Problems and solutions in translating an english article into vietnamese

Word- for- Word Translation 6 Chapter 4: Elements of News Writing 13 Chapter 5: Problems and Solutions 18... Therefore, press translation is considered as a means tobring the world's inf

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

GR.41)U.4 TION 1'.41'ER

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN

VIETNAMESE

•

II wll,,~11 "li~lflllfilj101000473

ADVISER: MR NGUYEN TRI L<jISTUDENT: BUITHJMAIANH

STUDENT NUMBER: 0171428CLASS: BA0101

•

HO CHI MINH CITY, JULY 2005

• •

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND

INFORMA TION TECHNOLOGY

ADVISER: MR NGUYEN TRI L<JISTUDENT: BUITHJMAIANH

STUDENT NUMBER: 0171428CLASS: BA0101

HO CHI MINH CITY, JULY 2005

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN

VIETNAMESE

Dedicated to my Motherand my Brother, Bui Qu6c Khanh.

I would like to express my gratitude to The Board of Directors of Ho ChiMinh City University of Foreign Language and Information Technology,especially to the staff of the Department of Foreign Languages for thechance to carry out this research paper

I would like to send my sincere thank to Vice Dean Vii Qu6c Anh, M.Awho encouraged me to continue doing this study in the first time when Ihad not enough confidence to do

I am very grateful to Mr Nguy~n Tri L<;1i,my adviser, for providingbackground knowledge and giving me precious ideas as well as advice tofulfill this paper

I also thank my friends, Le Hi~n Thao, Nguy~n Tht Bich Nga and allstudents of BAOlOl for always helping and supporting me during the time

I was carrying out this research paper

ADVISER'S COMMENTS

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EXAMINER'S COMMENTS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

3.2.1 Word- for- Word Translation 6

Chapter 4: Elements of News Writing 13

Chapter 5: Problems and Solutions 18

Nowadays newspapers have become an indispensable demand in daily life of theVietnamese people Moreover, they pay attention not only to domestic informationbut also international information which mostly is translated summarily fromnewspapers in English Therefore, press translation is considered as a means tobring the world's information or messages into Vietnam Of course, a goodtranslation is completely equivalent to the original in the content as well as in theform, but in reality, this is difficult to achieve because of the differences in the twolanguages In addition, press language has specific characteristics compared withliterary language

The purpose of this study is to help students majoring in translation understand andtranslate articles exactly according to press style This paper was realized bybasing on the elements of good news writing, then analyzing articles in prestigenewspapers and pointing out the solutions for translating better

However, books on translation theories are limited on the Vietnamese market, andespecially books on press translation have not been much concerned yet Theresearcher hopes that in the near future the Vietnamese scholars are going to doresearch works on this field due to help students majoring in translation as well aspeople enjoying newspapers in English improve their translation skills

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Translation takes a crucial role in human's life Mutual communication and

understanding are found important not only amongst people in the same nation, but

also amongst nations in the world today However, the greatest obstacle we must

cope with is language differences "Mastering a second language can be a difficult

and painstaking process Rules of grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, idiomatic

expressions and accents combined play a crucial role in foreign language

fluency "(Miller, in Duong Ngoc Dung, 2002) As we know, English is now

considered an international language and used in most nations, as well as in

Vietnam However, there are difficulties in English -Vietnamese translation

because of differences in structures and cultures Morever, now together with

international communication and integration via mass media, English newspapers

are indispensable demands Of course, between a foreign language and a native

language, there are some problems in translation in general and in translating

English newspaper in particular For a press reader who wants to get information,

he can just skim and scan an article and grasp the key words However, Truong

Quang Phu (2002: 7) points out " Skills of skimming and scanning are mechanical

ones which don't help English learners to understand English more"

Therefore, besides basic knowledge of English, professional translators as well as

English translation-major students need to have knowledge of the characteristics of

English article writing so that problems and solutions in press translation can be

recognized It is the main reason the researcher wants to do this paper

2

There are a lot of research papers and writings on English-Vietnamese translation

theory; however, different authors deal with different aspects and have their own

points The focus of this paper is on translating an English article into Vietnamese

The research opens with an introduction The next chapter is literature review In

chapter three, knowledge on translation theory is presented Chapter four includes

some elements of good news writing Problems in translation of an English

-Vietnamese article, some solutions to the problems are in chapter five The final

chapter is the conclusion

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

"Being one of the complicated linguistic activities, before becoming a scientific

subject, translation is known as a writing translating process of a text from a source

language to a target language" (S.S Killer, 1992: 80) In addition, Bassett &McGuire (1980: 13) said that "Translation has been perceived as a secondary

activity, as a mechanical rather than a "creative" process, within the competence

of anyone with a basic grounding in a language other than their own, in short, as a

low status occupation "

When dealing with translation of English newspape Nguyen Van Phu (1999: 187)

states: Press English style is completely different from usual English style In

recent years, English newspapers have been widely read in our country Apart from

advertising newspapers, whose style IS word-for-word translation, other

newspapers, printed in Vietnam or in foreign nations, cause some difficulties to

readers who are not acquainted with quite short writing press Nguyen Van Phu

(1999: 189) also emphasizes that "Press language always changes, and often

develops new words, whose meanings, after for a long time, can be acceptable

Because newspaper readers are often busy, and they just have enough time to

glance at the article's title and the first paragraph, press language must be very

short and avoid using complicated and flowery style."

4

-'

Chapter 3

TRANSLATION THEORY

3.l.What is translation?

Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way that

the author intended in his/ her text Translation is often considered complicated and

artificial since we can't master a foreign language unless we live in that speech

community for a long period of time When translating a text we often try to

transfer as many SL (source-language) words to the TL (target -language) as

possible

Newmark (1982: 7) defined it in a simple way "Translation is a craft consisting in

the attempt to replace a written message and/ or statement in one language by the

same message and/or statement in another language"

Ex 1: No child should face these kinds of dangers Children deserve not only our

greatest protection, but our diligent and tireless efforts to defend their right to safe and healthy childhood.

(Time, "Hidden hazards: the risks that children face", January 3, 2005: 1)

Khong mot tre em nao phai d6i m~t voi nhfi'ng hi~m ho~ nay Tre em khong

chi xung dang dUQc sl,l'baa v~ t6t nha't rna con nhfi'ng n6 ll,l'chtt mlnh khong

nghi cua chUng ta d~ bao dam cho chung quy€n co mot tu6i thd yen blnh va

khoe m~nh

Ex 2: The bird flu broke out in the North in December 2003, spread widely, and

lasted until April The outbreak left US$ 2 million livestock culled, with total damage costing VND 1.3 trillion (US$ 82 million) It also had a negative impact on tourism and investment in the first half of the year.

(The Saigontimes, "Events that made 2004 different", January 1,2005:8)

Dich cum gia dm da bung phat d mi~n Bac vao thang 12, nam 2003, Ian

rQng va keo dai cho de'n thang 4 SI! bung phat nay da lam cho 43,2 tri<%ugia

dm bi thieu s6ng, voi t6ng sO' thi<%thC).ilen de'n 1,3 uc d6ng VN (tu'dng

du'dng 82 tri<%udol a My) £)i~u nay con dem IC).imQt anh hu'dng xa'u cho du

Ijch va d~u tu'trong sau thang d~u nam

3.2.Translation Methods:

3.2.1 Word-for-Word Translation:

The source language word order is preserved and the words translated singly by

their most common meanings, out of context

Ex 1: Old men are fond of giving good advice to console themselves for being no

longer in a position to give bad example.

La Rochefoucauld

Ngu'oi gia thich cho nhii'ng Wi khuyen t6t d~ tlf an ui chfnh mlnh VI nhan ra

khang con d bao lau trong vi tri phai noi gu'dng xa'u

(Vuong Trung Hieu, 1993: 129)

Ex 2: When Pakistani judge ordered the death penalty for Ahmad Omar Saced

Sheikh in July 2002 for the murder of usjournalist Daniel Pearl, the Islamic militant was defiant In court Sheikh had his lawyer read a threat to Pakistan's President "Let's see who die first, me or Musharraf".

(Time, "Terror behind bars", May 5, 2004: 9)

Khi toa an Pakistan tuyen an tii' hlnh d6i voi Ahmad Omar Saced Sheikh vao

thang 4 nam 2002 VI tQi gie't mQt nha bao ngu'oi My Daniel Pearl, quan dQi

H6i Giao da ch6ng d6i Trong phien toa Sheikh da d~ nghj 1u~t su' cua mlnh

dQc Wi de doC).de'n voi T6ng th6ng Pakistan: "£)~ r6i xem ai se che't tru'oc,

tai hay Musharraf"

6

The translator can use word-for-word translation both to understand the mechanism

of the source language and to construct a rough translation process for a difficult

text

Ex 3: All worldly things may change with time, but the impression of the first love

will remain a vivid as ever.

Victor HugoRough translation: Ta't ca mQi v~t tren the' gian co th€ thay d6i voi thai gian,

nhung nhung a'n tliQng ve'm6i tlnh dh se duy trl mai maio

Elaborated translation: Thai gian co th€ Him thay d6i canh v~t tren tnii da't, nhung

thai gian khong th€ xoa s(;lchdUQcda'u ve't clla m6i tlnh diiu trong tnii tim con s6ng

maio

(Vuong Trung Hieu, 1993:147)

Ex 4: Robbing life offriendship is like robbing the world of the sun

CiceroRough translation: La'y cap cUQcs6ng tlnh b(;lnnhu la'y cap the' giOi m~t trai

Elaborated translation: CUQcdai ma't di tlnh b(;lnnhu the' gioi ma't di m~t trai

("Friendship ", 2001 :83)

3.2.2 Literal Translation

Literal translation is a broader form of translation, each SL word has a

corresponding TL word, but their primary meanings may differ

Ex 1: The earliest recorded reference to the town was made in the Anglo-Saxon

Chronicle of 656 and listed Wisbech as a small settlement not five miler from the coast.

Trong bien nien sU'Anglo-Saxon v~lOnam 656 tham khao du'ljc ghi nh~n c6

xu'a nhilt v€ thi xa nay trong do ghi Wisbech la mQt ndi dinh cli nhO cach ba

bi~n khong de'n 5 d~m

(Nguyen Thi Tuyet, 1995: 89)

Ex 2: Vietnam will lift visa requirements for citizens from Scandinavian countries to

help increase tourism, investment and business.

(International Herald Tribune, " Scandinavian tourists won't need visas", 2005: 22)

Vi~t Nam se bili mi~n thi thtfe do'i voi cong dan de'n tu cac quo'c gia thuQc

ban dao Scandinavi nh~m diiy ml;lnh du lich, d~u tu'va kinh doanh

Single word metaphors extended plural word metaphors and proverbs illustrate a

second figurative semantic scale

Ex 3: The tour is the first visit to the country by Jewish head of state.

Chuye'n di la cUQc vie'ng thiim d~u tien de'n deft nu'oc nay cua mQt qu6e

tnidng Do Thai

Ex 4: I triedfor a moment to see the situation through her eyes.

Toi da: thii' mQt lh co' nhln nMn tlnh huo'ng theo each nhln ella co tao

(Deignan, 1998: 6)

Ex 5: Man proposes, God disposes.

Mu'u sl! t~i nMn, thanh sl! t~i thien

(Nguyen Dinh Hung, 2002: 817)

Ex 6: Time is money.

Thai gian la vang

(Le Dinh Bich & Tram Quynh Dan, 1986:90)Literal translation is considered to be the basic translation step, both III

communicative and semantic translation, in that translation starts from there

3.2.3 Faithful Translation

A faithful translation requires a faithful precIsIOn III meaning and grammar

structure of the original However, we can also transmit the source language text

into the target language one more flexibly basing on its contextual meaning

8

Ex 1: Fed's trying to lose a few pounds He goes jogging for an hour every evening

but when he comes home he eats like a horse.

(Seidl & McMovdie, 1988: 239)Fed dang c6 giam vai pound M6i dem anh ta chl;ly bo khoang mot tie'ng

nhu'ng khi v~ nha anh ta an nhu' traul h6

Ex 2: They have been collecting and arranging idiomatic expressions of all types

since 1959, and the first fruit of their labor was published by aU? in October 30.

(Nguyen Thi Tuyet, 1995:132)K€ til nam 1959 hQ da khong ngung su'u t~p va slip xe'p thanh ngu cac 10l;li

va hom 30/10 oup da cho xuftt ban th3nh qua lao dQng dftu tien cua hQ

Ex 3: Scientists are racing to turn pigs into organ donors The effort could bring

huge benefits but it also carries huge risks

(2003, http://www.newsweek.com)

Cac nha khoa hQc dang ch~y dua trong vi~c bie'n heo trd thanh nhung v~t

cong hie'n cac bo ph~n huu cd c6 g~ng nay co th€ mang de'n nhung hi~u

qua rftt IOn nhu'ng cling khong it fiJi roo

3.2.4 Semantic Translation

Newmark (1982: 22) says that " semantic translating where the translator

attempts, within the base syntactic and semantic constraints of the TL, to reproduce

the precise contextual meaning of the author" Therefore, the semantic translation

is more flexible than faithful translation, admits the creative exception and allows

for the translator's intuitive concession with the original

Ex 1: Beauty isthe first present Nature gives to women and the first it takes away

Mere

S~c dyp la t~ng phfi'm rna t~o hoa ban cho ngu'oi dan ba, rna cling la thUd.h

tien rna tl;lOhoa cu'dp m.

(Vuong Trung Hieu, 1993:86)

Ex 2: Even if that happens cyber cafes are confident they will stay in business

TMm chI ne'u di~u d6 xay ra thl cafe net v~n tl! tin trt;1 vung trong kinh

doanh

3.2.5 Adaptation

Dung Vu (2004) points out: "Adaptation has a property of lending the ideas of the

original to create a new text used by a new language more than to be faithful to the

original The creation in adaptation is completely objective in content as well as

form" So, adaptation is the freest form of translation It issued mainly for plays

and poetry

Ex 1: Its white houses with their steeply pitched roof of red tile are spread over a

hillside where clumps sturdy Spanish chestnuts mark out the slighter dips in terrain.

(Stendal, 1991:3)

Nhii'ng ngoi nha mau tri.ing voi mlii ng6i do tu'di du'Qc lQp thing dung Ci daytrai dai de'n t?n chan d6i ndi c6 nhii'ng cay de nau gi6ng Tay Ban Nha cung

cap dang m9c Ian ra khi.ip ndi

Ex 2: Someone you pass on the street may already be the love of your life.

C6 khi nao tren du'ong doi ta'p n?p

Ta vo tlnh di vQi bu'oc qua nhau

TuHuy

3.2.6 Free Translation

Free translation means the translation isn't close to the original, but the translator

just transmits meanings of the SL in her/his own words So, the advantage is that

the text in TLsound more natural On the contrary, the disadvantage is that

10

translating is too casual to understand the original because of its freedom (Dung

Vu, 2004, http://www.talawas.org)

Ex 1: ngZf(fi ta thuang trich trong di san mrlt ph6n tI! san g9i lil dill hudng hoG.

hoi;ic ruqng kYo giao cho ngum tqc trzlling hoi;ic ngum chi trzlling girl dllo ti tI! t6 tien i'J nhiz thu hq hoi;icnhiz thu chi

people often deduct from the inheritance of a part of estate which is called

"cultural estate" or "anniversary land" The land is entrance upon the

head of the extended family or the head of the branch of the family The

latter keeps it in order to care for the ancestor cult, performed in the cult

home of the extended family and in that of the family branch

(Vo Liem An, 1997: 237)

3.2.7 Idiomatic Translation

Idiomatic translation is used for colloquialism and idioms whose literalism is

thetranslation by which the translator doesn't transfer the literalism of the original,

uses the translation of colloquialism and idioms

Exl: A sow is no matchfor a goose.

Bfia m6c obi chOi mam son

Ex2: Every little helps.

Ki€n tha lau ofiy to~

(Nguyen Dinh Hung, 2002: 114)

3.2.8 Communicative Translation

Communication translation allows the translator to transmit the SL into the TL by

readily acceptable and comprehensible ways to the readership "But even here the

translator still has to respect and work on the form of the source language text as

the only material basis for his work" (Petter Newmark, 1982: 39)

Ex!: ThOi dii hit Mm ghen vahim d6i

DUfJcgit7n hiJn sung suong biit bao nhieu.

Xuan Dieu

Well, it's all with jealousies and sulks

What fun to be in the sulks

(Vuong Trung Hieu, 1993: 145)

Ex2: The dreamlike landscape Quy Nhon coast city, not only brings you the first

auspice of the trip but also remind you of the sweet poems of Vietnamese famous poets such as Xuan Dieu, Han Mac Tu.

Khung canh thd rnQng ella ph6 bi~n Quy Nhdn khong nhii'ng dern l~i eho ta

rnQt a'n tUQng t6t Hinh dfiu tien ella ehuye'n di rna eon gQi nho nhii'ng ang thd

ng9t ngao ella nhii'ng nM thd n6i tie'ng Vi~t Narn nhu Xuan Di~u, Han M~e

Tlt

(Vo Liern An, 1997: 115)

12

Chapter 4

ELEMENTS OF NEWS WRITING4.1 Precision

News writing is very practical and clear It pays attention to the quality of the

transmission more than the effect of the style However, it's the coherence and

precision that are the first requirements (Jean, Martin and Lagardette, 2003: 51)

4.1.1 Words

Words should be used precisely They should mean exactly what you intend them

to mean You should never use "uninterested" when you mean "disinterested"

Nor should you use "allude" for "refer", "endeavor" for "try", "few" for "less"

(Brooks et all, 1992:78)

For instance, if you write "an antique shop", readers will think the shop is ancient,

old So, in order to describe a shop selling antique we will say "an antique shop"

The problem, here, is form of speech of "antique" is adjective as well as noun

Another kind of words we are possible to use imprecisely is to have the same

origin but differ prefix or suffix

Ex: disinterested_ uninterested

imaginary _ imaginative

childlike childish

There are words whose meanings are familiar but they can't be interchangeable

Ex: stubborn -obstinate

brigand-bandit

admission-admittance

4.1.2 Humor

"The writer informs and entertains Reading about the beginning of the day is like

sitting quietly at the side and watching it The writer's sense of humor adds

something to the scene that we might not even see." (Brooks et all, 1992: 79).

Specially, humor in title of an article plays an important part in attracting readers'

attention In addition, Jean, Martin and Lagardette (2003: 131) said: Idioms, film's

title, familiar or updated quotations are abundant source of which we should take

advantage to renew structures considered standard

For instance, the article "Catch me if you can" of Newsweek was printed on

February 14, 2002 The article wrote about Manoun Darkazamli who supported

finance for terrorists carrying out the attack 9/11 However, the Bush's

administration has not found out enough evidence to charge him The title of the

article has the same name of a humorous film of Hollywood made in the previous

time It also told about a difficult chasing between the U.S police and a subtle

criminal

4.1.3 Sentence structure

Precision means using the correct sentence structure to communicate explicitly

what you mean (Brooks et all, 1992:79) The following sentences are technically

correct but imprecise:

Ex: Anthrax is rarely contagious, and the exposures to bacteria have been well contained.

They'll walk from there to the Sistine Chapel, where they will take an oath to

observe all of the election's rules

14

4.2 Clarity

When writing an article, we have different ways to express our information,

however; press readers often haven't a lot of time to read the whole of article, they

sometimes read the title and the introduction of the article So, a journalist needs

how to make hisl her article simple, clear in writing and the title of this article must

transmit the main information

Press style above all makes most readers understand quickly information meaning

by pointing out the key information immediately (Jean, Martin and Lagardette,

2003:32)

Ex: Whose 9/11 Is It?

Surely 9/11 must be the worst possible thing for Bush to use in his campaign! No link between aC Qaeda and Iraq has been proved, and no weapons of mass destruction have been found Iraq is in terrible shape because of the war, and the Madrid attacks show that the terrorists' resolve has strengthened How could the issue of9/11 boost Bush's re_ election prospects?

(Time, "Whose 9/11 is it", June 20,2004: 6)

4.3 Coherence

A good writing also uses coherence to lead the reader imperceptibly from one

thought to the next Coherence assures the reader that the writer has a sense of

direction Coherence is a bridge It can be a word, a phrase, a sentence, or a

paragraph (Brooks et all, 1992: 86)

Ex: BAGHDAD-Two car bombs exploded outside an Iraqi government office in the

capital, Thursday, killing at least 18people and injuring 36.

Al-Queda in Iraq, a group headed by Jordanian militant Abu Musab aC Zarquawi, claimed responsibility for the attack.

(USAToday, "Twin car bombing kill 18, wound 36 in central Baghdad ", April

15,2005:2A)

The word "the attack" is a demonstrative adjective Its use is subtle, but its impact

is dramatic If you write "an attack", you aren't linking the reader to the event

already mentioned If you write "the attack", you are more specific

The linkages, "the ", "this ", "that", "these ", "those ", help you achieve coherence,

the logical connection of ideas The linkages transfer you from one sentence to the

next, from one paragraph to the next

4.4 Analogies

Good writers also know how to use another literary device called analogy

Analogies permit writers to shows similarities and contrasts "A simile is a figure in

which a comparison is stated explicitly" (Delahunty & Garvey, 1989: 307) Similes

show similarities by using the word "like" or "as "

Ex: He is as timid as a mouse

She is beautiful like aflower

Or describing a long distance runner, a writer used this simile: "Her legs, so

rubbery they wobbled like jelly, shook and then surrendered"

"Metaphor is the first cousin of the simile "(Brooks et all, 1992: 91) Metaphor

often appears in literary style, however; many journalists use this figure of

comparison to help increase picturesqueness of their article and attract attention

from press readers "A metaphor induces the hearer (or reader) to view a thing,

state of affairs, or whatever, as being like something else, by applying to the

former linguistic expression which are more normally employed in reference to the

latter." (Delahunty & Garvey, 1989:41)

16

Ex 2: The Archbishop, Dr Robert Runcie said the Christmas celebration of peace

this year takes place with the shadow of war looming.

(Delagnan, 1999: 293)

T6ng Giam ml,1c, tie'n SI Robert Runcie, pMt bi~u ding I~ Giang sinh cho

hoa binh nam nay se di~n ra duoi ang may den cua chie'n tranh.

Ex 3: They were vital, unforgetable matches that gave us a new window on the game

Do la nhii'ng tr~n Mu quan ye'u khong th~ nao quen dUQc giup ta co nhii'ng

cach nhin mOiv~ mon do

Chapter 5

PROBLEMS and SOLUTIONS

5.1 Precision

5.1.1 Words: English newspapers require using precise words in meaning as well

as context Therefore, an advantage of translation into Vietnamese is that we can

understand precisely meaning of the article's author in order to use Vietnamese

closer However, like some other languages, an English word can be translated into

Vietnamese in different ways Thus, we need not only use word precisely

according to author's meaning but also transmit words following Vietnamese

writing style

Ex 1: New York- Mr Howell Raines, the former executive editor of the New York

Times, has blasted an editor's note that said some of the paper's stories about Iraq and its alleged weapons of mass destruction were inaccurate and may have been rushed into print by editors hungry for scoops The stories in question appeared during Mr Raines' tenure.

(The Straits Times, "Ex- editor slams New York Times", May 29, 2004: 10)

New York- Ong Howell Raines, nguyen tang bien t~p to New York Times,

ail to ra bilt blnh truoc rnQt rnftu tin noi rAng 10;;1tbai bao vie't v~ Iraq vavi~c qui cho hQ co tang tru vii khi huy di~t hang 10;;1tla khang chinh xac va

co th~ chung duQ'c dang tai boi cac nM bao rnu6n dua tin s6t deo Cac bai

bao co lien quan trong viln a~nay duQ'c dang trong su6t nhi~m ky cua angRaines

Ex 2: Government troops shot and killed the military leader of the separatist

movement in Aceh province while police in Jakarta sought to crack down on a

18