Postharvest biology and technology of horticultural crops principles and practices for quality maintenance

Prasad 3 Advances in Conventional Breeding Approaches for Postharvest

Department of Food Engineering and Technology,S L I E T., Longowal – 148106, Punjab, India

Department of Entomology, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur-813210, Bihar

R Velderrain Rodríguez, M L Salmerón-Ruiz, A González Aguilar,

Das, Sultana, and A B Sharangi 12 Post-Harvest Management of Spice Crops

Department of Floriculture and Landscape Gardening, Faculty of Horticulture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India

Department of Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops; Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India

College of Horticulture, RVS Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Mandsaur Campus, Madhya Pradesh, India, PIN- 458 001

Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, AC (CIAD, AC), Carretera a la Victoria Km 0.6,

La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México

Food and Biomaterial Eng Research Group, Bioprocess Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

Division of Fruit Science, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir (192 308) India

Amity International Centre for Post Harvest Technology and Cold Chain Management

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar

Department of Food Engineering and Technology,S L I E T., Longowal – 148106, Punjab, India

Department of Plant Pathology, T C A, Dholi, RAU, Pusa

Department of Spices and Plantation Crops, Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741252, Nadia, West Bengal, INDIA

Department of Food Science and Technology, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar

Sultana, Das, and A B Sharangi 13 Biotechnological Approaches to Improve Postharvest Quality of

Department of Spices and Plantation Crops, Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India

CSFRI Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Institute

ZECC zero energy cool chamber λ wavelength f frequency v velocity

E photon energy h Planck’s constant à s coefficient of static friction γ ratio of specific heat at constant pressure and specific heat at constant volume δ g density of gas

K bulk modulus of elasticity δ l density of liquid

Y Young’s modulus δ s density of solid

I x intensity at depth x e base of natural logs x depth in tissue a amplitude absorption coefficient

The increasing production of agrihorticultural crops, particularly fruits and vegetables, is accompanied by a significant rise in postharvest losses, which account for 30-35% of total production due to inadequate handling, storage, and cold chain infrastructure To provide quality produce at reasonable prices, it is crucial to address these losses, as fresh produce is highly perishable and current postharvest management practices are insufficient in many countries The market for handling, packaging, and storage equipment for agrihorticultural products presents promising opportunities globally However, the existing postharvest technology remains traditional, highlighting the urgent need for modernization and innovation, especially in the fruits and vegetables sector, to minimize waste Recent advancements in breeding for quality improvement, postharvest physiology, and innovative packaging and storage technologies have made significant strides in reducing postharvest losses and enhancing food security Additionally, developments in postharvest molecular approaches are paving the way for increased shelf life of fresh produce.

The book "Postharvest Biology and Technology of Horticultural Crops: Principles and Practices for Quality Maintenance" explores advancements in enhancing the postharvest quality of fresh horticultural produce across 14 comprehensive chapters Chapter 1 delves into the pre- and postharvest factors influencing the quality of fruits and vegetables, providing a thorough analysis of postharvest practices Chapter 2 focuses on nondestructive analysis methods for assessing the quality of fresh commodities, supported by various examples It highlights that pre-harvest factors significantly impact postharvest quality, with breeding approaches playing a crucial role Chapters 3 and 4 detail conventional breeding efforts aimed at improving the postharvest quality of fruits and vegetables.

This article explores advanced storage systems for fruits and vegetables, emphasizing the factors influencing the quality of fresh produce during storage and detailing innovations such as biofilm applications to enhance storage life It also covers advancements in packaging systems, focusing on active and smart packaging films for postharvest treatment The discussion extends to postharvest disease management technologies, highlighting the impact of insect pests from pre-harvest through postharvest stages Integrated pest management strategies for fruits and vegetables are examined, along with the process of flower senescence and factors affecting it Comprehensive insights into the postharvest management of cut flowers, including handling from harvest to market, are provided Additionally, the article addresses postharvest management technologies for medicinal, aromatic, and spice crops, utilizing biotechnological approaches like antisense RNA technology to extend shelf life Finally, it discusses various biotechnological methods aimed at improving the postharvest quality of fruits and vegetables, along with advances in disease management for vegetable crops, detailing the effectiveness of different control technologies.

This book serves as an essential reference for the fresh produce industry, focusing on postharvest management techniques that enhance shelf life while preserving nutritional and sensory quality, ultimately improving the safety of fresh produce.

The editor would appreciate receiving comments from readers that may assist in the development of future editions

In life, there are rare moments when words fall short of expressing profound emotions I am deeply grateful to those whose invaluable encouragement made this book project possible First and foremost, I attribute all praise to the Gracious Almighty Allah, the source of all blessings, and I thank Him for the opportunity to write this book.

I am deeply grateful to Bihar Agricultural University, India, for the opportunity and resources to undertake this exciting project, as well as for their support in my global research endeavors I would also like to extend my heartfelt thanks to my colleagues and research team members for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout this journey.

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to Mr Ashish Kumar, President of Apple Academic Press, for helping me realize my dream of publishing the book series "Postharvest Biology and Technology." Additionally, I would like to express my appreciation to Ms Sandra Jones Sickels and Mr [Name] for their invaluable support.

Rakesh Kumar of Apple Academic Press for their continuous support to complete the project.

I am deeply grateful to my beloved parents and family for their endless love, unwavering support, and constant prayers to Allah for my well-being and confidence.

OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES: RECENT UNDERSTANDINGS

KALYAN BARMAN 1 , MD SHAMSHER AHMAD 2 , and

1Department of Horticulture (Fruit and Fruit Technology)

2Department of Food Science and Technology Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar 813 210, India

*Email: wasim_serene@yahoo.com

1.1 What Is Quality? 21.2 Preharvest Factors Affecting Quality 21.3 Postharvest Factors Affecting Quality 16Keywords 43References 44

The quality of fresh fruits and vegetables is influenced by various factors that determine their rate of deterioration and spoilage If not managed properly, these factors can lead to significant postharvest losses, with estimates indicating that approximately 30-40% of total production is lost between harvest and consumption While recent research has focused on the maturity of produce at harvest and maintaining proper storage temperatures, the impact of preharvest factors and cultural practices on postharvest quality has received less attention This chapter aims to explore how both preharvest and postharvest factors affect the quality of fresh horticultural produce.

The term "quality," originating from the Latin "qualitas," refers to the attributes and basic nature of a product, and is now commonly defined as the "degree of excellence or superiority" (Kader et al., 1986) Quality is a multifaceted perception that varies between producers and consumers Producers prioritize visual appeal, high yield, disease resistance, and shipping quality, while consumers focus on the appearance, firmness, flavor, and nutritional value of produce Although initial purchases may be influenced by appearance, repeat purchases largely depend on the edible quality of the product.

The quality of fruits and vegetables is established at the time of harvest, as they are cut off from their sources of carbohydrates, water, and nutrients, preventing any further quality improvement Instead, efforts focus on slowing down deterioration during maturation, ripening, and senescence Therefore, understanding both preharvest and postharvest factors is crucial, as these elements significantly influence the quality of harvested produce and impact consumers' purchasing decisions.

Preharvest factors influencing the quality of fruits and vegetables can be categorized into environmental and cultural aspects Environmental factors encompass temperature, sunlight, wind, frost, hail, and pollution, while cultural factors include mineral nutrition, organic practices, irrigation, pruning, thinning, girdling, canopy positioning, rootstocks, and growth regulators.

Temperature plays a crucial role in the growth, development, and post-harvest quality of fresh fruits and vegetables The maturity of fruit is significantly influenced by preharvest temperature conditions, particularly in relation to sunlight exposure For instance, grapes on the sunlit side of a bunch ripen more quickly than those on the shaded side, resulting in higher sugar content and lower acidity Conversely, avocados that receive more sun exposure on the tree take 1.5 days longer to ripen compared to their shaded counterparts.

In 1999, it was observed that a higher flesh temperature of approximately 35°C could hinder the ripening process of avocados Additionally, research by Woolf et al in 2000 indicated that ethylene-treated avocados, when exposed to light, ripened more slowly and remained firmer compared to those kept in shaded conditions.

Preharvest exposure of fruits and vegetables to direct sunlight can lead to significant postharvest physiological disorders, with sunburn being the most common temperature-induced issue Factors such as high light intensity, elevated ambient temperatures, and moisture stress contribute to the risk of sunburn Initial symptoms include bleaching or yellowing of apple peels and rough, corky surfaces in avocados High fruit temperatures can hinder photosynthetic activity, potentially resulting in severe browning or blackening of the skin due to tissue failure Additionally, sun exposure can cause watercore in apples, affecting both the core and flesh near the skin, while high temperatures during the early growing season can lead to water soaking in pineapples In "Tahiti" lime, exposure to high temperatures can cause rupture of juicy vesicles and breakdown at the stylar end.

TABLE 1.1 Disorders associated with preharvest exposure of fruit to high temperature or direct sunlight.

Apple Sunburn Skin discoloration, pigment breakdown

Bergh et al (1980), Wṻnsche et al (2000)

Apple Watercore Water soaking of flesh Marlow and Loescher

Avocado Sunburn Skin browning Schroeder and Kay (1961)

Water soaking of flesh Paull and Reyes (1996);

Juice vesicle rupture Davenport and Campbell

(1977) Cranberry Sun scald Tissue breakdown Croft (1995)

Tiêu đề	Postharvest Biology and Technology of Horticultural Crops Principles and Practices for Quality Maintenance
Người hướng dẫn	Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui, PhD
Trường học	Apple Academic Press, Inc.
Chuyên ngành	Postharvest Biology and Technology
Thể loại	sách
Năm xuất bản	2015
Thành phố	Boca Raton

Định dạng
Số trang	566
Dung lượng	9,82 MB