越南师范教育的形成和发展
Education is intricately linked to the fate of a nation, with teachers adapting their methods to suit different national contexts and educational needs Throughout Vietnam's long history, esteemed and knowledgeable teachers have earned the trust and affection of the people Whether during times of war or peace, teachers have been crucial contributors to the nation, playing an indispensable role in its construction and development However, during Vietnam's feudal era, there was no formal training for teachers; instead, they relied on public support and their own efforts to grow throughout their teaching careers.
第一节 从法国殖民时期到1945年的越南高等教育
19 世纪中后期，欧洲资本主义扩张加剧，法国对越南的侵略也在不断加剧。
In 1862, France began its colonization of southern Vietnam by occupying three provinces, followed by the capture of three more provinces in 1867 By 1874, the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam was defeated and forced to sign an unequal treaty acknowledging French control over the entire southern region Subsequently, France launched further incursions into northern and central Vietnam In 1883 and 1884, the Nguyen Dynasty signed two treaties, leading to complete surrender and granting France protective rights over the local population in these areas Consequently, Vietnam was divided into two parts: southern Vietnam became a French colony, while northern and central Vietnam were designated as French protectorates Although the Nguyen Dynasty retained nominal authority in northern and central Vietnam, the entire country was effectively under French control.
After occupying southern Vietnam, France promptly abolished the existing Vietnamese education system Starting in 1878, the use of Chinese characters was prohibited in administrative affairs in southern Vietnam By 1932, northern and central Vietnam also banned Chinese characters in official public administration, mandating the exclusive use of Vietnamese or French During this period, the characteristics of higher education can be summarized as follows:
On December 25, 1918, the Governor of French Indochina issued regulations for higher education in Indochina According to these regulations, the higher education system in Indochina, specifically in Hanoi, includes institutions such as a medical university and a veterinary school.
After World War I, several universities in Vietnam, such as the Law University, Teacher Training College, Agricultural University, and Administrative Management University, were established by France in preparation for its second invasion of Indochina These institutions primarily focused on civil service training, effectively functioning as vocational schools The French government labeled them as "écoles supérieures" to deter young people from studying abroad in search of solutions for national salvation.
During this period, schools began to gradually transform into institutions that genuinely embodied higher education, reflecting changes in admission methods, training conditions, training tasks, and training duration This reform was driven by strong public opposition and criticism of the existing education system, compelling the French government to implement educational reforms from 1924 to 1925 Key aspects of the reform included extending the duration of secondary education by an additional year and revising the educational curriculum.
During the global capitalist economic crisis from 1929 to 1933, the French government faced numerous challenges, leading to the closure of many schools that had been established prior to this period.
In 1939, World War II began, and by June 26, 1940, France had fallen, forcing Charles de Gaulle to escape to Britain and form the "Free French" provisional government On September 23, 1940, Japan defeated France in Indochina, leading to a joint but essentially colonial rule over the region Under the guise of protecting French rights, the colonial government reformed the education system by merging all colleges and universities into the University of Indochina in Hanoi While the institution had the characteristics of modern higher education, the quality of teaching and infrastructure fell short of standards Despite a low student enrollment of around one thousand during 1943-1944, the stringent admission process ensured that most graduates during this period were of high quality.
1945 年 8 月，革命成功了，国家获得了独立，摆脱了被殖民控制的命运。
Lê Văn Giạng trong tác phẩm "Lịch sử giản lược hơn 1000 năm nền giáo dục Việt Nam" xuất bản năm 2003 đã cung cấp cái nhìn sâu sắc về sự phát triển của giáo dục Việt Nam qua các thời kỳ Tác phẩm này, được phát hành bởi Nhà xuất bản Chính trị Quốc gia tại Hà Nội, là nguồn tài liệu quý giá cho những ai muốn tìm hiểu về lịch sử giáo dục của đất nước.
Since its establishment, Vietnam's education system has rapidly developed, with teacher training colleges also experiencing significant growth The evolution of these institutions can be categorized into three main phases: from 1945 to 1954, from 1954 to 1975, and from 1975 to the present day.
第二节 越南师范教育的开端（1945—1954）
一、设立师范专业的立法
After the successful revolution in August 1945, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was established, with education, including literacy eradication, becoming one of the three top priorities alongside eliminating hunger and expelling invaders Despite significant challenges in the early years of nation-building, schools across the country officially opened in September 1945 On this occasion, President Ho Chi Minh sent a heartfelt letter to all students, offering his warm encouragement.
"The prosperity of Vietnam's development and the ability of its people to stand alongside powerful nations depend on the dedication and hard work of its students."
On October 8, 1946, the government issued a decree to establish teacher training programs, which included three levels: the primary normal school for training foundational teachers, the intermediate normal school for training high school, experimental, and primary teachers, and the advanced normal school for training specialized and vocational teachers.
According to the decree, each region—north, central, and south—must have at least one primary normal school and one secondary normal school Since 1950, teachers in basic education schools are required to hold a primary normal certificate, while teachers in experimental, high, and secondary normal schools must possess a secondary normal certificate, and those in colleges must have a higher normal certificate The decree also establishes a free boarding system, and in the absence of dormitories, students will receive government scholarships This legislation underscores the importance of normal education and its role in national education, making October 8 a commemorative day for the establishment of normal education in Vietnam.
The first event organized by the teacher training program was a training course for civilians and officials, titled the "Ho Chi Minh Course." This course took place from October 8 to October 17, 1945, with the goal of organizing and training cadres among teachers.