INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Solid wastes are discarded solid materials resulting from human and animal activities, and they can be classified by content, hazard potential, or origin Content classification includes materials such as plastic, paper, metal, glass, and organic waste Hazard potential categorizes waste as toxic, non-toxic, radioactive, flammable, or infectious Additionally, the origin of waste can be identified as industrial, domestic, construction, commercial, or demolition.
Effective solid waste management (SWM) is essential for ensuring environmental hygiene, regardless of how waste is classified—by content, hazard potential, or origin This necessity has prompted the development of various programs, rules, and regulations aimed at maintaining a clean environment (LeBlanc, 2016).
SWM, or Solid Waste Management, aims to reduce or eliminate the negative effects of improper waste treatment on the environment and human health It encompasses various practices related to waste management, including monitoring, collection, transportation, processing, recycling, and disposal (LeBlanc, 2016).
Waste management in the Philippines has emerged as a critical issue over the past few decades, particularly in urban areas where modernization, urbanization, and rapid population growth have led to a significant increase in generated waste The challenge is exacerbated by the local and national governments' struggles to implement effective waste management solutions, primarily due to financial constraints.
2 human, and technical resources scarcity resulted to both environmental and health complications (Atienza, 2011)
Urban areas like Los Baños, Laguna, have faced increased waste production, posing significant challenges for effective solid waste management (SWM) programs Key issues contributing to this dilemma include rapid urbanization, a growing population, and a lack of community discipline, which have resulted in land and water pollution In response, the municipality has enacted six Municipal Ordinances and one Memorandum Order to strengthen solid waste management efforts.
Statement of the Problem
A study conducted in Los Baños revealed that the growing population has led to an increase in waste generation, with daily waste production reaching 33 to 35 tons from 1980 to 2001 (Rustia, 2001) This rise in waste has resulted in environmental issues such as smog from burning refuse, disorganized and mixed waste at dumpsites, and litter scattered across the streets, primarily attributed to household waste.
In his report on Local Ecological Governance, Mayor Caesar Perez highlighted significant challenges in solid waste management, particularly the lack of community involvement and discipline amidst ongoing urbanization and population growth.
3 rate leading to air and water pollution It was then stressed by Mayor Caesar P Perez that,
“Garbage problem is not sole responsibility of the government; the citizens must do their share on proper waste disposal” (Perez, 2009)
With this, the study was conducted to answer the following questions:
1 What are the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents in Los Baủos, Laguna, Philippines?
2 What are the types and nature of solid wastes produced in the coastal barangays of Los Baủos?
3 What are the household’s level of knowledge & attitude, and practices regarding Solid Waste Management?
4 What are the relationships of the respondents’ income and educational attainment with their level of knowledge, attitude and positive practices (KAP) in Solid Waste Management?
5 How does the household’s level of knowledge, attitude and positive practices related to each other in relation to solid waste management?
Significance of the Study
This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding solid waste management among selected households in the coastal barangays of Los Baños, as well as to identify the types and quantities of solid waste generated The significant volume of waste produced poses challenges for effective Municipal Solid Waste Management (Desta, Worku, and Fetene, 2013).
The study's findings aim to enhance community awareness regarding the detrimental effects of improper waste management on both the environment and public health Additionally, the results provide valuable insights into household solid waste management practices in Los Baños, which can assist the municipality in developing new programs to improve and sustain existing solid waste management initiatives.
This article presents a list of recommendations aimed at improving the management of household solid waste, benefiting the community, government, environmentalists, and various organizations.
Objectives of the Study
The study focused on evaluating the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) regarding Solid Waste Management among households in selected coastal barangays of Los Baños.
1 Describe the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents;
2 Describe the types and nature of solid wastes produced in the coastal barangays of Los Baủos;
3 Correlate the respondents’ income and educational attainment with its relationship on household’s Knowledge, Attitude and Positive Practices; and
4 Correlate the respondents’ Knowledge, Attitude and Positive Practices with each other in relation to solid waste management n
Hypotheses of the Study
Based on the objectives of the study, the following hypotheses were formulated:
1 The selected households of the coastal barangays in Los Baủos have: a High knowledge in relation to solid waste management; b Positive attitude in relation to solid waste management
2 The selected households practices proper disposal of their solid wastes;
3 The respondents’ income and educational attainment is positively correlated to their level of Knowledge, Attitude and Positive Practices in Solid Waste Management; and
4 The respondents have positive correlation between: a Knowledge and Attitude b Knowledge and Positive Practices c Attitude and Positive Practices
Limitations of the Study
The study successfully achieved its objectives but primarily concentrated on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the respondents, overlooking various influencing factors such as those affecting their solid waste management practices and the relationship between environmental awareness and behavior Additionally, due to time constraints and limited manpower, the research relied on respondents' estimates for waste production, rather than precise measurements.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Household Solid Wastes and its Effect on the Environment
Household solid wastes can be primarily classified into three categories: biodegradable wastes, non-biodegradable wastes, and universal wastes, according to The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI).
Biodegradable waste, including food scraps and fruit and vegetable peels, contributes approximately 3.3 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases to the Earth's atmosphere, impacting around 1.4 billion hectares of land This situation threatens agriculture, leads to biodiversity loss, and intensifies the demand for food production, risking the overexploitation of natural resources (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – FAO, 2013) Additionally, yard trimmings like leaves and grass, when burned, release harmful chemicals such as carbon monoxide and benzopyrene, which can cause serious health issues including asthma, lung cancer, and heart disease (Ong).
Littering in lakes and rivers, whether intentional or unintentional, can lead to excessive nutrient buildup, resulting in decreased water quality (Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, n.d.) Additionally, animal feces contribute to water pollution and pose significant health risks to humans, including diseases such as diarrhea, anemia, and hepatitis, due to the presence of infectious microorganisms like Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Ancylostoma spp., Necator sp., and Giardia lamblia cysts (World Health Organization).
In comparison to biodegradable wastes, non-biodegradable wastes such as plastics, metals, papers, glass, etc have chemical compounds which cause them to be n
The degradation of materials releases harmful chemical compounds, including carbon monoxide, methane, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which contribute to global warming and pollution of air and water This environmental impact leads to a depletion of natural resources, a decline in forests and biodiversity, and a reduction in overall welfare.
Universal wastes, including batteries, electronic devices, appliances, and light bulbs, often contain harmful chemicals like copper, lead, and mercury The leaching of these substances can lead to land and water contamination, posing significant risks to human health, soil quality, and biodiversity (Latimer, 2015).
All in all, any type of waste may cause a certain degree of harm in the environment depending on its quantity and how it is disposed or treated (Alam & Ahmade, 2013).
Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries
Developing countries encounter significant challenges in solid waste management, primarily driven by rapid urbanization and population growth, leading to increased solid waste generation in urban areas (Desta, Worku & Fetene, 2013).
A study conducted by Desta, Worku, and Fetene (2013) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, aimed to evaluate the city's Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) practices in response to the significant challenges posed by massive waste generation Through qualitative and quantitative analysis, the research highlighted critical findings regarding the effectiveness of current waste management strategies in addressing the growing waste crisis.
Daily waste generation has reached 2,750 m³, with only 65% collected and transported to landfills, while 35% is improperly disposed, leading to environmental pollution The study identified poor solid waste management as a result of various factors, including insufficient budgets, malfunctioning equipment, illegal dumping, and inadequate governance Additionally, the city's waste management effectiveness is hindered by rapid population growth, unplanned urban expansion, and financial constraints Engaging all stakeholders early in the planning process and promoting continuous awareness are crucial for improving solid waste management.
Taxil City in Pakistan faces significant waste management challenges due to rapid urbanization, industrialization, inadequate funding, and poor management, leading to severe environmental consequences Approximately 54,850 tons of waste are generated daily in urban areas, with less than 50% being collected This mismanagement results in pollution of land and water resources, the spread of infectious diseases, deterioration of the drainage system, and threats to the city's biodiversity (Ejaz & Janjua, 2012).
The study by Fei-Baffoe, Nyankson, and Miah (2014) identified key constraints to effective solid waste management in the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the research revealed that financial limitations hinder the continuous waste collection services In this context, residents in high-class areas are charged $1.46 monthly, while those in middle-class zones pay $1.17, and low-class areas are only required to pay $0.06.
Ineffective waste management services are primarily hindered by a shortage of qualified personnel, inadequate equipment for efficient waste collection, and insufficient law enforcement stemming from a lack of political will within the municipality.
Studies indicate that resources like financial support, manpower, and technical assistance are insufficient to manage the rising volume of waste As a result, not all waste is collected or disposed of properly, leading to significant environmental issues, particularly pollution, which adversely affects human health and economic growth.
People’s Knowledge, Attitude and Practices about Solid Wastes
The cooperation of the public people was deemed necessary in obtaining an efficient solid waste management (Kumar & Nandini, 2013)
A study by Kumar and Nandini (2013) in Bangalore City, Karnataka, India, explored community attitudes and perceptions towards solid waste management The findings revealed that most residents are indifferent to the final disposal of waste Key reasons for their lack of willingness to cooperate or invest in waste management include 37% of respondents believing that waste collection is adequate and that there are sufficient spaces like roads and open areas for disposal Additionally, 34% of participants cited low income levels, prioritizing survival over waste concerns, while some households felt that waste management is the responsibility of the government and municipalities.
Ambat and Saharsh (2003) highlighted that poor community participation is a key factor contributing to the inefficiency of waste management programs A detailed pretested survey conducted in Thiruvananthapuram City, India, revealed that many residents believed solid waste management was solely the responsibility of government officials However, after engaging in a waste management initiative, 88% of participants reported a significant shift in their attitudes and actions, recognizing their role as waste producers and the importance of their involvement in effective solid waste management.
The studies completed by Kumar and Nandini (2013) and Ambat and Saharsh
(2003) highlighted the importance of the public’s cooperation in attaining an efficient solid waste management, on the other hand, studies done by Banga (2011) and Jatau
(2013) stressed on the relationship of the respondents’ level of awareness and their practices in solid waste management
A study by Banga (2011) employed descriptive analysis and a binary outcome model to assess household knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding solid waste segregation and recycling in Urban Kampala, Uganda The findings indicated that cooperation in solid waste separation is influenced by various factors, including the level of awareness about recycling initiatives and socio-economic characteristics such as household income, education level, and gender.
A study conducted in 2013 examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to waste management in Jos South Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria Utilizing descriptive analysis, chi-square, and t-tests for data evaluation, the research revealed that respondents with higher educational attainment demonstrated greater awareness of the health impacts associated with improper waste management.
Individuals with higher education levels demonstrate more effective waste management practices compared to those with lower education Additionally, respondents aged 31 and older exhibit more positive attitudes toward waste management than those aged 15 to 30 Despite this, age does not significantly impact attitudes toward waste management, whereas education level significantly influences both knowledge and practices related to waste management.
Probable Solutions for Solid Waste Management Problems
Many developing nations are struggling to find effective and sustainable solutions to the increasing solid waste generated in their regions However, some towns have successfully implemented modern strategies for managing solid waste challenges in their communities (Atienza, 2008).
A study by Atienza (2008) examined the role of resident cooperation and participation in decision-making processes as an effective approach to solid waste management in developing countries Through discussions of related literature and a survey conducted in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, the research identified four key factors highlighting the significance of community involvement in waste management Notably, the increasing population leads to a higher volume of waste generated, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts in addressing solid waste challenges.
“people” are the source of the problem; Second, wastes could also be a possible source of income only if it is appropriately handled; Third, solid waste management n
Effective solid waste management requires community involvement, as there are 12 significant challenges that cannot be addressed by the government alone Engaging various stakeholders is essential for developing sustainable solutions.
“…the solution to solid waste management problems does not always mean using expensive and advanced technologies, but rather identifying the local and appropriate technologies in the community.”
Remy (2012) highlighted that despite various community efforts, local waste management issues remain unresolved A comprehensive review of studies from 29 countries revealed that sustainable municipal solid waste management (MSWM) systems can be developed through economic, social, political, and technological strategies The challenges in waste management are often linked to legislative shortcomings, and without proper knowledge among stakeholders, waste generation continues to correlate with income levels, making it particularly challenging for lower-income countries to manage waste effectively.
The study by Rushbrook and Finnecy (1988) highlights the complexities of waste management planning in developing countries, revealing that financial, public, and racial factors significantly influence waste management issues To achieve effective waste management operations, it is essential to establish a well-structured legal framework, implement clear regulations, and develop executive strategies Additionally, collaboration with foreign experts and organizations is crucial for providing recommendations, assistance, training, and technology support.
However, all in all, solving a nation’s solid waste management problems can only be done by its own people.
Household Solid Waste Management in the Philippines
The rising population at the University of Eastern Philippines (UEP) coupled with the lack of a sanitary dumpsite has resulted in residents resorting to disposing of waste in an open dumpsite (C Ultra & A Ultra, 2013).
C Ultra and A Ultra (2013) conducted a study to assess solid waste management practices among households in the UEP premises, utilizing descriptive analysis The findings revealed that common waste types included kitchen scraps, paper, cans, and bottles While some households in Barangay Zone I and II resorted to burning waste, many viewed cans and bottles as reusable items or potential sources of income through junkshops However, the study highlighted several challenges in solid waste management, such as vehicle breakdowns leading to collection delays, a lack of awareness regarding proper disposal methods, low household participation in waste management practices, and insufficient government funding for effective program implementation.
In the villages of Metro Manila, Philippines, households generally do not engage in burning solid wastes or composting, as they perceive garbage collection and disposal to be the government's responsibility Nevertheless, some respondents acknowledged that they often leave their trash, typically at street corners, instead of using designated pickup areas.
14 areas This study completed by Bernardo (2008) used open – ended question in interviews with the household members
A study by Premakumara (2011) revealed that many households in Cebu City, Philippines, are largely unaware of the environmental impacts of improper solid waste disposal The urban area faces challenges such as inadequate waste collection services due to limited budget and manpower Despite this, most households resist paying additional fees for waste collection, believing it to be the Barangay's responsibility However, some residents sell recyclable materials to local collectors, and a few have a basic understanding of composting and engage in gardening practices.
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
By 20 th of December 2000, Republic Act (RA) of the Philippines 9003 or also known the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act was handed by the Philippine Congress and was permitted on 26 th of January 2001 by the Office of the President to address and respond to the garbage problems in the country (Aquino, Deriquito & Festejo, 2013)
R.A No 9003 is a state policy of adopting an efficient, widespread and environmental solid waste management program of the Philippines, which is to guarantee the security of the environment and public health It is a mandatory law which gives emphasis to the urgency of making the essential organized system & inducement, and punishments to the violators (NSWMC, 2005b cited in Sapuay,
2014) Wherein, the implementation of the policies and regulation under R.A No n
9003 are enclosed in the Philippines DENR Administrative Order No 2001 – 34 (NSWMC, 2001 cited in Sapuay, 2014)
Accordingly, a total of 103 cities out of 109 were able to organize their Solid Waste Management Board (SWMBs) with the provisions of R.A No 9003 in year
In 2004, out of 103 cities, only 49 had effective Solid Waste Management Boards (SWMBs) These boards are responsible for preparing and supervising the implementation of Solid Waste Management Plans (SWMPs) in collaboration with private sectors and NGOs They recommend strategies for ecosystem preservation and pollution control, and propose actions such as franchises or Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) agreements for various waste management processes, including collection, transfer, storage, processing, recycling, and disposal (Torres, 2009).
The policies and regulations regarding waste management include penalties for various offenses, such as open burning of waste, which incurs fines ranging from Php300 to Php1,000 and/or imprisonment for 1 to 15 days Similarly, littering and dumping waste in public areas, canals, or estuaries carry the same penalties as open burning Establishing or operating an open dumpsite results in a hefty fine of Php500,000 for the first offense and 1 to 3 years of imprisonment for subsequent offenses Additionally, under Section 52, citizens have the right to file a case against any private individual or public official who neglects to enforce these laws.
Under R.A No 9003, Local Government Units are tasked with the implementation and enforcement of waste management, while barangays are responsible for collecting and segregating biodegradable, compostable, and reusable solid wastes In contrast, cities and municipalities handle the collection of non-recyclable materials and special wastes.
Solid Waste Management in Los Baủos, Laguna, Philippines
A study by Atienza (2008) titled “Breakthrough in Solid Waste Management through Participation and Community Mobilization: The Experience of Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines” highlights key factors essential for effective solid waste management programs It notes that many developing countries struggle with implementation due to limited resources, such as funding and manpower However, the Municipality of Los Baños, Laguna successfully improved its solid waste management initiatives by fostering participation from various sectors and enforcing strict regulations related to waste management.
Figure 1 Organization Structure of the Solid Waste Management Program in
The study by Atienza (2008) highlights the crucial role of community participation in achieving effective solid waste management, using the municipality of Los Baños as a model In contrast, Alaira (2007) focuses on identifying sustainability indicators related to positive environmental administration in solid waste management, examining perspectives from both business and civil sectors.
The municipality of Los Baños was selected for the study, which utilized descriptive analysis along with the Chi-square test and Spearman’s Correlation test The findings identified six key factors influencing sustainability indicators in the area: consultative processes, legal frameworks, the existence of solid waste management units, the availability of plans and programs, clearly defined roles and responsibilities, and evidence of environmental impacts These factors highlight the administration's positive relationship with environmental sustainability.
In contrast to Alaira's (2007) study, which examined the business and civil perspectives, Rustia's (2001) research focused on household levels in Los Baños Utilizing descriptive analysis, simple linear regression, and correlation analysis, the study revealed that while households exhibit high levels of environmental awareness, knowledge, and attitude, their actual environmental behavior remains low Key obstacles to effective waste management were identified, including a lack of initiative to segregate waste, the belief that waste management is solely the responsibility of local government units (LGUs), and an indifferent attitude towards the disposal of garbage.
Despite the challenges in solid waste management in Los Baños, the municipality has made significant progress through both technical and social initiatives The Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office (MENRO) has been designated to implement the Los Baños Ten-Year Solid Waste Management Plan (2014-2023), which aims to compost 50% of biodegradable waste, recycle non-biodegradable materials, and dispose of the remaining waste at the sanitary landfill, also referred to as the ecowaste processing center.
MENRO has developed a strategy to effectively minimize waste consumption and mitigate environmental threats As illustrated in Figure 4, solid waste generators, including households and businesses, are required to segregate their waste for proper disposal by garbage collectors In 2014, households generated approximately 53.3 tons of waste daily (MENRO, 2012) Biodegradable waste is collected for vermicomposting, utilizing various worm species to create nutrient-rich compost (Misra, Roy & Hiraoka, 2003) Recyclable materials are gathered by waste pickers or junkshops for profit, while special and residual wastes are directed to sanitary landfills for treatment.
Figure 2 Solid Waste Cycle in Los Baủos (MENRO, 2012)
In addition to what was mentioned above, the government assigned a particular date and time for a specific type of solid wastes which:
Biodegradable Wastes: Mondays to Fridays (8:00 pm to 9:00 pm) n
Non-Biodegradable Wastes: Saturdays (8:00 pm to 9:00 pm)
Residual Wastes: Saturdays (8:00 pm to 9:00 pm)
Special Wastes: By arrangement with the MENRO
To support the Los Baños Ten-Year Solid Waste Management Plan (2014-2023), the local government has implemented various municipal ordinances and memorandum orders focused on effective solid waste management.
Municipal Ordinance 92-98, as amended by M.O 2001-08, establishes regulations for waste management and outlines corresponding penalties for violations This ordinance aims to enhance solid waste management practices within the community, ensuring a cleaner and healthier environment for all residents.
Municipal Ordinance 2001-07 Creation of Task Force Kalinisan (TFK)
Municipal Ordinance 2001-16 “No Smoking in Public Utility Vehicles”
Municipal Ordinance 2004-338 Creation of Solid Waste Management Board
Municipal Ordinance 2004-363 Declaring 1st Saturday of September, every year as “Pista ng Kapaligiran” (celebration of the importance of the environment) in Los Baủos
Municipal Ordinance 2008-752 in Los Baños prohibits the use of plastic bags for dry goods and regulates their use for wet goods, while also banning Styrofoam The ordinance aims to promote environmental sustainability and outlines penalties for non-compliance.
Memorandum Order No CPP-04-203 establishes the initiation of administrative cases against barangay officials who fail to comply with and implement Republic Act 9003, alongside Municipal Ordinance No 2001-08 This order aims to ensure accountability and adherence to waste management regulations at the local level, emphasizing the importance of proper implementation of environmental laws.
METHODS AND DESIGN
Types of Data and Method of Data Collection
Primary data was collected through personal interviews with representatives from selected households in five coastal barangays of Los Baños A mixed questionnaire, featuring both closed and open-ended questions, was utilized, primarily employing a parametric scale to align with the study’s objectives The questions were adapted from Rustia's 2001 study.
Secondary data for this study was sourced from various academic materials, including dissertations, journals, articles, abstracts, reports, and books obtained from the School of Environmental Science and Management Library Additionally, the household list was provided by the Municipality of Los Baños.
Selection of the Study Area
The study took place in Los Baños, a Local Government Unit in Laguna, Philippines, covering an area of approximately 5,560 hectares Geographically situated at 14° 11’ North latitude and 121° 15’ East longitude, Los Baños is bordered by Laguna Lake to the north and Sto Tomas.
Batangas on the South, Bay, Laguna on the East and Calamba City on the West
The area is organized into 14 barangays, which include Anos, Bagong Silang, Batong Malake, Bambang, Bayog, Baybayin (previously referred to as Poblacion), Lalakay, Maahas, Mayondon, Malinta, San Antonio, Tadlac, Tuntungin-Putho, and Timugan.
(Figure 3) with a total population of 112, 493 and a total household number of 26,847 in year 2015
Los Baños is internationally recognized for its esteemed research and academic institutions, including the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), and Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) The town also boasts a refreshing environment that draws both tourists and locals, offering a variety of activities such as hiking and enjoying its famous hot springs.
By the said factors above, the municipality of Los Baủos was then declared as
A Special University Zone in the Letter of Instruction No 883 of President
On June 15, 1979, Ferdinand E Marcos declared the municipality of Los Baños as an Agriculture, Forestry, and Life Sciences Community through Executive Order No 784, Section 23 Subsequently, on August 7, 2000, Los Baños was recognized as the Special Science and Nature City of the Philippines via Presidential Proclamation No 349, highlighting its significance as a hub for science and technology in agriculture and environmental conservation.
In compliance with the Supreme Court's Continuing Mandamus regarding Manila Bay, residents in the Laguna Lake Basin are required to manage their waste effectively to prevent pollution and enhance the coastal areas surrounding Manila Bay Consequently, a study was carried out in five coastal barangays of Los.
Baủos, which were Tadlac, Baybayin (formerly known as Poblacion), Malinta, Mayondon and Bayog, as shown in Figure 3
Figure 3 Base Map of Los Baủos, Laguna, Philippines
Source: Comprehensive Land-Use Plan of Los Baủos (CLUP), n.a.
Selection of Respondents
To accurately represent the entire household, respondents were selected as either the head of the family or the designated member responsible for solid waste disposal in the absence of the head.
The respondents were randomly selected using a simple random sampling method, where draw lots were utilized from a numbered list of households The sample size for each barangay was then calculated using specific formulas.
Z = standard variate p = perceived value of interest of the proportion of interest q = 1-p e = acceptable error (margin of error) and
Where: ni = sample size of group i
N = size of population n = sample size
The total 148 households (Table 1) was interviewed about their socio – economic profile, types of wastes generated, knowledge, attitude, and practices in solid waste management n
Table 1 Population, Household Number and Sample Size of the Coastal
Barangays of Los Baủos, Philippines, 2017
Source: LB Municipal Planning and Development (LBMPD), 2016
Method of Analysis and Data Presentation
A descriptive analysis was conducted to gather essential data on socio-economic characteristics, the types of household solid waste generated, and the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of households regarding solid waste management For the quantitative data, mean values and ranges were calculated, while frequency counts and percentages were utilized for qualitative data.
Likert – scale was used in measuring the level of knowledge & attitude of the respondents Having that,
Knowledge used the scale of:
The respondents' answers were evaluated using a scale that categorized their knowledge levels based on a weighted mean A score between 5 and 4.1 signifies "Highly Knowledgeable" (A), 4 to 3.1 indicates "Knowledgeable" (B), 3 to 2.1 reflects "No Idea" (C), 2 to 1.1 denotes "Somewhat Knowledgeable" (D), and a score from 1 to 0.1 represents "Not Knowledgeable" (E).
Attitude used the scale of:
To assess the respondents' attitudes, a reversed scale was implemented, assigning a value of 5 to "strongly disagree" and 1 to "strongly agree," as all statements were negative Similarly, the respondents' knowledge was evaluated using a weighted mean, where scores ranging from 5 to 3.1 indicated a positive attitude (+), scores from 3 to 2.1 reflected a neutral stance (N), and scores from 2 to 0.1 represented a negative attitude (-).
Relatively, average weighted mean was computed using the following formula: n
= sum of multiplied weights and value = weights (frequency)
Correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationships among respondents' levels of knowledge and attitude, as well as their practices, income, and educational attainment The study aimed to understand how these factors interact and influence each other.
The following formula was used to compute for the correlation coefficient:
Where: s xy = sample covariance s x = sample standard deviation of variable x n
28 s y = sample standard deviation of variable y
The sample correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to +1, where values close to zero suggest a negligible or no relationship between variables A positive correlation, indicated by values near +1, means that as variable A increases, variable B also increases Conversely, a negative correlation, represented by values near -1, indicates that as variable A increases, variable B decreases The strength of the correlation is categorized as follows: values between ±0.01 and ±0.19 indicate a very weak correlation, ±0.20 to ±0.39 indicate a weak correlation, ±0.40 to ±0.59 indicate a moderate correlation, ±0.60 to ±0.79 indicate a strong correlation, and ±0.80 to ±1.0 indicate a very strong correlation.
Source: http://www.geoib.com/spearmans-rank.html n
Thus, data analysis was made possible using statistical software, STATA, and data presentation was made using Microsoft Excel 2010.
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework illustrated in Figure 5 integrates various ideologies derived from the literature review, focusing on households' socio-economic characteristics, the types of solid waste generated, and the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to solid waste management.
This study examines the socio-economic characteristics of households, focusing on variables such as age, gender, household size, civil status, educational attainment, source of income, and estimated monthly income, as adapted from Kumar and Nandini (2013) These variables are analyzed in relation to respondents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices in solid waste management Specifically, household size, source of income, and estimated monthly income are key factors in understanding the types and quantities of solid waste generated Research indicates that larger households tend to produce more waste, while the source of income influences the types of waste generated, with higher-income households typically generating greater amounts of waste (Remy, 2012).
The article discusses the various types and nature of solid wastes generated, focusing on their content and hazard potential It highlights the classifications of solid wastes that are commonly produced in households within selected barangays of Los Baños, as outlined by LeBlanc (2016) Identifying these waste types is crucial for effective waste management and environmental protection.
Thirty factors were analyzed to assess households' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the solid waste they generate, emphasizing the importance of proper disposal methods for different waste types to reduce environmental pollution.
The study examines the knowledge and attitudes of households in Los Baños regarding solid waste management programs in their municipality and barangays Households' knowledge was assessed through a scale ranging from "always true" to "never true," while attitudes were evaluated using a scale from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree," based on responses to ten statements This analysis aims to determine how the levels of knowledge and attitude influence the solid waste management practices of the respondents.
Effective solid waste management practices at the household level emphasize the 3Rs: reduce, reuse, and recycle, along with methods such as segregation, composting, and burning These practices are categorized into negative and positive approaches, highlighting the importance of responsible solid waste disposal.
This framework highlights the influence of socio-economic factors on the solid waste generated by households It will assess households' knowledge and attitudes toward solid waste management (SWM) and examine their practices in this area Furthermore, socio-economic characteristics can impact both the knowledge and attitudes of households regarding SWM, potentially affecting their waste management practices.
Figure 5 Conceptual Framework for the Assessment of the Household’s Knowledge, Attitude and Practices in Solid Waste Management of the Selected Coastal Barangays in Los Baủos
Segregation (Biodegradable, Non-Biodegradable, etc.)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
4.1.1 Socio – Economic Characteristics of the 148 Respondents in Los Baủos
The socio-economic characteristics of the respondents were analyzed based on gender, age, civil status, household size, educational attainment, source of income, and estimated monthly income to effectively describe the family's economic status and overall position within society.
The survey revealed that 54.05% of respondents were male, while 45.95% were female Notably, female respondents demonstrated greater knowledge regarding waste management, scoring an average of 4.30, and exhibited a higher percentage of positive practices at 89.77% Conversely, male respondents displayed a more positive attitude towards waste management, with an average score of 4.2.
The average age of respondents was 47, with the largest group being individuals aged 41 to 50 years (28.38%, 42 out of 148) This was followed by those aged 30 and below (25.00%, 37 out of 148) and individuals aged 31 to 40 years (22.97%, 34 out of 148) Additionally, 15.54% (23 out of 148) were aged 51 to 60, while 5.41% (8 out of 148) fell within the 61 to 70 age range The smallest group consisted of respondents aged 71 and above, accounting for 2.70% (4 out of 148) These results indicate a balanced representation of both younger and older individuals managing household responsibilities.
Respondents aged 51 and above demonstrated significantly greater knowledge of waste treatment, scoring an average of 4.34, along with a more positive attitude towards solid waste management, with an average score of 4.13 Additionally, this age group exhibited a higher percentage of positive practices in solid waste management, reaching 84.94%, compared to those aged 50 and below.
Table 2 shows that most of the respondents were married (70.27%; 104 out of
Among the 148 respondents, single individuals comprised 16.22% (24 respondents), followed by widowed individuals at 9.46% (14 respondents), and divorced individuals at the lowest rate of 4.05% (6 respondents) Table 3 indicates that widowed respondents demonstrated the highest knowledge level (mean score of 4.42) and a significant percentage of positive practices (90.23%) in solid waste management In contrast, married respondents exhibited a more positive attitude (mean score of 4.15) compared to the other groups.
The study suggests that larger households tend to generate more waste, with the majority of households consisting of 5 to 7 members (44.59%; 66 out of 148), followed by those with 3 to 4 members (30.41%; 45 out of 148).
148), then 1 to 2 people (13.51%; 20 out of 148), next were 8 to 10 people (7.43%; 11 out of 148), and least were households with more than 10 people (4.05%; 6 out of
Households consisting of 1 to 4 individuals demonstrate significantly greater knowledge (4.33) and a higher percentage of positive practices (86.50%) in solid waste management In contrast, larger households with 5 or more members exhibit a more positive attitude towards waste management, scoring 4.10.
The study posits that a higher level of education correlates with increased knowledge According to Table 2, the majority of respondents were high school graduates, comprising 36.49% (54 out of 148), followed by college graduates at 27.03% (40 out of 148).
Among the 148 respondents, the majority were elementary graduates and college undergraduates, accounting for 10.81% (16 individuals) Those who completed vocational courses or higher degrees, such as a master’s degree, represented 4.73% (7 individuals), while the least number were elementary undergraduates at 2.03% (3 individuals) Notably, individuals with higher degrees demonstrated a greater knowledge level (mean score of 4.45) and exhibited 100% positive practices regarding solid waste management In contrast, respondents with vocational training showed a higher positive attitude, with a mean score of 4.54.
Household solid waste types vary based on income sources, with businesses like small grocery stores generating more non-biodegradable waste such as cardboard and plastics In contrast, fishermen typically produce both liquid and solid waste, including fish heads, bones, and oils Meanwhile, pensioners tend to generate typical household waste.
Table 2 reveals that a significant majority of respondents, accounting for 64.19% (95 out of 148), are employed, while 12.84% (19 out of 148) are business owners operating small enterprises such as grocery stores, pisonet, small restaurants (pares), tricycle rentals, food vending, and buy & sell activities Additionally, a portion of respondents identified as Others, relying on jueteng for their income.
In the Philippines, an illegal betting game linked to specific numbers is prevalent, alongside financial remittances from abroad and allowances received from children, which account for 10.14% (15 out of 148) Additionally, fishers and fishery owners represent 9.46% (14 out of 148) of the population involved in this economic activity.
148) Lastly, were pensioners or retirement allowance dependent (3.38%; 5 out of
Table 3 indicates that business owners possess a greater understanding of solid waste management, scoring an average of 4.46, and exhibit a higher percentage of positive practices at 89.11% In contrast, respondents relying on jueteng, remittances, and allowances from their children demonstrate a slightly lower but still positive attitude, with an average score of 4.18.
The average monthly income of the respondents was Php 8,425, with a significant portion (41.89%) earning between Php 5,000 and Php 10,000, while 33.78% reported an income below Php 5,000.
148), followed by income ranging from Php 10,001 to Php 15,000 (14.19%; 21 out of
The study revealed that a significant majority of respondents, approximately 89.86% (133 out of 148), reported earning Php 15,000 or less, which contributed to their decision not to pursue a college education Additionally, the households of these respondents typically consisted of five members or more.
7 people On the other hand, least of the respondents generates an income of Php 15,001 and above (10.14%; 15 out of 148), respectively
Discussion
This study identifies key socio-economic characteristics of households, including gender, age, civil status, household size, educational attainment, income sources, and estimated monthly income It also examines the types and nature of solid waste produced, as well as the households' knowledge and attitudes toward solid waste management Additionally, the research highlights both positive and negative waste disposal practices and explores the interrelationships between knowledge, attitudes, and positive practices, alongside their connections to income and educational attainment.
The households’ socio economic characteristics were determined to describe the family’s economic and general position in the society Therefore, among the 148 n
The survey included 50 respondents, predominantly male at 54.05%, with ages ranging from 41 to 50 years and an average age of 47 A significant 70.27% of participants were married, with most households consisting of 5 to 7 members, particularly in Bayog and Mayondon Educationally, 36.49% of respondents were high school graduates, while 27.03% held college degrees Employment status revealed that 62.84% were employed, earning between Php 5,000 and Php 10,000, with an average income of Php 8,425.
The analysis of respondents' socio-economic characteristics revealed significant differences in their behaviors concerning solid waste management Table 3 illustrates that individuals with the highest level of knowledge exhibited a greater percentage of positive practices compared to those with a high level of attitude This indicates that knowledge plays a more critical role than attitude in influencing positive practices among respondents.
Households generate significant amounts of waste annually, with food waste leading at approximately 613.44 kg per year Following food waste, paper and cardboard account for around 460.8 kg, while fruit and vegetable peels contribute about 444.48 kg Plastic waste totals approximately 418.08 kg, and leaves and grasses add around 351.36 kg to the overall household waste.
In relation to solid waste management, the respondents were highly knowledgeable and have shown a positive attitude, having an average weighted mean of 4.36 and 4.12 n
The study revealed that 84.46% of respondents engage in proper solid waste disposal practices, including the 3R principles, segregation, composting, feeding animals, and selling waste However, some respondents lacked clarity on the concepts of 3R and composting Despite demonstrating a positive attitude and substantial knowledge about solid waste management, 15.54% of participants still resorted to improper disposal methods, such as dumping waste in water systems, burning, burying, and relying on waste collectors This indicates a gap in understanding the appropriate practices for different types of solid waste and the distinctions between recycling and reusing.
The Spearman correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations among various factors in solid waste management (SWM) Specifically, higher levels of knowledge were associated with improved attitudes and positive practices, while educational attainment also positively influenced knowledge and practices These relationships were statistically significant at a p-value of less than 0.05 Additionally, correlations were identified between income and knowledge, income and positive practices, as well as attitude and educational attainment; however, these lacked statistical significance, indicating insufficient evidence to confirm the impact of income on knowledge and practices in SWM or on attitudes related to educational attainment.
The study revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between the respondents' income levels and their attitudes, indicating that higher income does not necessarily equate to a more positive attitude This suggests that individuals with higher salaries do not automatically possess a better attitude than those earning less.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
In summary, understanding the socio-economic characteristics of respondents is essential for analyzing their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding waste management Firstly, larger household sizes correlate with increased waste generation, indicating that as households grow, so does their waste output Secondly, household income influences the ability to purchase items that may later become waste, thereby impacting overall waste production Lastly, the source of income is linked to the types of solid waste generated, particularly among households operating businesses.
The study revealed that the majority of solid waste generated at the household level consists of biodegradable materials, with food waste accounting for 90.54% (~613.44 kg/yr), fruit and vegetable peels at 81.76% (~444.48 kg/yr), and leaves and grasses at 52.03% (~351.36 kg/yr) Additionally, recyclable waste includes paper and cardboard at 82.43% (~460.8 kg/yr) and plastics at 77.03% (~418.08 kg/yr).
Households in the coastal barangays of Los Baños demonstrate a strong understanding of solid waste management, with an average knowledge score of 4.36 and a positive attitude score of 4.12 A significant majority, 84.46%, practice proper disposal of solid wastes, while only 15.54% engage in improper waste disposal.
The study found a positive correlation between knowledge, attitude, and practices, with correlation coefficients of 0.2745, 0.3245, and 0.1988, respectively Consequently, the research concluded that enhancing access to knowledge is essential for improving attitudes and practices.
A study involving 54 residents highlighted the impact of education on solid waste management, revealing that increased knowledge can positively influence attitudes and practices The findings indicated a correlation between education and respondents' knowledge (r = 0.1660) as well as their positive practices (r = 0.2103), suggesting that enhanced education can lead to improved waste management behaviors.
Recommendations
Community participation is essential in waste management, particularly as households are significant contributors to garbage generation By focusing on organic and recyclable wastes, which constitute the majority of solid waste, the community can not only reduce environmental waste but also discover potential profits from these materials.
To effectively address waste management, it is essential for various community sectors, including schools, hospitals, and institutions, to raise awareness and disseminate information about the different types of waste.
2) how does it affect the environment 3) what are the do’s and don’ts? 4) what are the problems being faced in waste management? and 5) what are the actions being implemented to address these concerns?
The study emphasizes the need for effective implementation of the policies outlined in R.A No 9003, as some respondents continue to engage in improper solid waste disposal, indicating that the current policies may not be fully understood or followed.
The study highlights the need for increased manpower to effectively monitor violations under R.A No 9003, suggesting that creating job opportunities could not only address unemployment in the municipality but also enhance recycling efforts By transforming recyclable waste into marketable materials, the initiative could generate profit while promoting environmental sustainability.
To effectively study the enhancement of households' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding solid waste management, it is essential to consider a range of variables Key factors influencing respondents include relevant laws, environmental awareness, and extreme events linked to waste Furthermore, understanding the relationship between respondents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices with their level of environmental awareness is crucial These insights will underscore the significance of implementing an effective and sustainable solid waste management system, a topic that was not thoroughly addressed in the study.
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HOUSEHOLDS’ KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: A CASE OF THE COASTAL BARANGAYS OF LOS BAẹOS,
I Personal Profile: (this form shall be completed only by the head of the family/family member in-charge of the household’s waste disposal)
( ) Business (e.g owned, cooperative, corporation, etc.)
Family size (including all family members)
Types of Solid Wastes Produced (tick if being used)
Estimated quantity of the produced solid waste in kg/week ( Ex 1 kg/wk)
Electronic Wastes (computer monitor, TV, etc.)
IV Knowledge (tick the column of your answer)
Recycling is not the same with reusing
Wastes segregation should be categorized at least by 3 categories (biodegradable, non-biodegradable, hazardous)
Acid rain is one of the impacts of burning of wastes
Diseases such as lung problems, allergies, irritations, etc could be caused by wastes
Increasing accumulation of wastes is considered as a threat to the environment
Water pollution caused by improper wastes disposal may lead to scarcity in food supplements (e.g fishes)
The use of Styrofoam/plastics is prohibited in Los Baủos
61 depends on the categories of wastes (e.g Monday - Friday,
8-9pm is for biodegradable wastes)
Waste that are not segregated will not be collected
Laguna de Bay are prohibited to dump their wastes in the lake
V Attitude (tick the column of your answer)
I don’t care where my waste will end up
I don’t practice waste segregation because I don’t feel the need to do it
I don’t practice composting because it’s just a waste of time
I don’t have any responsibilities in solid waste management
I don’t care about solid waste management since it’s the responsibility of the government
There’s no need for awareness programs about solid waste management
It is alright to burn wastes
Plastic bags are more handy to use rather than bayong(s) and paper bags
Burning of wastes is a better treatment of wastes than recycling since less effort is needed
Educating my children/family member about solid waste management is not my responsibility n
VI Solid Waste Management Practices (tick the column of your answer)
VIII Recommendations for a better solid waste management system
Types of Solid Wastes 3R (re-use, reduce, recycle)
Segregation (biodegradable, non- biodegradable, etc.)
Dumping in any water system (canals, irrigation, Watershed, etc.)
Composting Burning Burying Feeding to Animals
Electronic Wastes (computer monitor, TV, etc.)
Socio – Economic Characteristics per Location
Baybayin Bayog Malinta Mayondon Tadlac
Baybayin Bayog Malinta Mayondon Tadlac
*EG-Elementary Graduate, EU-Elementary Undergraduate, HG-High School Graduate, HU-High
School Undergraduate, CG-College Graduate and CU-College Undergraduate
Baybayin Bayog Malinta Mayondon Tadlac (n8)
Household Solid Wastes per Location
Baybayin Bayog Malinta Mayondon Tadlac (n8)
Leaves/Grasses 3 3.90 38 49.35 17 22.08 12 15.58 7 9.09 77 52.03 Animal Faeces 5 7.35 34 50.00 3 4.41 17 25.00 9 13.24 68 45.95 Paper, cardboard 4 3.28 45 36.89 20 16.39 43 35.25 10 8.20 122 82.43 Metal cans, tin aluminium 4 4.12 27 27.84 19 19.59 38 39.18 9 9.28 97 65.54
Baybayin Bayog Malinta Mayondon Tadlac
Level of Knowledge per Location
Recycling is the same with reusing 5 83.33 0 0.00 1 16.67 0 0 0 0 4.67 Highly
Knowledgeable Acid rain is one of the impacts of burning of wastes 1 16.67 1 16.67 4 66.67 0 0 0 0 3.5 Highly
Knowledgeable Diseases such as lung problems, allergies, irritations, etc could be caused by wastes 5 83.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 1 16.67 4.33 Highly
Knowledgeable Increasing accumulation of wastes is considered as a threat to the environment 6 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 5 Highly
Knowledgeable The use of Styrofoam/plastics is prohibited in Los Baủos 6 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 5 Highly
Knowledgeable Wastes segregation should be categorized at least by 3 categories (biodegradable, non- biodegradable, hazardous)
Water pollution caused by improper wastes disposal may lead to scarcity in food supplements (e.g fishes)
Schedule for waste collection depends on the categories of wastes (e.g Monday -
Friday, 8-9pm is for biodegradable wastes)
Waste that are not segregated will not be collected 4 66.67 1 16.67 1 16.67 0 0 0 0 4.5 Highly
Knowledgeable Any infrastructures near Laguna de Bay are prohibited to dump their wastes in the lake 6 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 5 Highly
Always True Sometimes True Don’t Know Rarely True Never True
Recycling is the same with reusing 37 78.72 8 17.02 0 0.00 1 2.13 1 2.13 4.68 Highly
Acid rain is one of the impacts of burning of wastes 21 44.68 17 36.17 7 14.89 1 2.13 1 2.13 4.19 Highly
Knowledgeable Diseases such as lung problems, allergies, irritations, etc could be caused by wastes 17 36.17 16 34.04 12 25.53 2 4.26 0 0.00 4.02 Highly
Knowledgeable Increasing accumulation of wastes is considered as a threat to the environment 26 55.32 16 34.04 1 2.13 1 2.13 3 6.38 4.3 Highly
The use of Styrofoam/plastics is prohibited in Los Baủos 28 59.57 15 31.91 1 2.13 3 6.38 0 0.00 4.45 Highly
Knowledgeable Wastes segregation should be categorized at least by 3 categories (biodegradable, non-biodegradable, hazardous) 26 55.32 17 36.17 2 4.26 1 2.13 1 2.13 4.4 Highly
Knowledgeable Water pollution caused by improper wastes disposal may lead to scarcity in food supplements (e.g fishes) 32 68.09 12 25.53 1 2.13 2 4.26 0 0.00 4.57 Highly
Knowledgeable Schedule for waste collection depends on the categories of wastes (e.g Monday - Friday, 8-9pm is for biodegradable wastes)
Waste that are not segregated will not be collected 25 53.19 20 42.55 0 0.00 1 2.13 1 2.13 4.43 Highly
Knowledgeable Any infrastructures near Laguna de Bay are prohibited to dump their wastes in the lake 27 57.45 17 36.17 1 2.13 1 2.13 1 2.13 4.45 Highly
Always True Sometimes True Don’t Know Rarely True Never True
Recycling is the same with reusing 5 18.52 5 18.52 1 3.70 1 3.70 15 55.56 4.19 Highly
Knowledgeable Acid rain is one of the impacts of burning of wastes 12 44.44 4 14.81 9 33.33 1 3.70 1 3.70 3.93 Highly
Knowledgeable Diseases such as lung problems, allergies, irritations, etc could be caused by wastes 7 25.93 16 59.26 1 3.70 1 3.70 2 7.41 3.93 Highly
Knowledgeable Increasing accumulation of wastes is considered as a threat to the environment 27 100.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Highly
Knowledgeable The use of Styrofoam/plastics is prohibited in
Knowledgeable Wastes segregation should be categorized at least by 3 categories (biodegradable, non- biodegradable, hazardous)
Water pollution caused by improper wastes disposal may lead to scarcity in food supplements (e.g fishes)
Schedule for waste collection depends on the categories of wastes (e.g Monday - Friday, 8-
9pm is for biodegradable wastes)
Waste that are not segregated will not be collected 11 40.74 14 51.85 2 7.41 0 0 0 0 4.3 Highly
Knowledgeable Any infrastructures near Laguna de Bay are prohibited to dump their wastes in the lake 8 29.63 16 59.26 3 11.11 0 0 0 0 4.19 Highly
Always True Sometimes True Don’t Know Rarely True Never True
Recycling is the same with reusing 10 17.24 9 15.52 5 8.62 2 3.45 32 55.17 4.36 Highly
Knowledgeable Acid rain is one of the impacts of burning of wastes 19 32.76 9 15.52 16 27.59 0 0 14 24.14 3.16 Highly
Knowledgeable Diseases such as lung problems, allergies, irritations, etc could be caused by wastes 25 43.10 18 31.03 5 8.62 2 3.45 8 13.79 3.78 Highly
Knowledgeable Increasing accumulation of wastes is considered as a threat to the environment 49 84.48 7 12.07 0 0 1 1.72 1 1.72 4.69 Highly
Knowledgeable The use of Styrofoam/plastics is prohibited in
Knowledgeable Wastes segregation should be categorized at least by 3 categories (biodegradable, non- biodegradable, hazardous)
Water pollution caused by improper wastes disposal may lead to scarcity in food supplements (e.g fishes)
Schedule for waste collection depends on the categories of wastes (e.g Monday - Friday,
8-9pm is for biodegradable wastes)
Waste that are not segregated will not be collected 49 84.48 9 15.52 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.81 Highly
Knowledgeable Any infrastructures near Laguna de Bay are prohibited to dump their wastes in the lake 50 86.21 8 13.79 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.5 Highly
Always True Sometimes True Don’t Know Rarely True Never True
Recycling is the same with reusing
Knowledgeable Acid rain is one of the impacts of burning of wastes 0 0 2 20.00 2 20.00 0 0 6 60.00 2 Highly
Knowledgeable Diseases such as lung problems, allergies, irritations, etc could be caused by wastes
Increasing accumulation of wastes is considered as a threat to the environment 10 100.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Highly
Knowledgeable The use of Styrofoam/plastics is prohibited in Los Baủos 10 100.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Highly
Knowledgeable Wastes segregation should be categorized at least by 3 categories
Water pollution caused by improper wastes disposal may lead to scarcity in food supplements (e.g fishes)
Schedule for waste collection depends on the categories of wastes (e.g Monday
- Friday, 8-9pm is for biodegradable wastes)
Waste that are not segregated will not be collected 10 100.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Highly
Knowledgeable Any infrastructures near Laguna de Bay are prohibited to dump their wastes in the lake
Level of Attitude per Location
Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree nor
I don’t care where my waste will end up 0 0 0 0 1 16.67 4 66.67 1 16.67 4 Positive
I don’t practice waste segregation because I don’t feel the need to do it 0 0 1 16.67 0 0 3 50.00 2 33.33 4 Positive
I don’t practice composting because it’s just a waste of time 0 0 1 16.67 0 0 4 66.67 1 16.67 3.83 Positive
I don’t have any responsibilities in solid waste management 0 0 1 16.67 1 1.67 2 33.33 2 33.33 3.83 Positive
I don’t care about solid waste management since it’s the responsibility of the government
There’s no need for awareness programs about solid waste management
It is alright to burn wastes 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 66.67 2 33.33 4.33 Positive
Plastic bags are more handy to use rather than bayong(s) and paper bags 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 83.33 1 16.67 4.17 Positive
Burning of wastes is a better treatment of wastes than recycling since less effort is needed
Educating my children/family member about solid waste management is not my responsibility
Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree nor
I don’t care where my waste will end up 0 0 0 0 1 2.13 23 48.94 23 48.94 4.47 Postive
I don’t practice waste segregation because I don’t feel the need to do it 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 57.45 20 42.55 4.43 Postive
I don’t practice composting because it’s just a waste of time 0 0 3 6 10 21.28 10 21.28 24 51.06 4.17 Postive
I don’t have any responsibilities in solid waste management 0 0 0 0 2 4.26 18 38.30 27 57.45 4.53 Postive
I don’t care about solid waste management since it’s the responsibility of the government
There’s no need for awareness programs about solid waste management 0 0 0 0 1 2.13 26 55.32 20 42.55 4.4 Postive
It is alright to burn wastes 0 0 1 2 1 2.13 28 59.57 17 36.17 4.3 Postive
Plastic bags are more handy to use rather than bayong(s) and paper bags 0 0 1 2 2 4.26 29 61.70 15 31.91 4.23 Postive
Burning of wastes is a better treatment of wastes than recycling since less effort is needed
Educating my children/family member about solid waste management is not my responsibility
Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree
I don’t care where my waste will end up 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 77.78 6 22.22 4.22 Positve
I don’t practice waste segregation because I don’t feel the need to do it 0 0 5 18.52 4 14.81 14 51.85 4 14.81 3.56 Positve
I don’t practice composting because it’s just a waste of time 0 0 7 25.93 5 18.52 2 7.41 13 48.15 3.78 Positve
I don’t have any responsibilities in solid waste management 2 7.41 1 3.70 1 3.70 3 11.11 20 74.07 4.33 Positve
I don’t care about solid waste management since it’s the responsibility of the government
There’s no need for awareness programs about solid waste management 0 0 3 11.11 0 0 10 37.04 14 51.85 4.3 Positve
It is alright to burn wastes 1 3.70 1 3.70 0 0 11 40.74 14 51.85 4.07 Positive
Plastic bags are more handy to use rather than bayong(s) and paper bags 3 11.11 2 7.41 0 0 10 37.04 12 44.44 3.26 Positve
Burning of wastes is a better treatment of wastes than recycling since less effort is needed
Educating my children/family member about solid waste management is not my responsibility
Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree nor
I don’t care where my waste will end up 0 0 0 0 1 1.72 44 75.86 13 22.41 4.21 Positive
I don’t practice waste segregation because I don’t feel the need to do it 0 0 3 5.17 0 0 49 84.48 6 10.34 4 Positive
I don’t practice composting because it’s just a waste of time 0 0 10 17.24 5 8.62 33 56.90 10 17.24 3.74 Positive
I don’t have any responsibilities in solid waste management 1 2 2 3.45 1 1.72 32 55.17 22 37.93 4.24 Positive
I don’t care about solid waste management since it’s the responsibility of the government
There’s no need for awareness programs about solid waste management
It is alright to burn wastes 1 2 12 20.69 0 0.00 29 50.00 16 27.59 3.81 Positive
Plastic bags are more handy to use rather than bayong(s) and paper bags 3 5 23 39.66 0 0.00 17 29.31 15 25.86 3.31 Positive
Burning of wastes is a better treatment of wastes than recycling since less effort is needed
Educating my children/family member about solid waste management is not my responsibility
Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree
I don’t care where my waste will end up 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100 0 0 4 Positive
I don’t practice waste segregation because I don’t feel the need to do it 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100 0 0 4 Positive
I don’t practice composting because it’s just a waste of time 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100 0 0 4 Positive
I don’t have any responsibilities in solid waste management 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100 0 0 4 Positive
I don’t care about solid waste management since it’s the responsibility of the government
There’s no need for awareness programs about solid waste management 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100 0 0 4 Positive
It is alright to burn wastes 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100 0 0 4 Positive
Plastic bags are more handy to use rather than bayong(s) and paper bags 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100 0 0 4 Positive
Burning of wastes is a better treatment of wastes than recycling since less effort is needed
Educating my children/family member about solid waste management is not my responsibility
Practices of Solid Wastes Disposal per Location
Segregation (biodegradable, non- biodegradable, etc.)
Dumping in any water system (canals, irrigation, Watershed, etc.)
Composting Burning Burying Feeding to Animals
Depends on waste collectors Others:
Segregation (biodegradable, non- biodegradable, etc.)
Dumping in any water system (canals, irrigation, Watershed, etc.)
Composti ng Burning Burying Feeding to
Depends on waste collectors Others:
Segregation (biodegradable, non- biodegradable, etc.)
Dumping in any water system (canals, irrigation, Watershed, etc.)
Composting Burning Burying Feeding to
Segregation (biodegradable, non- biodegradable, etc.)
Dumping in any water system (canals, irrigation, Watershed, etc.)
Composting Burning Burying Feeding to
Depends on waste collectors Others: