The effects of female empowerment in creating a non male dominant political system in international relations graduation paper

Scientifically, the paper will present the value and the important role ofwomen in the labor force, how women's presence contributes to the development of nationsand cooperation of Inter

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES -INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

HO CHI MINH CITY, JULY 2019

am so thankful to be studying in DIR, and to be your student.

•

Thank you Ms Phc;tm Thj Yen for your dedication I am truly thankful for beingadvised by you through the process of this paper I could not have done it without yourknowledge and patience Your high standard has encouraged me to accomplish this final task

of my university life, and for that I am grateful for being the lucky student who is instructed

by you Thank you for believing in me and not giving up on me

The process of completing this graduation paper yet challenging, but I have made itthrough with your mental support Mommy Even though you might not understand all what iswritten here, but I believe that you will understand the efforts that I have put into it, toachieve the final result, is to make you and Grandma proud Thank you Mommy for being

my Mom

To my QH1402-1 and NG1501 fellows, you guys have made my "uni life" aswonderful as it can be Thank you for all the friendships and support during our classes Ihave learnt a lot from you and I could not be more thankful to study with such talentedpeople Especially thanks to my "study buddy" Tram YG and "team leader" Y~n D6, for justbeing there for me I have successfully gone through tough time while studying here, because

of you My gorgeous time at HUFLIT is about to end, but sad I won't be as I know, it willend with laughter and joy

Female empowerment or women's empowerment can be understood as the process ofgiving women trust about themselves, raising their awareness along with creating fairopportunities for both genders in order to achieve equality Throughout this process, womenget to know their ability in making impact and also to contribute to their society When beingput in the political context, female empowerment means no difference The paper focuses onanalyzing how female empowerment affects on creating a gender-base balance politicalsystem with the increasing involvement of women The result shows a significant outcome ofthe decrease in gender gap between sexes worldwide, along with the rise of women'sengagement in political work particularly and other aspects generally The paper as wellproposes suggestions on generating occasions for female development at 3 analyzing levelsfrom individual to international There is a promising future predicted for women withchances of progressive growth

EXAMINER'S COMMENTS

1.1 Review of related literature and studies 17

1.2 Some comments on related literature and studies 26

Chapter 3: Theoretical and practical frameworl{ in assessing the effects of female

empowerment in creating a non-male-dominant political system in International

3.2.2 Current status of female development 43

Chapter 4: The effects of female empowerment in creating a non-male-dominant

political system in International Relations 60

4.2 The effects of female empowerment in creating a non-male-dominant political

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background

Women have always been seen as a weaker gender compared to man, a gender thatwas born not to lead the world but to serve the world For centuries, roles of women havebeen underestimated even if they are in a family context or a social context A girl when isexpected to be a nice daughter to her family, a good mom to her kids and an obedient wife toher husband The values of women are tightly attached to men and men will be the one todefine a lady's value In different cultures, the underestimation for women could be different,but still stays the same that women should be submitted to men For example, in Asia, thesocial norm says that women should be the one who build home and male builds the house.This shows the opinions that women should be inside the house and do the women's job, formen they can be outside and do all the social work On the other hand, in Western culturesfor example, even though the gender equality might seem different, but they are actually thesame When a woman it is married to a man, she has to change her last name into herhusband's last name Therefore, the display could be different compared to other cultures, butthe value that is rooted with this problem stays the same The women is always consideredthe subject that is always belonged to another one, in this particular situation it is men

However, from the 19th century women started to realize the basic rights and equalitythat they could achieve just like their male co-workers Women started fights for what could

do to support decreasing the gender gap that was still taking place in that time All the initialattempts were not easy to accomplished Accordingly, with all the efforts that women's acrossthe globe, and through out centuries have put into, the situation began to change rapidly untiltoday After centuries and decades, after hundreds of revolutions or fights for their ownrights, society's concept about women is now loosen up Women are now seen in more

academic field such as Mathematics, Engineering or Astrology Girls are now allowed to go

to school and more women are attending higher education Women can now work in men'sfields such as Construction, Power Industry or even Politics What is seen today has beenmade for years of dedication and fighting for what is believed right With all theachievements that the word has witnessed, women regardless their background can actuallycomplete things effectively and creatively, the effort will be challenging but eventuallydisregarding region, modern or rural area, women will be seen equally compared to man

In order to further boost the development of women, educational background should

be seriously considered The writer believes that this playa vital role in shaping the mind sets

of a woman This does not mean that higher education will bring a more modern set of mind.However, with the ability and the opportunities to access to the knowledge of the world, thewomen can give themselves a chance and more options to think about what might fit her themost One of the problems that women are experiencing is feeling good and accepting to stop

at some level of education This in fact depends on the orientation and desire of women intheir academic affairs Nonetheless, what to mention is one of the reasons why a womandecides to stop is because herself believes that women do not need to reach for too high ofeducation This pause takes away opportunities for a woman who can develop at a higherlevel and does not give her the opportunity to access to more choices From there all thechoices of a woman begin to surround the basic requirements that the society imposes on awoman, such as getting married at a certain age, bear child and work at home, take care ofand help the family This can be proved as a closed loop of an underdeveloped society whenwomen are not encouraged to continue pursuing professional education but must stop at anylevel to ensure the values given by the society This thought is thought only happen with theprevious generation, is now happening to Millennials Generation, or Gen Y The reason isthat the speed of social development is so fast, but the growth rate of some cannot keep up

with that speed, thus leading to the negative situations of young people, specifically women.Young women might easily make decisions based on the trend, ignoring the values andbeliefs from within For example, many young people believe in a life that does not requirehard of working or serious labor but can still obtains asset This leads to the result of a part ofyoung women believe that their value depends on the men who can bring wealth andproperty Their values are now not determined by their educational level or perspective onlife, but decided by a man, which somehow shows that women's empowerment is not reallyfocused on and developed in many pmis of the world Women still believe that their valuemust be based on the value of a man they go with, not determined by themselves From thisreason many women have given up on pursuing the abilities of theirs and choose to believethat jobs that require highly skilled workers or strong determination are male-dominant.

One of those jobs that are considered male-dominant is Politician From the past untilnow, most of the politicians are men Following Chinese history, Wu Zetian is the onlywoman who of the highest status of a country In the history of Vietnam, Hai Ba Trung werethe ones who were brave and knew how to fight and take what belongs to them History inthe world also recognized at time very few figures about a past that women who were theheads of a nation During the latter-modern era this still continued as a demonstration of truepolitics as a playground only for men According to them women are often dominated byfeelings and emotions rather than reason and critical thinking while political work is a jobthat requires a strong mindset in philosophy as well as a finn and resolute decision in allmatters Therefore, women are often beaten in this field However, entering the 21 st centurystatus is getting better for women who want to embark on the political path More femaleHeads of State or Heads of Government have shown up The representatives are AngelaMerkel, Chancellor of Germany, Theresa May, former Prime Minister of England or JacindaArdern, New Zealand and also the world's youngest Prime Minister From Asia, there are

Bidhya Devi Bhandari from Nepal, the first ever woman to run the office, or CorazonAquino, the first Asia female president, who was also representing The Philippines Womenall over the world are now being seen more in political office, which is a good signal fordecreasing and erasing the gap that has been taking place in this field With the development

of society, economy, of cultural and educational exchange and other aspects of life, thisperspective on a woman in a radical society has improved, supply a great impact on the role

of people in society Female women in political systems, because of this development thatwomen themselves began to trust more on the ability to work in this used to be ruled by male

Therefore, in general, empowering women and building a society in which womenand men are equal in terms of awareness and wage fairness is improving well in the 21 stcentury In terms of participation in politics, women are braver in nominating themselves aswell as nominating other capable women into the political apparatus This shows that thedemocracy and freedom that a political institution can achieve based on gender and genderequality is absolutely possible In this 21 st century, many women have become famouspoliticians and being heads of government apparatus of a nation This is a good signal notonly for the political industry in particular, but for all other social sciences in general.However, there are still many shortcomings as well as drawbacks not only from the societyaround women but also from the women themselves about their values, In order to alternatethis issue and generate more social value, the efforts require the best dedications of allgovernment departments and agencies as well as organizations wishing to bring about apositive change for society, upgrade a woman's consciousness about her own ability andpositive changes In the end, it will bring positive contributions to the development of thecountry in general and the world in particular when all the labor forces in society are usedand respected fairly, all human resources are utilized in the most effective and practical way

The need to VOIce up for women urges the writer to continue on the path ofresearching and analyzing more for this issue Aspects such as economy, social and educationhave been discussed mostly when mentioning women's related matters Nevertheless, politicsseems to be less assessed compared to others Therefore, as a young millennial who isinterested in politics particularly and international relations generally, the writer conducts thispaper as a foundation for further career development With the presence of women working

in political field being more respected, the writer is encouraged to contribute effort andattempts to enhancing the importance of women's work Thus, the motivation is held onothers benefits, and on the writer herself The writer hopes the launch of this paper willmaintain to boost the spirit of researching and the desire of dedicating of the writer and others

as well

1.2 The significance of doing this research

The report is honored to bring a source for both scientific and practical meaning postcompleting the paper Scientifically, the paper will present the value and the important role ofwomen in the labor force, how women's presence contributes to the development of nationsand cooperation of International Relations Specifically, women's participation in politicswill be detailed evaluated and presented with reasons for the need of their contribution in thisparticular field Secondly, the paper provides theories and assumptions of InternationalRelations theories on explaining the demand for equality of both sexes in the work force Theact of accessing such theories allow the paper to be academically assessed and approachedunder a new aspect, rather than just state as International Relations main actor Finally, theresearch for the topic lies on the scale of IR major, which proves the scientific facet of thepaper Thus, this will enlarge the variety of means for the signi ficance of the researchedtopic

On the other hand, although the crucial position of women has been proved over time,the writer still recognizes the lack of this evaluation under political aspect Therefore,practically, the writer would like to take this opportunity to fill in the need of more researchfor women's in politics The provision of such content will offer states another angle toconsider when promoting women's right Moreover, this might further support with bondingthe collaboration of states for embracing women's significance.

1.3 Objectives

The purpose of this report is to analyze the impacts of gender equality and women'sempowerment on improving self-awareness and self-esteem among women, how it createseffects on creating a non-male-dominant worldwide in the political system The paper willclarify the current status of women generally and women in politics specifically In order togain that purpose, the research has the specific objectives as below:

• Approach theoretical and practical frameworks that support on explaining the topicacademically and realistically

• Evaluate current status of female empowerment for a closer look at the study subject

• Offer suggestions for continued effort in building fair environment

Besides, the paper aims to present up to date successes of female empowerment andits contribution to political field The paper focuses on how female politicians achieve theirpositions and how believing in their self-value has help them obtain what they aim for.Moreover, this repOli wanted to give out acknowledgement about gender quality generally

and female's chance of being equal specifically to readers who have the same concern aboutwomen's rights In addition, the concern is for politics and gender related issues that thereaders might be interested in and how female empowerment can actually help achieveperson academic and career goals for women This report also desires to send another aspect

of the gender matter to male reader as men and women will be considered equal through theresearch and all values arc maintaining equal

1.4 Definitions of Terms

Female Empowerment: The progress for women to obtaining power and personalrights throught set of choices and determined demand There are five segments that make upthe success of women's empowerment "women's sense of self-wolih; their right to have and

to determine choices; their right to have access to opportunities and resources; their right tohave the power to control their own lives, both within and outside the home; and their ability

to influence the direction of social change to create a more just social and economic order,nationally and internationally." (United Nations, 2019)

Non-male-doiminant: A desired non-male-dominant society, nation or organization is

111 which men hold no major power or influence The authority therefore is distributed

moderately for all genders, patriarchy is not to be conceived

1.5 Scopes

The report will mainly focus on researching women's right status and case studies thatcan be found worldwide and summarized at the end of what have been researched, the fact ofachieving equality for both genders and how they affect the forming of political system Inaddition, the subject of the research is women's rights and related empowering issues inpolitics Nonetheless, men will also play an important role in the study as it helps point outthe equality and inequality that the two genders are facing and what could be done to reduce

or ease the situation The time frame stretches from the early 21sl century up to now, with the

threshold is 2010, as the report will focus on the change of women's roles in the eye ofsociety and their own in the first decade of the 2151 century and the soon to be finished seconddecade of its, from 2010 to 2019 However, in order to show the change through out the How

of history, events in the 20th century will sometimes be mentioned in order to make contrast

to the status of the 2151 century and to compare the process

1.6 Theoretical Framework

When it comes to women's rights and chances for equality for women, the report willuse some theory and definition of Feminism Theory Feminism has a root for its developmentfrom a social movement, whose fundamental purpose is equality between women and men Inmany times and many places in the past, people have been determined that women and menhave similar abilities and have tried to improve the social status of all women, as well asmen's status The purpose of Feminism as a political movement is to make women and menmore equal in law, society and culture Gender inequality has many different forms,depending on the economic structure and social organization of a particular society anddepending on the culture of any patiicular group within that society (Judith Lorber, 2013).One of the 2 factors about Feminism that excites the write is the variety of believes andexpressions for this particular topic The examples that are used for proving Feminismpractice can be varied due to the shape of the culture and at each time is different The secondfactor is Feminism also has many other forms: Liberal Feminism works on equal rights andwhat could men and women mutually achieve; Radical Feminism on another aspect works onsex issues and separatism; Marxist/Socialists Feminism concentrates on the effect ofcapitalism on women's roles; Black Feminism on the other hand deals with racism andethnicity matters (Trueman, 2015) The theories of Feminism will be used to explain the roles

of women in politics and how this helps gain more power and rights for women in thisparticular field

1.7 Hypothesis

This research believes that by empowering women with knowledge and confidence inthemselves, helping them eliminate the rooted norm that women should only stand behindmen, women can create their own career where they a part of society, specifically in apolitical context where women are more enthusiastic in working as a politician The layers ofdevelopment must be achieved from individuals, then continue to develop as nation's effort,and finally as an international level With the accomplishment of developing women'spositive mindset and encourage them to par1icipate more in political fields, the ratio of themen and women serving in the field will increase, based on the new interest of women inchoosing career At the national level, state will build more on their democracy as havingfought the rights of all, with women's is an example In evolution to that, having women asheads of states or governments will release more peace-based and cooperation-baseddecisions that help nations strengthen their relations, as well as collaboration for a mutualintent for prosperity

it might indirectly affect men's dignity when being compared to women Accordingly, thereport will not be fully and fairly received in some culture or society

1.9 Organization

There will be 4 chapters in total in this research report Chapter 1 - Introduction willgive out a general view on current status of the research topic as well as author's idea onresearching this topic History of women's unjustness and the fight for evolution over timewill be mentioned in this chapter Moreover, the writer will intertwine the concept as a whole

to the context of elaborating more rights for women in politics Chapter 2 - Literature reviewconcludes sources, which support investigating the issue with comments of the author arepresented The writer will indicate overview on each analyzed article or study, present whatspecific opinions are used in order to support this paper, and finally to compare the disparity

of the source itself with the need of the paper Chapter 3 - Theoretically and practicalframework for assessing the effect of female empowerment in creating a non-male-dominantpolitical system in international relations will be written with the purpose of presenting theassumptions and opinions from theories that help the writer complete this paper with a solidfoundation of theories Moreover, the approach to practical framework gives the writeranother realistic aspect of conducting this report and on what facet the paper should beanalyzing Chapter 4 - The effect of female empowerment in creating a non-male-dominantpolitical system in international relations will give out details on how much the progress hasbeen achieved, proof that shows the alternating of women in political field until today Thischapter also supp0l1 with suggestions for more success in empowering female and donatingenvironment that works for all sexes

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Review of related literature and studies

2.1.1 Related literature

In 2018, Nikolay Popov from South-West University, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria in his

article called Feminism As an Political Ideology evaluated Feminism as a new concept on

social media and in reality In particular, the author specifically mentioned the analysis of theconcept of Feminism, new but closely related to the Enlightenment period of the British aswell as the French revolution According to him, Feminism is defined as the desire to learnand to find women's equal rights, as well as to discover the different aspects that society oftenevaluates about women (Nikolay Popov, 2018) In his atticle, he analyzed clearly the process

of forming the history of this concept as well as its understandings Over time, the honorablerecognition of this concept has led to a scenario where women inevitably raise their needs forhigher and more advanced rights, namely political participation He also mentioned twowaves of feminist struggle The atticle mentioned that in the previous period, it was theperiod when feminism was more in silent, but the identity and the connections between theintrinsic values of the thesis itself urged feminism to continue to be active and flourish in thesecond wave period (Nikolay Popov, 2018)

The efforts of the feminist wave until today are undeniable However, it must beseriously acknowledged that fairness and equality between the two sexes are not fullyachieved, even in developed countries The fact shows that the views of the community andsociety still carry a great deal of thought on the promotion of men's essential values in socialsituations, put a burden on the care of the family on women Although modern thinking aboutfeminism today is widespread, the issue of ideology is still in a deep root, leading to theinability to fully achieve gender equality for men and women This opinion of him sharing

the same with the writer's point of view about feminism, which interests the researcher indeepening search on the value's role in constraining and also in enhancing women'sdevelopment Therefore, the author uses this as a supporter for the opinions in the writing

However, the article merely refers to the analysis of the manifestations of feminism inthe period of before and after the 20th century, but does not present the effects of fighting forthe presence of women from a political perspective In other words, the article does not focus

on presenting issues related to women's rights in reducing the number of men involved inpolitics This can be said to be the difference in the aims of research problems of the authorand this atiicle Therefore, the writer will use the foundation of this article to refer to furtheranalyze women's rights in politics

Mentioning more achieving fairness for both sexes, Gender Equity for Peace and

Prosperity by Khachiilo Zehol that is published in 2018 showed views on men and women

equality under the perspective of "Gender Equity" The chaos and troubles in society happens

as men and women are not treated fairly From the author's point of view, the issue of maleand female rights should be an issue that is paid attention to by each member of the society,for protecting women's rights is also protecting human rights (Khachiilo Zehol, 2018).Therefore, concerning about this issue is also concerning issues related to the interests ofindividuals in community One of the points was that the society and the world are in the 21stcentury, but there are still many limitations in a developed society that causes inequality formen and women In his article, he also recognized the issues of gender discriminationthrough the repOlis of the United Nations, as well as comparing them with the items inUniversal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 (Khachiilo Zehol, 2018) A highlight in thearticle is that the author carefully analyzed typical examples in India as a basis for evaluatingthe reality of real situations and actions to help women in a country

One aspect that the author was extremely interested in was enhancing education forwomen The author considered this a very important task in reducing and eliminating theremaining gaps between men and women The author believed that education would bringmore positive and effective changes in the issue of empowering men and women In theopinion of the writer, the writer also highly recommended that women must be involved inproper study before accessing higher positions, that later might lead in attendance in thepolitical apparatus, or in other areas The writer agrees with Khachiilo Zehol Kevekha's view

on promoting and appreciating the improvement of knowledge in particular and theawareness of women in general The acknowledgement is not only about their rights but alsothe aspects of society This can be seen to be the common viewpoint between the writer andKhachiilo Zehol Kevekha, when setting out the good aspects of improving education forwomen in their own sake It is mentioned that raising awareness of women has since then led

to the positive impacts, lifting high the knowledge of women Moreover, this can bring protection that women themselves can equip against social hazards

self-However, the article only stops at the level of analyzing social issues without focusingmuch on political factors The aspects of society that are related to the rights of women areaffected, such as education and health issues, but not the political aspect Although the author

• uses the concept of "peace" and "prosperity" in his writing, the writer has yet to see the

emphasis of "peace" and "prosperity" will be brought about in the context of politics.Khachiilo Zehol Kevekha's article can thus support the writer in recognizing the positiveelements of women's empowerment, but the article has not solved the problems in similarly

in the political context Therefore, this article will be a good foundation for the writer to get aglimpse into women's role when being promoted to higher levels in politics

Similarly when talking about women's difficulties and difficulties 111 Empoweringwomen, Dr Radhika Kapur 111 Challenges to Women's Empowerment also mentioned

some of the limitations in this issue In the article, the author mainly mentioned the aspects ofFeminism concept, also at the same time talking about the advantages that humans couldachieve in general and each society can achieve in particular, if the value and position of awoman is properly and seriously recognized In his article, there were examples of women'sdevelopment from the past until now He also emphasized the importance of women in theearly times when a new society had bcen formed From that point of view, he continued toaddress changes of feminism and attempts of women through out time He also described thedifficulties that women had encountered not only Indian society in particular but also in otherareas Regarding the different levels as well as the different aspects, economically andpolitically, he stated that empowering women is also about liberating women from constraintand giving them the opportunity to be properly developed with their ability (Radhika Kapur,2018) The article focuses mainly on the context in India from which the author on this basispointed out the problems as well as the difficulties and limitations of women here, along withdifficulties for women's empowerment.

One of the elements of this article that writers want to emphasize is the matter ofleadership In the article, Dr Radhika Kapur talked about the leadership aspect of a woman.The author believes that as an independent individual, women could also fully lead teams, aswell as orient problems The author thought that women could serve as effective leaders inmany different respects, in organizations as well as businesses if they are given appropriateopportunities and benefits (Radhika Kapur, 2018) Dr Radhika Kapur believed that thepresence of women in these organizations is to add her values to the thrive of theorganization, their values lie in various phases, they can bring more information, ideas aswell as skills that can contribute directly to the success of the business Therefore the authoremphasized the issue of women's leadership, which in the writer's opinion is one of thefactors the writer considers when writing about the presence of women in the political

apparatus Thus, with this view of the author, the writer has a further basis to demonstratethat the participation of women in the political apparatus will make more good decisions aswell as more collaboration between nations.

Similar to the above articles, the author has not mentioned the issue of empoweringwomen in the political field In this article, the author primarily referred to the problems anddifficulties that women face However, these challenges were very general, such as cognitive,social as well as external factors affecting women's development, not yet put into context ofpolitics, in developing the role and rights of women in this area Therefore, the writer will usethe author's points in this article when discussing the aspect of women's empowerment to beleaders, thereby relating to women's leadership at the political level This article, though onlymentioned issues in the social aspect, was mainly given to the writer the oppo11unity and thecitation of support for raising the role of taking on the responsibility of leading for women.Therefore, the writer will use this article to clarify the role of women in leadership positions,upgrade to politics angle

2.1.2 Related studies

One of the factors that the writer believes that has strongly influenced the perception

of the society and of the woman herself is culture Hanh Thi Hai Nguyen, Andy Bertsch,Gillian Warner-Soderholm, James Ondracek from Minot State University, USA and BINorwegian Business School in January 2017 published an m1icle called Understanding

Cultural Factors Which Affect Women Serving On Board of Directors. The articlementions how cultural actors influence the aspect of women serving in the company as high-level executives, worldwide In this article, the authors also study the relations between thesecultural actors, political factors, gender equality factors, the level of maternity and paternitypay This paper focuses on 56 countries with data from the World Economic Forum and theWorld Bank in 2015 (Hanh Thi Hai Nguyen, Andy Bertsch, Gillian Warner-Soderholm &

James Ondracek, 2017) The article focuses on analyzing many specific issues such as theidea of understanding and giving reasons that influence the success of a woman in a highposition, providing information on gender diversity as well as gender equality that have beenachieved throughout the world From the collected data, connections are linked to form amass of available data from which to be analyzed factors in creating a woman's success.Besides, the most important factor is also the topic of this study, which is the study of theircultural actors Culture plays a very important role in making decisions about deciding whom

to select for Board of Directors Another aspect of the cultural element that the authorsmention is the humanity in the direction of the national development This factor has a greatimpact on recognition of the issue of creating fairness, convenience, friendliness and equalityamong citizens CHanh Thi Hai Nguyen, Andy Bertsch, Gillian Warner-S0derholm & JamesOndracek, 2017) This also means that people in those countries will appreciate commoninterests, as well as always trying to find ways to help their partners and leave out personalinterests At the same time, countries with such behavior will often have very low rates ofpeople working for selfishness as well as individual needs The conclusion of this papershows that the gender equality index is predicted through the future orientation as well ascollectivism that take place within the team Although this is a study that relates to a politicalaspect on how women are evaluated and recognizing their ability to stand in the ranks ofCongress, this paper can also partly contribute to parallel field of economics, about howmuch women can be deployed and respected in creating products as well as economicachievements In general, this is a complex research area with many analyzes andcalculations of the authors The results with data from this study have shown very positivesignals in empowering women worldwide along with promoting social development

The study offers the result of culture as a vital actor that impacts on the shape ofmindset, from which determine the roles of women in the society With the solid data and

chart conducted in several countries, the writer can have an academic and transparentapproach on the infonnation that is given through the research However, as the research wasconducted generally, the lack of political factor in this study not yet be able to help the writer

to take reference on Still, this study has widely offer data and views under cultural aspect towriter for a better understanding about this matter

In contrast to finding the root, Increasing Women's Political Participation that was

reported in World House Student Fellow 2016 - 2017 has delivered quite a good mark whenshowing cases from democratic countries in increasing engagement of women politically,suggesting policy prescriptions that help changing this issue The study also recognizes basicproblems such as the tolerance women must obey each day on discrimination, bodylegislation and struggle to gain access to education Moreover, recognizing problems that arestill existing is believed to be one of the key factors in finding actual solution for womeninequality related problems For example, the study has shown the fact that Western countrylike French in reality is not that focused on developing women's right like what they havebeen known for Women still spend over three hours on domestic tasks every day, an amountonly four minutes less than that recorded in 1986, and two hours more than men spend ondomestic tasks Educationally, over 56 percent of women have received higher education, butthey still make up less than 5 percent of senior managers in the largest 200 French companiesand earn an average of 20 percent less than men (Lambert, 2001) This shows a fact that even

in developed countries where female empowerment is strongly believed to have risen up,inequality remains appearing on a daily basis and also in academic development Alsomentioned in the report, Rwanda and Argentina did have some waves of female revolutionwhere and when women fought for themselves, or adjust their mindset after several of certainevents For instance, after the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, women became more heavilyinvolved in politics so as to help rebuild the country On the other hand, in November 1991

the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies passed a gender quota law for Chamber of Deputieselections following a strong Argentine feminist movement in the late 1980s and early 1990s(Gray, 2003) This law required that party lists of viable candidates for office include at least

30 percent women (Gray, 2003) Similar to Argentina's achievement, Senegal quota systemcalled "parity" has also successfully increasing the number of women in politics Senegalpassed its parity law in 20 I 0, which has significantly increased women's politicalpm1icipation in the country However, the parity law has generated opposing views Manycelebrated the law, but not everyone welcomes the law, and others believe the law has notimproved the lives of Senegalese women Nonetheless, many still recognize the value ofparity This demonstrates how controversial one supporting policy can be when beingreleased to the public In addition, this can also belong to sides that are not supportingwomen's right as they are afraid of a situation where men's power will have to compromisewith women's

This study concentrates specifically on politics With the form of evaluating anddefining matters, this gives the writer a generalized picture on how the writer shouldapproach the issue The study also provides various case studies, from the West to the East,which helps enrich the diversity of sphere The study was also written based on a strongfoundation of law approach from the expertise of the authors, that gives the readers moreevidence on a firm assessment for this matter Nevertheless, the study was conducted over 10years ago, which is now needs to be updated with latest data and trend The theories in theresearch indeed are still useful in terms of theoretical usage, but an update is also what thestudy is in need of

Similarly analyzing, The Effect of Women's Representation in Parliament and the Passing of Gender Sensitive Policies by Elizabeth Asiedu and Nanivazo Malokele from

University of Kansas, Claire Branstette from American Institutes for Research and Neepa

Gaekwad-Babulal of State University of New York at Fredonia conducted a paper thatcollected data from 159 states to test if countries whose share of parliament seat for women ishigher are more supposable to overcome gender perceptive laws In the study, the authorspointed out the trend of participation of women in the government systems over the past threedecades This rate has increased as well as obtained better quality than the previous time.Specifically, the parameters have shown that although this development is still relativelyslow, women over time have become more and more present in the leadership positions, orpmiicipate in parliaments of the nation (Elizabeth Asiedu, Nanivazo Malokele, ClaireBranstette & Neepa Gaekwad-Babu1al, 2017) Besides, a remarkable factor of this change isbased on the income situation of the countries In high-income countries, the percentage ofwomen who are involved in politics is higher, which is declining for middle-income countriesand least in low-income countries However, remarkable thing is that the authors have alsoshown that the income gap of countries is narrowing This means that opportunities forwomen to participate in government departments are becoming higher According to thisthesis, the authors have shown that the number of women participating in the political work

of the countries on the international system is getting more progressive This progress isparticularly scattered throughout the world, with no particular focus on one area Forexample, representatives from Africa join representatives from Europe in representing femalepower in the world map of politics This removes the notion that African countries are lessdeveloped countries The level of awareness is generally not equal to Western countries,which leads to lack of opportunities for women to pmiicipate in political activities On theother hand, the miicle specifically analyzes each case of states, which is a good referencesource for the writer in assessing the development of Feminism around the world (ElizabethAsiedu, Nanivazo Malokele, Claire Branstette & Neepa Gaekwad-Babulal, 2017) Finally,one of the authors' conclusions is to explain the nation's success in achieving victory in

2.2 Some comments on related literature and studies

In general, all articles related to the topic of empowerment for women focus onspeaking and analyzing the definitions as well as the current realities of society in this regard.The authors show a variety of arguments and their opinions when presenting views onwomen's empowerment in different regions and at different times in the world It can be saidthat this problem is a sensitive issue but not in its nature but by the value that society has put

on The authors have presented their caution in mentioning the feminist issue when notcriticizing men or the injustices of society Another point that the writer appreciates about thearticles of scientific, studies as well as book on feminism is that all authors have put a lot ofdetermination and enthusiasm on completing a work, in which readers can see the importance

of a woman in social development, in other words is the importance of raising the value ofthe woman The next great point of the authors when writing about feminism is the fact thatthe authors do not show their concessions to women The authors have all mentioned the

problem and the weaknesses that a woman can meet but not for that do the authors justify theneed for women of getting more attention from the society, or from men The authors haveused scientific arguments for concrete figures as well as practical evidence, showing thatempowering women or giving women equal opportunities as men will bring what benefitssocial development, rather than sympathy This is a matter of controversy but the authorshave written in a sincere and fair way This means that if their work or aliicle is controversial,these arguments also stem from positive arguments to provide a better improvement ofwomen's rights issues These debates come from many- different perspectives on the sameissue of how to empower women Therefore, although there are many controversial points,the writer still believes that these are points that can be completely reconciled by manydifferent opinions and from which a common idea is still fully attainable.

However, a problem that authors have not yet found out in their works is thereconciliation of values between women and men Usually in these works, the authors oftentilted towards women, mentioned all the issues revolve around them, found the mostappropriate solutions to improve their lives and values Due to the focus on women, theauthors often neglect to mention the other side of the labor force, men The problem is iffocusing all thoughts on the woman and neglect the aspects that can happen in a man, thiswill again cause imbalance, for the woman is now the one who receives more priority thanthat of a man The most controversial aspect of women's rights is ensuring the current equalrights of men in all aspects of society, as well as in the development aspects of a country Onthe issue of feminism is the fact that the authors often overlook the analysis of the difficultiesand the values that a man can bring about This can be identified in a special view However,especially in the political or economic aspect, there is almost no article about it to value or

show the importance of a male politician or a female politician Pe.!fu!p_sbecause this is a

~ ~",O ~l .CJ.~

~~c

topic that does not receive much attention from politicians so its appearance"' takes into

account this time is limited Nonetheless, for the perspective of a social worker or those whocare about the equality of the community, this is a factor that may need more exploitation tocontribute to the most common and reasonable sources of reference on gender issues.

In general, all the works are worth reading They refer to an important issue in thedevelopment of social life, which is the empowerment of women and for all citizens, equalrights or the opportunity to access and work with all careers, as long as citizens meet thebasic requirements of that profession Therefore, these works should be accessed morewidely by readers from many classes Although at lower levels the real understanding of thevalue of these works is not high might be different, giving them access to works that addressthis issue is one way to begin to help raise the society's understanding of the value of womenand men Since then, gender equality issues will be easier to access when people have gainedbasic knowledge, and women's empowerment will also become more effective

CHAPTER 3

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING

THE EFFECTS OF FEMALE EMPOWERMENT IN CREATING A NON-MALE-DOMINANT POLITICAL SYSTEM

IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

In Chapter 3, the writer aims to present and put international relations theories incontext of analyzing female empowerment The theories will playas launcher and academicbackground for the writer fmther evaluate aspects relating to this topic In contribution withtheories, practical framework will lead the readers to facts and data about femaleempowerment current status, along with the dominance facts of male force in all fields Thepresence of the two frameworks will altogether offer a full picture of the conventional topicabout women and their rights to be empowered

3.1 Theoretical framework

Theoretical framework is the foundation for the writer to assess the issue of women'srights, which in turn can identify the roles and suggestions to be taken in order to completethe set out targeted items Feminism will be used in order to analyze and supply a background

of theory for the research

In terms of studies about women or women as a part of society, Feminism comes as aset of tools in order to provide solid information for researching Women's rights first stemfrom the foundation of human rights, but later on have become a theory for researching interms of international relations (IR) and society Therefore, it can be said that since theconcept of feminism is born, it refers to a period from which the society began to improveand become aware of the equal role of all people Feminism discusses the equality betweenwomen and men and all the basics that a woman can have Feminism is rooted from a socialmovement in which the purpose was to rediscover the equality for both sexes The

movements started in the past with its belief that women could grasp the roles and completesame tasks as men However, some groups thought that this is was not feasible when men andwomen are born with different functions and strength Therefore, the strength of men can domore and men are born to take on laborious responsibilities While women in a differentaspect, must do lighter work that fits her values since birth However, according to the law ofsocial development, when the development factors encounter conflict in being constrainedbetween values, the struggle will inevitably happens and that was what happened in the 19thcentury In Europe and America, there has been a rise of the feminist movement to eliminateand fight major inequalities between policy issues for male citizens and citizens in Westerncountries that at the time had begun to take place the development of technology (JudithLorber, 1997) In modern history, up to this point, there may be three waves of feminists thatare recorded on books The first is the wave struggled on the problems that modern societytoday considers as normal rights of a person, women's rights However, at that time all theserights were ones that a woman cannot enjoy, she cannot be a socialist, cannot own propeliy

or being inherited, not allowed to create wealth, must not become a professional scientificresearcher and must not do a job that can stand on par with a man At the time of the firstwave, they argued that everyone must be equal before the law and that no one should havespecial privileges or rights (Chris Trumen, 2015) The first feminist struggle used examplesand views taken from the struggle to liberate slaves, for essentially all human beings should

be born with the same rights, and no one should own the predominant advantage to be givenpriority Regarding human rights, slavery was gradually being eliminated in Westerncountries Therefore, they believed in a future that women would be set free, from norms andconstraints As mentioned earlier, this is a new development of society when it starts torecognize equal rights among races, next is a period of feminist development and during thewave period (Judith Lorber, 1997) The purpose of protestors who fought for feminism was

to demand procedural and administrative legal equality for women in Western countries, theright to vote or the right to study In this first wave, rights related to women's income andeducation issues were also fought, in which the struggles were to claim independent rightsand economic opportunities for women These rights are necessary to enhance the status of awoman whether married or unmarried, giving these women the opportunity to developthemselves and from there can support them with social connections For a married woman,for example, giving her an independent economic opportunity helps her escape thedependence on a man, who is her husband, and vice versa for single women The economicself-esteem is an opportunity for her to support her family, parents or anyone that is in need

of help Due to the earliness of the first wave of struggle, the class patiicipating was verylimited, mainly relatively aware women in terms of their own values, women working infactory in the morning but knowing how to enjoy and relieve the stresses for themselves inthe evening, those from the middle class and above Also in the nineteenth century and inWestern countries, there was another struggle branch also for women's rights but notadministrative and procedural rights nor property ownership, but the right to be valued by herown self, her body In other words, they fought for the right of self-determination for thebody and decisions regarding her health This struggle according to the theory is also asarduous as the struggle mentioned above (Chris Trumen, 2015) The reason is because beforethe woman was considered to belong to a man, she was not entitled to decide on her ownbody problems, including raising a child The first wave saw many revolts fighting forwomen's rights in terms of economy and life As this was the beginning of Feminism, therevolts were spontaneous and simple, supposedly to address fundamental issues in women'slife Thus, the fighters were not in intention to fight for women's rights in politics In otherwords, when the basic issues of women's rights in life such as the right to learn, the right offreedom or improving skills and economic rights are not enforced, the need for participation

in political institutions or organizations with high status was what the first wave fighters havenot thought of.

Not long after, in order to continue working on the rights for women, the second wavehappened in the midst of the 20th century The second wave of research was started afterWorld War II and also originated in Western countries (Judith Lorber, 1997) Following thefirst wave, the second wave in the 20th century continued to contribute much to the change ofwomen in terms of awareness and society by focusing on the issues that women are stilllosing against men, by fighting for mechanical restrictions and by making arguments aboutthe value that men and women can bring However, one shortcoming of the second wave ofthe twentieth century was that feminist views were not consistent compared to the first wave.Therefore, there were many solutions to feminist issues or to address gender inequality.Although in the twentieth century, the theories about feminism or the struggle for genderequality have been more widely disseminated, due to the universality as well as thesubjectivity of each individual, judgments or solutions on the issue of women's rights aremore likely to cause conflict than the first wave as a result of diversity of this problem Aproblem that the second wave was experiencing was the number of participants who involved

in these waves It is easy to see that the audience involved in this wave in the 20th centuryhas been highly educated, high-status people in society Examples are employees oforganizations, universities, or government They may be lawyers, skilled doctors, who arewriters or journalists Similar to the first wave, women in the lower classes have not yetpmiicipated in these struggles Therefore, there was still a large part of women who did notreally understand their importance as well as the values a woman can bring to society Also inthis second wave of fighting, in addition to countries in the West, the world also noted therise of the feminist movement in South America or Asia (Judith Lorber, 1997) Although theefforts were somewhat different, these movements all aimed at a common goal, which was to

equalize women's rights over men's rights and create a fair society where all both genders had

to be treated equally However, in another aspect women from Muslim countries still sufferedfrom many constraints that stem from cultural and religious issues For example, in someMuslim countries, women have so far not been able to fight for their fundamental politicalrights, such as the right to vote, the right to speak up, they are not allowed to drive car, cannotleave the country without their husband and wife are not allowed show loud or superficialattitude to their man In Asia, the second wave of feminism showed positive impacts, but notyet tremendous alternation At that time in Asia, although many places still discriminatedagainst women, still attributed the role of women as a housewife and a person who in demand

to comply with her husband, the significant progress in women's empowerment as well as theissue of raising the perceived value of women cannot be denied Therefore, in general, thesecond wave up to this point has achieved certain results in building women's knowledgebase on their rights to the benefits of a person, how valuable women can be to society as well

as create more opportunities for women to participate in areas of life In this wave, efforts toimprove the role of women, especially in political participation, were increasingly enhanced.However, many views at that time suggested that, if only raising the presence of women inthe political system but ignoring the intrinsic worth in changing awareness, not achievingfreedom in terms of in essence, then being present and participating in politics did not fullycontribute to solving the issue of feminism Accordingly, due to the opposition of ideologicalaspects that feminism has begun with, many grounds and branches become differentdoctrines like today Consequently, one of the successes of feminism in the second wave wasthe more profound shaping for the birth of feminism doctrines, continues to be a solidpractical basis for fighting of Rights for women at all levels and in different fields, especiallypolitics

In contribution to the 1st and 2nd wave, from the middle of the 20th century, the 3rdwave rose as a next revolution to the plum of female empowerment One of the importantpoints of this third wave is the development of theories and practices of this wave.Developmental aspects related to women's rights expand in almost all areas, including keyareas, closely related to national development and national security such as economy, trade,immigration and human rights issues, etc This spread was not only in depth but also inwidth, when human rights issues were concerned in terms of international relations, cross-border between nations The global expansion of this third wave was interesting, opening aperiod of formal adoption of women's issues, reflecting the common interest of countries onthis issue This spread first touched Western countries, where the two previous waves offighting began With the foundation of available democracy and human rights, Westerncountries immediately absorbed the third wave and made it more powerful and effective.Next is the spread to developing countries, including Eastern nations With the stronginfluence by ancient Chinese culture and the feudal Confucian ideology, the root of male andfemale ideology in this area is imperative With the strong development of this 3rd wave,feminists in Eastern countries quickly took this 0ppo11unity to fight more fiercely for theirfeminist movements Besides countries, NOOs and IOOs also formally pm1icipate in thestruggle Recognizing their values and the importance of empowering women, theseorganizations quickly caught up with the third wave of struggle, leverage the positive success

of the lane Due to the presence and active operation of cross-border activities, the foundationfor the birth of Feminism theories began from here This was also one of the main successes

of the 3rd wave of Feminism The growth and development oftoday's Feminism is due to thebackground of theory and practicality that initiated from the third wave, opens the period ofFeminism in international relations theories later on In addition, achievements in basic

women's rights should also be addressed, one of which is the right of women's political life,marking the glory for the 3rd wave of female empowerment (Nguyen Thai Yen Huong, 2017).

Through the wave of feminism movements, theories about women's rights ISincreasingly more systematically Theories deployed by feminists to explain inequality 10

society, that feminists are not satisfied with the explanation of men having more advantagesthan women are a nature fact and for that cannot be changeable However, there is one notethat must be noticed is the differentiation of concepts of feminism theories as the researcher

or the feminists themselves can supply with distinguished ideas Still, fields that are mostlyexamined are gender, sex and sexuality When in higher and deeper research, they also work

on economy and education that can apply to feminism matter One of the important theories

to be addressed is Feminism in international relations theories The first vital assumption forFeminism in politics shows that the presence of women should be encouraged as it will bringharmony and peace to the decisions, less violence and hatred comparing to their malepoliticians (Nguyen Thai Yen Huong, 2017) It can be proven that wars happened through outhistory flow were sparked by men The instinct to conquer and to prove strength of maleleaders has led to numerous conquests and invasions Realists explain this as an indispensiblepart of international relations, but Feminists will explain this under the concept of sex, naturaland biological functions of a man that led to such decisions On the other hand, female leaderbesides aiming for mutual interests, also decisive in tackling challenges in the mostharmonized way possible Therefore, a female nation leader will lead her state to a finish line

of peace and prosperity

In addition to the belief of dovish determination of women, Feminism theories alsobelieve in the term Patriarchy as an explanation for the reflection of a nation or society Thepatriarchy is used to talk about the power relations between men and women, in which menare the ones who hold and perform acts to express that dominion (Nguyen Thai Yen Huong,

2017) These behaviors, especially during the imperative period, included asking women tosubmit to a man-made status, listen to and follow requests from men in the family In society,women must obey the management of a man and not allowed to hold any authority, exceptfor the right to be Mother For that reason, an imbalance occurs and negatively affectswomen's opportunities and freedoms Senior positions in society often have to be held bymen, to continue and maintain the power of this gender This leads to the fact that even inrecent years, women in many fields have not yet been given the power to undertake tasks athigh positions, particularly in the political field Feminism theories say that this alsoexpresses the power structure that operates in that country This movement represents a highdegree of male dominance in political apparatus, demonstrating the imbalance towardswomen in this area More specifically, this thesis argues that the lack of investment andempowerment of women to participate in the national political apparatus is the expression ofthe nation's dictatorship, patriarchy and incompletion.

In support for the scope of the two assumptions, Feminism presents its opinion aboutsex and gender discrimination Feminism does not agree that gender is dependent on natureand therefore cannot be changed These duties have been fixed since individual's birth, eachhas the responsibility to fulfill his duty to be entrusted to him through sex revealed.Therefore, with a healthy biological structure that is suitable for activities that requirestrength, men are subject to heavier tasks and responsibilities In contrast, women withspecial biological structures, the ability of motherhood that men do not have, need to acceptthe natural arrangement of motherhood and should only focus on parenting The feministshave violently attacked this view and put forward many arguments for women in terms ofsocial development They altercate that these biological factors do not affect human rightsand women's rights if they decide to participate in social activities, in particular politicalactivities Women do not necessarily have to sacrifice their lives to complete their childcare

tasks but then ignore other important abilities of themselves (Nguyen Thai Yen Huong,2017) Nursing children or taking care of families are duties of each member of a family, not

an obligation for anyone In other words, childbirth and parenting are options, notcommitments to comply with Besides, feminists also specifically distinguish and clarify theterm "sex" They pointed out that "sex" is a concept based on the biological aspect of eachindividual, showing the physiological diverseness between men and women and should only

be stopped in the areas of biological research The rest of the rights and obligations of thesetwo sexes must be viewed fairly by society, and both must conduct these tasks in a candidand unbiased way for any gender

In summary, after three waves of feminist struggles, women's rights all over the worldhave improved greatly Feminism theories continue to contribute significant values to theresearch related to the implementation of policies in order to ensure women's rights and bringmore benefits to social classes Today, gender equality activists continue to fight for equallegal status and for the right to exercise fair politics between women and men under thecontext of Feminism theories Moreover, one of the advantages that the 21 st centuryfeminists have been receiving compared to the previous centuries is the politically strongsupport by men and the authorities If: in the past, most feminists struggled to stand up andfight against all the ancient thoughts of society at the time, now with the advancement ofsociety, science and technology, though still difficult to overcome, the feminists today stillget more enthusiastic assistance from the organizations, or classes that share the same idea ofbuilding an equal society for everyone One of the tasks of feminist theories in the 21 stcentury, is to ensure these theories be widely accessible to the mass in different ways, inorder to raise knowledge of people on gender equality issues Theories can apply to theiroriginals in Western countries, however, in different cultures these theories need to beadjusted to be able to continue easy access and more suitable for the audience in each area

Based on these theoretical bases, the paper will analyze the roles of women in modernsociety as well as the reasons for the need of promoting feminism effects to political system.For the writer, Feminism and its theories are important basis for assessing and analyzing therole of women in society, the benefits they can get and the value they can dedicate to thecommunity, especially through the political field With the view about a more peaceful andprosperous international political system under leadership of female leaders, this is the basisassumption for the writer to understand and research on real evidence of this opinion.Moreover, the writer can also make comparison in leading style of women compared to men.

In addition to this theory, the patriarchal perspective will serve as a theoretical basis for thewriter in selecting and evaluating the feminist development platform of the countries, therebyassessing the role of female participants in that country or region At the same time, usingthis thesis to analyze its effects on the formation, or suppress the development of feminism ingeneral will be the following intention of the writer In addition, women's biological views,and their non-influence on women's social roles will also be used to assess opportunities forwomen in securing their role of managing organizations and ministries, or the highest isgovernment management This opinion is a solid theoretical basis for the writer in appraisingthe urgency of the topic, as well as the practicality of this topic in building and developing apolitical regime that is more equal and democratic

3.2 Practical framework

Besides theoretical framework, reality has shown significant examples of a world that

is dominant mostly by men Accordingly, the facts that show such existence has urged writersand authors to continue describing the inequality between sexes, revealing the overall pictureabout how women is suffering from the disparities Therefore, practical framework is a solidbase for the writer to obtain closer look at the matter that is being discussed in the paper, also

to access the issue more efficiently

3.2.1 Masculine model of politics

Giving birth to Feminism, as well as standing on the opposite side is the concept ofMasculinity Masculinity can be defined as "the quality of being masculine" (OxfordAdvanced Learner's Dictionary, 20 I 0) This represents the characters of a man that isnormally required by society In other words, this is a set of rules about how to behave, aboutthe role and consciousness of a man who needs to be One of the views is that awareness ofthis should be clearly distinguished from ideology and physicality It can be understobd thatthe aspect mentioned in this definition is largely inclined to the behavioral and cognitiverequirements and expectations, rather than highlighting the biological factors of a man Theserequirements and desires vary in each stage as well as from culture However, it is possible tosee similarities in the norms that society along with culture each place desires in a man such

as strength, courage, consistency, commanding spirit and assertiveness Both in Western andEastern cultures, the expectations to promote these elements in a man are the same, althoughthe expression is somewhat different It could be seen in Western culture, when a man wassaid to have met the criteria of being a man, he who always came out and appeared in wars.This shows the spirit and way of thinking of Westerners about a person who must alwaysown not only his family but also the world The strength to be developed must be the strength

of will and spirit of phase One of the modern manifestations of this view is that Western menmust be in a proactive position for every situation to externalize their mighty will Thisexpression in front of women demonstrates the spirit of ownership of men, must be embodied

in every circumstance On other hand, in Eastern culture, men are similar to being asked toshow strength However, much of the work that shows this power is imposed in occasionsrelated to economic development as well as mastering the family In other words, the socialexpectation wanted the man to develop his strength and power to those around them, namelywomen in their families This is also one of the reasons for the dictatorship and patriarchy

that are more embedded into Eastern culture, compared to Western culture These views havesince increased the value of men as well as the role and demand of leading at different levels,from family to society and to the country This exacerbates and further reduces the value ofwomen in the fields or positions that require high qualifications Therefore, this concept hascontributed to increasing the gap of male and female equality, leading to the birth offeminism In contrast, it can also be said that this concept brings unique difficulties for menwhen they themselves must also work hard to meet the social and cultural requirements interms of their value Nevertheless, at a more macro perspective, the fact has shown that thisconcept greatly differentiates values and the responsibilities that a society can entrust towomen and men Without mentioning the talent, the social prejudice of the real role andabilities of a woman is still in a very negative state of literacy.

Masculinity indeed is still in control In modern society, the appearance of maledominance can be observed in most fields, especially economy and politics According toThe Washington Post statistics in 2017, the proportion of male CEOs accounts for 468 peopleout of 500 CEOs in the US, equal 93,6 percent (lena McGregor, 2017) The percentage ofmale CEOs in this area is 95.5 percent, with more specific detailed such as 98 percent inFrance and 99 percent in Germany (Emma Anderson, 2019) These are the actual rates thatshow that the proportion of female CEOs in Western countries, in particular the US and the

EU, countries and organizations are rated at the forefront of human rights and civil rightsissues In 2019, the percentage of man holding business leadership in Vietnam was 64percent (International Grant Thornton, 2019) This report indicates that more than doublemen holding such position compared to women (Vu Le, 2019)

On the similar side for politics, the overview of women's participation in this field iscertainly and relatively low It can easily be seen that the contribution of men in this area ismore than the presence of women Since the past, it is believed that men take the role in