INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study
In today's world, the Internet stands as the most powerful tool for individuals globally, offering a vast array of services and resources, including communication, information, entertainment, business, and education Consequently, understanding IT concepts, Internet terminology, and website design terms has become essential for everyone.
In today's technology-driven world, familiarity with information technology terms is essential, yet many learners often feel confused by Internet and Website Design Terms (WDT) As students engage with this global language, they recognize its role in bridging diverse cultures and nations My internship at Quang Binh Import & Export JSC highlighted the importance of studying WDT, revealing both the challenges and the fascinating aspects of this field Factors such as cultural differences, terminology usage, and language in practice contribute to the complexities of understanding WDT, particularly the functional language and expressions involved, which I found particularly noteworthy during my preliminary research.
This study aims to explore the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese terms used on websites The Internet serves as an invaluable resource, providing easy access to a vast array of information on countless topics, making it the world's largest source of knowledge.
This research paper explores the topic "A Study on English Expressions Used in Website Design and Their Vietnamese Equivalents," aiming to provide valuable insights and assistance to readers interested in the intersection of language and digital design.
Following this trend, the study will serve purposes:
Aims of the study
For the above- mentioned reasons this paper mainly focuses on:
Pointing out the definition of web language, the process of designing web pages, classifying of static and dynamic website languages
Collecting and presenting some commonly used WDT in English Providing some ways of Vietnamese equivalents or expressions
Helping all people who encounter some troubles in acquainting with WDT especially when you design website you can understand it properly.
Scope of the study
Due to the limitations of knowledge, experience, and time, my study focuses solely on the popular terms related to Web Development Technologies (WDT) found in textbooks and materials used for teaching specialized English in IT and web design courses.
This research paper focuses on presenting English terms alongside their Vietnamese equivalents, aiming to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of WDT and its effective application in related works.
Methods of the study
To study successfully and effectively in my studying process, with the hope of creating my research pleasant to read, I have implemented the following methods:
Firstly, grammar books are collected up from many resources to develop the topic
Secondly, the study is completed due to information collected from Internet or websites and books concerning to compliments and responses to get theoretical background
Next, the analysis on books, newspapers and dictionaries is carried to get bases knowledge and specific exemplifications for compliments and responses
Last, personal observation, experience and interviews are also utilized to fulfill my study.
Design of the study
The graduation paper composes three parts in which the second part is the most important one
Part I: Introduction that includes Rationale, Aims of the study, Scope,
Methods and Design of the study
Part II: Development that states three chapters
Chapter 2: An investigation on English expressions used in website design and Vietnamese equivalence
Part III: Conclusion that gives a brief summary of the study and suggestions for further research.
DEVELOPMENT
1.1 Concepts of Translation and Equivalence in translation
Translation is an essential aspect of our daily lives, impacting literature, culture, religion, commercial advertising, popular entertainment, public administration, international diplomacy, scientific research, judicial processes, immigration, and education Consequently, various concepts of translation exist globally, reflecting its diverse applications and significance across different fields.
Translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language
_Advanced Oxford Dictionary_ Translation is the replacement of a text in one language (Source language-SL) by an equivalence text in another language (Target language- TL)
Translation involves creating the most natural equivalent in the target language that aligns with the meaning and style of the original message.
Eugene A Nida (1959) defines translation as the process of interpreting the meaning of a text and producing an equivalent version that conveys the same message in a different language.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Concepts of Translation and Equivalence in translation
Translation plays a crucial role in various aspects of life, impacting literature, culture, religion, commercial advertising, popular entertainment, public administration, international diplomacy, scientific research, judicial processes, immigration, and education As a result, numerous concepts of translation have emerged globally.
Translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language
_Advanced Oxford Dictionary_ Translation is the replacement of a text in one language (Source language-SL) by an equivalence text in another language (Target language- TL)
Translation involves creating the most natural equivalent of a message from the source language in the target language, prioritizing meaning first and style second.
Eugene A Nida (1959) defines translation as the process of interpreting the meaning of a source text and creating an equivalent target text that conveys the same message in another language The original text is referred to as the "source text," while the language into which it is translated is known as the "target language." The end result is often called the "target text."
Translation is the process of transforming a message from a source language into a target language, enabling understanding for readers in the latter.
1.1.2 Concepts of equivalence in translation
Equivalence-oriented translation is a procedure which replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording
Vinay and Darbelnet discuss the concept of equivalence in translation, highlighting its abstract nature This concept pertains to the relationship of equivalence that exists between the source text and the target text, emphasizing the importance of maintaining meaning across languages.
Translation equivalence in Asian social science refers to the alignment of meaning between a source language and a target language It addresses the crucial question of how speakers in each language convey the intended message, ensuring that the essence of communication is preserved across linguistic boundaries.
Wayne Leman emphasizes that despite varying definitions, there are shared characteristics in identifying the closest equivalent meaning through the careful selection of lexical and grammatical structures in the target language, as well as considering the communication context and cultural background Additionally, the process of translating from one language to another is influenced by specific translation methods, which will be discussed in the following section.
Translation methods
Translation can be approached through various methods, with the primary challenge being the choice between literal and free translation This decision is influenced by several factors, including the translation's purpose, the target audience, and the type of text being translated.
As stated by Peter Newmark (1988) there are eight methods of translation, namely: Word-to-word translation, Literal translation, Faithful translation, Semantic translation, Adaptation, Free translation, Idiomatic translation, Communicative translation
Interlinear translation showcases the target language (TL) directly beneath the source language (SL) text, maintaining the original word order Each SL word is translated individually using its most common meaning, often without considering the surrounding context.
E.g: Thomat is the student living and studying in German
Thomat là một sinh viên đang sống và học tập ở Đức
The SL grammatical structure is transformed into the closest TL equivalents, while the lexical words are translated individually and out of context For example, in the sentence "John put all his whole year-savings in studying computer programming," the focus remains on the accurate representation of the original meaning despite the disjointed translation of individual terms.
John đã đặt tất cả số tiền dành dụm được cả năm để học lập trình máy tính
Faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures
E.g: So many men, so many minds
Semantic translation prioritizes the aesthetic value of the source language (SL) text, distinguishing it from faithful translation It allows for compromises on meaning when necessary to ensure that elements like assonance, word-play, and repetition flow smoothly in the final version.
E.g: So many men, so many minds
Adaptation is a highly flexible form of translation primarily utilized for plays and poetry, where themes, characters, and plots are maintained while transforming the source language (SL) culture into the target language (TL) culture According to Dung Vu (2004), adaptation emphasizes borrowing ideas from the original work to craft a new text that resonates with the new language, often prioritizing creativity over strict fidelity to the original This process allows for complete objectivity in both content and form.
Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content with out of the form of the original
In free translation, there is a special form called “Adaption” This is the
E.g: To reduce fertility rate the present 3.7 children per woman to replacement level of 2
Tỉ lệ sinh hiện tại của phụ nữ giảm từ 3,7 xuống còn 2 trẻ
Diomatic translation reproduces the “message” of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and the idiom where these do not exists in the original
Người đẹp vì lụa, lúa tốt vì phân
Communicative translation attempts to reader the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible the readership
Lâu lắm không gặp! Cậu dạo này thế nào?
The translation of text across languages inherently requires a theory of equivalence Vanessa Leonardo emphasizes that equivalence is a crucial aspect of translation, despite the ongoing debates regarding its definition, significance, and application in translation theory Various approaches have been developed to address the complexities of translation equivalence.
Nida (1964) distinguishes formal equivalence and dynamic translation as basic orientations rather than as abinary choice:
Formal equivalence is achieved when the SL and TL words have the closet possible match of form and content
Dynamic equivalence achieved when the SL and TL words have the same effect on their effective readers
According to Newmark (1988), the primary goal of translation is to achieve an equivalence effect, which means the translation should evoke the same response in its readers as the original text does He emphasizes that this equivalence effect is the preferred outcome of translation, although it is not the main objective in all cases, with exceptions in certain situations.
+ If the purpose of the SL text is to effect and the TL translation is to inform or vice versa
+ If there is a pronounced cultural gap between the SL and the TL text
Koller (1979) considers five types of equivalence:
Denotative equivalence occurs when the source language (SL) and target language (TL) words refer to the same real-world entities, reflecting the extralinguistic content of a text In contrast, connotative equivalence adds layers of meaning beyond the basic denotative value, achieved through the translator's selection of synonymous words or expressions that convey additional nuances.
Text-normation equivalence: The SL and the TL words are used in the same or similar context in the respective languages
Pragmatic equivalence: With readership orientation, the SL and TL words have same effect on their respective readers
Formal equivalence: This type of equivalence produces an analogy of form in the translation by either exploiting farmal possibilities of TL or creating new forms in TL
Concept of ESP
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) refers to the teaching of English tailored to specific needs While some define ESP broadly as English instruction for any defined purpose, others emphasize its focus on academic studies or vocational and professional contexts.
According to Hutchinson and Waters (1987), English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is defined as a language teaching approach where all content and methods are tailored to the learners' specific needs Anthony (1997) highlights the ambiguity between the boundaries of ESP courses and general English courses, noting that many non-specialist ESP instructors adopt an ESP approach by designing syllabi based on learners' needs and their personal expertise in using English for effective communication.
-Theorists Dudley-Evans and St John (1980 modified Stevens‟s original definition of ESP Journal gives an extended definition of ESP in terms of
ESP encompasses both 'absolute' and 'variable' characteristics, indicating that it is not confined to a particular discipline While primarily aimed at adult learners, ESP can also be effectively utilized with young adults in secondary school settings.
_Definition of ESP (Dudley-Evans, 1997)_
Types of ESP
Types of ESP are identified three types ESP by David Carter (1983) There are:
• English for Academic and Occupational Purposes
Air traffic controllers and waiters exemplify the use of English as a restricted language According to Mackay and Mountfound (1978), there is a distinct difference between restricted language and general language use.
…the language of international air-traffic control could be regarded as
The term "special" refers to a limited repertoire of language skills that can be specifically defined based on situational needs, such as those required by a dining-room waiter or an air hostess However, these restricted language skills do not constitute a true language, similar to how a tourist phrase book lacks grammatical depth Mastering such a limited "language" would not enable effective communication in new situations or outside of specific vocational contexts.
Carter (1983) identifies English for Academic and Occupational Purposes as the second type of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) According to Hutchinson and Walters (1987), ESP is categorized into three branches: English for Science and Technology (EST), English for Business and Economics (EBE), and English for Social Studies (ESS) Each of these branches is further subdivided into two areas: English for Academic Purposes (EAP).
English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) focuses on specific language skills needed in various professions, such as "English for Technicians" in the engineering sector In contrast, English for Academic Purposes (EAP) caters to the needs of students in higher education, exemplified by "English for Medical Studies" in the medical field.
The third type of English for Specific Purposes (ESP), as identified by Carter (1983), focuses on specific topics rather than purposes This form of ESP addresses the future English needs of professionals, such as scientists engaged in postgraduate studies, attending conferences, or working abroad However, it is argued that this should not be considered a distinct type of ESP; instead, it serves as a vital component of ESP courses that emphasize situational language This situational language is derived from needs analysis, reflecting the authentic language used in relevant workplace contexts.
IV_ Term in Website Design field
What is term?
When crafting technical articles, it's common to encounter specialized vocabulary unique to the subject matter This technical terminology consists of terms with precise definitions within their respective fields, which may differ from their everyday meanings.
A term is a word or expression that has a particular meaning or is used in particular activity, job, profession, etc (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 1991)
According to Peter Newmark, a term represents a variation of language under specific conditions, and he highlights that the primary challenge in translation often lies in new terminology The core issue tends to be terms in the source text that are context-free and appear only once When terms are context-bound, understanding them becomes easier by systematically ruling out less likely interpretations.
The characteristics of terms
There is a distinction between technical and descriptive terms The original SL writer may use a descriptive term for a technical object for three reasons:
The object is new and not yet has name
The descriptive term is being used as familiar alternative, to avoid repetition The descriptive term is being used to make a contrast with another one
When translating, it is essential to use the appropriate counterparts for technical and descriptive terms, avoiding the temptation to substitute a descriptive term with a technical one merely to showcase knowledge, as this can diminish the original term's linguistic impact However, if the original descriptive term arises from the writer's ignorance or if a suitable technical term is absent in the source language, particularly when referring to an object familiar to the target language culture, it is acceptable to translate a descriptive term with a technical equivalent.
AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF WDT RELATING TO
Definition and structure of HTML
HTML, or Hyper Text Markup Language, is the primary markup language used for creating web pages It enables the structuring of documents by defining the semantic elements of text, including headings, paragraphs, and lists, along with links and quotes Additionally, HTML allows for the embedding of images and objects and supports the creation of interactive forms through its elements.
Tags enclosed in angle brackets in web page content can incorporate scripts, such as JavaScript, that influence how HTML processors, like web browsers, operate Additionally, they can utilize Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to determine the visual presentation and arrangement of text and other elements.
Every HTML document consists of two basic parts: the "head" and the
The structure of an HTML document begins with the tag and concludes with the tag, while the tag serves a similar purpose for the content Both the and sections must be contained within the tags, ensuring a proper HTML framework.
Thus, a typical HTML document has the following basic structure:
In summary, an HTML document consists of two main sections: the head and the body The head provides essential metadata about the document, while the body contains the content visible to users in their web browsers.
Typical Terms relating to HTML
Every HTML page will have some basic tags
Heading tags: Thẻ tiêu đề
is biggest heading and is smallest heading
Paragraph Tags
: Thẻ đoạn văn
HTML will automatically add a blank line before and after each heading
Line Break Tags: Thẻ xuống dòng
does not need the closing tag like
Line Break Tags used when you want to end a line but not want to start another paragraph Thẻ will create a line when you write it down
Note tag: Thẻ dùng để chú thích trong HTML
Chú thích trong code giúp bạn giải thích và ghi chú cho các phần của mã, làm cho việc chỉnh sửa và hiểu lại code trong tương lai trở nên dễ dàng hơn.
Basic tags use in HTML
Xác định một văn bản dạng HTML
Xác định phần thân của tài liệu
to Xác định header từ 1 đến 6
Xác định một đoạn văn
Chèn một dòng trắng
Xác định một đường thẳng
Xác định vùng chú thích
The tags used to format text
Định dạng chữ lớn
Định dạng kiểu chữ được nhấn mạnh
định dạng subscripted (chữ nhỏ)
Định dạng superscripted (chữ lên cao)
Dạng chữ mới chèn them
Dạng chữ bị xóa
Hết hỗ trợ Thay bằng
Hết hỗ trợ Thay bằng
The Citations, Quotations, and Definition
Kiểu chữ định hướng
Kiểu trích dẫn dài
1 kiểu trích dẫn khác
Anchor Tag : Thẻ tạo đường liên kết đến một tài liệu khác
Text you want write it down here
Frameset Tag : Thẻ khung
Kiểu a set of frames
Kiểu a sub window (a frame)
Kiểu a noframe section for browsers that do not handle frames
Kiểu an inline sub window (frame)
The table is structured with numerous rows marked by tags, and each row is segmented into multiple columns containing data within tags, which represent "table data" and hold the information for each data column.
Đoạn code trên sẽ hiển thị như thế này trong cửa sổ trình duyệt row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2 row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2
Hàng đầu của bảng
Định các thuộc tính của cột
List tag: Thẻ danh sách
- Danh sách có sấp xếp
- Một phần tử trong danh sách
,, Kiểu danh sách
Hết hỗ trợ Dùng
- thay thế
Hết hỗ trợ Dùng
- thay thế
Text field is used when you want to users to type letters, numbers v.v into a form
Nó sẽ xuất hiện như sau trong trình duyệt
Radio button: Nút radio được sử dụng khi bạn muốn người dùng chọn một trong những lựa chọn bạn đưa ra
Male
Female
Nó sẽ xuất hiện như sau trên trình duyệt
Checkbox: Hộp kiểm được sử dụng khi bạn muốn người chọn có thể chọn nhiều lựa chọn hơn
Username:
Trong trình duyệt nó nhìn như sau
Kiểu form để nhập thông tin
Vùng nhập liệu có nhiều hàng
Nhóm các vùng nhập với nhau
Nhóm các phần tử trong danh sách chọn
Một phần tử trong danh sách chọn
Hết hỗ trợ Dùng thay thế
Image and src: Thẻ ảnh và thuộc tính của src (source)
Định nghĩa map ( sơ đồ trên 1 hình)
Định Area, 1 vùng nhỏ tương ứng trên sơ đồ
Bgcolor: Thiết lập màu hình nền Giá trị của thuộc tính này là hệ số hexadecimal, một giá trị màu RGB hoặc một tên màu
Dòng code trên cùng thiết lập hình nền thành màu đen
Background: Thuộc tính background thiết lập một tấm hình làm hình nền
Địa chỉ URL có thể là tương đối như là ở dòng code thứ nhất hoặc tuyệt đối như là ở dòng thứ 2
II_ Typical Terms relating to Dynamic Website
Definition and structure of PHP
PHP, or Hypertext Preprocessor, is a versatile scripting language primarily used for web development to create dynamic web pages It integrates seamlessly with HTML, allowing PHP code to be embedded within HTML documents and processed by web servers equipped with a PHP processor module This enables the generation of web pages in real-time Additionally, PHP can operate in command-line mode, executing system operations and producing output, and it is capable of functioning as a graphical application Compatible with most modern web servers, PHP is also available as a standalone interpreter across various operating systems and computing platforms.
PHP processes only the code within its designated delimiters, specifically to close sections Any text outside these delimiters is directly outputted and not executed by PHP, although it can still be influenced by control structures defined in the PHP code.
PHP code embedded within HTML:
Typical Terms relating to PHP
To effectively use PHP, it's essential to save your files with the php extension, as this signals the web server to process the content However, only the code within PHP tags is interpreted, while everything outside is ignored This feature enables seamless integration of HTML and PHP within the same file, distinguishing PHP from other technologies like ASP.NET, which tend to separate code from markup PHP promotes a versatile approach, allowing developers to mix these elements in various ways.
Boolean: kiểu biểu thị một giá trị thật Nó có thể là TRUE hay FALSE
$foo=True; // gán giá trị TRUE cho biến $foo
Integer: là một tập hợp bao gồm các số { ,-2,-1,0,1,2, }
Floats, doubles or real numbers: Kiểu số thực có thể được chỉ định bằng cách sử dụng một trong các cú pháp sau:
String: là những chuỗi các kí tự
Dấu nháy đơn: Ex: echo 'nguyenvancuong';
Dấu nháy kép: PHP hiểu sẽ có thêm các chuỗi cho các kí tự đặc biệt Ex:
$name[index1]: Mảng là một danh sách các phần tử có cùng kiểu dữ liệu
Bạn cũng có thể sử dụng hàm array( ) của PHP để tạo ra một mảng.Ví dụ: Code:
$meat=array("chicken","steak","turkey");
Object: Là một biến mà minh hoạ một kiểu mẫu template được gọi là class Resource: là một biến đặc biệt, chứa một tham chiếu đến resource bên ngoài
NULL: giá trị NULL đặc biệt dùng để thể hiện một biến không có giá trị
Strlen: strlen là string length - độ dài xâu
Kết quả in ra sẽ là 11 - số ký tự trong xâu "Updatesofts"
Trim - cắt bỏ phần thừa trong xâu
$str = " \t\t\t\t \nThis is a zigzag text \r\n \t \t "; echo trim($str);
Kết quả output ra hoàn toàn có thể đoán được: "This is a zigzag text"
Ltrim và rtrim: ltrim dùng để bỏ các phần linh tinh bắt đầu xâu rtrim dùng để bỏ các phần linh tinh kết thúc xâu
Strpos: Tìm kiếm trong xâu
For example: strpos("Updatesofts", "Update") sẽ trả về kết quả là 0 strpos("ABCABC", "A", 2) sẽ trả về kết quả là 3
Substr: Tách (extract) 1 phần trong xâu
Substr syntac: substr(xâu, vị trí bắt đầu, [số ký tự - nếu cần])
Ex: substr($str, 1) trả về xâu bắt đầu từ ký tự thứ 1 substr($str, 3, 2) trả về 2 ký tự của xâu bắt đầu từ ký tự thứ 3
III_ Translation of common WDT abbreviations
Abbreviations are shortened forms of words or phrases commonly used in written and spoken communication within the WDT field to conserve space and time They can consist of the initial letters of multiple words or just the first letter of a single word.
Abbreviations are also used to save space and time in communication
Using facility-approved abbreviations is crucial for preventing miscommunication in the workplace There are varying opinions on the necessity of periods following these abbreviations, but in most cases, periods are employed in WDT.
When designing websites and navigating the internet, you often encounter various abbreviations, such as "http.www." While you may understand their functions, the composition of these terms can be unclear This article aims to clarify some of the most commonly used abbreviations in web design and technology (WDT), helping you become more familiar with them.
ACE Access Control Entry Đầu vào điều kiển truy nhập ACL Access Control List Danh mục điều kiển truy nhập
Subscriber Line Đường thuê bao kỹ thuật số bất đối xứng
Standards Institute Tiêu chuẩn quốc gia Hoa Kỳ
Interface Giao diện lập trình ứng dụng
Protocol Giao thức phân giải địa chỉ ASP Active Server Page Trang máy chủ hoạt động
American Standard Code for Information
Chuẩn mã trao đổi thông tin Hoa Kì
AUI Attachment Unit Interface Giao diện đơn vị kết nối
BIOS Basis input/output system Hệ thống nhập xuất cơ bản
CAD Computer Aided Design Thiết kế với sự trợ giúp của máy tính
Thiết kế phần mềm nhờ máy tính
Chứng chỉ mạng cao cấp của Cisco
Sự định tuyến liên miền không khớp
Common Gateway Interface Giao diện cổng nối chung CPU Central processing unit Đơn vị sử lý trung tâm
CSS Cascading Style Sheets Lá kiểu mẫu phân tầng
DBA Data Base Administrator Quản trị cơ sở dữ liệu
System Hệ thống quản trị cơ sở dữ liệu DDL Data Definition Language Ngôn ngữ định nghĩa dữ liệu DFS Distributed File System Hệ thống tập tin phân tán
Giao thức cấu hình máy chủ năng động
Giao thức điều khiển máy chủ năng động
Dynamics Hyper Text Markup Language
Ngôn ngữ đánh dấu siêu văn bản động
Các ứng dụng liên mạng phân bố DOM Document Object Model Mô hình Đối tượng Tài liệu DOS Disk Operating System Hệ điều hành dùng đĩa/bộ nhớ ảo
DNS Domain Name Service Dịch vụ tên miền (DNS)
DLC Data Link Control Điều khiển đường truyền
Data Manipulation Language Ngôn ngữ thao tác dữ liệu
DLL Dynamic Link Library Thư viện liên kết năng động DSL Digital Subscriber Line Đường dây thuê bao dạng số
EKE Encrypted Key Exchange Tổng đài nội bộ được mã hóa FTP File Transfer Protocol Giao thức truyền tệp tin
GAN Global Area Network Mạng toàn cầu
HREF Hypertext Reference Tham chiếu siêu văn bản
Ngôn ngữ đánh dấu siêu văn bản
Protocol Giao thức truyền siêu văn bản ICMP
Giao thức thông báo điều khiển mạng Internet
IE Internet explorer Trình duyệt Web của Microsoft
Internet Group Management Protocol Giao thức quản lý nhóm Internet
Nhóm đặc trách kỹ thuật Internet
IIS Internet Information Dịch vụ cung cấp thông tin
Internet Message Access Protocol Giao thức giao tiếp trên mạng
IP Internet protocol Giao thức mạng
ISP Internet service provider Nhà cung cấp dịch vụ Internet
E-mail Electronic mail Thư điện tử
Translation Dịch địa chỉ mạng
Specification Đặc tả giao diện ổ đĩa mạng
NTP Network Time Protocol Giao thức thời gian mạng
LAN Local area network Mạng máy tính cục bộ
MF Mozilla Finefox Trình duyệt Web “Mozilla
Chứng chỉ ở cấp độ đầu tiên của Microsoft
Chứng chỉ dành cho người quản trị hệ điều hành mạng của
Kỹ sư mạng được Microsoft chứng nhận
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions Mở rộng thư tín Internet đa năng
Open Network Architecture Kiến trúc mạng mở
Object Linking and Embedding Nhúng và liên kết đối tượng
Object Oriented Programming Lập trình định hướng đối tượng
OS Operating system Hệ điều hành máy tính
POP Post office protocol Giao thức văn phòng dung để nhận mail từ mail server
Submission Đăng ký website vào các cỗ máy tìm kiếm
Ngôn ngữ đánh dấu chuẩn mở rộng
Language Ngôn ngữ truy vấn cấu trúc
Transmission Control Protocol Giao thức kiểm soát truyền
USB Universal serial bus Chuẩn truyền dữ liệu theo dạng
Bộ định vị tài nguyên thống nhất
UDP User Datagram Protocol Giao thức gói giữ liệu người dùng VPN Virtual Private Network Mạng riêng ảo
WI-FI Wireless fidelity Kỹ thuật mạng không dây
WAN Wide area network Mạng máy tính diện rộng
Wireless Application Protocol Giao thức ứng dụng vô tuyến
Language Ngôn ngữ đánh dấu không dây
Language Ngôn ngữ lập trình Web
Language Ngôn ngữ đánh dấu mở rộng
Ngôn ngữ Đánh dấu Siêu văn bản Mở rộng
The English WDT abbreviations listed above are common, but similar abbreviations can have different meanings, leading to translation challenges To address this issue, the following table distinguishes between these abbreviations, providing clarity and assistance in accurate translation.
Active serve page Aplication services provide
Ngôn ngữ viết web Nhà cung cấp dịch vụ ứng dụng
Giao diện lập trình ứng dụng
Máy rút tiền tự động
Chế độ truyền không đồng bộ CAE
Giáo dục có máy tính hỗ trợ
Kỹ thuật có máy tính hỗ trợ
Ngôn ngữ mô tả máy tính
Ngôn ngữ thiết kế máy tính
Giao thức cấu hình máy chủ năng động
Giao thức điều khiển máy chủ năng động
Digital Subscriber Line Data Set Label Đường dây thuê bao dạng số Nhãn tập dữ liệu
Dịch vụ nhắn tin đa phương tiện
Hệ thống giám sát sản xuất
Bảo trì sử chữa và vận hành Điều tác đa vùng
Hypertext Preprocessor Personal Home Page
Ngôn ngữ viết web động PHP
Mạng máy tính diện rộng
Giao thức ứng dụng không dây
IV_ Procedures that are employed to translate English WDT abbreviations into Vietnamese
The rapid advancement of information technology and programming languages, particularly WDT, has led to a significant increase in website creation for various purposes With frequent updates, online information can quickly become outdated, making it essential for learners to have a solid grasp of English to effectively engage with new technologies The discrepancies between English terms and their Vietnamese equivalents can create barriers for those unfamiliar with the language Therefore, understanding how WDT is translated is crucial for ensuring accurate comprehension of their meanings.
Literal translation
Literal translations often result in nonsensical phrases with minimal communicative value, particularly in English While related languages may allow for some understanding through literal translation, the effectiveness depends on the closest connections between their grammatical and lexical rules In Vietnamese, these principles are applied to create new meanings for equivalent words, adhering to the same underlying rules.
Cut and paste Cắt và dán
Connection oriented Hướng kết nối
Database management systerm Hệ thống quản lý cơ sở dữ liệu
Design of the System Thiết kế hệ thống
Design tools Thiết kế các công cụ
Database Cơ sở dữ liệu
Embedded database Nhúng vào cơ sở dữ liệu
Electronic mail Thư điện tử
Hypertext markup language Ngôn ngữ đánh dấu siêu văn bản Intermediate equiment Thiết bị trung gian
Intersysterm communication Truyền thông nội hệ thống
Network compatible Mạng tương thích
Object Oriented Programming Lập trình hướng đối tượng
Plug And Play Cắm và chạy
Programming layers Lớp Lập trình
Query and update Truy vấn và cập nhật
Return code Mã trở lại
Software Construction Xây dựng phần mềm
Calque translation
Newmark describes a specific type of loan translation where a complete syntactic unit is borrowed, with each element translated literally This process results in a calque, which maintains the original syntactic structure of the source language while introducing a fresh mode of expression.
Let‟s consider the following exanples in which WDT are translated basing on this procedure:
Anti-virut Chống vi rút
Buffer Overflow Lỗi tràn bộ đệm
Computer Programmer Người lập trình máy tính
Disconnected components Ngắt kết nối các thành phần
Interconnectivity Sự nối liên thông
Translation by using loan word
In Vietnam, there is resistance among translators who favor creating new Vietnamese words over borrowing from English However, adopting this strategy can be beneficial for introducing new concepts, culturally specific terms, buzzwords, and the proper names of diseases or medicines that are commonly recognized by their English names Given that the WDT field is technical and presents many unfamiliar concepts and terms to Vietnamese learners, the following examples will further illustrate this point.
Driver Chương trình điều khiển
Web browser Trình duyệt web
The example above show cases of partial borrowing “web”, “Internet”,
In the Vietnamese language, terms like "file," "driver," "menu," and "card" are frequently utilized as load words This usage is not due to a lack of equivalent terms in Vietnamese, but rather because these words are widely recognized and commonly used in the field of Web Development and Technology (WDT) by professionals around the globe.
In Vietnam, the acceptance of loan words in translation is influenced by the prevailing norms within society, reflecting a high level of tolerance for their use.
Translation by paraphrasing
4.4.1 Translation by paraphrasing using related word
This article discusses the method of explaining a segment of text by utilizing related terminology This approach is particularly useful for translating English words or concepts that have equivalent terms in Vietnamese, especially when the Vietnamese expression encompasses the full meaning conveyed by the English term.
Hệ thống thư mục tích cực có khả năng mở rộng và tự điều chỉnh, giúp quản trị viên dễ dàng quản lý tài nguyên mạng.
Vệ tinh quay quang quỹ đạo trái đất ở một tốc độ kiểm soát để duy trì vị trí của nó trong sự liên hệ của nó với trái đất
Post office protocol Giao thức văn phòng dùng để nhận mail từ server
4.4.2 Translation by paraphrasing using unrelated word
This is an explanation of the meaning of the segment of the text by adding the new words to explain more about the source term
Là những phần dữ liệu nhỏ có cấu trú được chia sẻ giữa web site và browser của người dùng đã được mã hoá bởi Website đó
Multimedia Là các file ảnh, video hay âm thanh lồng trong trang Navigator Là tập hợp những đường liên kết dẫn đến các trang chuyên đề
Ping Là chương trình cho phép bạn xác định một host còn hoạt động hay không
Dòng lệnh này hiển thị User Full name ngày tháng và thời gian đăng nhập cho mỗi người dùng trên mỗi admin đã chỉ định
Addition and omission
Addition in translation involves incorporating extra information that enhances the understanding of the target text, often related to cultural, technical, or linguistic contexts Conversely, omission refers to the removal of redundancy and repetition found in the source language, streamlining the translation for clarity and coherence.
The following examples will show this method:
Home: Trang chủ của một website
Anchor: Thẻ tạo đường liên kết đến một tài liệu khác Mozilla Firefox: Trình duyệt web “Mozilla Firefox”
Webserver: Là một máy chủ cung cấp các dịch vụ về Web trên môi trường Internet
Webmaster: Là chủ một Website người có quyền hạn cao nhất trên Website đó
MAIN FINDINGS
Common Mistakes in understanding
When translating foreign-origin words in WDT that lack equivalents in the target language or are commonly used in international transactions, it's essential to avoid common pitfalls To ensure accuracy in translating from English to Vietnamese, consider using loanwords or incorporating loanwords with explanations in Vietnamese for clarity.
Escape (Esc) is commonly understood as “Thoát, trốn thoát” by non-major
IT but, in fact, it must be interpreted “ ”
Following is a list of such mistakes:
Original word Incorrectly interpreted Correct
Administrator Người quản lý Quản trị viên, người có quyền hạn cao nhất trên máy Server
Domain Lãnh thổ, phạm vi Tên miền
Flash Tia sáng, lóe sáng Ảnh động
Hosting, Host Chủ, chủ nhà Là nơi cất giữ các file tạo nên trang web Reload Chất lại, nạp lại Tải lại, mở lại
Source Nguồn, nguồn gốc Mã nguồn
Some suggestions
In examining English terms in WDT and their Vietnamese equivalents, along with the translation methods and strategies applied in translating these terms, we observe the use of various translation procedures for single terms, compound terms, and new terminology The following conclusions summarize the translation methods utilized in this context.
One of the most commonly utilized translation methods for WDT is word-level translation This approach allows translators to effectively find corresponding words or equivalents for English terms, enhancing their translation work.
A loan translation, as defined by Newmark, involves borrowing a complete syntactic unit while translating its individual components literally This process can create a calque, which maintains the original syntactic structure of the source language (SL) while introducing a new mode of expression.
This method addresses the challenges posed by complex WDT terms, highlighting the Vietnamese language's lack of equivalent words for certain English terms This deficiency contributes to the confusion translators face when selecting appropriate terminology Therefore, further research into this group of terms is essential.
Multimedia: Là các file ảnh, video hay âm thanh lồng trong trang web
Navigator: Tập hợp những đường liên kết dẫn đến các trang chuyên đề
In the WDT field, terms become more complex due to the various combinations of different word classes However, each component of these terms can be translated literally, allowing translators to use the literal translation method confidently without confusion.
Remote Access: Truy cập từ xa qua mạng
Computer Progammer: Lập trình viên máy tính
Plug and play: Cắm và chạy
Certain English terms lack direct equivalents in Vietnamese, posing challenges for translators striving to find precise translations for specific words.
Serial advanced technology attachment: Chuẩn truyền dữ liệu theo dạng nối tiếp
Encrypted key exchange: Tổng đài nội bộ được mã hóa
2.2.3 Translation by omission or addition
In order to have a better TL terms for the SL, sometimes the translators have to add word(s) or to omit part(s) from the SL terms
Webserver: Là một máy chủ cung cấp các dịch vụ về Web trên môi trường Internet
Webmaster: Là chủ một Website người có quyền hạn cao nhất trên Website đó
There are many new terms that is added more in WDT in order to solve this, translators often borrow words from the SL text into the TL text
Facebook: là một website mạng xã hội truy cập miễn phí để liên lạc và giao tiếp với người khác
Hosting service: Dịch vụ máy chủ
Portal: Cổng thông tin điện tử.
CONCLUSION
Summary of the study
English is recognized as the global language, dominating various public spheres and being the primary language for most websites, even those in other languages It accounts for over sixty percent of global radio broadcasts, seventy percent of international mail, and eighty percent of all computer text With a vocabulary that may reach up to two million words, English plays a crucial role in communication, particularly for non-native speakers who must navigate cultural differences Understanding and using English effectively is essential in today’s interconnected world.
Recognizing the significance of English and the challenges faced by foreign learners, particularly Vietnamese individuals interested in web design and IT, I have chosen to focus on studying commonly used English terms in the web development and technology (WDT) field My initial research will examine the translation methods used to convert these terms into Vietnamese.
This paper includes three main parts, of which Part II is the focal point which is subdivided into three chapters:
Chapter one explores the theory of translation, focusing on English for Specific Purposes (ESP), technical translation, and key terminology Chapter two examines the translation of terms in the field of Water Distribution Technology (WDT), analyzing the methods and procedures used to convert English terms into Vietnamese, while identifying potential challenges faced by translators Chapter three presents the main findings from the study of WDT terminology and abbreviations translated into Vietnamese, offering a variety of carefully selected examples from diverse sources to enhance readers' understanding of the research.
This article aims to assist those interested in English WDT, despite its limited scope Through this research, I have expanded my vocabulary, which will be beneficial for my future career Additionally, I have learned various methods and strategies for translating WDT effectively.
While this research paper may not fully meet the expectations of every reader due to my time constraints and limited expertise, it highlights certain shortcomings and leaves some aspects unaddressed Nevertheless, it serves as a valuable starting point for readers interested in exploring additional ideas related to the subject for further research.
Suggesions for further study
When I studied about WDT I realise that when translate WDT into Vietnamese we use many loan words From examples above, we know that some WDT nearly can not be translated, like “web” is typecal example Although its Vietnamese equivalence is “mạng”, it is only used in limited situations And “trang web” are not translated into “trang mạng”
Learners frequently encounter challenges when dealing with WDT documents However, due to constraints in time and knowledge, the researcher concentrates on specific general WDTs and employs strategies to find appropriate Vietnamese equivalent terms.
I aim for my research to assist both web designers and individuals seeking to better understand website languages, web design terminology (WDT), and commonly used abbreviations in the field.
2 Documents about: Html, PHP, ASP, ASP.NET, JSP, CGI, Python, CSS
3 English – Vietnamese Dictionaries of Computing Terms, (2002) Nha xuat ban tre
4 Electric Books (Win XP, Computer terms, Computer technology) pdf
5 Hutchinson, Tom & Water, Alan (1987) English for Specific Purposes: A learner – centered approach Cambridge University Press
6 Ky_Thuat_Lap_Trinh_CSharp_2.0.chm
8 Randolph Quick Sidney Greenbaum A university grammar of English Longman
9 So tay lam web nghe nhac.chm
10.Tai-Lieu-PHP.MySQL-Thiet-Ke-Web-Dong.pdf
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