From Turbine to Wind Farms Technical Requirements and Spin-Off Products Part 1 docx

FROM TURBINE TO WIND FARMS ͳ TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS AND SPINͳOFF PRODUCTS Edited by Gesche Krause... From Turbine to Wind Farms - Technical Requirements and Spin-Off ProductsEdited by Ge

FROM TURBINE TO

WIND FARMS ͳ TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS AND SPINͳOFF PRODUCTS

Edited by Gesche Krause

From Turbine to Wind Farms - Technical Requirements and Spin-Off Products

Edited by Gesche Krause

Published by InTech

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From Turbine to Wind Farms - Technical Requirements and Spin-Off Products,

Edited by Gesche Krause

p cm

ISBN 978-953-307-237-1

free online editions of InTech

Books and Journals can be found at

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Part 1

Chapter 1

Part 2

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Part 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Preface IX Introduction 1 Local Attitudes towards Wind Power:

The Effect of Prior Experience 3

Jacob Ladenburg and Gesche Krause

Power Network Requirements 15 Wind Farms and Grid Codes 17

María Paz Comech, Miguel García-Gracia, Susana Martín Arroyo and Miguel Ángel Martínez Guillén

Active and Reactive Power Formulations for Grid Code Requirements Verification 41

Vicente León-Martínez and Joaquín Montañana-Romeu

Empirical Approaches

to Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity 63 Frequency Control of Isolated Power System with Wind Farm by Using Flywheel

Energy Storage System 65

Rion Takahashi

Control Scheme of Hybrid Wind-Diesel Power Generation System 77

Cuk Supriyadi A.N, Takuhei Hashiguchi, Tadahiro Goda and Tumiran

Power Fluctuations in a Wind Farm Compared to a Single Turbine 101

Joaquin Mur-Amada and Jesús Sallán-Arasanz

Contents

Input into Power System Networks 133 Distance Protections in the Power System Lines with Connected Wind Farms 135

Adrian Halinka and Michał Szewczyk

Impact of Intermittent Wind Generation

on Power System Small Signal Stability 161

Libao Shi, Zheng Xu, Chen Wang, Liangzhong Yao and Yixin Ni

Spin-off Products of Offshore Wind Farms 183 The Potential for Habitat Creation

around Offshore Wind Farms 185

Jennifer C Wilson

Perceived Concerns and Advocated Organisational Structures of Ownership Supporting

‘Offshore Wind Farm – Mariculture Integration’ 203

Gesche Krause, Robert Maurice Griffin and Bela Hieronymus Buck

Part 4

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Part 5

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Humanity is facing several critical global challenges at the beginning of the 21st cen-tury One of which includes the quest for alternative energy resources that mitigate the dependence on fossil fuels Whereas fossil fuels are available in situ at all times, the utilisation of renewal energies has to cope with large temporal fl uctuations rang-ing from seconds to seasons The passrang-ing shadow of a cloud over solar panels causes the fastest variability of power output followed by the gustiness of the wind, the rise and fall of the tides and the seasonal and annual variations of the availability of bio-logical resources for energy generation Thus, the kinds of questions being asked of the research community have changed over the last decades, refl ecting the increasing awareness of the fi nite nature and the instability of fossil fuel supply

Capturing wind energy has been widely employed for centuries – i.e the traditional windmills of the Netherlands being a signifi cant landscape element for centuries To date, the emerging market for wind power energy is experiencing remarkable global growth rates which aff ect not only the problem of how to technically link these into existing power systems, but also eff ect deeply rural landscapes and local livelihoods

In many instances, initial positive local acceptance altered to the contrary, leading to sometimes strong opposition against the instalment of wind turbines and wind farms

in rural landscapes Hence, solving this problem requires additional input of econo-mists and social-political scientists The emerging interdisciplinary research increased the understanding and helped to develop adequate solutions to many of the problems revolving around wind power energy However, the disciplinary integration and inter-disciplinary understanding must be much further advanced

This book is a timely compilation of the diff erent aspects of wind energy power sys-tems It combines several scientifi c disciplines to cover the multi-dimensional aspects

of this yet young emerging research fi eld It brings together fi ndings from natural and social science and especially from the extensive fi eld of numerical modelling

Harvesting wind power requires the erection of towers with rotating wings in the landscape or at sea Such artifi cial buildings with moving parts modify drastically the natural views of the panorama This raises the question of what are the initial neces-sary societal preconditions and att itudes to erect a wind turbine Furthermore, new grid codes are needed that addresses the requirements to allow the integration of the variable power generated by renewable energy systems into existing power networks Several contributions discuss issues revolving around the variable power of a single

wind turbine, which poses high demands on its control, and means of buff er storage These technical aspects and problems are enhanced for clusters of turbines in a wind park and the complexity of safe power transmission of large and variable power from wind farms over long distances The book then moves beyond the classical wind farm aspects and explores potential spin-off products of off shore wind farms A case in point

is the potential of creation of new marine habitats Various aspects of making a second-ary use of the rigid off shore wind turbine basement constructions as anchor device for aquaculture in the open ocean is discussed in the fi nal chapter

The actual research questions of the societal challenges raised in this book should be not only framed and articulated by scientists but more and more with policy makers and relevant stakeholders, particularly those concerned with adaptation strategies and sustainable development

However, one of the major struggles remains how to further defi ne, develop and imple-ment integrative research that studies, explains and projects the various interactions within human-environment and renewable energy systems Although the book does not provide cast-in-stone solutions to the critical challenges, it outlines the science needed to address these challenges in the near future Thus, a bett er understanding of manifold dimensions of wind energy systems is the core aim of this book

Dr Gesche Krause

Social Science and Coastal Management Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Bremen,

Germany

Part 1

Introduction

1

Local Attitudes towards Wind Power:

The Effect of Prior Experience

Jacob Ladenburg1 and Gesche Krause2

1AKF, Danish Institute of Governmental Research

2ZMT, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology

1Denmark

2Germany

1 Introduction

Globally the market for wind power energy is experiencing some of the largest growth rates

in history New markets are emerging and existing markets are expanding The rural landscape as we know today is thus changing as new, larger and more efficient turbines are erected

At a general level the positive public acceptance of this change in the landscape appears to

be associated with where people have been consulted prior to the instalment, thus acknowledging the potential local opposition towards specific projects However, several imperative questions remain open Does the social acceptance and wind power development go hand in hand? Or will the large increase in the wind power capacity have negative repercussions on the attitudes? And if so, is the change in attitude dependent on specific types of characteristics of the wind turbine development, which people gain experience with?

In order to reduce potential negative feedback mechanisms from wind power development on

attitudes a look into the “crystal ball” would be helpful If we ex ante can foresee some of the

most obvious caveats associated with wind turbine development, we might be able to apply anticipatory planning that may mitigate the negative effects from wind turbine development

on the acceptance of wind power Fortunately, existing attitude surveys contain information, which can be employed to assess how attitude and wind power development will be related in the future Many of the existing attitude wind power studies have included variables, which account for different types of “experience” that the respondents in the surveys had with wind turbines These variables often entail information on whether or not the respondents have had

a “physical/visual” experience with wind turbines, such as a view to turbines from the residential property, distance to turbines, number of turbines in the local area etc In Denmark, these prior experience variables represent people who are living in a landscape with more wind turbines than the general population By examining the attitudes of these specific groups

of respondents, we are able to shed light on how attitudes may alter in future landscapes with higher levels of wind turbine densities

The present chapter therefore provides a review of these studies and discuses the results in relation to what can be “glimpsed” in the crystal ball for the future social acceptance of wind power generation