SAFETY RULES
READING COMPREHENSION
3 Chương 3: Install and check low voltage panel, medium voltage panel
4 Chương 4: Install and check control equipment and measurement
Mục tiêu của bài học:
Sau khi học xong bài học này, sinh viên có kiến thức và kỹ năng về sử dụng anh ngữ :
- Nắm được vốn từ vựng tiếng Anh chuyên nghề trong hướng dẫn các nguyên tắc an toàn.
- Hiểu được cách sử dụng động từ khuyết thiếu "might, could, may, must, should".
- Sử dụng đúng các mệnh lệnh để thực hiện phép tính "add, subtract, multiply, divide".
- Chủ động, tự giác trong học tập.
Nội dung của bài học:
Vết thương Biên độ Đánh lửa
Dễ bắt cháy Bắp thịt, cơ Nhiệt Chứng co cứng Ẩm ướt Lớp bảo vệ Buồng phun sơn Phân đoạn
Sự rò Phương tiện Nổ
Sự bùng nổ Bất ngờ
Bê tông Chất ăn mòn
Vỏ bọc cáp Chôn sâu Lớp cát đệm Độ sâu Đất có đá Vũa xây dựng Vụn bê tông Bảo trì đồng thời Lớp cách điện Gốm cách điện
Sump (n) Aerosol (n) Vapour (n) Mist (n) Respirators (n) Implement (v) Minimize (v) Withdraw (v) Corridor (n) Waterproof (adj) Splash proof (a) Machinery (n) Inadequate (adj) Socket n)
Flexible (adj) Cord (n) Piece (n) Adjusting (n) Outlet (n) Manufacture (v) Regulation (n) Limit (n) Measure (n) Processing (n) Circuit (n) Satisfy (n)
Life activity (n) Winding (n) Circuit breaker (n) Contactor (n) Interlock (n) Bus bar (n) Bus bar protection
Bể lắng là một thiết bị quan trọng trong quá trình xử lý nước, giúp loại bỏ các tạp chất bằng cách sử dụng sơn khí và hơi nước Sương mù có thể gây khó khăn trong việc nhìn thấy, do đó, việc sử dụng bình thở là cần thiết để thực hiện các hoạt động an toàn Để giảm thiểu nguy cơ ô nhiễm, cần phải huỷ bỏ các chất độc hại và đảm bảo hành lang làm việc luôn không thấm nước và chống phun Máy móc được sử dụng trong quy trình này cần đảm bảo chính xác và linh hoạt, với các ổ cắm và dây điện được điều chỉnh phù hợp Nguồn điện cấp ổn định là yếu tố quan trọng trong việc chế tạo các thiết bị này.
Quy định Giới hạn Đo lường
Xử lý Mạch điện Thỏa mãn Nhu cầu Sinh hoạt Cuộn dây Thiết bị đóng cắt Công tắc tơKhoá liên độngThanh cái Bảo vệ thanh cái
Khoảng cách Lối vào Kích thước Lối vào trực tiếp
Panel (n) Low voltage (n) Middle voltage (n) High voltage (n)
Hạ áp Trung thế Cao thế
2.1Modal verbs in Simple Present
Modal verbs: can, may, shall, should
Modal verbs are always stand before a bare-infinitive verb; in negative, add not after modal verbs; in question form, put modal verbs before subjects.
2.1.3 Examples a.Torch batteries can ignite flammable substances. b Alternating current (AC) and Direct Current (DC) electrical supplies can cause a range of injuries. c Static electricity can cause a fire or explosion where there is an explosive atmosphere d This may have a number of effects e A single low voltage torch battery can generate a spark powerful enough to cause a fire
3.1 The cause and effect of accident in electric field
Electrical injuries pose a significant risk, particularly with higher voltages, although individual circumstances can influence the severity of the injury Additionally, torch batteries have the potential to ignite flammable materials, further increasing safety hazards.
Alternating current (AC) and Direct Current (DC) electrical supplies can cause a range of injuries including:
A voltage as low as 50 volts can disrupt the electrical signals between the brain and muscles by inducing a current through the human body, leading to various potential effects.
Stopping the heart beating properly
Preventing the person from breathing
The impact of electrical current on the body varies significantly based on several factors, including the voltage level, the specific body parts affected, the individual's moisture level, and the duration of current exposure.
Static electricity can generate electric shocks exceeding 10,000 volts, commonly felt when exiting a vehicle or walking on synthetic carpets Although the current duration is brief and typically harmless to individuals, it poses a significant risk in environments with explosive materials, like paint spray booths, where it can lead to fires or explosions.
When electrical current flows through the human body, it can cause tissue heating along its path, leading to severe burns that may necessitate extensive surgical intervention and result in permanent disabilities While higher voltages increase the risk of burns, even domestic electricity can be dangerous if the current lasts for more than a fraction of a second.
Overloaded or poorly maintained electrical equipment can overheat, posing safety risks, while some devices naturally generate heat during normal operation Additionally, low voltage batteries, like those found in motor vehicles, can become dangerously hot and may even explode if subjected to short circuits.
Thermal burns can occur when individuals come too close to hot surfaces or experience an electrical explosion Additionally, injuries may arise if a person rapidly withdraws from hot surfaces while working at heights, potentially leading to accidental contact with nearby machinery.
A single low voltage torch battery can create a spark strong enough to ignite a fire or explosion in hazardous environments like paint spray booths, near fuel tanks, and in areas with aerosols, vapours, mists, gases, or dust.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is clothing, equipment or substances designed to be worn by someone to protect them from risks of injury or illness.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should only be utilized as a control measure when other methods to minimize exposure to risks are not feasible, or in combination with additional safety measures as a last line of defense against hazards It is important to note that PPE does not eliminate the hazard at its source.
Hearing protective devices, such as ear muffs and ear plugs Respirators Eye and face protection, such as goggles
Safety helmets and sun hats Safety boots
3.3 The methods of advoiding accidents
→ Equipment must be locked out and tagged out before preventive maintenance or servicing is performed.
To mitigate the risk of injury in electrical work, various solutions can be employed, such as utilizing insulation, implementing guarding measures, ensuring proper grounding, using electrical protective devices, and adhering to safe work practices.
→ Lockout devices are available in various shapes and sizes that allow for the lockout of standard control devices.
→ Lockout/tagout kits comply with OSHA lockout/tagout standards.
→ Clothing should fit snugly to avoid danger of becoming entangled in moving machinery or creating a tripping or stumbling hazard.
→ Always use the correct fire Extinguisher for the class of fire.
The use of electrical equipment in the hairdressing, nail, and beauty industry poses significant health and safety risks, especially in wet conditions Damaged equipment heightens these dangers, as electrical shocks can lead to severe injuries, including electrocution, burns, and falls.
Extension leads and flexible cables must be protected from damage, including from liquid.
Electrical equipment must be either: inspected, tested and tagged or connected to a residual current device (RCD)
Inspecting, testing and tagging by a competent person
A competent person must inspect, test and attach a durable tag to the equipment every 12 months.
If the equipment is safe to use, the tag must show the date by which the equipment must be inspected and tested again;
If the equipment is not safe to use, the tag must warn people not to use the equipment.
The equipment must also be immediately withdrawn from use.
If the equipment is to be connected to an RCD,
(known as a safety switch), the device may be either portable, or installed at the switchboard.
An RCD must be tested immediately after connection and at least every 3 months
A competent person must also test the device at least every 2 years
If a portable RCD is not working properly, it must be tagged to warn people not to use the device and immediately withdrawn from use
You are encouraged to employ an electrician to perform these tasks to ensure electrical equipment is safely maintained.
The advantage of using an electrician is that if the equipment is faulty, the electrician is licensed to repair it.
Use splash proof or waterproof electrical equipment instead of standard equipment if work must be carried out in wet conditions
Use power boards instead of double adaptors waterproof electrical equipment power boards
Install additional socket outlets to avoid overloading power outlets Administrative controls
Make sure workers are trained in the use of equipment and that manufacturer’s instructions are followed
Store and operate equipment away from damp areas when not in use
Make sure leads do not run across wet surfaces or any place where they may be easily damaged
Run leads along the edges of corridors to minimise the possibility of trips and falls
Keep leads away from heat, oil and chemicals to prevent insulation damage Clean up liquid spills as soon as possible
Perform monthly visual inspections of equipment, including accessories, connecting leads, and plugs, to ensure there is no visible external damage or insufficient temporary repairs.
Make a list containing the description, make and serial number of all equipment and the date when tested to assist you in ensuring all electrical items are tested
When adjusting or cleaning equipment, SWITCH OFF the power and pull out the plug NOT by the cord
Do not touch equipment with wet hands or use a wet cloth to clean sockets Make sure flexible cords are fully unwound and kept clear of work traffic
Do not run too many pieces of equipment from one socket.
EXERCISE
4.1 Complete the sentences heats explosion human body Torch voltages injuries a Electrical ………… can be caused by a wide range of voltages but the risk of injury is generally greater with higher ………… and is dependent upon individual circumstances. b ……… batteries can ignite flammable substances. c A voltage as low as 50 volts applied between two parts of the …… …… causes a current to flow that can block the electrical signals between the brain and the muscles d When an electrical current passes through the human body it ………….the tissue along the length of the current flow. e Static electricity can cause a fire or ………… where there is an explosive atmosphere.
4.2 Answer the following questions a Tell some types of injuries caused by electric current? b What are the effects of electric shock? c What is the consequence of the electric burn? d Why do people get thermal burn? e Tell some safety equipment which help people protect themselves?
4.3 Decide True or False a PPE stands for personal protective equipment b Ear muffs and ear plugs are eye protective devices. c The use of electrical equipment can create serious health and safety risks in the hairdressing, nail and beauty industry, particularly in wet conditions d An electrician must inspect, test and attach a durable tag to the equipment every 12 months. e A competent person must also test the device at least every 2 years
4.4 Listen and Check temporary plug inspections spills chemicals possibility corridors leads operate equipment
Ensure that employees receive proper training on the use of equipment and adhere to manufacturer guidelines Store equipment in dry areas when not in use and avoid placing it in damp locations Prevent equipment from being placed on wet surfaces or in areas where it could be easily damaged Position leads along the edges of surfaces to reduce the risk of accidents.
To prevent trips and falls, it is essential to keep leads away from heat and oil, as these can cause insulation damage Promptly clean up any liquid spills to maintain a safe environment Conduct regular visual inspections of equipment, at least monthly or more frequently if needed, to ensure that all components, including accessories and connecting leads, are free from visible damage and properly repaired.
3 If the equipment is not safe to use
4 If the equipment is safe to use
5 People can receive thermal burns a must also test the device at least every 2 years. b must be tested immediately after connection and at least every 3 months. c the tag must warn people not to use the equipment. d if they get too near hot surfaces or if they are near an electrical explosion. e the tag must show the date by which the equipment must be inspected and tested again;
SAFETY AT WORK
Mục tiêu của bài học:
Sau khi học xong bài học này, sinh viên có khả năng sử dụng kiến thức và kỹ năng anh ngữ:
- Nắm được vốn từ vựng tiếng Anh chuyên nghề trong bài học.
- Sử dụng câu mệnh lệnh, động từ khuyết thiếu viết nội qui an toàn.
- Cách sử dụng chính xác các liên từ "because of, in addition, moreover".
- Đọc hiểu các nội qui an toàn thông qua các biển báo.
- Chủ động, tự giác trong học tập.
Nội dung của bài học:
These protective clothing items are designed for your protection as well as other people you will be working with Supervisors should note initial details of the incident and contact EHS (Environment, Health and Safety) to schedule an interview with the injured employee Accidents fall into two categories, serious and non-serious All accidents should be investigated This protective clothing is designed to protect workers against the direct injury from a fire or electric shock Wearing eye protection is required whenever and wherever potential eye hazards exist Start and operate the engine in a well-ventilated area only Many employees are quite enthusiastic when they start a new job If you witness a car accident and there is an injury, immediately call 911 Disciplinary action is sometimes necessary when an employee's behavior is negatively impacting his or her work, his or her coworkers' work, or the workplace.
2.1 Language study: Making safety rules
We can make safety rules in these ways:
1 Using an imperative a Wear protective clothing b Do not wear loose – fitting clothing
2 Always / never are used to emphasize that the rule holds in all cases a Always wear protective clothing b Never wear loose – fitting clothing
3 We can use a modal verb for emphasis a Protective clothing must be worn b Protective clothing should be worn
Study this list of unsafe environmental conditions (hazards) Write safety rules to limit these hazards using the methods given above For example:
Lighting must be adequate or
Adequate lighting is essential in the workplace to ensure safety and efficiency Key hazards include uneven floors, unguarded machinery, and untidy workbenches, which can lead to accidents Additionally, poorly maintained machinery, carelessly stored dangerous materials, and inadequate ventilation pose significant risks Using damaged tools and equipment, operating machinery in poor condition, and allowing untrained personnel to handle equipment further increase dangers Supervision is crucial, especially for apprentices, to maintain a safe working environment.
2.2 Writing: Ways of linking ideas
Because, because of, in addition, moreover, for example, for instance
Linking words are used to link ideas when writing They enable the writing to flow from one idea to the next in a logical and cohesive way
- Because and because of are both used to introduce reasons Because is followed by a subject and a verb Because of is followed by a noun or noun phrase.
The accident happened because the operator was carelessness.
The accident happened because of the operator’s carelessness.
The accident occurred due to the operator's negligence; additionally, the absence of the supervisor contributed to the situation.
- For example and for instance can be used completely interchangeably to introduce an example to illustrate what is being discussed
Suitable protection should be worn For example/For instance, safety helmets should be used where there is a danger of falling objects.
Combine these sentences using appropriate linking words from this unit. a Many accidents happen.
Workers’ carelessness. b Safety gloves provide protection for the hands.
They reduce the danger of cuts. c Safety shoes protect the feet against falling objects
They prevent the feet getting caught in machinery. d Respirators should be worn in dusty conditions.
Dust can damage the lungs e Awareness is important in chainsaw safety
Make sure that you are not under any medications and/or alcohol
Using chainsaws requires a high degree of concentration.
In the event of an accident leading to injuries or equipment damage, it is essential for the immediate manager to conduct a swift investigation A written preliminary report must be finalized by the end of the shift or business day when the incident took place.
Delays exceeding 24 hours are unacceptable and may result in disciplinary measures, including possible termination, for the immediate manager.
Without adequate accident investigation data the company may be subjected to costs, claims, and legal action for which it has no defence.
As a minimum, the preliminary accident investigation report will include the following:
Name, occupation, and sex of injured worker.
Place and date/time of accident.
Description of how the accident happened.
Immediate causes of the accident – unsafe acts and unsafe conditions.
Contributing causes – manager safety performance, level of worker training, inadequate job procedure, poor protective maintenance, etc.
Witness(es) – name and department.
In the event of an employee injury, it is crucial to conduct separate interviews with the injured employee and any witnesses promptly A report detailing the incident must be submitted to the Human Resources Manager for review, with an additional copy retained for a minimum of five years beyond the injured employee's length of employment.
An accident investigation is conducted by a designated investigator when an incident leads to injury, equipment damage, or both.
A the general manager B the marketing manager
C the immediate manager D the project manager b The brief report of an accident is not more than ………… after the accident.
1 Wear protective clothing at all times.
2 Avoid wearing loose-fitting clothes or jewellery that may get caught in the machine.
3 Always wear eye protection when operating lathes, cutters, and grinders.
4 Check guard(s) and make sure they are in good working condition.
5 Do not operate a machine if a guard is missing or damaged.
7 The areas between benches and around the machines must be kept clear
8 Tools should be put away when not in use and any breakages and losses reported
9 Have the power off when making any adjustment.
10 Machines should be cleaned after use. c Failing to obey this requirement may make ……… face disciplinary action up to and including discharge.
A the injured worker B the witness(es)
C the immediate manager D the supervisor d Without adequate accident investigation data, who may be forced to pay costs, face compensation claims and legal actions?
A the company B the immediate manager
C the injured worker D the Human Resources Manager e What will not be mentioned in the brief report?
A Name, occupation, and sex of the injured worker
B Place, time and causes of the accident
C Description of the accident, witness(es), and corrective action
D Name, occupation, and sex of the immediate manager f When should the injured employee and the witness(es) be interviewed?
A One day after the accident
B Twelve hours after the accident
D As late as possible g How long is a copy of the report to be retained?
B For a period of the injured employee’s length of employment.
C For at least 5 years after the injured employee’s length of employment.
D For 5 years after the injured employee’s length of employment. h It can be inferred from the passage that the preliminary accident investigation report is very …………
3.3 Study this brief report of an accident
In which points does it not meet company policy on reporting accidents?
Mech Eng Workshop Tel 6200 Subject Preliminary Report, Accident, 12 May
Last Tuesday, machinist Kenneth Oliver suffered an eye injury while working on a brass component He was promptly taken to the Eye Hospital for surgery It appears that the incident may have resulted from carelessness.
INSTALL AND CHECK LOW VOLTAGE PANEL, MEDIUM VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE PANEL AND CONTROL PANEL
Mục tiêu của bài học:
Sau khi hoàn thành bài học này, sinh viên sẽ nắm vững kiến thức và kỹ năng sử dụng tiếng Anh, giúp họ đọc hiểu các nguyên tắc và quy trình lắp đặt bảng hạ thế, trung thế cũng như bảng điều khiển.
-Phát âm chính xác các thuật ngữ chuyên ngành sử dụng trong lắp đặt bảng điện.
-Nắm vững và áp dụng đúng sáu cấu trúc cơ bản trong tiếng Anh.
-Tự tin hơn để giao tiếp trong môi trường doanh nghiệp
-Đọc hiểu tài liệu tham khảo bằng tiếng anh trong lĩnh vực điện điện tử
Nội dung của bài học:
Dữ liệu Tính linh hoạt
Sự đảm bảo Điện áp thấp Nguồn ra Dải băng rộng Độ dôi
Cái đột/đục Xén, tỉa Chéo, góc Dao cắt/tiện
Bộ chống xung Bệ/nắp
Mảnh vỡ ổ cắm điện có thể gây nguy hiểm, vì vậy cần kiểm tra cầu chì và công tắc thường xuyên CB (cầu dao) là thiết bị bảo vệ quan trọng trong hệ thống điện Dây điện trung thế và dây điện hạ thế đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc truyền tải điện năng Đường dây trung thế và đường dây hạ thế cần được bảo trì định kỳ để đảm bảo an toàn cho động cơ và các thiết bị điện khác.
Snap (v) Extension (n) Bracket (n) Snip (v) Crimping (adj) Duplex (n) Plate (n) Gently (adv) Adjust (v) Detection (n) Vessel (n) Feeder (n) Bus bar (n) Compartment (n) Keypad (n)
Dials (n) Breach (v) Roam (v) Button (n) Alarm (n) Cable lug (n) Terminal (n) Diagram (n) Principle (n) Junction box (n) Earthing (n) Cable tray (n) Neutral cable (n) Test (v)
Kẹp Độ giản Giá đỡ Cắt/kéo cắt tôn Gấp mép Ghép đôi Tấm kim loại Nhẹ nhàng Điều chỉnh
Bể chứa Cấp đầu vào Thanh cái Buồng/bể Bàn phím
An ninh Kiểm soát Cảm biến Đĩa số Nứt/ rạn Chuyển vùng Nút nhấn Đèn báo Đầu cáp Đấu nối cáp
Sơ đồ đấu nối Nguyên lý Hộp điện
Sự tiếp đấtMáng cápCáp trung tínhKiểm tra
Hạ thế Động cơ điện Tủ điện Cuộn dây Ngoại trừ Lõi dây thép
Sơ cấp Thứ cấp Cuộn dây sơ cấp Cuộn dây thứ cấp Thay đổi
Từ trường Gây ra Lực điện động Sức điện động
Hệ số hỗ cảm Phụ tải
Dòng điện Mạch sơ cấp
Tỷ lệ với Vòng dây Dòng điện xoay chiều
Bộ phận lắp đặt Lõi thép lá Dây quấn
Less than Thumbnail-sized Coupling
Transformer Interconnect (v) Power grid (n) Eliminate (v) Electronic circuit Magnitude (n) Basically (adv) Alertnate = change Power plant (n) Substation (n) Electric meter (n) Electrical appliance Direct current Stepped up (v) Stepped down (v) Stator (n)
Stator winding (n) Consist (of) (v) Cartridge assembly (n)
Nghiệm thu Vận hành thử Lớn hơn Nhỏ hơn
Cỡ nhỏ Khớp nối Máy biến Kết nối Lưới điện Khử Mạch điện tử Đại lượng
Cơ bản Thay đổi Nhà máy điện Trạm biến áp Đồng hồ đo điện Thiết bị điện
1chiều Tăng lên Giảm xuống Phần tĩnh Dây quấn tĩnh Gồm Cường độ Hộp
I swim Joe swims They swam
I drive a car Joe plays the guitar They ate dinner
I am busy Joe became a doctor They look sick
Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object
I gave her a gift She teaches us English
I left the door open We elected him president They named her Jane
2.2 Exercise a Determine the sentence pattern for each sentence given below
1 The child behaved horribly in the store.
2 On his last trip to Russia in the spring, Hilda finally felt comfortable.
3 In another life I must have been a dancer
4 Upon his return, the people elected Jasper king of the entire country
5 My brother showed me the stream behind the wooded area.
6 You are very quiet today.
7 The personality test found Jenkins unsuitable for the position.
8 After much deliberation, Millie bought the biggest car on the lot.
9 Later, Smithers became the most important person in his life.
10.The poor sailor was at sea for a year.
11 Under most circumstances, we would be happy with your work.
12 The professor considered the student a genius at mathematics.
14, He waited in the rain for an hour.
15 During my teen years, I grew tall. b Make six sentences with the six sentence pattern above
Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object
3.1 Install and check low voltage panel
Installing a media network panel with modules for phone, data, and video lines provides flexibility and the assurance that you have reliable connections
To set up your network, begin by cutting openings and installing low-voltage boxes at each outlet location Next, create an opening between two studs for the network panel, and run Category 5e cables for phone and data connections, along with coaxial cables for broadband or satellite services This phase of the installation is often the most challenging and time-intensive.
Label the ends of the cables as you pull them, ensuring to leave 12-18 inches of excess cable at each opening Run a 14/2 electrical cable from the breaker panel to the network box opening, removing knockouts and installing bushings to safeguard the cables Finally, feed the cables into the box and secure them to the studs.
To install Category 5e connectors, choose colors to differentiate their uses, such as blue for data lines and white for phone lines Strip approximately 2.5 inches of the cable jacket and straighten the individual wires Following the A color code on the eight-conductor connector, insert the wires into the corresponding color-coded slots and secure them in place with the provided punch tool.
Ensure that the wires are properly aligned before trimming any excess with a diagonal cutter Next, securely push the connector cap into position and attach the coaxial cable using type-F connectors.
To install the surge protector and GFCI power module, first remove the knockouts and secure the module within the network box Next, strip the 14/2 cable and connect it according to the manufacturer's guidelines Use the provided screws to fasten the module in place, ensuring to keep the caps on to prevent debris from entering the receptacles.
Install the telephone distribution panel to manage incoming lines effectively Connect a voice and data module, adding additional modules as needed for up to six wall outlets each Wire the household extension lines to the module and use patch cords to link the modules to the designated plugs.
To prepare the Category 5e cable, strip approximately 2.5 inches of the cable jacket from each incoming line Next, following the manufacturer's guidelines, straighten and arrange the wires into the designated color-coded brackets next to the corresponding module Secure the wires in place using a punch tool and trim any excess length.
To set up your Internet gateway, first snap it into position and connect the incoming modem line to the WAN port using Category 5e-rated patch cords Next, connect your computer lines to the gateway and configure the device using the software included on the accompanying CD.
Install a new breaker to power the dedicated 15-amp lines. Test for power Remove a protective cap from one of the GFCI receptacles and plug in the Internet gateway transformer.
To properly set up your coaxial connections, begin by attaching type-F coaxial connectors to each incoming coaxial line with the appropriate stripping and crimping tools Next, connect the incoming service cable to the CATV/ANT port and ensure that all other lines are connected according to their designated labels Finally, plug the module transformer into the power module for optimal functionality.
To install the duplex plate, snap the connectors into place, selecting from options with two to six openings After connecting, test each line to ensure functionality, then carefully feed the cables into the wall and secure the plate to the outlet box.
To test a network cable, connect the tester to the appropriate line at the network panel A high-pitched sound indicates a correct connection, while silence suggests the need to check other lines If necessary, adjust the connections at the panel to rectify any errors.
3.2 Install and check medium voltage panel
Fig 2: Cable switch panel CS
(shown with main bus in the middle)
1 Sockets for capacitive voltage detection system
2 Manual operation for the mechanism of the load-break /disconnecting function
3 Indicator “Fuse intact / Fuse blown”
4 Switch position indicator for load- break and for grounding function
5 Manual operation for the mechanism of the grounding function
6 Sockets for capacitive voltage detection system
7 Insulating cap on bus bar (for > 15 kV)
9 Bushing-type insulator for bus bar
10 “Ready-for-service” indicator for switching device
11 Interlocking lever of cable compartment cover (with three- position switch)
12 Pressure relief device for switching device
13 Locking device for three-position switch
Fig 3: Fuse switch panel FS (shown with main bus on top)
15 Gas-insulated vessel for switching device
16 Bushing-type insulator for feeder
18 Cable termination (not in scope of supply)
22 Spring-operated mechanism for three- position switch
23 Grounding connection (for location see dimension drawings)
24 Option: Local-remote switch for the motor operating mechanism of the three- position switch
25 Option: Momentary-contact rotary control switch “CLOSED – OPEN” for motor operating mechanism for three- position switch
26 Option: HV HRC (current limiting) fuse
Three Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) modules will be installed at Pump Stations 1, 3, 4, and 9, with all modules featuring VFDs and two also equipped with switchgear Each module will have an adjacent platform housing a cooling system for the liquid-cooled VFD, a transformer to reduce incoming power from 13,800 volts to 6,600 volts, and a station transformer supplying 480-volt power The VFDs are designed to control the power frequency, allowing for adjustable pump motor speeds A 3-D rendering of the VFD modules for Pump Station 4 is provided below.
The image displays a section of ABB switchgear with its front panels opened This switchgear is composed of multiple sections, with the left section containing the control wiring and the right section housing the circuit breaker along with a multifunction protective relay that manages its operation.
VFD module will have six or seven breakers.
The computer can sense the full range of current and can be programmed from a laptop computer.
In addition, a communications module will interface with the PLC.
SAFETY RULES
Mục tiêu của bài học:
Sau khi học xong bài học này, sinh viên có khả năng sử dụng kiến thức và kỹ năng anh ngữ:
-Đọc hiểu được các bước lắp đặt thiết bị chiếu sáng và kiểm tra thiết bị điều khiển chiếu sáng
-Hiểu các từ vựng và phát âm chính xác các thuật ngữ chuyên ngành về thiết bị chiếu sáng và điều khiển chiếu sáng
-Sử dụng dạng bị động đúng trong ngữ cảnh.
-Tự tin giao tiếp trong môi trường doanh nghiệp
Nội dung của bài học:
: : : Điều khiển từ xa Điều khiển phần cứng Công tắc Chiếu sáng Truyền thông Bàn phím
Bộ vi xử lý Giao diện Điều khiển
Tự động Miễn sao Nóng sáng Huỳnh quang Cường độ cao Phóng điện Áp suất thấp Máy phát điện
Sự phân phối Truyền thông
Cơ khí Điều khiển Kết cấu
Sự ứng dụng Khái niệm Vận hành bằng
Sodium is a key element that can vary in efficiency depending on its application Homeowners often seek to execute effective solutions for their lighting fixtures, which can include retrofitable options The capability of a controller to handle dimmable settings is invaluable, as it allows for active management of internal lighting Invariably, the use of insulating tape ensures safety by preventing electrical contact When testing a system, it is essential to measure the effect of changes made to joints and closures Triable and testable features provide homeowners with the least hassle while enhancing functionality, making the entire process smoother and more efficient.
Natri Khác nhau Hiệu suất Sai số kép Chủ nhà Thực hiện
Bộ điều khiển Khả năng Tiếp xúc Tủ
Vận hành Không đổi Mờ
Bộ gá lắp Giống nhau Màn hình Xúc giác Bên trong
Rơ le Tích cực Tác động Nhỏ nhất Tiếp xúc Kiểm tra Thử Kiểm tra được
Cách điện Băng cách điện ĐóngCắt mechanism
: : tay Khởi động Hình dạng, mẫu Đưa vào
Siết chặt đinh ốc Vận hành Điện trở cách điện Điện áp Lắp đặt hệ thống chiếu sáng
Dây nối đất Dây dẫn bảo vệ
Có điện Trung tính Cáp xoắn đôi Đồ phụ tùng Đầu cực
Sơ đồ mạch điện Mạch
Bánh răng Cái ròng rọc Khoảng cách từ tâm đến tâm Gần, kế bên Đầy đủ
Series ( n) Put ( v) Preparation ( n ) Prepare ( v) Equipment ( n) Material ( adj) Research ( n) Consecutive (adj)
Insulation tape (n) Junction box (n) Plywood (n) Lubrication (n) Specification (n) Antifriction (n) Crane (n)
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Đo lường Mối nối Điện dung
Sự kiểm tra Đặc tính
Từ hóa Cực tính Quy tắc Điều chỉnh Điều chỉnh Dãy Đặt để
Sự chuẩn bị Chuẩn bị Thiết bị Vật liệu Nghiên cứu Nối tiếp Băng cách điện
Hộp nối Ván ép, gỗ dán
Sự bôi trơn Đặc tính Giảm ma sát Cần trục Tời Giá đỡ Con lăn
2.1 Passive voice of Simple Present Tense
Eg: It is called an insulated plier
Voltmeters are made in a wide range of styles
Electric equipment is used to install eletricity in businesses and homes with safety.
Eg: It isn’t called an insulated plier
Voltmeters aren’t made in a wide range of styles
Eg: - Is it called an Amperemeter? Yes, it is / No, it isn’t.
- Is Electric equipment used to install eletricity in businesses and homes with safety?
Yes, it is / No, it isn’t
Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.
3 She pays a lot of money →
7 He doesn't open the book →
8 You do not write the letter,→
9 Does your mum pick you up? →
10 Does the police officer catch the thief ? →
The central control design method enables comprehensive management of home lighting through remote or hardwired control switches Data communication wiring connects the keypad to a microprocessor, facilitating seamless interaction between user interfaces and control commands Additionally, automated lighting control can be incorporated into the home system, allowing lights to turn on and off automatically For instance, when someone enters a designated room, the lighting activates instantly and remains on as long as they are present.
There are four main types of lighting: incandescent, fluorescent, high-intensity discharge, and low-pressure sodium Incandescent lights are commonly found in homes, while fluorescent lighting is mainly used in commercial indoor settings High-intensity discharge lighting is designated for outdoor use, and low-pressure sodium lighting is ideal for applications where color rendering is not crucial, such as in highway and security lighting Each type of lighting differs significantly in construction, efficiency, color characteristics, and lamp lifespan.
Switch closure - the homeowner presses a button on a keypad or switch
Time - scenes can be programmed to execute at a time of day
Sunrise/sunset - controllers can use an outside light level sensor or, if they have enough programming capability, can keep a table of local sunrise/sunset times for any date
Contact closures, like magnetic door sensors or security sensors, can trigger specific scenes in smart home setups For instance, a magnetic sensor installed on a closet door can effectively manage the lighting within the closet.
Typical central control lighting system design The controller handles on/off/dim functions of all attached branch lighting circuits based on user input from keypads, switches, and remote controls.
Distributed lighting control systems commonly utilize PLC (Power Line Carrier) technology, like X10, to manage lighting and appliance loads in homes A variety of PLC controllers and modules are available to accommodate nearly any lighting requirement For further information on PLC signaling technology and X10 modules, it's important to note that these modules and controllers are the primary components of the system.
A typical distributed control lighting system utilizes PLC technology to manage on/off and dimming functions for X10 light switches and outlets, enabling control from any point within the electrical system's wiring.
Switchable outlets offer a modern alternative to traditional wall outlets, allowing users to control plug-in lights effortlessly By utilizing dimmable and switchable plug-in modules, homeowners can easily manage lamps and other corded light fixtures connected to existing outlets.
Various types of controllers are available for managing X10 devices, including programmable controllers that allow users to configure scenes based on specific events like the time of day, as well as keypad-like wall switches that can control multiple devices simultaneously.
By grouping switching modules under the same house and unit code, you can create zones that consist of multiple fixtures This configuration ensures that all modules sharing the same house and unit code function in unison.
Wall mount touchscreens or a PC connected to the power line can be used to program scenes with lighting automation software Additionally, certain wall switches can "learn" scene settings and automatically recall them when they receive a specific X10 code.
IR and RF remote control devices are also available to control individual modules or groups of modules assigned the same code
PLC distributed control lighting systems utilize the power line as a communication network, which can lead to challenges in power line communications that may require specific skills and network conditioning hardware for reliability However, these systems offer significant advantages over central control systems, including easy retrofitting Most X10 lighting modules can be simply plugged into existing outlets or replace traditional light switches, allowing for seamless integration with existing electrical wiring.
Traditional electrical wiring is utilized, eliminating the need for specialized house wiring techniques or additional control signal wiring However, extra electrical wiring may be necessary at the location where a controller is mounted, which is typically positioned at eye level on a wall surface.
Interface with Home Automation Systems
Both lighting systems can be integrated with a whole house automation system or a PC for advanced control Central control systems usually feature an EIA-232 (RS-232) serial computer interface, with proprietary software from each manufacturer In contrast, the distributed control PLC system is easily managed by any device equipped with an X10 PLC interface, and several PC to X10 power line interface devices are available, complete with accompanying software.
The central controller, typically housed in a large panel near the home's main electrical load center, features a microcontroller that manages the entire lighting system During installation, this microcontroller is programmed to assign keypad switches to specific lights or lighting scenes, create distinct lighting zones, and link contact closure inputs to various lights or scenes Additionally, it includes remote-controlled lighting zone switches, which can be either on/off or dimmable, designed to manage hardwired lighting circuits The wiring configuration resembles that of an electrical panel, with electrical connections from lighting circuits directed to the lighting panel and linked to an internal switch circuit.
Components of a central control system all connect to the central control panel through electrical wiring or dedicated control wiring.
The Basic Lighting Circuit Diagram
Circuit protective conductor omitted for clarity - the bare earth wire in “twin & earth” although not shown in the circuit diagram, each point should be provided with a means of earthing-
To properly wire a lighting circuit, begin with the live (L) wire, followed by a fuse, then connect to a switch, and finally to the light fixture before returning to the neutral (N) wire For a complete installation, it is essential to have multiple lights on a circuit The standard wiring method typically utilizes a cable with two conductors, incorporating an additional switched live (Ls) wire for effective operation.
ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Mục tiêu của bài học:
Sau khi học xong bài học này, người học có khả năng:
Hiểu biết về các linh kiện điện tử bằng tiếng Anh là rất quan trọng, bao gồm các thành phần như đi-ốt bán dẫn, điện dung, MOSFET, transistor, điện trở và tụ điện Nắm rõ các giá trị linh kiện của chúng sẽ giúp bạn áp dụng kiến thức vào thực tế một cách hiệu quả.
- Đọc hiểu các từ vựng và phát âm chính xác các thuật ngữ chuyên ngành về linh kiện điện tử.
- Hiểu và biết cách sử dụng hiện tại phân từ trong tiếng Anh.
- Tự tin giao tiếp trong môi trường doanh nghiệp
Nội dung của bài học:
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Đi ốt Van Tồn tại Thuộc mạch Thuật ngữ Thường thường
Bộ chỉnh lưu Phân cực thuận Phân cực ngược
Sự hoạt động Tương tự Thủy lực Chất lỏng Cần thiết Phân cực Đo lường Mối nối Chịu đựng Cổng Cực dương Cực âm Thyristo Rò
Sự thiếu hụt Tín hiệu Xung Tốc độ Đầu cuối
Animation (n) Load (n) Parameter (n) voltage (n) Transistor (n) External (adj) Amplify (v) Ubiquitous (adj) Pave (n)
Resistor (n) Potential (n) Distinct (adj) Sufficient (adj) Vice versa (adv) Capacitor ( n) Insulator (n) Electrostatic (adj) Resonant (adj) Leakage Current Inductance (n) Unidirectional Vacuum tube (n) Constant (n)
Tranzito trường silic oxit kim loại Tranzito hiệu ứng trường
Hoạt ảnh là một yếu tố quan trọng trong việc hiểu rõ về phụ tải và thông số điện áp Tranzito bên ngoài thường được sử dụng trong các khuếch đại, giúp cải thiện hiệu suất Những vấn đề thường gặp liên quan đến vỉa hè điện trở và điện thế cần được phân biệt đầy đủ và ổn định để đảm bảo hoạt động hiệu quả Ngược lại, việc không chú ý đến những yếu tố này có thể dẫn đến sự cố trong hệ thống điện.
Tụ điện Cách điện Tĩnh điện Cộng hưởng Dòng điện rò Điện cảm Một chiều Đèn chân không Hằng số
The present participle is created by adding “-ing” to the base form of a verb, while omitting any silent “e” at the end For example, "to sing" becomes "singing," "to take" turns into "taking," "to bake" changes to "baking," "to be" is transformed into "being," and "to have" results in "having."
A The present participle may often function as an adjective:
That tree is a weeping willow
B The present participle can be used as a noun denoting an activity (this form is also called a gerund):
The present participle signifies an ongoing action but cannot function independently as a verb Typically, it serves to modify a noun (or pronoun), an adverb, or a past participle.
Thinking myself lost, I gave up all hope.
Washing clothes is not my idea of a job. Looking ahead is important
D The present participle may be used with “while” or “by” to express an idea of simultaneity (“while”) or causality (“by”) :
He finished dinner while watching television.
By using a dictionary he could find all the words.
While speaking on the phone, she doodled.
By calling the police you saved my life!
E The present participle of the auxiliary “have” may be used with the past participle to describe a past condition resulting in another action:
Having spent all his money, he returned home. Having told herself that she would be too late, she accelerated
Rewrite the sentences replacing the italic part with a present participle.
1 She was talking to her friend and forgot everything around her.
2 Since we watch the news every day we know what's going on in the world.
3 They are vegetarians and don't eat meat.
4 The dog wagged its tail and bit the postman.
5 While she was tidying up her room she found some old photos.
6 He was a good boy and helped his mother in the kitchen.
7 As they didn't have enough money they spent their holidays at home last year.
8 The man was sitting in the cafe He was reading a paper.?
9 Since I didn't feel well I didn't go to the cinema.
10 She walked home and met an old friend.
An electronic circuit consists of various components, including resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors, and diodes, each serving distinct functions These circuits can be categorized into three main types: analog circuits, digital circuits, and mixed-signal circuits.
Electrical Wire Conductor of electrical current
Not connected Wires Wires are not connected Switch Symbols and Relay Symbols
SPST Toggle Switch Disconnects current when open
SPDT Toggle Switch Selects between two connections
Pushbutton Switch (N.O) Momentary switch - normally open
Pushbutton Switch (N.C) Momentary switch - normally closed
DIP Switch DIP switch is used for onboard configuration
Relay open / close connection by an electromagnet
Jumper Close connection by jumper insertion on pins.
Solder Bridge Solder to close connection Ground Symbols
Earth Ground Used for zero potential reference and electrical shock protection.
Chassis Ground Connected to the chassis of the circuit
Digital / Common Ground Resistor Symbols
Resistor reduces the current flow.
Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals. Potentiometer (IEC)
Capacitor is used to store electric charge.
It acts as short circuit with AC and open circuit with DC.
Variable Capacitor Adjustable capacitanceInductor / Coil Symbols
Inductor Coil / solenoid that generates magnetic field
Iron Core Inductor Includes iron
Variable Inductor Power Supply Symbols
Voltage Source Generates constant voltage
Current Source Generates constant current.
AC Voltage Source AC voltage source
Generator Electrical voltage is generated by mechanical rotation of the generator
Battery Cell Generates constant voltage
Generates voltage as a function of voltage or current of other circuit element.
Controlled Current Source Generates current as a function of voltage or current of other circuit element.
Voltmeter Measures voltage Has very high resistance Connected in parallel.
Ammeter Measures electric current Has near zero resistance Connected serially.
Generates light when current flows through
Lamp / light bulb Diode / LED Symbols
Diode Diode allows current flow in one direction only (left to right).
Zener Diode Allows current flow in one direction, but also can flow in the reverse direction when above breakdown voltage
Schottky Diode Schottky diode is a diode with low voltage drop
Varactor / Varicap Diode Variable capacitance diode
Light Emitting Diode (LED) LED emits light when current flows through
Photodiode Photodiode allows current flow when exposed to light Transistor Symbols
NPN Bipolar Transistor Allows current flow when high potential at base (middle)
PNP Bipolar Transistor Allows current flow when low potential at base (middle)
Darlington Transistor Made from 2 bipolar transistors Has total gain of the product of each gain. JFET-N Transistor N-channel field effect transistor
JFET-P Transistor P-channel field effect transistor
NMOS Transistor N-channel MOSFET transistor
PMOS Transistor P-channel MOSFET transistor Misc Symbols
Transformer Change AC voltage from high to low or low to high.
Electric bell Rings when activated
Fuse The fuse disconnects when current above threshold Used to protect circuit from high currents.
Contains several wires Usually for data / address.
Optocoupler / Opto-isolator Optocoupler isolates onnection to other board Loudspeaker Converts electrical signal to sound waves
Microphone Converts sound waves to electrical signal
Operational Amplifier Amplify input signal
Schmitt Trigger Operates with hysteresis to reduce noise.
Analog-to-digital converter(ADC) Converts analog signal to digital numbers
Digital-to-Analog converter (DAC) Converts digital numbers to analog signal
Crystal Oscillator Used to generate precise frequency clock signal Antenna Symbols
Antenna / aerial Transmits & receives radio waves
Dipole Antenna Two wires simple antenna Logic Gates Symbols
NOT Gate (Inverter) Outputs 1 when input is 0
AND Gate Outputs 1 when both inputs are 1.
NAND Gate Outputs 0 when both inputs are 1 (NOT
OR Gate Outputs 1 when any input is 1.
NOR Gate Outputs 0 when any input is 1 (NOT +
XOR Gate Outputs 1 when inputs are different.
D Flip-Flop Stores one bit of data
Connects the output to selected input line.
Demultiplexer / Demux 1 to 4 Connects selected output to the input line.
A diode functions as a one-way valve for electrical current, primarily utilizing semiconductor technology in modern circuit designs Represented in schematic diagrams, semiconductor diodes are typically designated for small signal applications with currents up to 1 A, while the term "rectifier" refers to power devices handling currents greater than 1 A.
→ Semiconductor diode schematic symbol: Arrows indicate the direction of electron current flow.
When voltage is applied across a diode in such a way that the diode allows current, the diode is said to be forward-biased
When voltage is applied across a diode in such a way that the diode prohibits current, the diode is said to be reverse-biased
Diode operation: (a) Current flow is permitted; the diode is forward biased (b) Current flow is prohibited; the diode is reverse biased
Diode behavior is analogous to the behavior of a hydraulic device called a check valve.
A check valve allows fluid flow through it in only one direction as in Figure below.
Hydraulic check valve analogy: (a) Electron current flow permitted (b) Current flow prohibited
Diodes, similar to check valves, function as pressure-operated (voltage-operated) devices, with the key distinction being the polarity of the voltage across them in forward-bias versus reverse-bias conditions By examining a basic battery-diode-lamp circuit, we can analyze the voltage drops across its components for a deeper understanding.
Diode circuit voltage measurements: (a) Forward biased (b) Reverse biased
The forward voltage of a conducting, forward-biased diode is the voltage drop across it This forward voltage remains relatively stable despite variations in forward current and temperature, as it is primarily determined by the chemical composition of the P-N junction.
The diode is represented by a schematic symbol that illustrates its PN-junction model, with the anode indicated by the pointing end corresponding to the P-type semiconductor, while the non-pointing end, or cathode bar, aligns with the N-type material Additionally, the cathode stripe on the physical diode component matches the cathode representation in the schematic symbol.
If a reverse-biasing voltage is applied across the P-N junction, this depletion region expands, further resisting any current through it (Figure below)
→ Depletion region expands with reverse bias
When a forward-biasing voltage is applied to a P-N junction, the depletion region narrows, reducing the diode's resistance to current flow For a consistent current to pass through the diode, the depletion region must be completely collapsed by the applied voltage, which requires a minimum voltage known as the forward voltage.
Increasing forward bias from (a) to (b) decreases depletion region thickness
Silicon diodes have a forward voltage of approximately 0.7 volts
Germanium diodes have a forward voltage of approximately 0.3 volts.
The maximum reverse-bias voltage that a diode can withstand without “breaking down” is called the Peak Inverse Voltage, or PIV rating.
Diode curve: showing knee at 0.7 V forward bias for Si, and reverse breakdown
The PIV rating of a standard rectifier diode is generally a minimum of 50 volts at room temperature, with many affordable options available that boast PIV ratings in the thousands of volts.
Typical Medium Power Thyristor Construction
To turn off a thyristor, it is essential to reduce the current between the anode and cathode to below a specific critical level known as the "holding current," which is close to zero Alternatively, applying a reverse bias between the anode and cathode can also achieve this.
A thyristor is activated by applying a gating pulse when the anode and cathode terminals are forward biased; however, if the device is reverse biased, the gating pulse becomes ineffective.
The characteristic curve of a thyristor demonstrates that, in the reverse biased region, it functions similarly to a diode, blocking all current except for a minor leakage current This behavior continues until the reverse breakdown region is reached, where the depletion layers at the junctions fail, leading to breakdown.
A thyristor can be understood as a model consisting of two transistors, one pnp and one npn When a voltage is applied between the top emitter terminal (A) and the bottom emitter terminal (K), with A positive relative to K but below the forward breakdown voltage, both transistors remain off, resulting in no current flow Consequently, the voltage at the gate and cathode remains equal.
The Thyristor “Two Transistor Model”
