Wiley Wastewater Quality Monitoring and Treatment_21 ppt

JWBK117-6.2 JWBK117-Quevauviller October 10, 2006 20:44 Char Count= 06.2 Training Jean-Luc C´ecile and Evelyne Touraud 6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 Types of Training and Training Institutes

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JWBK117-6.2 JWBK117-Quevauviller October 10, 2006 20:44 Char Count= 0

6.2

Training

Jean-Luc C´ecile and Evelyne Touraud

6.2.1 Introduction

6.2.2 Types of Training and Training Institutes

6.2.3 Water Chemistry

6.2.3.1 Objectives 6.2.3.2 Content 6.2.4 Regulations and their Application

6.2.4.1 Objectives 6.2.4.2 Content 6.2.5 Parameters, Methods and Procedures for Water Quality Characterization

6.2.5.1 Objectives 6.2.5.2 Content 6.2.6 Conclusion

6.2.1 INTRODUCTION

The treatment of wastewater, whether industrial or urban, and its impact on the nat-ural environment is an important theme in training, both for courses leading to a qualification and for continuous professional training However, most courses cover treatment processes rather than their monitoring The most complete degree courses, which are described later, include this monitoring aspect, particularly by dealing with the usual methods which comply with the requirements of the various regulations: self-monitoring and self-control of facilities The impact on the natural environ-ment is reduced to an examination of the evolution of ecosystems Approximate

Wastewater Quality Monitoring and Treatment Edited by P Quevauviller, O Thomas and A van der Beken

2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-471-49929-3

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coverage of water bodies is achieved through a systematic follow-up of surface water, underground water and seawater in the framework of national and interna-tional programmes As a general rule, the presentation is structured around three topics:

r Water chemistry, in particular physical and chemical properties and forms of

pollution.

r Existing regulations and their application.

r Parameters for water quality characterization and relevant methods to measure

them: standard methods, alternative methods, bioindicators and biosensors These training programmes consist of a series of conferences and studies of ap-plications The didactic approach is based on practical cases Participants’ specific cases are also often used Training courses include practical work, which is con-ducted in pilot units or in the field, on operational sites They are intended for technical agents, supervisors and engineers responsible not only for the running

of wastewater treatment installations and facilities but also for quality assurance, environmental and safety services In addition, specific training is given to staff working in public administration (appointment to a new post or training leading to a qualification).

The length of the course varies from 1 to 5 days (in continuous professional training) or from 10 to 80 h for training leading to a qualification.

6.2.2 TYPE OF TRAINING AND

TRAINING INSTITUTES

Considering training, there are two approaches: to offer students a course leading

to a vocational qualification; or to provide additional training for active profession-als In the first case, student training can be offered at three levels, for operating technicians, supervising technicians and engineers University programmes train students for positions in administration In the second case, the same three levels exist, although they are not so clearly separated (nonhomogeneous staff) In this section, these types of training are discussed briefly, along with the main training providers.

In France, two main institutes, the International Office for Water, OIEau, based in Limoges (www.oieau.fr) and the Instrumentation and Control Institute for Industrial Processes, IRA, based in Arles (www.poleira.com) provide professional training in the water field.

The OIEau is intended for the managers of water and sewerage system services, manufacturers, designers, constructors and fitters of work and equipment, and admin-istrative bodies in charge of aquatic resources, implementing regulations, technical assistance and control services The IRA provides industrial personnel with training

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in the field of measurement and control, logics and industrial data processing and on-line analysis dedicated to water management Both institutions provide tech-nological and educational platforms that enable real-life practical training to be performed.

Engineering training in French ‘Grandes Ecoles’ is based on a rare blend of

Sci-ence, Engineering, Management and Human Sciences combined with project work for industry The Ecole des Mines d’Al`es, EMA (www.ema.fr) offers students a spe-cialization in Environmental Engineering, including the industrial environmental regulation context, water analysis and monitoring, and wastewater treatment pro-cesses The EMA provides professional training in environmental chemistry and water metrology These courses are specifically intended for administrative bodies

in charge of water quality control The Ecole Nationale du G`enie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement in Strasbourg, ENGEES (www-engees.u-strasb.fr) offers special-ized master and bachelor degrees in water management and treatment Polytech Montpellier (www.polytech.univ-montp2.fr) trains general engineers in the water field through its Water Science and Technology Department.

Elsewhere in Europe, water monitoring is an important issue but is not specifically taught, except perhaps in the UK The Community European Management School, CEMS (www.cems.org) delivers a course which runs over 3 days and is aimed specifically at those people working within the emissions monitoring field, such as Environmental Managers, Stack Testers and Environment Agency Inspectors The course provides a broad view of the subject including continuous flow monitoring and continuous methods for particles Other issues covered include quality assurance for automated measurement systems and information on forthcoming CEMS legislation The course consists of 60 % theory and 40 % practical work Students work on

a comprehensive range of in-situ analysers and systems for practical work, and

networked PCs with flat screen monitors for all theoretical work.

In North America, we can cite the example of the American Water Works Asso-ciation, AWWA (www.awwa.org) This association offers a training programme for continuous water monitoring The seminar lasts 1 day and its objective is to respond

to future users considering beginning or expanding an on-line monitoring system The seminar schedule goes from the definition of on-line monitoring in the current water supply and treatment context to the organizational issues involved It includes the principle components of on-line monitoring systems, evaluating the costs and benefits of on-line monitoring, general equipment selection guidelines, an overview

of available on-line instruments and data handling issues.

Finally, another example can be given in New Zealand: the National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research, NIWA (www.niwa.co.nz) The science campus focuses on various disciplines including aquaculture, climate, freshwater, coastal, marine, fisheries and atmospheric research It also has a number of field offices primarily for the collection of environmental data The institute offers various train-ing courses in the field of water monitortrain-ing such as Optimiztrain-ing Data Quality from Environmental Monitoring Stations, and Successful Use of Handheld and Continu-ous Water Quality Sensors/Loggers.

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6.2.3 WATER CHEMISTRY

6.2.3.1 Objectives

The aim of these courses is to study the physical and chemical properties of water

in order to improve its management The implementation of various methods is covered: laboratory methods (standards), alternative methods (rapid and on-line) Finally, courses deal with the interpretation and exploitation of results.

6.2.3.2 Content

Courses consist of an introduction in which the natural water cycle is presented in order to understand the problems raised by its exploitation Water resources are de-scribed Because of their vulnerability, regulated management is required, combined with means of control On the basis of the various uses described in the urban water cycle, including industrial activities, the causes and consequences of the degradation

of water body quality are presented Then, water chemistry is introduced through various concepts concerning atomic and molecular structure, covered at differing levels of detail, in order to provide a better comprehension of reactional mecha-nisms The main characteristics of water are recapped The nature of the substances found in water: gas and dissolved salts, ions, nonionic molecules, is addressed in detail Reactions are grouped into families:

r Oxido–reduction reactions;

r acid–base reactions;

r complexation reactions;

r reactions combining oxido–reduction and acid–base;

r reactions combining acid–base and complexation;

r reactions combining oxido–reduction, acid–base and complexation.

Sometimes, the application of metrology/quality assurance to water quality analysis

is examined, which is illustrated by the international course series on quality

assur-ance for chemical analysis (QUACHA) organized as an ad hoc activity in various

languages by the European Commission in the years 1998–2002, but the tendency is

to minimize, even neglect this aspect which, nevertheless, is an essential aspect of the measurement approach The main characteristics of a measurement are described: accuracy, reliability, uncertainty, range of measurements, validation and limits of quantification and response time The physico-chemical measurements are listed: water level, flow measurement, pressure, basic and specific parameters Sampling conditions are examined in detail An important part is dedicated to the principles

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and methods applicable in laboratory The aim is to present existing principles and standards rather than commonly used procedures Measurements carried out using alternative methods, the so-called micromethods, and on-line measurements using sensors, probes or industrial analysers are very rarely covered The presentation and exploitation of results are often neglected.

The IRA institute offers professional training modules, from basic to advanced level, dedicated to measurement and control and which cover the major points men-tioned above Several courses are available: basic water chemistry (4 days), self-monitoring of treatment processes (4 days), operating of water sensors and analysers (4 days) and industrial environment: water and wastewater (4.5 days) Similarly, in the framework of a course in environmental chemistry (2.5 days), the EMA cov-ers water chemistry reactions and the fate of pollutants through real and practical applications.

OIEau, together with the National Centre for the Water Profession (CNFME), provides professional training courses focused on the management of water resources and public services, municipal treatments and networks (potable water and sewage) and the processing and decontamination of industrial wastewater.

Finally, some companies which provide advanced analytical systems and techni-cal support for water quality testing also deliver specific training courses For exam-ple, the Hach Technical Training Center (www.hach.com) offers several workshops (2–3 days) dedicated to water and wastewater training Some of them concern envi-ronmental metrology with the testing techniques and systems available for quality measurement in applications including drinking water, wastewater, environmental water and industrial water Other are dedicated to on-line monitoring, especially chlo-rine and turbidity process analysers and their maintenance (calibration, verification and troubleshooting techniques).

6.2.4 REGULATIONS AND THEIR APPLICATION

The main aim is to study the existing regulatory context and the obligations upon project managers Another objective is to understand what parameters are to be mea-sured (flow, quality parameters) An important part is dedicated to the exploitation and interpretation of results However, conformity criteria are rarely addressed.

6.2.4.2 Content

A very considerable part is dedicated to the presentation of the existing regulatory context applicable to the management of urban and industrial wastewaters The problems linked to industrial wastewater running into collective urban networks (subject to authorization and agreements) as well as specific cases of industrial

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sites with potential risks for the environment are examined The principle of self-monitoring and self-control of installations is often proposed The methodology and procedures used to measure the quantity and the quality of effluents: flow, quality parameters: total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), BOD5, global nitrogen, total phosphorus, specific parameters for nonurban effluents are given in detail As mentioned above, the presentation and interpretation of results are often not covered in much detail The same applies to the conformity of urban

or industrial water treatment processes.

6.2.5 PARAMETERS, METHODS AND PROCEDURES

FOR WATER QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION

The main objective is to study the metrology applicable to water measurements, in particular the rules governing implementation and the existing standards In addition, courses examine how measurement equipment is operated and maintained Finally, the basis for the organization of a ‘Metrology and Measurements’ Department is given.

6.2.5.2 Content

After giving background information on the chemistry of water, the main basis of the metrology applicable to water measurements is explained A pragmatic or logical approach structured around four main points is used: Why perform measurements? What are the parameters to be measured? Where are the measurements to be made? How are the measurements to be made? Applicable standards are presented and the conditions for their use analysed Courses are mainly concerned with laboratory methods and procedures, much less with alternative methods Only rapid methods

or micromethods are beginning to be taken into account The equipment and the conditions of their use for measuring physical parameters, pressure, level and flow (pipes, open channels) are examined in detail Various modules cover the measure-ment of basic physico-chemical parameters (nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, pesticides) The role of biosensors and biodetectors

is rarely studied The organization of a metrology laboratory for the operation and maintenance of sensors and analysers is made up of several parts:

r control and verification operations;

r calibration;

r quality assurance is sometimes carried out according to standard EN17025.

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As an example, the parameters for water and wastewater monitoring are presented

in the water metrology course (2.5 days) delivered by the Ecole des Mines d’Al`es Hands-on practice is performed on real samples, on site, using various test methods and portable field instruments The exploitation and validation of results are studied.

6.2.6 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, it can be said that wastewater monitoring courses are of short duration, as components of a larger whole There is no occupation dedicated to wastewater monitoring, or to other types of water (drinking water, natural waters) There is clearly a pressing need for this work to be duly recognized, combining a traditional approach (specimen sampling, laboratory measurements) with alterna-tive methods, in particular on-line methods Some organizations are beginning to acknowledge this need and to offer specialized training.

In France, on-line analysis has been adopted as a part of industrial self-monitoring

to monitor processes with a view to optimizing performance Unlike atmospheric controls, however, alternative methods and on-line analysis for the purposes of efflu-ent quality and environmefflu-ental impact have not gained full acceptance Thus, alterna-tive methods remain to some extent outside the mainstream, and few organizations offer the training required.

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JWBK117-IND JWBK117-Quevauviller October 10, 2006 20:45 Char Count= 0

Index

Note: Page numbers in bold refer to tables and those in italics refer to figures

Acoustic Doppler profiler flow meter

(ADFM), 137–139 principle, 137

schematic representation, 137, 137

testing, 138–139

Activated sludge, 162–163, 174–176

influent testing, 209, 210

Activated Sludge Model no 1 (ASM1),

163–164, 164 Agricultural irrigation see irrigation

Algae

algal bloom, 220

biological monitoring, 80, 214

and human health, 314

Alternating-activated-sludge (AAS)

WWTP, 254, 254

Alternative methods, 53–66

characteristics, 56–57, 60

compared with reference methods,

62–65, 63

equivalence verification, 63

defined, 56–57

and emerging tools, 57

types of, 57–60

biosensing systems, 58

modelling, 58–59

optical sensors, 58

qualitative, 59

standard methods adapted, 57–58

toxicity evaluation, 59–60

uses, 60–62

biological monitoring tools, 61–62

field method, 60

handheld devices, 60–61 on-line sensors/analysers, 61

validation procedure, 63–64, 64

Ammonia/ammonium, 117, 221

analysis, 55, 56, 225–227

flow analysis, 233, 234

methods listed, 225–226 sample preparation, 226–227 ecological impact, 277 sample handling/preservation, 223–224

Anaerobic digestion interval observers, 260–261 mass-balance model, 257–258 Analytic processes

improvement, 47–51 necessity, 67–69 normative requirements, 68 operation and maintenance, 68 research and development, 68 on-line sensors, 49–51

performance studies, 47–48, 49

validation schemes, 48–49 interlaboratory studies, 48

see also sampling Analytical results evaluation see Certified

Reference Materials (CRMs), analytical results evaluation Antibodies, 70

Area-velocity flow meters (AVFMs), 133–137

accuracy, 136, 137 data validity, 135–136

Wastewater Quality Monitoring and Treatment Edited by P Quevauviller, O Thomas and A van der Beken

2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-471-49929-3

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Area-velocity flow meters (AVFMs) (Cont.)

evaluation, 135–136

narrow-beam Doppler, 134

principle, 133

wide-beam Doppler, 134

ATP luminescence, 78

Automated monitoring, 155–158

parameter measurement, 155–156

stations, 155–156, 155

control, 156–157

maintenance, 157

sensors, 156

Bacterial luminescence see bioluminescence

Bacterial screening tests, 75

Benthic ecology, 277, 284

Biodegradation effect, 26

Bioindicators, 285

Biological monitoring, 77–80, 280–284

algae analysis, 80

microbiological contamination, 77–80

tools, 61–62, 77

Biological oxygen demand (BOD), 180,

181–182

BOD5, 181–182, 192

determination, 42–43

microbial sensors, 74–75

online analysis, 74–75

Bioluminescence, 210–211, 214–215

toxicity measurement, 280, 282

Biosensors, 58, 67–77, 280–282, 354

applications, 69

bioaffinity-based, 69, 70, 71, 79

biocatalytic-based, 69–70, 71

BOD analysis, 74–75

chemical substance detection, 76–77

defined, 69–70

effluent testing, 215

environmental applications, 72–77

field applications, 80–81

immunoassays, 70

immunosensors, 71

microbe-based, 69, 71

on-line monitoring, 280

optical methods, 72, 76, 280

parameters measured, 280, 281–282

portable, 81

summarised, 73

toxicity analysis, 75–76

transducer links, 71

Brenta River, 319 sampling, 319

TIN and IP mass loads, 320, 322,

323, 324 variables v flow rate, 320, 321

Capillary electrophoresis, 241

Carbon see total organic carbon (TOC)

CEN, 39 Certified Reference Materials (CRMs), 84–109

analyte concentrations, 106–109

analytical result evaluation, 102–105 errors, 102, 103, 104, 105 precision, 103, 104 standard deviation, 102, 103, 104 certification procedures, 94–100 expert laboratories, 100

interlaboratory, 97–98, 98

ISO Guide, 94 single laboratory, 97 collection, 87 defined, 84–85 disadvantages, 85

element concentration, 99

hierarchy, 100–101 homogeneity, 88, 91–92 parameters, 98 preparation, 86–89 producers, 105 repeatability, 102, 103 requirements, 86 stability control, 92–94 storage, 89–91 traceability, 100–101 transport, 89–91

see also Reference Materials (RMs)

Chemical oxygen demand (COD), 180 composition, 192–193

determination, 43–44, 43

EKF estimation, 254–255

fractionation, 182–192, 183, 192,

193, 200

case study, 191–192 respirometric approach, 184–189,

184, 185

using analytic monitoring data,

189–191, 189

fractions in wastewater, 182–184 interval observers, 260

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Chemometrics, 367

Chromatography, 227, 239–241

Clean Water Act (CWA), 10–11, 13–15

disposal regulation, 14–15

effluent limitations, 13–14

main titles, 11

Clean Water State Revolving Fund, 12

Concentrated animal feeding operations, 17

Contaminants see pollutants

Continuous Perfectly Mixed Reactor (CPMR),

165, 166, 171, 172, 173

COPANT, 39

Dan Region (Israel) Reclamation Project,

344–346, 344

monitoring practice, 345–346, 345

Dangerous Substances Directive (DSD)

(76/464/EEC), 3 Data collection, 351–375

autonomous on-line instruments,

363, 364

biosensors, 354

cost-benefit analysis, 364

data quality standards, 356

discipline inputs, 358

disparate data, 359–361

and EU member states, 358

information sources

Micro and Nanotechnology (MNT)

Network, 373–374 networked embedded systems, 372

Reconfigurable Ubiquitous Networked

Embedded Systems (RUNES), 372–373

SENSCOPE, 373

Sensors for Water Industry Group

(SWIG), 372 instrument supply industry, 355–356,

369–371 companies, 369, 370

future developments, 371

market characteristics, 370–371

market fragmentation, 370, 371

sale surges, 370

‘maintenance’, 363

and management structures, 358–359

MCERTs, 356, 357

measurement choice, 354–355

measurement decisions, 362

measurements overlaid, 360, 361

‘MicroRisk’ project (EU), 359–360 need for, 361, 374

requirements, 352 research and development support, 361–362

SCADA data, 359–360 sparse data, 359–361 standards, 364 system confidence, 360 techniques, 364–369 battery technology, 366 chemometrics, 367 communications, 368 developments, 365

Lab-on-Chip, 369

miniaturisation, 366 portable instruments, 368 spectrometry, 367 test kits, 368 wireless technology, 368 users, 362–364

Data fractionation of COD, 189–191, 189

biodegradable, 190 particulate fraction, 191 soluble biodegradable, 191 soluble nonbiodegradable, 190 Deflocculation, 209

Dender River, 148–155, 149

dry and wet periods, 305–306 ESWAT model, 149–155

fertiliser, 150, 151–152, 152, 154 input information, 149, 152, 153

nitrate estimation, 304–306 nitrogen, 149–150 pollution, 148–149 sensitivity analysis, 151–152 linear regression, 151–152 uncertainty analysis, 152–153, 154–155 fertiliser, 152–153

rainfall, 153–154, 154

water quality modelling, 294, 298–299, 304–307

Denitrification, 211 Detergent residues, 194, 195 Direct toxicity assessment (DTA), 205 Discharge limits, 180–181

Discharge systems, 311–312 combined sewer overflow (CSO), 312 sewer system, 311

surface urban runoff, 311

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