分类号 密级 分类号 密级 UDC 编号 硕士专业学位研究生 学位论文 论文题目：汉越助词对比研究 学 院 国际汉语教育学院 专业学位类别 汉语国际教育 专业学位领域 汉语国际教育 研究生姓 名 阮世英 学 号 W13045300019[.]
绪论
第一章 绪论
一、选题缘由与研究目的
Chinese grammar categorizes words into two main types: content words and function words, with particles falling under the latter Particles play a significant role in teaching Chinese as a foreign language However, second language learners often struggle to grasp the concept of Chinese particles These particles not only attach to words, phrases, and sentences to convey additional meanings but also serve grammatical functions and modify meanings As a learner of Chinese myself, I recognize the importance of particles in the language and have encountered challenges related to them during my studies.
Additionally, there is a significant lack of resources on Vietnamese grammar, as most existing materials are outdated and not frequently reprinted This makes it quite challenging to find relevant information on Vietnamese grammar.
As international economic development progresses, an increasing number of countries, particularly China, are investing in Vietnam, creating a high demand for individuals proficient in Chinese However, Vietnamese learners face numerous challenges when studying the language, primarily due to differences in grammar and vocabulary functions between the two languages One significant issue is the frequent and complex usage of Chinese particles, which often leads to errors among learners Additionally, students tend to translate Chinese into their native language, comparing structures that can result in misinterpretation For instance, the Chinese structural particle “的” can be translated into Vietnamese as “của,” “bằng,” “mà,” “ở,” or “với,” but in Vietnamese grammar, these words do not function as particles; instead, they become prepositions.
This project is designed for learners of Chinese, aiming to help them effectively understand and utilize Chinese particles It seeks to enhance their comprehension of the nature and characteristics of these particles, thereby facilitating a smoother learning experience in mastering the Chinese language.
二、国内外对汉语与越南语助词的研究现状和存在的问题
（一）国外研究现状
For many years, Vietnamese linguists have studied the grammar of the Vietnamese language and its word classes, frequently mentioning the topic of particles However, each linguist refers to Vietnamese particles using different terminology.
第一章 绪论
Particles, morphological words, and small words, commonly referred to as particles, are often overlooked by linguists as a subject of study This is largely due to the complex and elusive semantic features of these word classes, making them challenging to analyze The semantics of Vietnamese particles can only be examined under specific circumstances.
Vietnamese particles are a complex class of words, as highlighted by various linguists who debate their nature and research methods This complexity has led to ongoing discussions among scholars, each presenting their perspectives Despite their significance, the study of Vietnamese particles has not been prioritized as a distinct area of research, with most works focusing on their basic functions and meanings Notable contributions from Vietnamese linguists include Ye Guangban's "Vietnamese Grammar (Volume 1)" and "Vietnamese Grammar," which define particles as words that emphasize terms, phrases, or sentences Similarly, Li Jin's "Vietnamese Grammar Tutorial" describes particles as modal words that express attitudes and enhance the meaning of sentences Liang Yuan's "Modern Vietnamese Grammar" characterizes particles as special function words that attach to content words, phrases, and sentences to indicate grammatical relationships and convey semantic emphasis Additionally, Li Dong and Fan Xiong Yue's "Theories of Vietnamese Grammar" state that particles precede words or phrases to intensify their semantic nuances.
In recent years, the number of scholars studying language has increased, with a growing focus on various linguistic projects Vietnamese linguists have approached their research from different perspectives, yielding significant results that greatly assist learners Their studies primarily concentrate on morphology and syntax, particularly in the analysis of Vietnamese particles from a morphological standpoint For instance, Nguyen Thanh Gia's work in "Studying Vietnamese Vocabulary" (1999) categorizes particles based on their structural classifications While several linguists have presented their theories on particle research, most have approached the topic from a micro-level perspective, as many Vietnamese linguists have yet to clearly define the scope of particles and the criteria for classifying words as particles, as noted by Ye Guangban (1989:152).
《越南语普通语法（上册）》指列出越南语助词的定义和常用的助词“mà(的)”、
“hơn（多）”等的词但是不把这些助词归纳为那种类型。
(二) 国内研究现况
In his 1898 work "Ma's Literary Communication," Ma Jianzhong established the concept of "auxiliary words," which he defined as function words that convey doubt, transmit information, and provide support This early observation highlighted the phenomenon of auxiliary particles Since the 1970s, linguists have proposed various definitions and classifications for these particles Research on auxiliary words can generally be divided into two main areas: micro-level studies and broader analyses.
第一章 绪论
辨析、宏观的调查与考察。
In 1898, the concept of particles was formally introduced as a word class in "Ma Shi Wen Tong." Wang Li's "History of Chinese Grammar" (1958) marked the first comprehensive grammar history in China, discussing the evolution of modern Chinese particles such as "得," "了," "着," and "过," enhancing understanding of modern Chinese particles Xiang Xi's "Brief History of Chinese" (1998) focused on the development of structural particles like "的" and "价," suggesting that "的" incorporates various usages from Middle Chinese Jiang Shaoyu's "Overview of Modern Chinese Research" (2005) emphasized the emergence and development of dynamic particles "了" and "着," as well as structural particles "底," "地," and "的." Additionally, Jiang Shaoyu and Cao Guangshun's "Review of Modern Chinese Grammar History" (2005) synthesized various perspectives, providing a detailed introduction to the research achievements in modern Chinese particles.
Chinese linguists categorize Chinese particles into three main types based on their morphology, meaning, and grammatical functions The first type includes structural particles like "的," "地," and "得," which connect phrases to indicate relationships, as analyzed by Liu Xuemei in her 2006 work on their grammatical and semantic functions The second type encompasses particles that express tense, aspect, and mood, such as "着," "了," and "过." Research by scholars like Lu Jianming and Ding Jiayong has examined the nature and grammatical roles of these dynamic particles Additionally, Li Meilan's analysis highlights common errors made by Vietnamese students learning these particles Macro-level research focuses on defining the scope of particles, determining which words qualify as particles, as noted by Lü Shuxiang.
In his works, including "A Brief Discussion on Particles" (1956) and "On the Nature and Classification of Particles" (1981), Liu Shuxin emphasizes two key principles for defining the scope of particles: first, they should collectively convey a common grammatical meaning that categorizes them as a specific word class; second, each unit must possess distinctive grammatical characteristics Additionally, research into the nature of particles aims to clarify the functions of modern Chinese particles.
第一章 绪论
Modern Chinese particles have distinct characteristics that set them apart from other function words This article explores the usage and features of these particles, highlighting their unique role in the language By comparing modern Chinese particles with other types of function words, we can better understand their specific traits and contributions to sentence structure.
According to Zhang Yisheng (2002: 5) in "Particles and Related Formats," Chinese particles share several common characteristics: functionally, they are primarily attached, with most being post-attached and a few pre-attached; they serve an auxiliary role, supporting various lexical items, phrases, and sentences; in terms of expression, they mainly convey grammatical and categorical meanings; phonetically, they often undergo some degree of sound change, with many being weakened and pronounced in a light tone.
The theoretical framework and methodology of this study primarily reference Zhang Yisheng's work, "Particles and Related Structures." This book focuses on various aspects of Chinese particles, including tense and aspect particles, structural particles and their related formats, comparative particles and formats, numerical particles and enumerative particles, as well as limiting particles and related sentence structures Zhang conducts a multi-faceted exploration of the fundamental characteristics and intrinsic rules of modern Chinese particles, particularly delving into those that have been less examined and are subject to considerable debate, thus providing valuable insights for future researchers.
汉越助词的分类对比
第二章 汉越助词的分类对比
第一节 汉越语言特点的概述 一、汉语语言特点
（一）语音特点
There are no consonant clusters in the language, as the syllable boundaries are clearly defined, preventing the occurrence of two or three consonants together at the beginning or end of a syllable.
In Mandarin Chinese, syllables play a crucial role due to the language's rich vocalic components While the absence of consonants is permissible, vowels are essential; a single vowel or a compound vowel can effectively form a syllable.
Each syllable in Mandarin Chinese carries a tone, which distinctly marks the boundaries of the syllables while introducing variations in pitch This tonal quality contributes to the unique musicality of the language.
（二）词汇特点
单音语素多，由它构成的单音词和双音词也较多，词形较短。
In Chinese, the morpheme is primarily represented in a monosyllabic form, where each syllable typically carries semantic meaning These monosyllabic units can function as morphemes to create numerous single-syllable words, or they can be combined to form compound words.
词汇的数量特别多，不一样的事物会有一定的量词。
The extensive use of compound word formation in Chinese is primarily due to the fact that nearly all meaningful monosyllabic characters can serve as root morphemes Since affix morphemes are limited and have a weaker capacity for word formation, the creation of compound words using root morphemes is the most prevalent method in the Chinese language.
In the evolution of the Chinese language, there is a notable trend towards disyllabic words, as many monosyllabic terms have been replaced by their disyllabic counterparts, such as "目" changing to "眼睛" (eye) and "石" to "石头" (stone) Additionally, certain disyllabic phrases have been condensed into disyllabic words, like "外交部长" becoming "外长" (foreign minister) and "彩色电视机" simplifying to "彩电" (color television) Although there has been some development of trisyllabic words in modern Chinese vocabulary, disyllabic words remain the most prevalent.
（三）语法特点
Word order and function words are crucial for conveying grammatical meaning in Chinese, primarily due to the lack of widespread morphological changes For instance, variations in word order can significantly alter meanings, as seen in phrases like "I like him," "He likes me," "Not very good," and "Very bad." Additionally, the use of function words further enhances the clarity and precision of expression in the language.
第二章 汉越助词的分类对比
不使用虚词和使用不一样的虚词也会让意义变化的，如：“看书”和“看的书”、
The sentences “I threw him down” and “I was thrown down by him” illustrate different grammatical relationships and meanings due to the use of function words For instance, in the phrases “My sister and I went to Guilin” and “My sister went to Guilin,” the conjunction “and” indicates a coordinate relationship, while “my” signifies a possessive relationship Despite the basic lexical and syntactic structures being similar, Chinese sentences consistently feature five fundamental grammatical structures: subject-predicate, verb-object, complement, attributive, and conjunction.
The multifunctionality of words in Chinese reveals a complex relationship between word classes and sentence components, as a single word class often serves multiple sentence functions rather than being limited to just one.
Chinese measure words are abundant and play a crucial role in sentence structure When combining numerals with nouns or verbs, it is essential to add a measure word after the numeral Furthermore, different nouns typically require specific measure words, highlighting the complexity and richness of the language.
二、越南语语言特点
Vietnamese is classified as an isolating language, where each sound (syllable) is pronounced distinctly and corresponds to a single written character This characteristic is evident across various aspects of its phonetics, vocabulary, and grammar.
（一）语音特点
Vietnamese has a unique linguistic unit known as a "syllable," which plays a crucial role in its phonetic system characterized by richness and symmetry This allows for expressive potential in the language, often enhanced by the use of ideophones and onomatopoeic words that provide valuable descriptive features When constructing complete sentences or engaging in conversation, Vietnamese speakers pay close attention to phonetic harmony and tone.
（二）词汇特点
Each "sound" is a meaningful element in the Vietnamese language unit system Sounds serve as the fundamental units from which other vocabulary units are formed to identify objects, phenomena, and more, primarily through pairing and overlapping methods.
Việc sử dụng phương pháp ghép đôi để tạo ra các đơn vị từ vựng thường bị ảnh hưởng bởi quy luật ngữ nghĩa Ví dụ như: đất nước (quốc gia), máy bay (máy bay), tàu hỏa (tàu hỏa) Hiện nay, phương pháp này chủ yếu được sử dụng để sản xuất các đơn vị từ vựng Theo cách này, ngôn ngữ Việt Nam hoàn toàn sử dụng các yếu tố từ từ thuần Việt hoặc từ ngoại lai để tạo ra từ vựng mới, chẳng hạn như: tiếp thị (marketing), karaoke (karaoke), thư điện tử (email).
Sử dụng phương pháp chồng chéo để tạo ra các đơn vị từ vựng dựa trên quy luật phối hợp âm thanh, ví dụ như: chôm chỉa, chỏng chơ, đỏng đa đỏng đảnh, thơ thẩn, lúng lá lúng liếng.
第二章 汉越助词的分类对比
汉越助词的功能对比
第三章 汉越助词的功能对比
Second language learners face a multitude of grammatical concepts, including the distinction between content words and function words, as well as the various types of particles Content words, or实词, have concrete meanings and can serve as sentence components, while function words, or虚词, lack concrete meanings and cannot function as sentence components Both Vietnamese and Chinese adhere to this definition of content and function words, with Chinese particles classified as function words These particles attach to content words, phrases, or sentences to indicate grammatical relationships or dynamic meanings Vietnamese particles serve a similar function to their Chinese counterparts but are generally simpler to use.
第一节 汉语和越南语结构助词对比
一、汉语结构助词“的”、“地”、“得”和越南语结构助词“của”、“mà”、
“một cách”、“được”的句法位置与语义功能的异同点
Modern Chinese particles attach to words or phrases to convey additional meanings, with structural particles such as "的," "地," and "得" (pronounced as "de") differing in syntactic positions Similarly, Vietnamese particles are unique words without lexical meaning, affixed to content words, phrases, and sentences to indicate grammatical relationships, emphasize semantics, or express the speaker's attitude Vietnamese structural particles, including "của," "mà," "một cách," and "được," also occupy distinct positions within sentences.
Before making comparisons, it is essential to understand the roles of modifiers such as attributive, adverbial, and complement Attributives modify noun phrases, indicating "who's," "what kind of," or "how many." Adverbials, on the other hand, modify verbs and adjectives, expressing "how," "when," and other related meanings.
In Chinese grammar, words like "哪里" (where) and "多么" (how) often carry meanings of affirmation or negation and are typically followed by "地." Complements serve to provide additional information about verbs and adjectives, indicating aspects such as "how," "how long," or "how many times," and are commonly introduced by the character "得."
Cấu trúc của từ "的" trong tiếng Trung và các từ "của", "mà" trong tiếng Việt đều có vai trò kết nối giữa trung tâm và định ngữ Tuy nhiên, chúng có sự khác biệt trong cách sử dụng và ngữ nghĩa Trong khi "的" thường được dùng để chỉ sự sở hữu hoặc mô tả, "của" thể hiện mối quan hệ sở hữu rõ ràng hơn Còn "mà" thường được dùng để bổ sung thông tin, tạo ra sự liên kết giữa các phần trong câu Sự hiểu biết về những điểm tương đồng và khác biệt này giúp cải thiện khả năng dịch thuật và giao tiếp giữa hai ngôn ngữ.
汉语结构助词“的”用在定中短语中间起连接作用，而越南语结构助词“của”、
"Mà" là một từ kết nối giữa các cụm từ định nghĩa "Của" và "mà" đều là dấu hiệu của định ngữ, đồng thời đóng vai trò là thành phần hỗ trợ liên kết giữa định ngữ và trung tâm ngữ nghĩa.
第三章 汉越助词的功能对比
表 1 “的”与“của”、“mà”的句法位置对比
基本形式 定语+“的”+中心语 中心语+“ của ” 、“ mà ”+定语
"Mà" chỉ có thể được sử dụng trước cụm chủ vị Quy tắc này thường áp dụng, nhưng cũng có những trường hợp có thể bỏ qua.
所修饰 “的”修饰定语，中心语被修饰 “ của ”、“ mà ”修饰定语，中心语被修
汉语结构助词“的”的基本形式是：
定语+“的”+中心语
The character "的" is used to connect attributive phrases in Chinese, positioning itself after the modifier and before the head noun It signifies a relationship where the modifier (偏项) is subordinate to the head noun (正项) Typically, the head noun is a noun, but it can also be an adjective or a verb For example, in phrases like "书的海鲜" (the seafood of the book) and "全新的计划" (a brand-new plan), "书" and "全新" serve as modifiers, while "海鲜" and "计划" act as head nouns The character "的" links these elements to express a subordinate relationship.
Trong tiếng Việt, các trợ từ cấu trúc "của" và "mà" được sử dụng để thể hiện mối quan hệ phụ thuộc Cụ thể, "của" chỉ ra mối quan hệ sở hữu cũng như trạng thái, tính chất, trong khi "mà" thể hiện mục đích và đặc điểm Hai trợ từ này có các hình thức cơ bản riêng biệt.
“ của ” 中心语+“ của ”+定语
“ mà ” 中心语+“ mà ”+主谓短语作定语
Trong ngữ pháp tiếng Việt, các trợ từ cấu trúc "của" và "mà" đều đứng sau trung tâm ngữ và trước định ngữ Tuy nhiên, "mà" chỉ được sử dụng trong trường hợp định ngữ của cụm chủ vị.
Trong câu, trung tâm của “của” và “mà” được cấu thành từ các từ loại danh từ và đại từ, trong đó trung tâm được xem là phần chính và định ngữ là phần phụ.
例如：（5）Mẹ cô ấy là cô giáo của tôi.
妈妈 她 是 老师 的 我 她妈妈是我/的/老师。
(6) Tôi rất thích món quà mà bạn tặng tôi.
我 很 喜欢 礼物 的 你 送我 我很喜欢你送我的礼物。
例子（5）“của”在定语“tôi（我）”前面和名词性词语作中心语“cô giáo
（老师）”后面，用来表示偏正关系“我”的“老师”。例子（6）“mà”在定语
“món quà（礼物）”前面和主谓短语作中心语“bạn tặng tôi（你送我）”，用来表
第三章 汉越助词的功能对比
示偏正关系。
Tóm lại, "的" và "của", "mà" đều là các từ nối trong cụm danh từ, thể hiện mối quan hệ phụ thuộc Tuy nhiên, vị trí cú pháp của "的" khác với "của" và "mà" Cụ thể, "的" được gắn sau định ngữ và trước trung tâm ngữ, trong khi "của" và "mà" có cách sử dụng khác.
Từ "mà" thường được sử dụng như một trợ từ, được đặt sau định ngữ và trước trung tâm ngữ Tuy nhiên, "mà" chỉ có thể được sử dụng sau trung tâm ngữ hoặc trước các cụm từ chủ vị ngắn gọn làm định ngữ.
In a determiner-structure, the central word is typically a noun; however, if the central word is a verb, it is considered a noun, commonly referred to as a "gerund." Modifiers can include nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, clauses, prepositional phrases, and quantifiers.
表 2 “的”与“của”、“mà”连接的中心语与定语的异同对比
定语 中心语
注意：（-）表示没有，（+）表示有。
根据表 2 来看，我们有以下的结果：
1.名词作定语：“的”与“của”都是定语的标志，用来表示性质和领属。
“mà”不能附在名词前面，所以不能用来表示性质和领属关系。
例如：（7）曾洁是我的中国朋友。
（8）上级的命令他不能不听。
（9）Đồng hồ của Marry rất đẹp（玛丽的手表很漂亮） 。
（10）Ý kiến của thầy cô rất quan trọng đối với Nhà trường（老师的意 见对学校来说很重要的。
In Mandarin, the particle "的" is used to indicate a descriptive relationship when attached to a noun, as seen in the example where "的" follows "我" to describe a friend, highlighting that she is Chinese Similarly, "的" can denote a possessive relationship, as in the case where it follows "上级," indicating that it is the superior's command that must be obeyed In Vietnamese, the word "của" serves a similar function, linking the noun "Marry" to convey possession or belonging.