
1 Mark/go/swimming every day/he can stay healthy
5.4 Combine the ideas using so that
1 Please be quiet I want to be able to hear what Peter is saying
Trang 17Deal in securities (v.ph) [di:l in si'kjuərəti] : mua bán chứng khoán
Raise funds (v.ph) [reiz funds] : huy động quỹ
Capital market (n) [kæpɪtl 'mɑ:kit] : thị trường vốn
Marketability (n) [ma:kitə´biliti] : khả năng tiếp thị
Price movement (n) [prais 'mu:vmənt] : biến động giá
Forecasting service (n) ['fɔ:kɑ:stiη sə:vis] : dịch vụ dự trắc
Capital formation (n) [kæpɪtl fɔ:'mei∫n] : sự tạo nguồn vốn
2 Reading
The securities regulation act of 1956 defined stock exchange as “an association, organization, or an individual which is established for the purpose of assisting, regulating and controlling business in buying, selling and dealing in securities”
The stock exchange was established by East India company in 18th century In India it was established in 1850 with 22 stock brokers opposite to town hall Bombay This stock exchange is known as oldest one of Asia
Stock exchange has some following features:
It‟s an organized and security market and an important constituent of capital market i.e, market for long term finance It‟s a voluntary association of persons desirous of dealing in securities Its membership is not open to everybody In a stock exchange, only the member can deal in i.e, buy and sell securities The members of a stock exchange can buy and sell
Trang 18to know the worth of their holdings; promote the habit of saving and investment as well as help capital formation and help companies and government to raise funds from the investors; and finally, stock exchange provide forecasting service
Some largest stock exchanges in the world are London stock exchange, New York, Australia, Tokyo, and Hong Kong stock exchange
Some economists said that stock exchange is an easy way to earn money but it‟s also an easy way to lose money How do the stock exchanges get money? They get money by listing fees paid by the corporation to have their company traded
3 Comprehension:
3.1 Choose the best answer
1 Which of the following is NOT included 2 Where was the stock
in the definition of stock exchange? exchange established?
B deal in securities B India
C buy and sell securities C Asia
3.Who can deal in securities in the 4 What is the function of
3.2 Answer the questions below
1 When did the East Indian establish the stock exchange?
Trang 1954
4 Grammatical points
4.1 So that: We use so that to say that one person does something and as a result someone
else can do or doesn‟t have to do something else
So that + simple present/ simple future/would
I study hard so that I won‟t fail the exam
Yesterday, I took my umbrella so that I wouldn‟t get wet
He buys his wife a car so that she doesn‟t have to take the bus so often
I buy a dictionary so that I can learn more
I‟m going shopping this evening so that I don‟t / won‟t have to go tomorrow
I always carry an umbrella so that I don‟t get wet
4.2 Linkers: so, because, but, and
Linkers are words or phrases that we use to link/ connect or join ideas
So used to show results
It was raining so I stayed at home (It was raining' is the reason;'I stayed at home' is
a result)
Because used to show cause and effect
I stayed at home because it was raining
But used to show contrast ideas
I like coffee but I don't like tea
I cannot swim but I can ski
And used to show adding information/ ideas
I like tea and coffee
5 Word study
5.1 Complete with so that, to or for
1 I'm going to Australia learn English
2 Make sure your bags are tagged _you can identify them later
3 Let's take the underground reach the meeting before 8:30
4 David should save some money for the summer he can go on a holiday
5 I'm going to the concert on Saturday listen to my favourite singer
6 I want to buy a microwave I can heat food in a very short time
7 Lucy bought some flour and eggs make a cake for the guests
8 I think I will take a shower I can have a good night sleep
9 We organize a campaign students can learn how to protect the environment
10 Ben brought his music player to the party the guests could listen to songs and dance
11 You must bring warm clothes _tomorrow
12 Recycling is good _ environment
13 I went to London see Peter
14 I‟m doing my homework on the bus _ my teacher doesn‟t complain me
15 Let‟s stop _ a coffee
5.2 Combine the ideas using so that
Trang 205.3 Circle the correct linker
1 In summer we wear light clothes _the weather is hot
2 I have a tooth ache _I must see a dentist as early as I can
3 My son is calm easy-going _my daughter is very
moody _they never agree together
a and/but/so b but/and/so c so/because/so d because/and/but
4 I am English _I live in the USA
5 Parents _children should have good relationships
6 I want a new TV _ the one I have now is broken
7 I had to work on Saturday _ I couldn't go to John's party
8 We'll have to go shopping _ we have nothing for dinner
9 The history test was difficult _ the English one was easy
10 We didn't go to the beach yesterday _ it was raining
5.4 Complete the sentences with the correct linker
1 Sales were 75% below forecast _ they stopped production
2 The product was fine the price was not correct
3 He hasn‟t sent his sales report yet he has been very busy lately
4 She is away all week she can‟t attend the meeting
5 The price went down sales didn‟t increase