INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study
In today's rapidly evolving global landscape, the economic and trade sectors have become essential for overall economic development, particularly in Vietnam The country's open-door policy and renovation efforts have led to significant advancements across various domains, including the economy, politics, culture, society, and science and technology The Vietnamese government and its citizens are committed to positioning Vietnam alongside powerful nations across all five continents.
Vietnam is actively integrating into the global economy, leading to the establishment of numerous enterprises, companies, and factories The presence of foreign companies' representative offices has also increased, reflecting the country's growing economic and trade relationships with various nations.
Economic and trade cooperation hinges on several factors, with mutual understanding being paramount Consequently, the translation of economic and trade documents is crucial and warrants significant attention However, translating between English and Vietnamese presents considerable challenges due to the linguistic and cultural differences This is particularly true in the economic and trade sector, where the translation of documents and specialized terminology is a complex endeavor due to the specificity of the terms used.
Economic and trade cooperation is on the rise globally, making the role of a translator increasingly significant As someone passionate about translation, I face numerous challenges, particularly due to linguistic differences between languages A key difficulty lies in navigating non-equivalence and equivalence in economic and trade terminology.
This study aims to assist recent graduates and aspiring translators in the economic and trade sectors by focusing on the translation of terminology from English to Vietnamese By exploring this specialized vocabulary, the research seeks to enhance translators' skills and provide valuable insights for those entering the field.
Aims of the study
This study explores the translation strategies and procedures used in translating fundamental economic and trade terminology, providing an overview of common practices in this specialized field.
In detail, my Graduation Paper is aimed at:
Reviewing the theoretical issues relating to translation, translation methods, translation equivalence and terminology , its definition and main characteristics
Collecting and presenting basic English terminology in economic and trade sector
Providing their Vietnamese equivalences or expressions
Finding out the translation strategies and procedures applied in the translation of economic and trade terminology from English into Vietnamese
Providing students major in the subject, translators and those who may concern a draft and short reference of basis English terminology in economics and trade and their corresponding Vietnamese meanings
This study aims to enhance readers' understanding of economic and trade terminology, serving as a valuable resource for aspiring translators in the economic and trade sector.
Scope of the study
Terminology varies across fields such as commerce, business, economics, insurance, and investment Due to time constraints and limited knowledge, a comprehensive study on these terms is challenging However, understanding economic and trade terminology is crucial in Business Management and Foreign Trade, particularly during our country's renovation period This investigation focuses on the translation of economic and trade terminology and the prevalent translation strategies used to convert these terms from English to Vietnamese.
Methods of the study
This study focuses on translating economic and trade terminologies from English to Vietnamese using a quantitative method It is supported by various resources, including economic and trade books, dictionaries, internet sources, and other references.
Then, from the collected data I will analyze their features to find the suitable procedures which are used to translate from English into Vietnamese.
Design of the study
This study includes three main parts:
This study aims to explore the underlying rationale behind the research, outlining its objectives and defining its scope It employs a systematic methodology and design to ensure comprehensive analysis and reliable results.
The second Part is the main part which title Development, being divided into three chapters:
The first chapter provides a theoretical foundation for translation, encompassing essential definitions and methods, as well as the concept of translation equivalence It also highlights key knowledge related to English for Special Purposes (ESP) in translation and terminology, while clarifying the difference between terms and words.
The second chapter delves into the terminology of economics and trade, defining key concepts and exploring the specific language used within these sectors It emphasizes the critical role of terminology in the translation of economic and trade materials and provides a classification system for economic and trade terminology.
The third chapter explores the implications of the study titled "Popular Strategies and Procedures Applied in the Translation of Economic and Trade Terminology from English into Vietnamese." It highlights the fundamental methods utilized in non-translation contexts, emphasizing the significance of effective translation strategies in conveying economic concepts accurately between the two languages.
5 equivalence and equivalence translation Then, I denote main findings which I gained during the time of carrying out this study
The third Part is the Conclusion including strength, weakness of my graduation paper and suggestion for further study
DEVELOPMENT
In this section the issues relating to translation theory such as the definition of translation, translation method, and translation equivalence and relevant theory including:
Translation, often regarded as an "art," permeates various aspects of life, extending beyond literature and culture to include commercial advertising, public administration, and education, particularly in today's evolving economy Its definition has evolved over time, with contributions from renowned translators such as Foster, Cartford, Reiss, Bell, and Pinhhuck, leading to a multitude of interpretations found in books, dictionaries, and online resources Numerous scholarly works have been dedicated to this topic, providing foundational definitions that inform ongoing studies in the field.
“Translation is the replacement of text material of this language (source language) with text material of another (target language)”
Hartman and Stork (1971:1) believes that :
“Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language”
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Definition of translation
Translation, often viewed as an "art," plays a crucial role in various aspects of life, encompassing literature, culture, religion, commercial advertising, popular entertainment, public administration, immigration, and education, particularly in today's evolving economy Its definition has been shaped by numerous renowned translators like Foster, Cartford, Reiss, Bell, and Pinhuck, and continues to evolve, appearing in books, dictionaries, and online resources A wealth of literature exists on this topic, providing foundational definitions that serve as the theoretical background for further study.
“Translation is the replacement of text material of this language (source language) with text material of another (target language)”
Hartman and Stork (1971:1) believes that :
“Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language”
Translation is a process that transforms a written source language (SL) text into an equivalent target language (TL) text This process necessitates a thorough understanding and analytical processing of the SL's syntax, semantics, and pragmatics to achieve optimal equivalence in the TL.
“Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language that closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first in meaning and secondly in style”
Bui Tien Bao, Ha Noi National University has another definition:
“Translation is rendering a written text into another language in a way that the author intended the text”
Advanced Oxford Dictionary ( page 1632)defines:
“Translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language”
According to wikipedia , translation is claimed:
Translation involves interpreting the meaning of a source text and producing an equivalent text in a different language, known as the target language The resulting product is referred to as the target text, which conveys the same message as the original.
Different linguists emphasize the significance of achieving the closest equivalence in meaning when translating, highlighting the need for appropriate lexical and grammatical structures in the target language Additionally, various methods of translation will be explored in the following section.
Translation methods
English learners encounter various translation approaches, each with distinct methods Definitions of translation differ significantly, highlighting the subjective nature of the concept A key challenge in translation lies in choosing between literal and free translation, influenced by factors such as the translation's purpose, the target audience, and the type of text According to Peter Newmark (1988:45), there are eight recognized methods of translation.
And basing on the degree of emphasis on the SL and TL, he puts it in a flattened diagram as below:
Adaptation Free translation Idiomatic translation Communicative translation
II 1 Word- for- word Translation
Word-for-word translation is a common method used by English learners to develop their translation skills This approach maintains the original word order of the source language and translates individual words based on their most common meanings, often disregarding context Cultural terms are translated literally This technique is primarily utilized to grasp the mechanics of the source language or to aid in understanding challenging texts as part of the pre-translation process.
All worldly things may change with time, but the impression of the first love will remain a vivid as ever
Tất cả mọi vật trên thế gian có thể thay đổi với thời gian, nhưng ấn tượng về mối tình đầu sẽ tồn tại mãi mãi
This is a broader form of translation, each SL word has a corresponding
Translation involves converting source language (SL) grammatical forms to their closest equivalents in the target language (TL), although the primary meanings of words may vary Lexical items are often translated without context, and literal translation serves as a fundamental step in both communication and semantic translation This initial phase highlights potential issues that need to be addressed in the translation process.
I tried for a moment to see the situation through her eyes
Tôi đã thử một lần cố nhìn nhận tình huống theo cách nhìn của cô ta
This approach aims to accurately convey the original context while adhering to the grammatical structures of the target language It focuses on transferring cultural terms and maintaining the level of grammatical and lexical deviation from the source language norms The method strives for complete fidelity to the intentions and textual expression of the original writer.
Whoever wants to hurt her shall first go over my corpse
Đứa nào muốn đụng tới cô ấy thì bước qua xác tao đã
Semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on
Semantic translation prioritizes flexibility and contextual meaning over strict adherence to cultural equivalents According to New Mark (1982:22), it emphasizes the semantic constraints of the target language to accurately convey the author's intended message This approach avoids jarring assonance, wordplay, or repetition, ensuring a coherent and faithful representation of the original text.
One man’s meat is another man’s poinson
Đám cưới nhà ta , đám ma nhà người
This translation method offers the greatest freedom, often applied to plays and poetry, where themes, characters, and plots are maintained while adapting the source language culture to the target language culture Dung Vu (2004) highlights this approach's effectiveness in rewriting texts.
Adaptation focuses on incorporating the core ideas of the original work to craft a new text in a different language, prioritizing creativity over strict fidelity to the source This process results in a creation that is entirely objective in both its content and form.
Below the bridge runs the current pure and clear
And there the grass grows soft, by the bridge
Ngồi đầu cầu nước trong như lọc Đường bên cầu cỏ mọc còn non
Free translation prioritizes conveying the meaning of the source language (SL) rather than adhering closely to the original text, often resulting in longer paraphrases This approach allows the target language (TL) text to sound more natural, enhancing readability However, the downside is that the casual nature of free translation can lead to misunderstandings of the original content due to its lack of fidelity.
It would rather the victorious brightness in an only moment than the centenary twinkle
Thà một phút huy hoàng rồi vụt tắt còn hơn le lói suốt trăm năm
Idiomatic translation is concerned with communicating the meaning of the source text using the natural grammatical and lexical items of the target language
Idiomatic translation focuses on conveying the meanings of colloquialisms and idioms rather than translating them literally This approach allows translators to capture the essence of the original text by using equivalent expressions that resonate with the target audience.
He carries fire in one hand and water in the other
Vừa ăn cướp vừa la làng
This method attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership
“…But even here the translator still has to respect and work on the form of the source language text as the only material basic for his work”
Thôi thì hết hờn ghen và giận dỗi Được giận hờn sung sướng biết bao nhiêu
Well, it’s all with jealousies and sulks
What fun to be in the sulk
Translation Equivalence
III.1 Definition of translation equivalence
Equivalence, as defined by the dictionary, refers to the state of being the same, similar, or interchangeable with something else In the context of translation, equivalence describes the nature and extent of the relationship between the source language (SL) and the target language.
TL texts or smaller linguistic units
The issue of equivalence is a critical challenge in translation, focusing on identifying appropriate counterparts in the target language for expressions from the source language.
Vanessa Leonardo emphasizes that equivalence is a fundamental concern in translation, despite the ongoing debates surrounding its definition, significance, and application in translation theory Over the past fifty years, various theories of equivalence have been developed, highlighting the complexity of this concept Here, we explore several detailed approaches to translation equivalences.
Vinay and Darbelnet (1995:342) consider as below:
“Equivalence-oriented translation is a procedure which replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording”
Wayne Leman (Wordpress.com) shares :
Translation equivalence occurs when the meanings of expressions in a source language align with those in a target language Essentially, it addresses the inquiry of how speakers of a particular language convey the intended meaning effectively.
There are many kinds of classification, It depends on the translators and the way of their analysis The following types are common types of equivalence and useful for translators:
Nida shares that there are two different types of equivalence which are formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence Formal correspondence
“focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content”, while dynamic equivalence is based upon “the principle of equivalent effect”
Formal correspondence in translation involves using a target language (TL) item that closely matches a source language (SL) word or phrase, but formal equivalents may not always exist between different languages When aiming for formal equivalence, these equivalents should be utilized; however, their use can lead to misunderstandings for the target audience and may carry significant implications in the translated text (TT) Nida and Taber note that formal correspondence can distort the grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor language, potentially causing confusion or requiring excessive effort from the reader to comprehend the intended message.
Dynamic equivalence is a translation principle where the translator aims to convey the original meaning in a way that evokes the same response from the target audience as the source text did for its audience According to Nida and Taber (1982:200), this approach emphasizes the importance of impact in translation.
The original text may often be altered in form; however, if the changes adhere to the principles of back transformation in the source language, maintain contextual consistency during transfer, and appropriately transform into the target language, the core message remains intact and the translation stays true to the original.
Newmark emphasizes that the primary goal of translation is to achieve an equivalence effect, ensuring that the translated text elicits the same response from readers as the original He views this equivalence effect as a desirable outcome rather than the main objective of translation, except in two specific scenarios: first, when the source language (SL) text aims to influence while the target language (TL) translation seeks to inform, or vice versa; and second, when there exists a significant cultural gap between the SL and TL texts.
However, Koller (1979) considers five types of equivalence:
The source language and the target language words refer to the same thing in real world It is an equivalence of the extra linguistic content of a text
This type of equivalence provides additional values besides denotative value and is achieved by the translator’s choice of synonymous words or expressions
The source language and the target language words are used in the same or similar context in their respective languages
With readership orientation, the source language and the target language words have same effect on their respective readers
This type of equivalence produces an analogy of form in the translation by either exploiting formal possibilities of TL, or creating new forms in TL
Although equivalence translation is defined with different point of view of theorists, it is the same effective equivalence between SL and TL.
English for Specific purposes in translation (ESP)
Since the early 1960s, English for Specific Purposes (ESP) has emerged as a leading field in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education This growth is evident in the rising number of universities, such as the University of Birmingham and Aston University in the UK, that now offer Master's degrees in ESP, as well as the increasing availability of ESP courses for international students in English-speaking countries.
ESP, or English for Specific Purposes, is defined variably by different individuals While some view it as the teaching of English tailored for any specified purpose, others offer a more precise definition, focusing on its application in academic studies or vocational and professional contexts.
Tony Dudley-Evans (1977), co-editor of the ESP Journal, provides a comprehensive definition of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) by distinguishing between its 'absolute' and 'variable' characteristics.
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is tailored to address the distinct needs of learners, utilizing methodologies and activities relevant to the specific discipline It focuses on the language pertinent to these activities, encompassing grammar, vocabulary, register, study skills, discourse, and genre.
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is tailored for particular disciplines and employs distinct methodologies compared to General English Typically aimed at intermediate or advanced learners, ESP courses presuppose a foundational understanding of the language.
Dudley-Evans's definition of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is significantly shaped by Strevens's 1988 definition, enhancing it by eliminating the rigid distinction that ESP is opposed to 'General English' (Johns et al., 1991).
The division of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) into absolute and variable characteristics aids in clarifying debates surrounding its definition ESP is not confined to a particular discipline or specific age group, but rather should be understood as an approach to teaching Dudley-Evans describes this as an "attitude of mind," aligning with Hutchinson et al (1987:19), who assert that ESP is a language teaching approach where all content and method decisions are driven by the learner's objectives.
According to David Carter (1983), there are three types of ESP:
Purposes: English as a restricted language
English for Academic and Occupational Purposes
English serves as a restricted language in specific contexts, such as in the communication used by air traffic controllers and waitstaff This form of English is characterized by its limited vocabulary and structured phrases tailored to particular situations, distinguishing it from more general uses of the language.
The 17 languages used in international air traffic control are considered 'special' due to their limited and situationally specific vocabulary, similar to the linguistic needs of roles like waitstaff or flight attendants However, these restricted repertoires do not constitute full languages; they are akin to a tourist phrase book rather than a comprehensive grammar Therefore, possessing knowledge of such a limited 'language' does not equip an individual to communicate effectively in unfamiliar situations or beyond their specific vocational context.
The second type is English for academic and Occupational Purpose And according to Hutchinson & Water, ESP is divided into three branches:
English for Science and Technology (EST)
English for Business and Economics (EBE)
English for Social Studies (ESS)
The final category of English is English for Specific Purposes (ESP) focused on specific topics, where the emphasis shifts from purpose to topic This form of ESP addresses the anticipated English needs of professionals, such as scientists engaging in postgraduate studies, attending conferences, or working abroad However, it is argued that this should not be considered a distinct type of ESP but rather an essential element of ESP courses that concentrate on situational language This situational language is shaped by analyzing the authentic language used in relevant workplace environments.
According to the types of ESP above, Language in Economic and trade
Sector lies in English for Business and Economics (EBE)
Terminology and its main characteristics
Translation is a multifaceted concept, and each translator offers a unique perspective, leading to a variety of definitions from linguists In this article, I will highlight some of the most widely recognized definitions of translation.
In the Russian Encyclopedia (1976:473 - 474) terminology is defined as:
Terminology refers to a specific set of words or phrases that accurately represent concepts and their interrelationships within a particular field It encompasses specialized language related to objects, phenomena, attributes, and connections pertinent to a profession.
Terminology refers to specific words or phrases used in fields such as science, technology, politics, and art, conveying precise meanings and representing distinct concepts within these disciplines.
Terminology refers to the specialized vocabulary within a language, comprising fixed terms and phrases that accurately represent concepts and subjects across various fields of expertise.
Terminology, despite being defined at various times and contexts, consistently reflects essential characteristics that highlight its significance It serves as a crucial indicator of the advancements in science, technology, business, and commerce within a society.
As a special unit in the lexical system of language, terminology has its own distinctive features According to many linguists, terminology should have
The essential qualities of terminologies, including accurateness, systematism, internationalism, nationalism, and popularity, play a crucial role across various sectors such as science, technology, economics, and trade These characteristics are fundamental to the development and sustainability of terminologies, particularly within the economic and trade sector.
The primary quality of terminology is accuracy, ensuring that each term precisely conveys a scientific concept to prevent misunderstandings In professional contexts, each term should represent a single concept within its system According to Luu Van Lang (1977), each linguistic signal carries a fundamental meaning, while Newmark (1998) highlights that concept-words can have varying meanings across different technologies Therefore, when developing terms within a specific field, it is essential to consider potential homophones and synonyms Additionally, maintaining a one-to-one correspondence between concepts and terms is crucial in the translation of terminology.
The word “article”- means “ điều khoản” in economic and trade contract, it will be understood as clause of contract which need to obey and perform
Each term within a language occupies a specific role in a conceptual framework and is part of a broader terminological system The meaning of a term is derived from its relationships with other terms in this system; when isolated, its significance becomes unclear Thus, systematism is recognized as a crucial aspect of understanding language and terminology.
Terminology encompasses 20 essential features, with varying perspectives among terminologists regarding its characteristics While some emphasize systematic formation as a key trait, others highlight the importance of content Ultimately, terminology is defined by the interplay between both content and expression form, as a term's meaning is inextricably linked to its conceptual system, which in turn influences its role within that system.
In the economic and trade sectors, the use of specific suffixes such as –or, -ee, -er, and -ist is common to denote the roles of individuals in contracts and documents These suffixes help clarify the positions of people involved in economic and trade terminologies.
The position in the system as the word “ controller” means “ kiểm soát viên” or the word“lessee ”” means “ bên đi thuê ”
Or the word“Deliverer” means “ người giao hàng” in Vietnamese, with the suffix “er” , from the verb “ deliver” become a noun which indicate the position of people in the system
Terminology plays a crucial role in expressing scientific concepts and facilitating international collaboration and technological exchange Globalization has led to the widespread use of these terms across different languages, accelerating the development of international science Each language may adopt different principles for terminology based on its cultural context, resulting in the internationalization of various terms, particularly in fields such as medicine, physics, telecommunications, and notably in business and commerce, where economic and trade acronyms are prevalent.
WTO “Word Trade Organization” – Tổ Chức Thương Mại Quốc Tế
NEDO “National Economic Development Council” – Hội đồng Phát Triển Kinh
VAT “Valued added tax” – Thuế giá trị gia tăng
ISSN “ International Standard Serial Standard” - Mã Số Tiêu Chuẩn Quốc Tế
Terminology is a unique linguistic unit within a language that pertains to a specific profession and is inherently tied to the national language In Vietnam, terminologies must reflect the rich cultural heritage and linguistic traits of the Vietnamese language, ensuring they resonate with the local populace in both lexicology and grammatical structure.
The translation of terms in economic and trade documents into Vietnamese is influenced by the local language and cultural context, ensuring that the translated terms align with Vietnamese cultural characteristics and linguistic nuances.
The term "industrial action," when translated literally, means "hoạt động công nghiệp," but it is more accurately understood in Vietnamese as "trừng phạt lao động." This translation reflects the cultural context and nuances of the Vietnamese language, making it more relatable and appropriate for the local audience.
Terminology, as a vital aspect of linguistics, facilitates scientific and technological advancement for everyone Its clarity in reading, writing, speaking, and memorizing is essential for fostering understanding among all individuals In the economic and trade sectors, consistent usage of terminology enhances communication and collaboration, driving progress and innovation.
“Invent”- Phát minh, sáng chế
V.3.The distinction between terms and words
To distinguish between terms and word, we should need to know the definition of each
ECONOMIC AND TRADE TERMINOLOGY
Definition of Economics and Trade
Economics and Trade is a social science that examines the interplay between economics, regulations, and the circulation of goods It focuses on how economic partners engage in the exchange of commodities, considering factors such as the quantity of goods each partner possesses and the impact of protectionist measures like tariffs Additionally, it explores the influence of international trade on domestic markets, highlighting the growing globalization of products and services Key areas of study include unemployment rates, manufacturing levels, and labor availability.
Language in economic and trade sector
A language is a system for communicating ideas and thoughts through sounds, symbols, and words, distinguished by factors like country boundaries, culture, demographics, and history Each nation develops a unique language style influenced by its cultural and environmental factors English is the most widely spoken language globally, essential in various fields such as science, technology, marketing, and business, particularly in the economic and trade sectors, which are crucial for countries like Vietnam.
The terminologies in the Economic and Trade sector extend beyond Economics and Trade, encompassing fields like science and marketing Many terms share similar meanings across different domains, but certain specialized technical terminologies are unique to this sector, conveying distinct concepts.
To effectively translate idiomatic expressions in the economic and trade sectors, it is essential to have a solid understanding of the foundational language as well as knowledge of commerce, business, and economics.
The role of terminology in Economic and Trade Translation …
Terminology is crucial in translation, especially for translators who rely on consistent term usage It is categorized into various sectors such as science and technology, culture and politics, economics and trade, and marketing This organization of terminology aids translators and users in achieving accurate translations.
Terminology plays a crucial role in ensuring accurate translation of documents and files within the economic and trade sector, such as economic contracts, reports, and minutes This precision facilitates successful cooperation among companies, factories, enterprises, and countries.
It contributes to create successfully in cooperation of economic and trade sector in general and the development of countries in particular.
Classification of Economic and Trade terminology
Single terminologies are those that consist of just one word which can be found in a text As the below illustrations:
Agribusiness Kinh doanh nông nghiệp
Single terminologies are divided as follows:
IV.1.1.Single terminology in the form of Noun
Economic and trade terminologies are diverse and widely utilized, often comprising nouns formed with suffixes like “er,” “or,” “y,” “ance,” and “tion.” The following table presents a compilation of these nouns commonly found in the sector.
Production Khối lượng sản xuất
Allowance Phần tiền trợ cấp
IV.1.2.Single terminology in the form of verb
Economic and trade terminologies in form of verb are widely used in all documents, purchase contracts or articles belonging this sector As they are shown in the following examples:
Neologisms are often created by combining existing words or in other words they are new words which are considered:
They are derived from the names of inventors or discovers, economist and commonly used in economic and trade field As follows:
Dow Jones Industrial Average Chỉ số bình quân công nghiệp
Dow Jones Bernoulli Hypothesis Giả thuyết Bernoulli
Augmented Dickey Fuller test Kiểm định Dickey Fuller bổ sung
Averch-Johnson Effect Hiệu ứng Averch-Johnson
Box-Jenkins Phương pháp Box-Jenkins
Cramer's Rule Quy tắc Cramer's
Engel's Law Quy luật của Engel
Juglar cycle Chu kỳ Juglar
Keynesian Growth Theory Lý thuyết tăn trưởng của trường phái Keynes
Le Chatelier principle Nguyên tắc Le Chatelier
Harrod-Domar growth model Mô hình tăng trưởng Harrod-
Heckscher-Ohlin approach to international trade
Phuơng pháp Heckscher-Ohlin về thương mại quốc tế
Acronyms are abbreviated terms frequently encountered in economic and trade contracts, documents, and procedures These short forms often represent international institutions, as illustrated below.
WTO (World Trade Organization) Tổ chưc kinh tế thế giới
Hiệp hội Phát Triển quốc tế
(IMF) International monetary Fund Quỹ tiền tệ quốc tế
ISO (International Standard Organization) Tổ chức tiêu chuẩn hóa Quốc Tế
They also can be acronyms which are created for special topic They are quite common in economic and trade documents As being shown in the following sheet:
FDI( foreign direct investment) Đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài
VAT ( Value added tax) Thuế giá trị gia tăng
GDP (Gross domestic product) Tổng sản phẩm quốc nội
Phân loại ngành công nghiệp theo tiêu chuẩn quốc tế
CBA (Cost benefit analysis) Phân tích phí tổn – lợi nhuận
Co; Corp ( Company, Corporation) Công ty, tổng công ty
D/P ( Documents against payment) Chứng từ giao khi thanh toán
Compound terminologies, often found in economic and trade documents, are phrases made up of two or more words, predominantly including compound nouns and adjectives Examples of these terms include "mutual fund," "industrial waste," and "mixed economy."
Market economy Nền kinh tế thị trường
Laisez-faire Chính sách tự do kinh doanh
Compound terminologies are divided the following type:
IV.3.1.Terminologies consisting of Classifier (Noun) + thing
The first noun serves as a classifier, distinguishing the second noun from other concepts within the same category Below is a list of economic and trade terminologies that exemplify this relationship.
Discount rate Tỷ lệ chiết khấu
Agent middleman Đại lý trung gian
Price discrimination Phân biệt giá
Stock exchange Sở giao dịch chứng khoán
Export subsidy Trợ cấp xuất khẩu
Income tax Thuế thu nhập
Market economy Nền kinh tế thị trường
IV.3.2.Terminologies consisting of Classifier (adjective) + thing
These compounds consist of an Adjective and a noun of which Adjective takes functions s Classifier and the Noun ( thing) For instance:
Social Security An sinh xã hội
Fiscal policy Chính sách tài khóa
Optimal distribution Sự phân phối tối ưu
Free trade Thương mại tự do
Natural price Giá tự nhiên
Classical model Mô hình cổ điển
IV.3.3.Terminologies consisting of Classifier (Present participle) +thing
These terminologies include one word which is Present participle – V-ing and one word being form of Noun (thing) As following examples:
Marketing strategy Chiến lược tiếp thị
Decreasing returns Lợi tức giảm dần theo quy mô
Floating charge Phí linh động
Issuing broker Người môi giới phát hành
Opening prices Giá mở cửa
IV.3.4.Terminologies consisting of Classifier (Past participle ) +thing
These terminologies comprise the Past participle which holds function as Classifier and one word being form of Noun (thing) The following table is the list of these terminologies:
Mixed economy Nền kinh tế hỗn hợp
Overvalued currency Tiền được định giá quá cao
Repressed inflation Lạm phát bị kiềm chế
Registered unemployment Những người thất nghiệp có đăng ký Skewed distribution Phân phối lệch
Uncalled capital Vốn chưa huy động
Expected inflation Lạm phát dự tính được
IV.3.5.Terminologies consisting of Classifier (Noun + Present participle) +thing
They include one Noun, V-ing and one Noun ( thing) as the following illustrations:
Premium saving bonds Trái phiếu tiết kiệm có thưởng
Price fixing agreement Thoả thuận cố định giá
IV.3.6.Terminologies consisting of Thing +Qualifier
They are mainly preposition phrase, they combine Noun + Preposition + Noun For illustrations:
Cost of capital Chi phí vốn
Patent of trade Mô thức ngoại thương
Harmony of interests Hài hòa quyền lợi
Impact of taxation Tác động của việc đánh thuế
Law of demand Quy luật của cầu
Letter of credit Thư tín dụng
Store of value Tích trữ giá trị
In addition to compound terminologies, there are phrases that consist of more than two words, which are commonly utilized in section titles of guidelines or documents The table below presents a compilation of terminologies that fall under this category.
Floating exchange rate system Hệ thống tỷ giá hối đoái thả nổi
Free enterprise system Hệ thống doanh nghiệp tự do
Fixed exchange rate system Hệ thống tỷ giá hối đoái cố định
Joint venture project Đề án hợp tác liên doanh
Capital theoretic approach Phương pháp lý thuyết qui về vốn
Capital transfer tax Thuế chuyển giao vốn
Capital turnover criterion Tiêu chuẩn quay vòng vốn
Circular flow of payments Dòng thanh toán luân chuyển
Cumulative causation model Mô hình nhân quả tích luỹ
Positive terminologies are signifies the presence of some attribute and positive term may convey a negative idea The following table is illustrations which belong to this type:
Minimize Giảm đến mức tối thiểu
Negative terminologies are signifies the absence of some attribute and it sometimes conveys positive ideas As following examples:
Non-market Phi thị trường
Worthlessness Không có giá trị
Powerlessness Không có quyền hành
CHAPTER III: POPULAR STRATEGIES AND PROCEDURES APPLIED IN THE TRANSLATION OF ECONOMIC AND TRADE TERMINOLOGIES FROM ENGLISH INTO VIETNAMESE
To let readers understand what means which source language mention, the interpreter and translator have to choose the best way to transfer meaning from
Translation methods can be categorized into two main types: non-equivalence and equivalence, based on various translation documents This article aims to provide a detailed analysis of these methods.
Popular strategies and procedure applied in non-equivalence
To address non-equivalence in translation, various strategies are employed, including translation by illustration, cultural substitution, the use of more neutral and less expressive words, and omission, often referred to as reduction translation These approaches are particularly prevalent in the economic and trade sectors.
I.1.Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words
This strategy is primarily employed for translating economic and trade terms that lack direct equivalents in the target language, focusing on either modifying a broader term or unpacking the meaning of the original terminology.
Sales forecast Dự toán doanh số bán ra
In the context of the economic and trade sector, the term "sales" is translated as "doanh số bán ra," which differs from its general meaning of "sự bán ra, hàng hóa bán ra." This distinction highlights the importance of context in translation, as seen in the term "sales forecast," which is rendered as "dự toán doanh số bán ra" in Vietnamese Such examples illustrate how specialized terminology can shift in meaning compared to everyday usage, emphasizing the need for careful interpretation based on the specific context.
Venture Việc kinh doanh mạo hiểm
A "venture" refers to a business project or activity that typically involves taking risks In Vietnamese, finding a single word that accurately captures this meaning is challenging, as the concept is not fully lexicalized in the language.
To ensure clarity and precision in the Vietnamese translation, additional terms will be incorporated, resulting in the phrase "Việc kinh doanh mạo hiểm."
A variety of economic and trade terminologies are translated between English and Vietnamese using specific strategies The following list highlights these terminologies that have employed such translation methods.
Vacancy Các chức vụ còn trống
Innovative Có óc đổi mới
Futures Hợp đồng kỳ hạn, hợp đồng hàng hóa giao sau Interchangeable Có thể chuyển đổi cho nhau
Boom Thời kỳ hưng thịnh
Access Phương tiện tiếp cận
Duality Phương pháp đối ngẫu
Flexitime Thời gian làm việc linh hoạt
Fast track Thủ tục tiến hành nhanh
Bureaucracy Cơ chế quan liêu hành chính
Leverage Tỷ phần vốn vay; Đòn bẩy về tài chính; Tỷ lệ vốn vay so với tổng vốn
Equity Cổ phần không tính lãi
Tariff Biểu suất thuế nhập khẩu
Franchise Giấy phép nhượng quyền
Franchise store Cửa hiệu được cấp giấy phép chuyển nhượng quyền Discount house Cơ sở bán hàng hạ giá
Department Store Cửa hàng bách hóa
Carriage-forward Có tính phí chuyên chở
Chain store Cửa hàng liên hợp
Co-partnership Doanh nghiệp hợp doanh
I.2.Translation by paraphrase using related word
This strategy is commonly employed to express a concept from the source language in an alternative form It is particularly useful in translation when the English terminology or concept is also present in Vietnamese.
As in the below example:
Non-profit Phi lợi nhuận
Non-price competition Cạnh tranh phi giá cả
Non trade Phi ngoại thương
The term "Phi lợi nhuận," commonly used in the economic and trade sectors, has been part of the Vietnamese language since the inception of these fields In this context, "SL" refers to "non-profit," where "non" translates to "không" in Vietnamese and "profit" means "lợi nhuận." Although the term does not explicitly include "phi," it is translated as "Phi lợi nhuận," with "Phi" effectively replacing "không" to enhance understanding of the concept This translation strategy demonstrates a transfer of the source language into a more impactful form in the target language, significantly elevating its meaning.
In economic and trade terminology, the prefix "non" serves as an example of how affixes can enhance the meaning of a word By incorporating various prefixes and suffixes, the terminology can be expanded and diversified, particularly within the economic and trade sectors The strategic addition of these affixes plays a crucial role in enriching the language used in this field.
Translating terminology can yield varied meanings, particularly when there are no direct equivalents in the target language (TL) This highlights the importance of understanding the meanings of affixes in translation Many prefixes and suffixes, such as “-er,” “-or,” and “-ee,” as well as prefixes like “il-,” “non-,” and “un-,” convey similar meanings, which translators should carefully consider.
Auctioneer Người bán đấu giá
In summary, paraphrasing through the use of related words is a method that enhances the meaning conveyed by the source language (SL) The terminology can vary significantly based on the addition of suffixes The table below presents a list of terms that utilize this strategy.
Overshooting Tăng quá cao (tỷ giá hối đoái)
Supernumerary expenditure Siêu chi tiêu
Unearned income Thu nhập phi tiền lương
Non-labor income Thu nhập phi lao động
Non-market Phi thị trường
Uncalled capital Vốn chưa huy động
Non-manual workers Lao động phi thủ công
Unemployment rate Tỷ lệ thất nghiệp
Precautionary motive Động cơ dự phòng
Addition is the translation in which additional information is supplied in the TL with the purpose of helping readers to understand and hold its meaning exactly
The term "nhiệm vụ căn bản văn phòng" can be challenging for readers if translated directly, as it implies a broad responsibility for all office staff To enhance clarity, a more effective translation would be necessary to convey the specific duties involved.
“Nhiệm vụ căn bản về thư ký văn phòng” when transferring meaning from the
SL into the TL to help reader understand clearly
The following table is the list of economic and trade terminologies which applied this strategy in translation:
International division of labor Phân bố lao động trên bình diện quốc tế Intermittent production Phương pháp sản xuất gián đoạn
Product layout Sơ đồ bố trí theo sản phẩm
Worldwide market Thị trường rộng lớn trên thế giới
Sales tax Thuế đánh trên hàng bán
Lateral transfer Thuyên chuyển theo hàng ngang
Legal tender Tiền tệ đang lưu hành hợp pháp
Worldwide philosophy Nguyên tắc chung trên toàn thế giới
Newspaper advertisement Tiết mục quảng cáo trên báo chí
High employment Tình trạng thất nghiệp trầm trọng
Concentrated market Tình trạng ứ đọng thị trường
Air transportation Vận chuyển bằng đường hàng không Least squares Phương pháp bình phương nhỏ nhất
Basically clerical duty Nhiệm vụ căn bản về thư ký văn phòng
I.4.Translation by using loan word
A popular strategy in translation involves using Vietnamese terminology to replace English loanwords, making it easier for readers to understand and remember key concepts For example, marketing is translated as "ma két ting" and container as "công te nơ," enhancing comprehension and retention of these terms.
In economic and trade documents, acronyms like GDP, IMF, and ITO frequently appear, representing key terminologies in the field For instance, GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product, highlighting its significance in economic discussions.
The "IMF" stands for the "International Monetary Fund," while "ITO" refers to the "International Trade Organization." These acronyms are commonly used in English, with their full forms often translated into Vietnamese In some cases, these acronyms are utilized in Vietnamese documents as substitutes for their complete Vietnamese equivalents when translating from the source language to the target language.
The following table is illustration examples which applied this strategy and are commonly used in economic and trade sector
FDI Đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài
IDA Hiệp hội Phát triển quốc tế
M.F.N status Quy chế nước được ưu đãi
A/p Tài khoản đã thanh toán
ECA Hội đồng cố vấn kinh tế
B/E Bảng kê khai chi tiết ở hải quan
BOP Cán cân thanh toán
DCF Dòng tiền đã chiết khấu; Luồng tiền chiết khấu
FPA Miễn bồi thường tổn thất riêng
Rtm Nhãn hiệu thương mại đã đăng ký
ISSN Số loại theo tiêu chuẩn quốc tế
USM Thị trường chứng khoán không niêm yế
UNCTAD Hội nghị Liên hiệp quốc về Thương mại và Phát triển
TDR Biên nhận tiền gửi Bộ tài chính
PACC Sự quản lý sản phẩm và kiểm tra hợp đồng
Pt Sự thanh toán p.pr Theo quyền được ủy nhiệm
Procedures applied in the Equivalence translation
Choice of technology Sự lựa chọn công nghệ
Coefficient of variation Hệ số phân tán
Cost of capital Chi phí vốn
Division of labor Phân công lao động
Economies of scale Tính kinh tế nhờ qui mô; Lợi thế kinh tế nhờ quy mô Equation of exchange Phương trình trao đổi
Cost of protection Chi phí bảo hộ
Factors of production Các yếu tố sản xuất
Goodness of fit Mức độ phù hợp
Harmony of interests Hài hoà quyền lợi
Incidence of taxation Đối tượng chịu thuế
Index of distortion Chỉ số sai lệch
Medium of exchange Phương tiện trao đổi
II Procedure applied in the Equivalence Translation
This is a strategy which links meaning of the words used in the terms without any changes which is often known as word-for-word translation as following example:
Address principle Nguyên lý địa chỉ
The term "Address principle" is translated into Vietnamese as "Nguyên lý địa chỉ." It is important to focus on the individual components of the term, which consists of the words "address" and "principle," to understand its meaning in the source language.
When translating the English word "address" to Vietnamese, it is rendered as "địa chỉ," while "principle" translates to "nguyên lý." This demonstrates that English terminology retains the meanings of both words in Vietnamese, indicating that the target language effectively connects the meanings of these two terms.
The following table is the illustrations for using this strategy which are common in the economic and trade sector
Activity analysis Phân tích hoạt động
Budget surplus Thặng dư ngân sách
Hand labour Lao động chân tay
Consumer price index Chỉ số giá tiêu dùng
Consumption tax Thuế tiêu dùng
Dow Jones Industrial Average Chỉ số bình quân công nghiệp Dow
Exchange rate Tỷ giá hối đoái
Export subsidy Trợ cấp xuất khẩu
Fixed exchange rate system Hệ thống tỷ giá hối đoái cố định
Free enterprise system Hệ thống doanh nghiệp tự do
Free trade Thương mại tự do
Market economy Nền kinh tế thị trường
First translation Lần giao dịch đầu tiên
Largest manufacturer Nhà sản xuất lớn nhất
Stock broker Người môi giới chứng khoán
Gross income Lợi tức gộp
Net income Lợt tức thực
Workforce Lực lượng công nhân
Consumer price index Chỉ số giá tiêu dùng
Credit card Thẻ tín dụng
Discount market Thị trường chiết khấu
II.2.Shift or transposition translation
This strategy makes grammatical changes when translating form SL into
The TL strategy is widely recognized in the translation of compound terminology and consists of two main types One type, known as "automatic translation," is primarily used for translating compound terminologies presented as simple and unmarked nominal groups.
Chi phí lao động cố định
The illustration demonstrates that the English term "fixed labor cost" is a compound consisting of the adjective "fixed" and the noun "labor cost." However, when translated into Vietnamese, the adjective is replaced by a verb, indicating a grammatical shift while maintaining the same lexical and linguistic meaning in both the source and target languages.
Rank-shift refers to the grammatical adjustments made during translation from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL) This technique is particularly useful when dealing with compound terminologies that lack direct Vietnamese equivalents in English In such cases, these terms are often translated as clauses in Vietnamese, ensuring clarity and coherence in the final output.
Registered trademark Nhãn hiệu đã được đăng ký
The term "registered trademark" consists of two key components: the adjective "registered" and the noun "trademark." In Vietnamese, "registered" translates to the verb "đăng ký." To clarify the meaning, the translator uses the equivalent phrase "Nhãn hiệu đã được đăng ký" to convey the concept effectively.
This is a strategy which mainly uses in translation of terminologies The following table is a list of terminologies belonging this strategy
Managerial position Chức vụ quản lý
Comparable worth Giá trị có thể so sánh
Collective goods Hàng hoá tập thể
Coercive comparisons So sánh ép buộc
Allocative efficiency Hiệu quả phân bổ
Classical techniques Các kỹ thuật cổ điển
Bilateral assistance Trợ giúp song phương
Behavioral expectation Kỳ vọng dựa trên hành vi
Asymptotic distribution Phân phối tiệm cận
Appropriate technology Công nghệ thích hợp
Imitative growth Tăng trưởng mô phỏng
Industrial action Trừng phạt lao động
Main Findings
This article presents a foundational understanding of translation theory, focusing on English Special Language and terminology related to economics and trade It explores effective strategies and procedures commonly utilized in the translation of economic and trade materials.
This article presents 50 essential English terms translated into Vietnamese, focusing on effective translation methods for addressing both non-equivalence and equivalence By analyzing these approaches, translators can utilize this resource as a valuable reference to enhance their work.
Translators face challenges in the translation process, including non-equivalence, knowledge limitations, and the vast scope of the economic and trade sector These obstacles can be overcome by dedicating more time to studying the field and enhancing their expertise through online research or participation in economic and trade forums.
By the above methods, the translators can remove the matter of non-equivalence in translation
In the course of researching this graduation paper, I identified common errors frequently encountered by translators; however, these issues can be resolved through the application of the aforementioned translation strategies An example of a linguistic error is provided below.
The phrase "to cook an account," previously translated as "nấu sổ sách," is a linguistic and lexical error that lacks meaning After further analysis, a more accurate translation is "giả mạo sổ sách," which employs paraphrasing with unrelated terms to convey the intended message effectively.
As in this example: “the factors of production play an important role in manufacturing products”
The phrase "các yếu tố sản xuất đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc sản xuất các sản phẩm" accurately translates to "the factors of production play an important role in the production of goods." It is essential to omit the preposition "of" in this context to avoid a stylistic error, as including "của" can create an awkward sound in Vietnamese Thus, the correct
Besides, after studying this sector, I boost my translation skills on this sector, as following illustrations:
“Subtracting the debts from the assets reveals the equity of the company”
It is very hard for translator to deal with this sentence because the word
The term "equity" does not have a direct one-word equivalent in the source language However, by employing the translation method of addition, the sentence is effectively translated as “subtracting liabilities from assets reveals the company's non-interest equity.” In this context, "equity" is defined as “non-interest equity,” which is generally understood as “non-interest” in everyday conversation Nevertheless, its meaning becomes more precise within the specific context of economics and trade, as illustrated in the example provided.
Or in the below illustration:
“The company manager requires accountant to statistic P&L of the company in this year.”
It is very difficult for translators to translate because it maintains the word
The term "P&L," or "Profit and Loss," is often misunderstood by common translators, leading to inaccurate translations such as "the company director requests the accountant to report the P&L for this year." In the economic and trade sectors, specialists are familiar with this loanword, allowing them to accurately interpret it By recognizing "P&L" as a loanword, they can effectively translate it to its correct meaning, "lời và lỗ."
Through my personal experiences and academic journey, I have developed essential translation skills and reinforced my understanding of general translation methods, particularly those relevant to the economic and trade sectors I hope readers will discover valuable strategies for translating economic and trade terminology effectively.