the taxonomic study of foliicolous lichenized fungi in chu yang sin national park of vietnam

As far as Vietnam is concerned, it is a very big country located in the Asian wet tropics with long beach and two large deltas having high annual rainfall making conditions favorable for

I would like to dedicate this thesis to my

unconditional love and support in every way

possible throughout the process of this course,

this thesis and beyond

A thesis for Degree of Master of Science

The taxonomic study of foliicolous lichenized fungi in

Chu Yang Sin national park of Vietnam

Thi Thuy Nguyen

Department of Environmental Education & Science

Graduate School Sunchon National University

June, 2011

The taxonomic study

of foliicolous lichenized fungi in

Chu Yang Sin national park of Vietnam

Supervisor: Prof Jae-Seoun Hur Co-supervisor: Dr Yogesh Joshi

Presented as a thesis for The Degree of The Master of Science

Thi Thuy Nguyen

Department of Environmental Education & Science

The Graduate School

LIST OF CONTENTS

I Introduction 1

II Review of literatures 4

1 Foliicolous lichens studies in Vietnam 4

2 Chu Yang Sin national park 4

III Materials and methods 8

IV Taxonomy 9

1 Key to foliicolous lichen genera in Chu Yang Sin nation park 9

2 Brief description of genera and their respective species reported from Chu Yang Sin National Park 10

1) Arthonia 10

Arthonia cyanea var cyanea 10

2) Bacidina 12

Bacidina apiahica 12

3) Byssoloma 14

Byssoloma chlorinum 15

Byssoloma subdiscordans var subdiscordans 16

Byssoloma vanderystii 17

4) Calopadia 19

Calopadia puiggarii 20

Calopadia subcoerulescens 21

5) Chroodiscus 23

Chroodiscus mirificus 24

6) Coenogonium 25

Coenogonium dilucidum 26

Coenogonium disciforme 27

7) Echinoplaca 29

Echinoplaca epiphylla 30

Echinoplaca pellicula 31

Echinoplaca tetrapla 32

8) Fellhanera 34

Fellhanera bouteillei 35

Fellhanera emarginata 36

Fellhanera rhapidophylli 37

Fellhanera sublecanorina 38

9) Mazosia 40

Mazosia dispersa 41

Mazosia phyllosema 42

10) Porina 44

Porina alba 45

Porina atriceps 46

Porina conica 47

Porina nitidula 48

Porina rubentior 50

11) Sporopodium 51

Sporopodium phyllocharis 52

Sporopodium xantholeucum 53

12) Strigula 55

Strigula nitidula 56

13) Tricharia 57

Tricharia vainioi 58

V Conclusion 60

VI Acknowledgement 62

VII References 63

VIII Publications 65

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Fig 1 Location of Chu Yang Sin national park in Vietnam 6 Fig 2 Map of Chu Yang Sin national park 7

Fig 3 Habit and ascospores of Arthonia cyanea var cyanea f

cyanea 11

Fig 4 Habit and ascospores of Bacidina apiahica 13 Fig 5 Habit and ascospores of foliicolous species of Byssoloma 18 Fig 6 Habit and ascospores of foliicolous species of Calopadia 22 Fig 7 Habit and ascospores of Chroodiscus argillaceus 23 Fig 8 Habit and ascospores of foliicolous species of Coenogonium

28

Fig 9 Habit and ascospores of foliicolous species of Echinoplaca 33 Fig 10 Habit and ascospores of foliicolous species of Fellhanera 39 Fig 11 Habit and ascospores of foliicolous species of Mazosia 43 Fig 12 Habit and ascospores of foliicolous species of Porina 49 Fig 13 Habit and ascospores of species of Porina rubentior 50 Fig 14 Habit and ascospores of foliicolous species of Sporopodium

54

Fig 15 Habit and ascospores of species of Strigula nitidula 55 Fig 16 Habit and ascospores of species of Tricharia vainioi 57

Table 1 The list of orders, families, genera and species in Chu Yang

Sin national park 61

Abstract

The taxonomic study of foliicolous lichenized fungi in

Chu Yang Sin national park of Vietnam

Thi Thuy Nguyen

Department of Environmental Education & Science

The Graduate School Sunchon National University

Supervisor: Prof Jae-Seoun Hur Co-supervisor: Dr Yogesh Joshi

Foliicolous lichens which known abundant in tropical regions While the foliicolous lichen flora was discovered well

in many regions in the world but there were no many publications deal with the foliicolous lichens from Vietnam Twenty eight species belonging to thirteen genera was recognized from 415 specimens collected from Chu Yang Sin –

a national park located at the Central Highland of Vietnam

Among them, Byssoloma vanderystii Sérus., Coenogonium

disciforme Papong et al and Fellhanera emarginata Lücking

key to species of the genera are given Each species was described in diagnostic characters, chemistry and distribution

Key words: Taxonomy, foliicolous lichenized fungi, Vietnam,

Chu Yang Sin national park

I INTRODUCTION

Foliicolous lichens are lichens that grow on the living leaves

of angiosperms, fern fonds, phyllodes, phylloclades and young bamboo culms Generally they occur on the leaves that shed off in 2-

5 years or stayed longer (e.g Agave and palm leaves), except few

taxa which were found to grow on annually deciduous leaves Majority of the foliicolous lichens were found on the upper side of the leaves i.e epiphyllous, but few also grow on the lower side i.e hypophyllous Foliicolous lichens generally prefer growing over leaves of lower branches which not only enjoyed the partial shade of the over growing branches but also had a more humid environment than others Based on their substrate specificity, they can be divided into three groups:

1) Eufoliicolous lichens: they grow and reproduce entirely

on the leaves and have a crustose thallus that is tightly adnate to the substrate

2) Facultative foliicolous lichens: they usually grow on barks, petioles and twigs but exceptionally on leaves 3) Pseudofoliicolous (indifferent or ubiquitous) lichens: besides growing on leaves they can grow on different substrates, such as rock, bark, soil etc

The diversity and density of foliicolous lichens is abundant in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America, Africa and Southeast Asia, due to availability of optimum temperature, humidy, sunlight and shade throughout the year Besides tropical rainforests,

These lichens are one of the most abundant epiphytes in tropical rain forests, henceforth the highest diversity of foliicolous lichens is found in tropical regions, especially the primary tropical rainforests which are not affected by anthropogenic disturbance More than 800 foliicolous lichen taxa are known from the world However, most of the publications mentioning about foliicolous lichens have came from Neotropics, Valdivian and African Paleotropic regions, but very few studies were carried out in the Eastern Paleotropics

Socialist Republic of Vietnam – a country situated in South East Asia – with high temperature, high average annual rainfall and large area of primary tropical rain forests is suitable for the colonization of tropical lichens, especially foliicolous lichens The lichen flora of Vietnam is not well worked out and most of the work

on Vietnamese lichens was done by foreigners during their trip to Vietnam Krempelhuber (1873) was the first person to report lichens from Vietnam, followed by Müller (1891), Harmand (1928), Abbayes (1964) and Tixier (1966) However, Vĕzda (1977) was the first person to cite foliicolous lichens from Vietnam, while making a review on previous publications dealing with lichens of Vietnam Aptroot & Sparrius (2006) made a first checklist of lichen flora of Vietnam and included 32 foliicolous lichen species within it Later

on, Papong et al (2007) increased the tally of foliicolous lichens to

70

Nguyen et al (2009, 2010) during her studies on foliicolous lichen flora of Vietnam, reported 14 additional species which were new to Vietnam lichen flora and raises the tally of foliicolous lichens

to 84 Nguyen et al (2010) for the first time also reported fertile

specimen of Coenogonium disciforme Papong, Boonpr & Lücking

from Chu Yang Sin national park of Vietnam Previously only fertile specimen of this species was known from Thailand (Papong et al 2007) Since, there were no expert focusing on this group of lichen in

Vietnam, and also number of publications and numbers of species recorded from this place were very few, this idea led the author to work on foliicolous lichen flora of Vietnam

As far as Vietnam is concerned, it is a very big country located in the Asian wet tropics with long beach and two large deltas having high annual rainfall making conditions favorable for the growth foliicolous lichens, henceforth it is bit difficult for the author

to explore entire country within 2 years of time for her Master’s thesis, that’s why she has focused her study on foliicolous lichen diversity of Chu Yang Sin national park from where she reported 28 species belonging to 13 genera of which 6 were new to Vietnamese lichen flora Key to the genera and species are provided along with brief description of all the species reported from this national park

II REVIEW OF LITERATURES

1 Foliicolous lichen studies in Vietnam

In Vietnam, the lichen flora is not discovered well Some records were mentioned in some publication of lichens by some authors in the world The first species reported of lichens in Vietnam was in 1873 by Krempelhuber (Krembelhubner, 1873) Following by Müller (1891), Harmand (1928), Abbayes (1964) and Tixier (1966), many others species growing on other substrates were reported Until

1977, Vĕzda made a review on the previous publication dealt with lichens flora of Vietnam and cited only foliicolous lichens In his paper, Vĕzda reported 44 species, increasing the total number of foliicolous lichens from Vietnam to 63 species in that time In 2006, Aptroot & Sparrius (Aptroot & Sparrius, 2006) made a checklist of lichen flora of Vietnam including 32 foliicolous lichen species In

2007, Papong et al (Papong et al., 2007) counted number of total foliicolous lichens species of Vietnam was 70 species Until 2010, Nguyen et al reported 6 new records of foliicolous lichens in Vietnam, increase the total species of foliicolous lichen to 76 species

2 Chu Yang Sin national park

Vietnam, a country located in the Asian wet tropics with long beach and two large deltas has high annual rainfall that is predictable

of the presence of very high diversity of foliicolous lichens

Central Highlands or Western Highlands is a highland located

in the central part of Vietnam, including five provinces (Daklak, Dak Nong, Gia Lai, Kon Tum and Lam Dong provinces) It lays on a series of contiguous plateaus namely Kon Tum, Mdrak, Daklak, Mo Nong, Lam Vien and Di Linh plateaus that are surrounded by the high mountain ranges called Truong Son

Chu Yang Sin national park which is located in Krong Bong and Lak Districts of Daklak Province has forests of enormous

significance for biodiversity, conservation and protection Having an area of 58,947 ha, this is the largest protected area on the Da Lat Plateau The park was first designated as a nature reserve in early

1986 and then later upgraded to national park in 2005

Chu Yang Sin is a system of mountains running from Eastern North to Western South, and includes Chu Ba Nak Mountain (1,858

m high), Chu Hae’le Mountain (1.204 m), Chu Pan Phan Mountain (1.185 m), Chu Drung Yang Mountain (1,812 m), Chu Yang Sieng Mountain (1,128 m), Yang Kling Mountain (1,271 m), Chu Yang Saone Mountain (1,176 m), Chu Hrang Kreou Mountain (1.071) and Chu Yang Sin Mountain (2,105 m) There are many small and narrow valleys but also some flat valleys lying along streams The elevation

of the park lies between 450 – 2,405 m

The broadleaved evergreen forest is the dominant vegetation type in the park with an area of more than 30,000 ha Lowland semi-evergreen forests which are characterized by dominance of

Lagerstroemia calyculata and Terminalia nigrovenulosa and lowland

evergreen forests characterized by dominance of Hopea odorata,

Dipterocarpus alatus, Dipterocarpus turbinatus are distributed below

900 m At elevation above 900 m, submontane and montane

evergreen forests dominated by members of Fagaceae and Lauraceae

are widely distributed Montane evergreen forests in this region are

characterized mainly by the presence of gymnosperms, such as Pinus

spp., Podocarpus imbricatus and Fokienia hodginsii On the ridge

line, elfin forest formations dominated by Lyonia annamensis, Lyonia

ovalifolia and the dwarf bamboo Arundinaria sp are distributed

Besides this, 65 mammal species are recorded in this park, of

amphibians with 112 species discovered Although the fish diversity

is poorly understood, but 81 fish species have been recorded so far

FIG 1 Location of Chu Yang Sin National Park in Vietnam

However, until now, no significant study regarding occurrence

of lichens with in this national park was made by any worker Therefore, it is the prime time that lichens, especially foliicolous lichens, from this national park should be documented and utilized for the development of a sustainable forest management program

FIG 2 Map of Chu Yang Sin national park and the locate of the collection (
)

This study deals with the identification of foliicolous lichens collected from Chu Yang Sin national park – a national park located

in Central Highlands of Vietnam Totally 415 specimens was checked, 28 species belonging to 13 genera was identified Key to genera and keys for species of each genus which has more than one species that found in this park was provided Each species was also described in detailed

III MATERIALS AND METHODS

Approximately 500 leaf samples bearing various foliicolous lichen species were collected and examined Sampling for foliicolous lichens was performed following the methods outlined by Lücking & Lücking (1996) The specimens were collected from Chu Yang Sin national park in the month of February and July, 2010 Because of biodiversity act and security reasons, the collections were only permitted to carry out in a small area of this national park (unit 1180)

The leaves bearing foliicolous lichens were cut or plugged out and then pressed and air dried Specimens are deposited in the Korean Lichen Research Herbarium (KoLRI) of Sunchon National University (SNU)

Identification of the foliicolous lichen specimens was based

on examination of morphological and anatomical features Morphology of thallus, vegetative structures, ascomata and conidiomata were examined under Nikon SMZ 645 stereomicroscope Hand cut sections for studying anatomical characters were examined under a Nikon Eclipse E200 microscope

Beside morphological and anatomical structures, the color reactions of different parts were tested by the methods described by Yoshimura (1974): K (10% aqueous KOH solution), I (Lugol’s solution), KI (10% KOH followed by Lugol’s solution) Microcrystallography and thin layer chromatography (Culberson 1972) was also carried out to identify the chemical compounds met within the species that needs those tests for identification

IV TAXONOMY

1 Key to foliicolous lichen genera in Chu Yang Sin national park

1) Ascomata perithecia 2

Ascomata apothecia 3

2) Asci functionally unitunicate, entirely thin-walled Porina Asci functionally bitunicate, apically thick-walled Strigula 3) Apothecia immersed-erumpent or spot-like 4

Apothecia sessile 7

4) Apothecia immersed-erumpent 5

Apothecia spot-like 6

5) Apothecia disc dark grey to black, margin smooth, not prominent, ascospores has median cell slightly enlarged Mazosia Apothecia disc light grey to orange-red, margin with recurved, triangular lobes, prominent Chroodiscus 6) Photobiont trentepohlioid, asci bitunicate, Arthonia Photobiont chlorococcoid, asci annellascaceous or lecanoroid

Echinoplaca 7) Hymenium non-amyloid 8

Hymenium amyloid 9

8) Photobiont trentepohlioid, ascospores 1-septate Coenogonium Photobiont chlorococcoid .Tricharia 9) Ascospores narrowly cylindrical to filiform Bacidina Ascospores ellipsoid-fusiform to cylindrical 10

10) Excipulum composed of free, loosely interwoven hyphae, usually byssoid Byssoloma Excipulum prosoplectenchymatous or paraplectenchymatous or excipulum absent 11

11) Conidiomata pycnidia Fellhanera Conidiomata campylidia 12

2 Brief description of genera and their respective species reported from Chu Yang Sin National Park

1) Arthonia Ach., Neues J Bot Erfurt 1: 3 1806

The genus Arthonia belongs to family Arthoniaceae and is

characterized by dispersed or continuous, ecorticate, smooth or rarely

verrucose thallus; photobiont trentepohlioid (Phycopeltis); apothecia

adnate and spot-like or rarely lirellate; paraphyses branched and anastomosing; ascospores transversely septate to muriform, colorless

to greyish brown; pycnidia rounded, conical to applanate; conidia ellipsoid to cylindrical, non-septate to transversely septate, colorless

So far 4 species pertaining to this genus are reported from

Vietnam of which 1 is foliicolous

Arthonia cyanea var cyanea f cyanea Müll Arg., Flora 64: 233 1881

Diagnostic characters: Thallus dispersed into rounded patches,

smooth, 10–15 mm across, 8–10 µm thick, ecorticate, greenish grey,

matt Photobiont cells rectangular in radiate plates, 8–14 × 3–5 µm

Apothecia rounded, 0.4–0.8 mm diam., 30–37 µm high, dark bluish

grey but with white pruina Hypothecium 3–4 µm high, colorless, I+ yellow, KI+ pale yellow Epithecium colorless to sordid green granules, 5–7 µm high, I+ yellow Hymenium 20–30 µm high, colorless, I+ orange-red, KI+ yellow Asci obovate to globose, 20–25

× 18–23 µm, I– Ascospores clavate, 3-septate, constricted at septa, 15–25 × 4–6 µm, distal cell enlarged, colorless Conidiomata not

seen

Chemistry: unknown substance detected in solvent A

Distribution: Pantropical

Remarks: A cyanea var cyanea f cyanea can be easily

recognized by pruinose and large apothecia and 3-septate ascospores

FIG 3 Habit and ascospores of

A Thallus with ascomata

The species is not confused with

belonging to the genus differs in having rounded, non

apothecia and 2-septate ascospore

Specimens examined: Vietnam, Daklak Prov., Chu Yang Sin National Park 12°28'22.8" N 108°20'32.8" E,

July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen 100463, 100471, 100487, 100488,

100489, 100504, 100513, 100515, 100516, 100525 (KoLRI); 12°27'07.7" N 108°20'21.7" E, alt 776 m, on leaf, 04 July 2010,

Thuy Nguyen 100621 (KoLRI)

1 cm

Habit and ascospores of Arthonia cyanea var cyanea

Thallus with ascomata B Ascospores

The species is not confused with A accolens – another species

differs in having rounded, non-pruinose septate ascospores

examined: Vietnam, Daklak Prov., Chu Yang Sin

National Park 12°28'22.8" N 108°20'32.8" E, alt 430 m, on leaf, 01

100463, 100471, 100487, 100488,

100489, 100504, 100513, 100515, 100516, 100525 (KoLRI);

108°20'21.7" E, alt 776 m, on leaf, 04 July 2010,

Thi-10 µm

2) Bacidina Vězda, Folia Geobot Phytotax 25: 431 1990

The genus Bacidina belongs to the family Ramalinaceae and

is characterized by crustose, continuous, ecorticate, greenish to pale green thallus, photobiont chlorococcoid or cyanobacteria; apothecia sessile, rounded, pale yellow to dark brown, margin biatorine, excipulum paraplectenchymatous, hypothecium colorless, hymenium colorless, I+ dark blue then aeruginous and can be dark brown, paraphyses unbranched; ascospores ellipsoid to filiform, tapering towards proximal end, non-septate to transversely septate, colorless; pycnidia sessile, subglobose to tubular or stipitate, conidia filiform, transversely septate, colorless

Two species of the genus were reported occurring in Vietnam and both are foliicolous and only one species was found in this study

Bacidina apiahica (Müll Arg.) Vězda, Folia Geobot Phytotax 25: 432 1990.

Diagnostic characters: Thallus continuous, 10–40 mm across, 15–18 µm thick, farinose, greenish grey to pale green Photobiont chlorococcoid, cells 5–10 µm diam Apothecia sessile, rounded, 0.2–

0.5 mm diam., 120–200 µm high; disc plane to slightly convex, pale yellow to ochraceous or orange-yellow; margin thin, same color as

disc or paler Excipulum 30–35 µm broad Hypothecium 20–40 µm high, colorless Hymenium 35–45 µm high, colorless Asci clavate, 35–40 × 6–7 µm Ascospores arrange in bundle, bacillar, tapering

towards proximal end, 3-septate, without constrictions at septa, 25–

40 × 1.5–2 µm, 15–20 times as long as broad, colorless Pycnidia tubular, 0.1–0.15 mm high, 35–50 µm broad, pale yellow Conidia

filiform, curved and tapering towards ends, 3-septate, 40–70 × 0.8–1.2 µm, colorless

FIG 4 Habit and ascospores of

A Thallus with apothecia;

Chemistry: No substances detected by TLC

Distribution: Pantropical, extending into subtropical and wettemperate zones

Remarks: This species is easily recognized by

isidia, yellowish to orange apothecia that produce filiform ascospores having the length of 20–40 µm and

another species of Bacidina differ

Habit and ascospores of Bacidina apiahica

Thallus with apothecia; B Ascospores.

No substances detected by TLC

, extending into subtropical and

wet-This species is easily recognized by thallus lacking yellowish to orange apothecia that produce filiform ascospores

40 µm and 3 septa B pallidocarnea – differs in having longer (40–60 µm), 3–

examined: Vietnam, Daklak Prov., Chu Yang Sin

N 108°20'20.1" E, alt 774 m, on leaf, 03

100564 (KoLRI); 12°28'16.1" N

alt 693 m, on leaf, 06 July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen

3) Byssoloma Trevis., Spighe Paglie: 6 1853.

The genus Byssoloma belongs to the family Pilocarpaceae

The three other genera that also belong to this family found in Chu

Yang Sin national park are Fellhanera, Calopadia and Sporopodium The species of Byssoloma can be recognized by dispersed or

continuous, smooth to farinose thallus of various colors; photobiont chlorococcoid, apothecia sessile to adnate, rounded; margin biatorine, usually byssoid and spreading over thallus surface; excipulum usually composed of free loosely interwoven hyphae, hypothecium prosoplectenchymatous, brown; hymenium colorless, I+ dark blue;

paraphyses branched and anastomosing; asci clavate,

Byssoloma-type, 8-spored; ascospores ellipsoid to cylindrical, transversely septate, colorless; pycnidia sessile, hemispherical to wart-shaped; conidia usually pyriform, non-septate, colorless

There were 4 species of this genus found in Vietnam

Key to foliicolous species of Byssoloma

in Chu Yang Sin national park

1 Ascospores 7-septate B vanderystii

Byssoloma chlorinum (Vain.) Zahlbr., Catal Lich Univ 8: 233 1932

Diagnostic characters: Thallus continuous, 7–15 mm across, 17–20 µm thick, minutely farinose, pale green Apothecia sessile,

rounded, 0.3–0.5 mm diam., 100–120 µm high; disc plane, brownish black; margin densely byssoid, white, spreading laterally over thallus

surface Excipulum well-developed, made of loosely woven hyphae, 50–80 µm broad, colorless Hypothecium 15–20 µm high, dark brown, K– Apothecial base brownish black Hymenium 40–45 µm high, colorless Asci 35–42 × 8–10 µm Ascospores oblong-ellipsoid, 3-

septate, non-constricted at septa, 10–13 × 2.5–3 µm, 3–4 times as

long as broad, colorless Pycnidia subglobose, 0.1–0.15 mm diam., grey Conidia pyriform, non-septate, 3–4 × 1–1.5 µm, colorless

Chemistry: No substances detected by TLC

Distribution: Pantropical

Remarks: In the genus Byssoloma, B chlorinum is the most

common species in the area This species is characterized by the green thallus with small apothecia (0.2–0.5 mm diam.) which has grey white margin and blackish brown disc and 3-septate ascospores

Specimens examined: Vietnam, Daklak Prov., Chu Yang Sin

National Park 12°27'07.7" N 108°20'21.7" E, alt 776 m, on leaf, 04 July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen 100600, 100642, 100644, 100648,

100653 (KoLRI); 12°28'16.1" N 108°20'33.3" E, alt 693 m, on leaf,

06 July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen 100711, 100719 (KoLRI)

Byssoloma subdiscordans var subdiscordans (Nyl.) P James, Lichenologist 5: 126 1971

Diagnostic characters: Thallus dispersed into rounded patches, 5–10 mm across, 20–22 µm thick, green Apothecia sessile, rounded,

0.3–0.5 mm diam., 120–200 µm high; disc plane to slightly convex, pure black; margin well-developed, densely byssoid, pure white,

persistent and spreading laterally over thallus surface Excipulum

well-developed, made of loosely woven hyphae, 50–130 µm broad,

colorless Hypothecium 20–30 µm high, dark brown with purplish tingle, K+ purplish Apothecial base purplish brown Epithecium 5–7

µm high, blackish brown Hymenium 40–45 µm high, colorless Asci 35–40 × 10–12 µm Ascospores oblong-ellipsoid, 3-septate, non-

constricted at septa, 10–15 × 3–5 µm, 3–3.5 times as long as broad,

colorless Pycnidia not observe

Chemistry: No substances detected by TLC and HPLC

Distribution: Cosmopolitan

Remarks: B subdiscordans f subdiscordans can be easily

distinguished with other species which has 3-septate ascospores

found in Chu Yang Sin National Park such as B chlorinum by typical pure black apothecia with pure white margin Besides that, it has

thallus that dispersed into rounded patches, slightly shiny and has corticiform layer

Specimens examined: Vietnam, Daklak Prov., Chu Yang Sin

National Park 12°28'22.8" N 108°20'32.8" E, alt 430 m, on leaf, 01 July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen 100475, 100507 (KoLRI); 12°27'08.4"

N 108°20'20.1" E, alt 774 m, on leaf, 03 July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen

100559 (KoLRI); 12°27'07.7" N 108°20'21.7" E, alt 776 m, on leaf,

04 July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen 100600 (KoLRI);

Byssoloma vanderystii Sérus., Lichenologist 11: 181 1979.

Diagnostic characters: Thallus continuous, 12–18 mm across, smooth, greenish grey Apothecia sessile to adnate, rounded, 0.3–0.5

mm diam., 150–180 µm high; disc slightly to strongly convex, chocolate-brown with a paler reddish brown marginal zone; margin well developed, densely byssoid, spreading laterally over thallus

surface, chamois-colored Excipulum made of loosely woven hyphae, 100–200 µm broad, colorless Hypothecium 57–60 µm high, brown, K– Epithecium indistinct Hymenium 90–95 µm high, colorless Asci 75–80 × 12–14 µm, 8 ascospores per ascus Ascospores cylindrical, 7–septate, non-constricted at septa, 25–28 × 3–4.5 µm Pycnidia not

observed

Chemistry: no substances detected by TLC

Distribution: Pantropical

Remarks: Byssoloma vanderystii is the only species found in

Chu Yang Sin National Park has long 7-septate ascospores while two

other Byssoloma species has 3-septate ascospores Further more, B

vanderstii has convex apothecia with chocolate-colored disc

Specimens examined: Vietnam, Daklak Prov., Chu Yang Sin

National Park 12°27'07.7" N 108°20’21.7" E, alt 776 m, on leaf, 04 July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen 100652 (KoLRI); 12°28'16.1" N 108°20'33.3" E, alt 693 m, on leaf, 06 July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen

FIG 5 Habit and ascospores of foliicolous species of

A, B B chlorinum, thallus with apothecia (A) and ascospores (B)

subdiscordans f subdiscordans, thallus with apothecia (C) and a ascospore (D)

E, F B vanderystii, thallus with apothecia (E) and ascospores (F).

0.5 cm

1 cm

0.5 cm

Habit and ascospores of foliicolous species of Byssoloma

, thallus with apothecia (A) and ascospores (B) C, D B

thallus with apothecia (C) and a ascospore (D) thallus with apothecia (E) and ascospores (F).

5 µm

10 µm

10 µm

4) Calopadia Vězda, Folia Geobot Phytotax 21: 208 1986

The genus Calopadia is belonging to the family

Pilocarpaceae This genus has crustose, usually dispersed into

rounded patches, ecorticate, smooth, pale grey thallus Apothecia sessile, rounded, pale to dark brown, sometimes pruinose; excipulum paraplectenchymatous, colorless Hypothecium pale to dark brown or aeruginous, K– Epithecium thin, pale brown to black Hymenium colorless, I+ dark blue, KI+ dark blue Asci clavate, I+ blue, KI+ blue, 1–8 ascospores per ascus Ascospores ellipsoid to cylindrical, transversely septate to muriform, colorless Campylidia sessile, with large hood-shaped lobe Conidia filiform, with clavate apex, 3–7 septate, colorless

There were 3 species were report occurred in Vietnam 2 foliicolous species were found in this national park

Key to foliicolous species of Calopadia

in Chu Yang Sin national park Apothecial disc greyish brown to dark brown, hypothecium

dark brown C puiggarri

Apothecial disc greyish black to black, hypothecium

aeruginous C subcoerulescens

Calopadia puiggarii (Müll Arg.) Vězda, Folia Geobot Phytotax 21:

215 1986

Diagnostic characters: Thallus dispersed into rounded patches,

10–30 mm across, 10–15 µm thick, ecorticate, smooth, grey

Apothecia sessile, rounded, 0.3–0.5 mm diam., 200–230 µm high;

disc plane to slightly convex, greyish brown to dark brown; margin

thin, grey Excipulum prosoplectenchymatous, 35–40 µm broad, colorless Hypothecium 28–30 µm high, dark aeruginous brown to dark brown Apothecial base aeruginous Epithecium 5–7 µm high, brown Hymenium 60–80 µm high, colorless Asci 75–80 × 15–30

µm, 1 ascospore per ascus Ascospores ellipsoid, muriform, 60–85 × 15–25 µm, 3–4 times as long as broad, colorless Campylidia sessile, 0.4–0.6 mm broad, hood-shaped, grey Conidia filiform with clavate

apex, 3–7-septate, 30–37 × 1–1.5 µm, colorless

Chemistry: No substances detected by TLC and HPLC

Distribution: Pantropical

Remarks: C puiggarii is a very common species in this

national park This species is separated with other species found in the national park in this genus by greyish brown to brown apothecia which have pale to dark brown hypothecium and produce 60–80 µm long ascospores This species is also different with others in having thallus that is dispersed in rounded patches

Specimens examined: Vietnam, Daklak Prov., Chu Yang Sin

National Park 12°28'22.8" N 108°20'32.8" E, alt 430 m, on leaf, 01 July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen 100531 (KoLRI); 12°27'08.4" N 108°20'20.1" E, alt 774 m, on leaf, 03 July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen

100577 (KoLRI); 12°27'07.7" N 108°20'21.7" E, alt 776 m, on leaf,

04 July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen 100582, 100583, 100600, 100613,

100625, 100629, 100631, 100638, 100643, 100644, 100647, 100649,

100652, 100653, 100655, 100656, 100664 (KoLRI); 12°28'16.1" N

108°20'33.3" E, alt 693 m, on leaf, 06 July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen

100688, 100695 (KoLRI); 12°26'24.6" N 108°20'22.1" E, alt 761 m,

on leaf, 06 July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen 100739, 100758 (KoLRI); 12°26'59.8" N 108°20'24.3" E, alt 767 m, on leaf, 08 July 2010, Thi-

Thuy Nguyen 100797 (KoLRI)

Calopadia subcoerulescens (Zahlbr.) Vězda, Sched Lich Sel Exs., Fasc 88: 3, no 2185 1988

Diagnostic characters: Thallus dispersed into rounded patches, 10–15 mm across, smooth, ecorticate, pale greenish grey Apothecia

rounded, 0.2–0.4 mm diam., 200–250 µm high; disc plane, greyish

black; margin thin, prominent, grey Excipulum 35–40 µm broad, hyaline, paraplectenchymatous Hypothecium 30–50 µm high, aeruginous Apothecial base aeruginous Epithecium 7–15 µm high, aeruginous Hymenium 100–120 µm high, colorless Asci 70–90 × 20–25 µm, 1 ascospore per ascus Ascospores ellipsoid, muriform, 70–85 × 15–20 µm Campylidia sessile, 0.4–0.6 mm broad, hood- shaped, grey Conidia filiform with clavate apex, 3–7-septate, 30–40

have pale to dark brown hypothecium

Specimens examined: Vietnam, Daklak Prov., Chu Yang Sin

National Park 12°28'22.8" N 108°20'32.8" E, alt 430 m, on leaf, 01

FIG 6 Habit and ascospores of foliicolous species of

A, B C puiggarii, thallus with apothecia (A) and

C, D C subcoerulescens, thallus with

0.5 cm

0.5 cm

Habit and ascospores of foliicolous species of Calopadia

, thallus with apothecia (A) and a ascospore (B) , thallus with an apothecium (C) and a campylidium (D)

20 µm

0.5 cm

5) Chroodiscus (Müll Arg.) Müll Arg.

1890

The genus Chroodiscus

Thelotremataceae Thallus crustose, continuous,

Photobiont trentepohlioid (Trentepohlia

immersed-erumpent, zeorine, rounded, disc plane, light grey to orange-red, margin prominent, with recurved triangular or irregular lobes Excipulum prosoplectenchymatous

covered by algiferous thallus layer Hymenium colorlessParaphyses unbranched, clavate apices Asci clavate, I

ascospores per ascus Ascospores ellipsoid to cylindrical, transversely septate to muriform, colorless

Only one species of this genus were found in

FIG.7 Habit and ascospores of

A Thallus with apothecia;

1 cm

(Müll Arg.) Müll Arg., Lich Epiphylli Novi: 18

Chroodiscus belongs to the family Thallus crustose, continuous, smooth to verrucose

Trentepohlia or Phycopeltis) Apothecioid

erumpent, zeorine, rounded, disc plane, light grey to red, margin prominent, with recurved triangular or irregular

plectenchymatous to paraplectenchymatous,

us thallus layer Hymenium colorless, I– clavate apices Asci clavate, I–, 4–8 ascospores per ascus Ascospores ellipsoid to cylindrical, transversely

Only one species of this genus were found in this place

Habit and ascospores of Chroodiscus argillaceus

Thallus with apothecia; B Ascospores.

5 µm

Chroodiscus mirificus (Kremp.) R Sant., Symb Bot Upsal 12(1): 322

1952

Diagnostic characters: Thallus continuous, smooth, greenish grey, K+ yellow Photobiont Trentrepohlia, cells elongate, 10–15 × 3–4 µm, in net-like plates Apothecia immersed-erumpent, rounded,

0.3–0.6 mm diam., 70–80 µm high; disc plane, brownish grey; margin pale grey, including 6–10 recurved triangular lobes

Excipulum 3–5 µm broad, paraplectenchymatous, colorless Hypothecium 8–10 µm high, pale yellowish brown Epithecium

indistinct Hymenium 45–50 µm high, colorless Ascospores ellipsoid, 3-septate, without constrictions at septa, 6–12 × 2–4 µm Pycnidia

not observed

Chemistry: Not test

Distribution: Neotropics and eastern Paleotropics

Remarks: This species can be easily recognize by the

brownish grey apothecia that have margin with triangle lobes, septate ascospores in the size of 6–12 µm long and K+ yellow thallus

3–5-Specimens examined: Vietnam, Daklak Prov., Chu Yang Sin

National Park 12°26'24.6" N 108°20'22.1" E, alt 761 m, on leaf, 06 July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen 100763, 100772 (KoLRI);

6) Coenogonium Ehrenb., in Nees von Esenbeck, Horae Physicae

Berolinenses: 120 1820

The genus Coenogonium belongs to the family

Coenogoniaceae The foliicolous species usually have thallus

crustose, smooth, thin, ecorticate or filamentous, composed of algal filaments wrapped by colorless fungal hyphae Photobiont

Trentepohlia Apothecia sessile, biatorine, rounded, pale yellow to

wax-colored Excipulum paraplectenchymatous Hymenium I– or I+ dark blue then turn to reddish brown Paraphyses unbranched, thickened apically Ascospores ellipsoid to fusiform, usually 1-septate, colorless Pycnidia erumpent to sessile, wart-shaped to globose Conidia fusiform to ellipsoid, non- to 1-septate, colorless

So far, 5 species of this genus were reported occurring in Vietnam 2 species were found in this place

Key to foliicolous species of Coenogonium

in Chu Yang Sin national park

Thallus lacking disc-shaped isidia C dilucidum

Thallus has many disc-shaped isidia, apothecia rare

C disciforme

Coenogonium dilucidum (Kremp.) Kalb & Lücking, in Lücking & Kalb, Bot Jb 122(1): 32 (2000)

Diagnostic characters: Thallus epiphyllous, continuous, thin, smooth, green Photobiont cells angular-rounded, in irregular plates

Apothecia sessile, rounded, 0.15–0.3 mm diam., 70–75 µm high; disc

plane, pale wax-colored; margin prominent, smooth Excipulum 34–

37 µm broad, colorless Hypothecium 5–7 µm high, colorless

Hymenium 45–50 µm high, colorless Ascospores irregularly

uni-seriate, ellipsoid, 1-septate, 6–10 × 2.5–3.5 µm Pycnidia shaped 0.1–0.15 mm diam., pale green Conidia bacillar, 1-septate,

wart-15–16 × 2–2.5 µm, colorless

Chemistry: No substances detected by TLC

Distribution: Pantropical

Remarks: C dilucidum is a common species in this place It is

characterized by small, wax-colored to pale yellow apothecia, septate ascospores with the size of 6–10 µm long and wart-shaped pycnidia which produce bacillar, 1-septate conidia

1-Specimens examined: Vietnam, Daklak Prov., Chu Yang Sin

National Park 12°28'22.8" N 108°20'32.8" E, alt 430 m, on leaf, 01 July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen 100518 (KoLRI); 12°27'08.4" N 108°20'20.1" E, alt 774 m, on leaf, 03 July 2010, Thi-Thuy Nguyen

100565, 100566, 100568, 100569, 100578, 100567 (KoLRI);

12°27’07.7” N 108°20'21.7” E, alt 776 m, on leaf, 04 July 2010,

Thi-Thuy Nguyen 100584, 100589, 100590 (KoLRI)

Coenogonium disciforme Papong, Boonpr & Lücking, 2007

Diagnostic characters: Thallus epiphyllous, crustose, smooth,

lacinate, 10–40 mm across, 17–19 µm thick, greyish-green

Photobiont Trentepohlia Isidia disc-shaped, numerous, shortly

stalked, 0.1–0.2 mm diam., leaving regular rounded holes in the

thallus after their detachment Apothecia few, sessile, scattered,

rounded, biatorine, 0.1–0.13 mm diam., 100–110 µm high; disc concave to plane, pale yellow to yellow; margin thin, distinct, smooth, ±raised above the level of disc, concolorous or paler than

disc Excipulum well developed, paraplectenchymatous, 15–30 µm broad, colorless, I– Hypothecium 12–15 µm high, colorless, I–, KI–

Hymenium 25–30 µm high, colorless, I–, KI– Paraphyses

unbranched, 1–1.4 µm thick, with thickened apices (2.5 µm) Asci cylindrical, 22–27 × 3–4 µm, thin walled, without tholus Ascospores

8 per ascus, irregularly biseriate, narrowly ellipsoid, 1-septate, 7–8 ×

2–2.5 µm, 3–4 times as long as broad Pycnidia not observed

Distribution: Eastern Palaetropics (Papong et al 2007) Remarks: The species is closely related to C isidiiferum

which differs in having irregular isidia that do not leave rounded holes on the thallus surface after their detachment and Neotropical

distridution In contrast, isidia in C disciforme are regular and leave rounded holes on the thallus surface Besides this, C isidiiferum is a Neotropical species while C disciforme is strictly a Palaetropical

species The fertile specimen of this species was first time found in

this national park

Specimens examined: Vietnam, Daklak Prov., Chu Yang Sin

FIG 8 Habit and ascospores of foliicolous species of

A C dilucidum, thallus with apothecia

apothecium (B), thallus with isidia (C) and ascospores (D).

0.5 cm

0.2 cm

Habit and ascospores of foliicolous species of Coenogonium

, thallus with apothecia B, C, D C disciforme, thallus with an

apothecium (B), thallus with isidia (C) and ascospores (D)

5 µm 0.1 cm