中国文化与中国花奔文化概述
中国文化概述
The term "culture" has ancient origins, originally comprising the individual characters "文" (wen) and "化" (hua), each with distinct meanings "文" initially referred to various intricate patterns, symbolizing language and writing, and manifested in documents, literature, and ceremonial music systems It also describes the order of natural phenomena, forming the basis for terms like "astronomy," "geology," and "hydrology," while in the context of human relationships, it leads to the concept of "humanities." On the other hand, "化" signifies change, transformation, and evolution.
The "Book of Changes" states, "The union of male and female generates all things," emphasizing that through the mating of males and females, new life is created This concept of "transformation" refers to the emergence of new entities when two elements interact, leading to changes in their forms and properties Consequently, this notion extends to meanings such as education, moral guidance, and nurturing, highlighting the transformative power inherent in relationships and interactions.
During the Western Han Dynasty, the terms "wen" (文) and "hua" (化) were combined to form the word "culture," which pertains to the spiritual realm This term represents a synthesis of "wen zhi" (文治) and "jiao hua" (教化), leading to the concept of "wen zhi jiao hua." The definition of "culture" varies, as it is often said that "the benevolent see benevolence, and the wise see wisdom." Experts from different countries and eras provide diverse interpretations The Modern Chinese Dictionary defines "culture" as the totality of material and spiritual wealth created throughout human social history, specifically emphasizing spiritual wealth such as literature, art, education, and science.
Culture can be understood in both broad and narrow terms In a broad sense, it represents the essential distinction between humans and animals, as well as between human society and the natural world, encompassing the totality of all civilized achievements created by humanity.
Culture encompasses a wide range of fields, including the realms of knowledge such as language, philosophy, science, and education; normative areas like ethics, law, and beliefs; artistic expressions in literature, fine arts, music, and drama; practical domains involving production tools and everyday utensils along with their manufacturing techniques; and social aspects like institutions, organizations, and customs As noted by Liang Shuming, culture represents "the patterns of human life." It includes various facets of spiritual, material, and social existence In a narrower sense, culture excludes the material creation activities and their results, focusing instead on spiritual creations, specifically the entirety of human intellectual endeavors, which encompass consciousness, ideas, mindsets, and customs.
Different races and ethnicities create distinct cultures, but one thing is clear: the core of culture is humanity It is people who generate culture, reflecting human wisdom and creativity.
1.1.2 中国文化的基本内涵
Chinese traditional culture refers to the enduring cultural expressions that reflect the unique characteristics and spirit of a nation It encompasses a wide range of ideological and cultural representations throughout a nation's history, manifesting in both tangible material culture and intangible spiritual culture This includes lifestyle practices, customs, psychological traits, aesthetic preferences, and value systems Every nation possesses its own traditional culture, which evolves and is passed down through its historical development Traditional culture is marked by its temporal and national attributes, originating from the past and bearing the imprint of earlier eras, while also embodying the distinct colors of its own ethnic heritage These characteristics of time and nationality are most vividly expressed in traditional culture.
In a broad sense, Chinese culture refers to the stable cultural forms that have gradually developed and been passed down through the long history of the Chinese nation, reflecting its overall characteristics and essence It encompasses all material and spiritual achievements that have influenced the development of the Chinese people In a narrower sense, Chinese culture specifically pertains to the traditions and practices that have been continuously transmitted throughout the history of the Chinese nation.
The collective spiritual achievements of the Chinese nation, which significantly influence its developmental trajectory, encompass a stable shared spirit, psychological state, thought patterns, and value orientations This includes the totality of traditional consciousness, concepts, mentalities, and customs of the Chinese people.
1.1.3 中国文化的特征
中国文化源远流长、博大精深，其最大的特征是：
Chinese culture emphasizes the veneration of virtuous and talented individuals, with ethics and morality at its core throughout its extensive history This is evident not only in ancient texts but also in the moral practices of the people In traditional Chinese society, rulers often prioritized moral governance as a means to educate the populace, fostering a sense of moral awareness and adherence to laws and customs Additionally, both leaders and commoners aspired to embody the ideals of wise and virtuous figures, using the teachings of Confucian classics—such as benevolence, righteousness, propriety, loyalty, filial piety, and trustworthiness—as standards for their daily conduct This pursuit of moral cultivation and personal integrity reflects the ethical orientation of Chinese culture, which aims to enhance human relationships and elevate individual value through a focus on ethics and humanistic education.
（二）中国文化源远流长、绵延不绝。
Chinese culture is one of the earliest cultural systems in human history, recognized as one of the "Four Great Ancient Cultures" alongside ancient Indian, Egyptian, and Roman cultures Unlike other ancient cultures that faced disappearance or transformation due to foreign invasions, Chinese culture has evolved over more than 5,000 years on the East Asian continent, maintaining its continuity and resilience This remarkable endurance makes it the only cultural system in human history to have developed continuously without interruption, showcasing its unique vitality and significance in the narrative of human civilization.
（三）中国文化开放又包容。
The enduring vitality of Chinese culture is closely linked to its inherent spirit of openness and inclusivity Historically, China has been an open nation, characterized by cooperation among its various states and active engagement with other countries This openness has fostered a culture that is both adaptable and receptive to new ideas Over thousands of years, Chinese culture has continuously absorbed the spirit of the times, refining itself to meet societal needs Through the ongoing interplay and integration with other cultures, it has grown stronger and more mature, developing a remarkable cohesion and cultural adaptability As a result, Chinese culture stands as a unique and uninterrupted exemplar of cultural continuity throughout human history.
1.1.4 中国文化的基本精神
1.1.4.1 文化精神的概念
The essence of spirit refers to the vital energy and intrinsic motivation that drives the movement and development of all things In cultural contexts, the fundamental spirit represents the subtle inner dynamics and ideological foundations that guide and propel the continuous advancement of national culture In Chinese culture, these deeply respected ideas and inherent traditions have historically served as the highest guiding principles for life and action, playing a crucial role in promoting social development and acting as the internal source of historical progress Thus, the basic spirit of Chinese culture is a vital element in understanding its evolution and significance.
1.1.4.2 中国文化精神的特点
Chinese cultural spirit is characterized by two main features: its broad influence that resonates with the majority of people, becoming their fundamental life beliefs and conscious value pursuits, and its positive role in sustaining national survival and development while promoting social progress The essence of Chinese cultural spirit is embodied in the core thoughts and concepts that play a dominant role within Chinese culture, reflecting the foundational spirit of the Chinese nation With a long and rich history, Chinese culture is diverse and its cultural spirit is profoundly strong.
Scholars have diverse interpretations of the fundamental spirit of Chinese culture For instance, Mr Zhang Dainian summarizes it into four key aspects: resilience and proactivity, harmony and balance, the pursuit of virtue for practical use, and the coordination between heaven and humanity Meanwhile, Mr Zhang Qizhi views the essence of Chinese culture as the cultivation of humanity, the creative spirit of early civilization, the dialectical approach of balancing rigidity and flexibility, and the exploration of the relationship between heaven and humanity.
中国的花奔文化
1.2.1 花奔文化概念
Human understanding of flowers initially stemmed from practical purposes rather than aesthetic needs, as illustrated by ancient stories of Shennong tasting various herbs to find sustainable food and medicine sources for the Chinese people In primitive times, survival pressures left little room for consideration of the spiritual aspects of plants beyond their utilitarian value Flowers, being the most widespread, colorful, and diverse organisms in nature, capture human attention, especially in low productivity conditions where many species directly or indirectly sustain life This led to a deep desire and reverence for the plants and flowers closely tied to daily existence, giving rise to floral totems As society evolved, human needs gradually shifted from purely material to spiritual, positioning flowers as carriers of thought and infusing them with cultural significance This transformation fostered a cultural phenomenon centered around flowers, which continued to enrich and develop throughout history, ultimately resulting in a rich floral culture.
1.2.2 中国花卉文化的发展
Archaeological evidence indicates that in the primitive society of the Upper Paleolithic period, early humans began to engage in spiritual labor and initial creative production once their material needs were met This led to the development of aesthetic sensibilities and various forms of artistic expression, resulting in decorative items such as pendants made of graphite, perforated beads crafted from ostrich eggshells, drilled stone beads, and ornaments made from bird bones, all aimed at beautifying themselves Additionally, the beauty of nature, including flowers, plants, and trees, was incorporated into daily life, with people etching floral patterns onto crude stone tools and even dyeing them with vibrant colors This may represent one of the earliest manifestations of flower culture in China, rooted in a sense of fear and reverence for the mysterious forces of nature.
The Neolithic era marked significant advancements in agriculture and pottery, enhancing the material lives of early humans and fostering their aesthetic wisdom and creativity This period saw a flourishing of spiritual life and the development of floral culture Floral motifs and patterns emerged prominently in painting, sculpture, and architecture, particularly in the craftsmanship of painted pottery, integrating utility and beauty into daily life.
The earliest written records of flowers date back to the 11th century BCE in the oracle bones of the Shang Dynasty, where the terms "flower" and "herb" had distinct meanings; "flower" referred to the blossoms of flowering plants, while "herb" encompassed various types of grasses It wasn't until the 6th to 7th centuries, in the "Book of Liang," that the term "flower and herb" emerged, signifying beautiful flowers and grasses This evolution indicates a growing appreciation and utilization of flowers and plants in that era.
The Warring States period (475–221 BC) marks the beginning of feudal society in China, characterized by an expanding division of labor and rapid development in handicraft production Notably, the bronze casting and silk weaving industries flourished, featuring intricate designs of floral patterns, phoenixes, and mythical creatures on bronze vessels and silk fabrics Gardens and courtyards were richly adorned with flowers and trees, reflecting the people's growing emotional connection to flowers This appreciation for floral beauty became intertwined with their labor and daily lives, illustrating a deep cultural significance.
In "The Songs of Chu," it is noted that fragrant flowers were exchanged among young lovers and friends to express love and parting sentiments Qu Yuan, who cherished orchids and cultivated over a hundred acres, used them not only for fragrance but also as a metaphor for his noble character and his sorrow over unfulfilled aspirations for his country This highlights the significant role flowers played in the material and spiritual lives of early Chinese people, marking the beginning of a new developmental stage in Chinese floral culture, where flowers were imbued with emotional depth and symbolic meaning.
During the Qin and Han dynasties, the establishment of a unified multi-ethnic feudal empire led to a stable political climate and a prosperous society, fostering economic development and cultural flourishing This period saw enhanced exchanges of economic and cultural practices between China and foreign nations, resulting in remarkable achievements in architecture, sculpture, and painting Although floral themes were relatively rare, notable examples such as the wall paintings from Eastern Han tombs in Hebei, the terracotta pots in the British Museum, and literary works like Fan Qin's "Ode to Orchids" and the "Song of Gathering Herbs" by the Four Heroes of Shangshan, illustrate the progress of floral art and the appreciation of nature's beauty during this era.
During the Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties, China's social unrest led to a collective yearning for tranquility and escape, which was met by the rise of metaphysics and the introduction of Buddhism This period saw significant advancements in Buddhist architecture and garden art, shifting plant culture from mere cultivation for production to an emphasis on ornamental gardening The royal court expanded gardens to collect rare flowers, while scholars and poets celebrated flowers in their works, although the enjoyment of flower appreciation remained a privilege for the few Numerous books, poems, paintings, songs, and crafts related to flowers emerged, alongside the rise of bonsai and flower arrangement arts The development of flower-and-bird paintings marked a notable evolution in artistic expression, showcasing both advanced floral application techniques and refined appreciation of floral culture.
During the prosperous Tang and Song dynasties, China's floral culture flourished, reaching a peak in both development and sophistication, particularly in the art of flower arranging This period saw a surge in interest in flowers, with not only cultivation and sales but also appreciation becoming widespread among the populace Annual events like the "Ten Thousand Flowers Festival" attracted large crowds, showcasing the vibrant flower culture Renowned poets such as Li Bai, Bai Juyi, and Wei Zhuang captured the essence of this floral boom in their works, leading to an abundance of literature and art focused on flowers This era is recognized as the pinnacle of Chinese floral culture, marked by the rise of flower-and-bird paintings, symbolizing both the flourishing of the floral industry and the overall prosperity and cultural advancement of feudal Chinese society.
During the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, despite a decline in national strength that impacted the floral industry and culture, there was a gradual continuation of development compared to the flourishing periods of the Tang and Song dynasties In the Ming and Qing eras, the lifting of maritime trade restrictions and increased cultural exchanges between the East and West led to the commercialization of flower cultivation, which began to take shape on a larger scale Prominent gardens such as the Summer Palace, the Old Summer Palace, and the Changchun Garden showcased a wide variety of exquisite flowers, encapsulating the essence of China's long-standing landscape artistry.
Before the founding of New China, the country faced foreign invasions from powerful nations and internal conflicts among warlords, which led to a near halt in the development of the floral industry and resulted in the significant loss of many rare and precious flower species to foreign lands.
The history of flower development in China is intricately linked to the country's economic evolution and the rise and fall of its nation It is evident that the flourishing of floral culture corresponds significantly with economic growth and national stability.
1.2.3 中国花奔的特点
Flowers are the essence of beauty in nature, captivating people with their vibrant colors and forms Among the diverse blooms, certain Chinese flowers stand out as favorites due to their ability to bloom year-round, early flowering traits, resilience, and adaptability These flowers are characterized by their complete allure, encompassing color, shape, fragrance, and charm, showcasing a uniquely enchanting beauty.
（一）花色艳美
Chinese flowers are stunning and diverse, offering a direct and unforgettable aesthetic experience Among the vibrant blooms, their colors represent one of nature's richest palettes, creating dazzling natural landscapes that evoke a range of emotions The chrysanthemum, revered as a national treasure, showcases a spectrum of colors, including yellow, white, pink, red, green, tea, and variegated hues, making it the most celebrated flower With shades as sweet as honey, dark as ink, pure as snow, and vibrant as jade, these flowers captivate countless admirers with their extraordinary beauty.
（二）花姿优美
Chinese flowers are known for their graceful beauty and vibrant vitality, showcasing a variety of forms that can be curved or straight, soft or strong, and exuding a delicate charm that makes them highly ornamental One notable example is the orchid, known as the "Lady of the Empty Valley," which ranks among China's top ten famous flowers and is celebrated for its elegant stature.
花奔与中国文化的关系
China is not only home to the richest variety of flowers in the world but also serves as the birthplace of floral cultivation Throughout its extensive history, the relationship between flowers and Chinese culture has deepened, significantly influencing both the material and spiritual lives of the Chinese people This connection has indirectly contributed to the construction and development of a harmonious socialist society Flowers are continuously infused into people's thoughts and emotions, becoming an integral part of culture and daily life, thus creating a cultural phenomenon related to flora All of this underscores the indispensable role of flowers in Chinese culture.
Flowers are an integral part of a nation's culture, and the development of flower culture is closely tied to the rise and fall of national and ethnic identities China has a long history of cultivating and utilizing flowers, with its renowned floral species significantly influenced by traditional cultural arts such as painting, calligraphy, literature, and garden design This deep-rooted connection to traditional culture, along with ties to ancient myths and legends, reflects the intricate relationship between China's famous flowers and the philosophies of Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and other schools of thought throughout history.
Flowers serve the people and have become an integral part of Chinese civilization, enriching its cultural heritage Throughout history, the development of flowers in China has intertwined with other cultural elements, creating a complementary relationship that has established a distinct cultural domain This evolution is a natural outcome of the interplay between Chinese flowers and culture, marking a significant milestone in the advancement of flower culture in China.
中国文化中的十大名花
国之瑰宝——梅花
2.1.1 梅花的起源
The plum blossom, known as the premier flower of China, is also referred to by various names including red plum, spring plum, dry branch plum, white plum, green plum, and sour plum Historically, it has been called "Qingke," "Qingyou," "Flower Censor," "God of Joy," and "One Branch Plum," earning the esteemed title of "Flower Queen."
梅花原产于中国西南及长江中下游地区，分布非常广泛。早在公元
In the 8th century, plum trees were introduced to Japan, leading to the establishment of the "Plum Association," which contributed to Japan's prominence in plum cultivation outside of China The wild plum blossoms that thrive in China's mountains symbolize the enduring spirit of the ancient Chinese civilization Interestingly, the scientific name for the plum tree was first designated by a German botanist studying plants in Japan, resulting in a common misconception among Europeans and Americans that Japan is the primary or sole origin of plums In reality, Japan is home to many famous plum varieties.
The historical texts "Nihon Shoki" and "Manyoshu" document the journey of the plum tree from China to Japan Extensive wild plum forests are found in regions where Tibet, Yunnan, and Sichuan meet, indicating that the plum tree is indeed native to China After the Xinhai Revolution, China officially designated the plum blossom as its national flower.
The plum blossom is one of the longest-living flowers in China and is recognized as the most enduring woody flower in traditional Chinese culture Even today, many ancient plum trees can still be found across the Chinese landscape, serving as a living testament to the rich historical and cultural significance of this flower in China.
2.1.2 梅花的象征意义
The plum blossom holds significant cultural importance in China, symbolizing elegance, purity, and integrity Its ability to thrive in harsh winter conditions represents resilience and strength, embodying the spirit of perseverance and courage of the Chinese people This noble flower has inspired generations to strive for self-improvement and remain undaunted in the face of challenges, reflecting the enduring spirit of the nation.
People have a deep cultural affection for the plum blossom, often referred to as "Mei" in Chinese In ancient times, it was celebrated alongside orchid, bamboo, and chrysanthemum as one of the "Four Gentlemen." Additionally, the pine, bamboo, and plum are collectively known as the "Three Friends of Winter," symbolizing resilience and strength in adversity.
图 1 花中四君子
The five-petal plum blossom is commonly used as a floral symbol, representing the Five Blessings in Chinese culture Each petal signifies a different blessing: the first symbolizes happiness, the second represents good fortune, the third stands for longevity, the fourth denotes smooth sailing in life, and the fifth embodies peace Collectively, these petals convey a message of joy and well-being.
The Five Blessings—happiness, longevity, prosperity, and peace—symbolized the unity of the Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, and Tibetan ethnic groups during the Xinhai Revolution Traditionally, the plum blossom was associated with four virtues: its initial bloom represents beginnings, flowering signifies enjoyment, bearing fruit symbolizes benefits, and maturity embodies integrity.
2.1.3 中国人对梅花的特殊感情
In the hearts of the Chinese people, the plum blossom represents not only a flower but also a spirit and a belief This deep national affection stems from its elegant appearance, characterized by delicate, slender petals that exude grace and refinement The plum blossom's colors are both elegant and vibrant, with white blooms resembling snow, red ones akin to rosy clouds, and green ones competing with emeralds Its fragrance is subtle and enchanting, often described with terms like "hidden scent," "clear fragrance," and "lingering aroma," highlighting its unique charm and allure The plum blossom is celebrated for its ability to stand out among other flowers, embodying resilience and beauty.
The Chinese have a deep affection for plum blossoms, not only for their vibrant colors and refreshing fragrance but also for their noble and resilient character In Chinese culture, plum blossoms symbolize purity, strength, and humility They are celebrated as one of the "Three Friends of Winter" alongside pine and bamboo, and are also recognized as one of the "Four Gentlemen of Flowers," which includes orchid, bamboo, and chrysanthemum The five petals of the plum blossom represent its four virtues, highlighting the flower's beauty as a harmonious blend of external charm and internal grace.
国色天香——牡丹花
2.2.1 牡丹的起源与它的美
Peony, also known as "the king of flowers," is a traditional Chinese flower with various names such as deer leek and wood peony It is primarily found in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, the western and northern regions of the Sichuan-Yunnan border, and the Qinling and Loess Plateau areas, where wild peony species still thrive Recognized as one of China's top ten traditional flowers, the peony is celebrated for its vibrant colors and exquisite fragrance, embodying elegance and grace Unlike the spiritually significant plum blossom, the peony captivates with its natural beauty, showcasing diverse forms—from tall, upright stalks to gracefully sprawling branches In the late Qing Dynasty, Empress Dowager Cixi designated the peony as the national flower of China.
2.2.2 牡丹的文化象征意义
In traditional Chinese culture, the peony is a symbol of beauty, embodying purity and love while remaining humble despite its grandeur It evokes various associations due to its resilience in adversity The peony represents national prosperity, familial wealth and peace, and personal happiness and good fortune, encapsulating these desirable traits and meanings.
(一)国家繁荣昌盛的象征
During the blooming season of peonies, their vibrant and splendid flowers captivate all In the Tang Dynasty, their beauty enchanted the entire nation, symbolizing the people's hopes for a prosperous and harmonious future Since the Tang and Song dynasties, peonies have represented good fortune, happiness, and prosperity, continuing to be a cherished symbol through generations.
In 1959, Premier Zhou Enlai stated in Luoyang that the peony is China's national flower, symbolizing the prosperity and happiness of the Chinese nation Today, this cultural significance has taken on new meaning, as the peony aptly represents the image of a stable and prosperous China during the reform and opening-up period It embodies the distinct characteristics of our times and expresses the shared ideals and aspirations of all ethnic groups across the country.
(二)对富裕生活的期盼与追求
Peonies, known as the "flower of wealth" since the Song Dynasty, evoke a sense of nobility and prosperity They symbolize people's aspirations for a fulfilling and prosperous life, embodying positive emotions and hopes As a result, peonies are widely cherished and celebrated by the public for their representation of beauty and abundance.
(三)劲骨刚心、不畏权贵的高风亮节
People admire peonies not only for their stunning beauty but also for their indomitable spirit and unwavering character Known as the "king of flowers," peonies are resilient rather than delicate; they originally thrived in vast mountainous regions Due to deforestation and overharvesting of medicinal plants, wild peonies now survive only on steep cliffs Even in the arid and barren lands of the Loess Plateau, they continue to bloom vibrantly This spirit of defiance against power and malevolence has earned peonies the admiration and praise of scholars and the general public throughout history.
2.2.3 牡丹插花艺术
Flower arrangement, originally rooted in Buddhist offerings, gradually evolved beyond religious practices to become a popular decorative art form Over time, it gained widespread appreciation in society, with a rich history dating back to the Tang Dynasty.
后随着经济的发展而得以普及，插花、挂画、点香、品茗在宋代被称为
“生活四艺”，说明插花已深深地渗透于民众的日常生活之中 。
Peonies hold a significant position in the rich history of traditional Chinese flower arranging due to their unique charm Widely used in this art form, peony arrangements symbolize good fortune and are deeply rooted in Chinese cultural significance.
Flower arranging, which originated in the Han Dynasty, flourished during the Tang Dynasty, particularly in royal courts It also played a significant role in Buddhist rituals and Zen gardens, where flowers were used for spiritual practices.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the symbolism of floral materials played a significant role in flower arranging, leading to the popular combination of peonies with other flowers to convey good wishes For instance, the pairing of peonies with apples symbolizes "wealth and peace," while the combination of peonies with longevity stones signifies "wealth and longevity." Additionally, peonies combined with cypress, lichens, or periwinkles represent the idea of "wealth and long life."
图 3 煤精石雕牡丹，寓意“富贵寿考”
Peonies, symbolizing wealth and prosperity, are highly esteemed and frequently used in royal court floral arrangements The grand peony flower arranging events in the palace follow strict protocols and showcase the power, affluence, and majesty of the royal family These court floral displays emphasize meticulous selection and pairing of flower materials, with choices often determined by the quality and prestige of the blooms.
Peonies are often used in Buddhist ceremonies, symbolizing the solemnity and brightness of Buddhism, while expressing concepts of emptiness, detachment, selflessness, purity, and compassion An example can be found in the work of Tang Dynasty painter Lu Lengjia, whose painting "Gana Gaba Lazu Zhen" features a woven stand with a small vase containing two white peonies The short stems of the flowers, one leaning slightly towards the southwest and the other tilting back to the northeast, reflect both the style of floral offerings in Tang Dynasty Buddhism and the elegance of court flower arrangements, marking it as a representative work of the era.
图 4 卢楞伽《嘎纳嘎拔喇尊者画》(局部放大)
铁骨霜姿——菊花
2.3.1 菊花的起源与象征意义
Chrysanthemum, one of China's traditional flowers, belongs to the Peony family and is a perennial herbaceous plant It is known by many elegant names; in ancient times, yellow was its primary color, leading to nicknames such as Golden Flower, Golden Blossom, and Yellow Flower Due to its high medicinal value, it is also referred to as Longevity Flower and Friend of the Elderly Additionally, its noble character has earned it names like Pure Fragrance, Autumn Aroma, and Late Bloom.
Chrysanthemums, native to the Yellow River basin in China, particularly in the Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi and the Funiu Mountains of Henan, have a rich cultural history as a national treasure, deeply intertwined with Chinese life and traditions Today, there are over 3,000 varieties of chrysanthemums in China, categorized into summer, autumn, and winter types, showcasing a wide range of colors including yellow, white, pink, red, green, tea, mixed, and purple The appreciation of chrysanthemums began to spread during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, reaching Japan first, then Europe via the Netherlands in the late 17th century, and later to the United States in the 19th century With a long history of cultivation, diverse genetic resources, and advanced horticultural techniques, Chinese chrysanthemums stand out globally Their elegant and resilient nature, symbolizing the indomitable spirit of the Chinese people, reflects values of integrity and nobility, earning them the title of "gentlemen among flowers."
2.3.2 重阳节赏菊的习俗
在各种花卉中与传统民俗关系最为密切的就要数菊花了。菊花在传
The Double Ninth Festival holds an irreplaceable place in folk customs, closely associated with chrysanthemums This connection arises from the timing of chrysanthemum blooms, which coincide with the festival, as they typically flower in the lunar month of September Over time, the tradition of admiring chrysanthemums during the Double Ninth Festival has become deeply ingrained in cultural practices.
The Double Ninth Festival in the Tang Dynasty carries a deep significance of longing for one's hometown, particularly expressed through the tradition of appreciating chrysanthemums Customs such as climbing heights, drinking chrysanthemum wine, and wearing cornelian cherries are often enjoyed with family and friends, making the festival a time for reunion These gatherings create lasting memories, stirring feelings of nostalgia for those away from home The poem "Thinking of My Brothers on the Ninth Day of the Ninth Month" by Wang Wei poignantly captures this sentiment: "Alone in a foreign land, I miss my family even more during festive times I know my brothers are climbing high places, but one person is missing." Chrysanthemums, closely associated with the Double Ninth Festival, symbolize this yearning for home The earliest expression of this emotion can be traced back to the Southern Dynasties, with the poem reflecting on the connection between chrysanthemums and one’s hometown Today, the tradition of appreciating chrysanthemums during the Double Ninth Festival remains widely celebrated.
2.3.3 重阳节饮菊花酒的习俗
According to legend, during the Han Dynasty, there was a region called Gangu, known for its longevity, where villagers often drank water from streams lined with wild chrysanthemums, allowing many to live to the ages of 120 or even 130 This belief in the longevity benefits of chrysanthemum wine has persisted through the ages Modern scientific analysis supports this, as chrysanthemums are known for their various health benefits, including relieving wind and heat, calming the liver, improving vision, detoxifying, and lowering blood pressure Thus, the ancient understanding of chrysanthemum wine promoting health and longevity holds some truth.
由于饮菊花酒能令人健康长寿，因此，古人每年都要在菊花生长季
The tradition of drinking together during the Double Ninth Festival, which began in the Han Dynasty and persisted until the end of the Qing Dynasty, highlights its enduring popularity This custom was particularly cherished by romantic literati, who would gather with friends to climb heights, express their feelings, and compose poetry while enjoying wine Thus, the practice of appreciating chrysanthemums and drinking during the Double Ninth Festival is deeply rooted in the cultural consciousness of ancient scholars.
花中君子——兰花
2.4.1 兰花的起源与特点
China is renowned as the "Land of Orchids," with orchids being one of the oldest flowers in Chinese culture These flowers are celebrated for their abundant varieties, high quality, and significant historical presence, contributing to their esteemed reputation.
Orchids are perennial herbaceous plants classified under monocots, representing one of the largest groups within this category in nature Known by various names such as mountain orchid, ghost orchid, and water fragrance, orchids exhibit a diverse range of species including son-in-law chrysanthemum and needle-tailed phoenix.
China is the birthplace of orchids, with a cultivation history spanning over 2,000 years In 1976, archaeologists discovered the Hemudu culture in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, revealing ancient pottery that featured a plant with five leaves and budding flowers, identified as the Ruo Orchid, a deciduous species native to Zhejiang The pottery also depicted a rectangular container, resembling a flower pot, indicating the cultivation of orchids This discovery suggests that Chinese floral culture dates back to the Neolithic era, highlighting the role of human activities in the advancement of civilization and the origins of Chinese orchid culture.
Orchids, along with plum blossoms, bamboo, and chrysanthemums, are revered as the "Four Gentlemen of Flowers" in Chinese culture, symbolizing national essence They are celebrated for their beauty in flowers, fragrance, and leaves, surpassing the "Three Friends of Winter"—pine, bamboo, and plum Unlike bamboo, which has nodes but no flowers, or plum, which blooms without leaves, and pine, which has needles but no flowers, orchids uniquely embody all three qualities.
The orchid, known as the foremost among the "Four Elegances" alongside chrysanthemum, daffodil, and iris, is celebrated for its four qualities as noted by Dong Biwu: purity of fragrance, color, form, and charm The fragrance of the orchid is subtle and clear, while its colors are elegant, predominantly featuring soft greens and yellow-greens, with purple-centered varieties being the most prized The orchid's form, characterized by its dignified and graceful flowers and its flexible yet refined leaves, is a key aspect of its appreciation, leading to the saying "the leaves are more beautiful than the flowers." Lastly, the charm of the orchid refers to its inner essence and spirit.
2.4.2 兰花的象征意义
Orchids have captivated people for thousands of years due to their deep cultural significance and unique humanistic qualities The appreciation of orchids has evolved into profound philosophical reflections on truth, goodness, and beauty, as well as discussions on the nature of ugliness and evil This journey leads to a deeper understanding of life and the highest standards of aesthetic evaluation As a harmonious blend of external and internal beauty, orchids are a unique personified flower, rich in symbolic meaning.
（一）高雅、坚贞的象征
Confucius was the first to use orchids to elevate the spiritual realm, emotions, and character of individuals He referred to orchids as "the fragrance of kings," suggesting that exceptional talents should serve as advisors to rulers The phrase "orchids grow in deep forests, yet do not cease to emit their fragrance when unappreciated" highlights that true virtue shines regardless of recognition Furthermore, "being with good people is like being in a room filled with the scent of orchids; over time, one may no longer notice the fragrance, but one is still surrounded by it," illustrates the transformative influence of associating with virtuous individuals The saying "the essence of the orchid remains unchanged, and the will of the orchid is steadfast" emphasizes that a gentleman should model his character after the orchid These ideas resonate with Confucianism's focus on self-cultivation and the principles of personal development, family harmony, and societal peace Confucius laid a significant foundation for the role of orchids in both scholarly and political life, leading subsequent generations of scholars to regard orchids as a symbol of virtue.
The noble gentleman is highly praised for his character, which is symbolized by the orchid, representing purity, independence, and contentment This metaphor expresses feelings of resilience in the face of adversity, unrecognized talent, and unfulfilled ambitions.
（二）爱国者的象征
In the works of the patriotic poet Qu Yuan, orchids have become a symbol of national pride and virtuous talent In his poem "Li Sao," he uses orchids to metaphorically express his dedication to nurturing talented individuals for the state of Chu, lamenting their corruption and betrayal: "I have nurtured orchids in nine plots and planted fragrant herbs across a hundred acres." Additionally, he references orchids as personal adornments to signify his integrity and moral character: "I carry the river's fragrance and weave autumn orchids as my ornament." This illustrates Qu Yuan's deep affection for orchids, which serve not merely as metaphors but as symbols of patriotism, encapsulating his aspirations for virtue and character.
2.4.3 兰花在中国传统哲学文化
In traditional Chinese culture, philosophical thought represents the rational accumulation and intrinsic manifestation of the wisdom of the Chinese nation, serving as the core of the entire cultural system The main representatives of traditional Chinese philosophical culture are Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism.
（一）兰花与儒家哲学文化
Orchids have been deeply integrated into Confucianism since its inception, with Confucius observing their qualities to derive the principle that "the orchid grows in the secluded valley, not deterred by the absence of people." This led to the understanding that "a gentleman cultivates himself and establishes virtue, not altering his principles in the face of poverty." The enduring green leaves of the orchid symbolize a spirit of resilience and purity, aligning harmoniously with Confucian ideals of moderation, harmony, and the values of propriety, righteousness, respect, frugality, and humility.
Orchids embody the principles and essence of Confucian philosophy Their refined character resonates with Confucian ideals, flourishing and releasing their fragrance even in solitude.
（二）兰花与道家哲学文化
Orchids have been intertwined with Confucian culture since the time of Confucius, establishing the foundation of orchid culture Additionally, orchids resonate with Daoist philosophy, embodying a natural beauty that reflects the essence of Daoism As one of nature's creations, the orchid's delicate elegance and subtle fragrance align perfectly with the Daoist principle of "wu wei" or effortless action, blooming without seeking the admiration of the mundane, thriving freely in the mountains while releasing their fragrance.
（三）兰花与佛教哲学文化
Taoist cultivation parallels Confucian self-cultivation and Buddhist practice, with Buddhism aiming for the attainment of "true suchness," which reflects a deep understanding of one's mind and nature Nurturing orchids symbolizes the pursuit of tranquility, purity, and steadfastness on the righteous path of truth and goodness, ultimately striving for the fulfillment of life's true purpose The prevalence of orchids in nearly all temples highlights the close integration of orchid culture with Buddhist teachings.
花中皇后——月季花
2.5.1 月季花的起源与种类
The Chinese rose, known as "Yueji" or monthly rose, ranks fifth among China's top ten flowers and is one of the world's four major cut flowers, earning the title "Queen of Flowers." Belonging to the Rosaceae family, it features various names such as Changchunhua and Siji Qiangwei With over 2,000 years of cultivation history, China is one of the original habitats of the monthly rose, primarily found in mountainous regions of provinces like Hubei, Sichuan, and Gansu Cities such as Shanghai, Nanjing, and Beijing showcase the flower's prominence As the global center for monthly roses, China uniquely produces varieties that bloom year-round and the fragrant monthly roses, leading the world in both diversity and cultivation techniques.
Roses typically come in red, pink, and occasionally white and yellow There are three natural varieties, while modern roses exhibit a diverse range of flower shapes, including single and double petals, as well as elegant high-centered and ruffled forms Their colors are vibrant and varied, featuring not only solid shades like red, pink, yellow, and white but also mixed colors and varieties with silver edges Most varieties are fragrant, and there are nearly 10,000 types of roses worldwide, with over a thousand species found in China alone.
The rose, known as "月季" in China, has a profound grassroots presence and is deeply intertwined with Chinese culture due to its long history of cultivation This vibrant and joyful flower has become an integral part of traditional Chinese culture, enhancing the beauty of the Chinese landscape with its colorful blooms.
2.5.2 月季花的象征意义
2.5.2.1 古代月季的象征意义
In ancient China, the monthly rose symbolizes "peace throughout the four seasons," with the word "vase" sounding like "peace," representing a charm against evil and a blessing for good fortune As a flower that blooms year-round, the monthly rose embodies the ideals of peace and happiness, making the combination of the rose and vase a prayer for stability and prosperity throughout the year Additionally, the monthly rose, which signifies "four seasons" and "everlasting spring," often appears in fabric patterns, serving as a cherished gift for longevity in traditional celebrations Its resilient nature, exemplified by the phrase "able to withstand frost like chrysanthemums and embrace snow like plum blossoms," highlights the monthly rose's unwavering character.
2.5.2.2 现代月季的象征意义
Different colors of roses carry distinct meanings White roses symbolize spring, nobility, and purity, representing paternal love in Japan and often used as tokens of love Yellow roses signify apology but can also denote jealousy or disloyalty in France, while in the U.S., they represent celebration and joy Green roses embody sincerity and a childlike heart, whereas pink roses symbolize first love, nobility, and gratitude Blue roses are seen as precious Overall, roses are flowers that symbolize happiness, making them ideal gifts for expressing good wishes to loved ones.
2.5.3 月季花与社会生活
2.5.3.1 邮票中的月季
关于月季的邮票世界各国数不胜数。中国 1984 年发行了一套
“T.93 月季花”邮票，共 6 枚。邮票由孙传哲设计，选取了中国培育
的 6 个名贵品种作为样本。
图 5 中国月季花邮票 2.5.3.2 剪纸中的月季
Paper-cutting is an ancient folk art in China, rich in auspicious symbolism, yet its preservation is challenging, hindering its transmission through generations Among the various themes in paper-cutting, the rose, a flower widely cultivated in Chinese culture, frequently appears as a popular subject.
图 6 剪纸月季 2.5.3.3 瓷器中的月季
China is the birthplace of porcelain, which evolved from pottery Most of the discovered porcelain related to the rose variety dates back to the Ming and Qing dynasties.
图 7 青花折枝月季纹碗
花中西施——杜鹃花
2.6.1 杜鹃花的起源
杜鹃花是中国十大传统名花之一，有“花中西施”之美誉，又是
The Rhododendron, also known as the azalea, is recognized as the most prominent among China's three renowned natural flowers, alongside the primrose and gentian Esteemed as one of the most beautiful flowers in the world, it holds a significant place in modern floral recognition.
Rhododendrons, belonging to the Ericaceae family and the Rhododendron genus, are evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous shrubs or small trees known by various names such as Azalea, Mountain Peach, and Spring Flower Their origins trace back to the Cretaceous period, when they were widespread, but their natural distribution decreased due to the arid climate of the Tertiary and glaciation in the Quaternary With approximately 1,000 species globally, they are primarily found in Europe, Asia, and North America, with the highest concentration in Asia, particularly China, which hosts the largest wild rhododendron population The cultivated varieties are categorized into four groups—Moss Rhododendrons, Eastern Rhododendrons, Western Rhododendrons, and Summer Rhododendrons—among which the Moss Rhododendron, also known as "Jinxiu Rhododendron" or "Ying Shan Hong," is native to China.
2.6.2 杜鹃花的美好寓意
Rhododendrons exhibit remarkable vitality, with their flowers blooming densely and lushly, symbolizing a nation's prosperity and a people's hope for the future In Chinese culture, presenting beautiful rhododendrons to foreign friends signifies respect and affection, with the hope that their friendship endures These flowers bloom in spring and summer, showcasing a rich variety of colors and a long flowering period, radiating warmth and vibrancy, making them a symbol of passion, purity, and good fortune.
In addition to their beauty, azaleas carry sweet meanings and significance Gifting these stunning flowers to a loved one conveys a deep commitment, symbolizing, "I belong to you for life." In Chinese culture, where expressions of affection can be subtle, azaleas serve as an excellent medium to communicate heartfelt joy and admiration when words may fall short.
2.6.3 杜鹃花在中国传统诗词文化中的体现
In ancient China, scholars and poets expressed their romantic and humanistic sentiments through the beauty of nature, using it as a canvas for their emotions and aspirations The rhododendron, in particular, has been celebrated by poets throughout history The renowned poet Li Bai, in his poem "Seeing Rhododendrons in Xuancheng," evokes deep feelings by recalling, "In Shu, I once heard the cuckoo's call; in Xuancheng, I now see the rhododendrons," vividly illustrating the scene of blooming flowers and singing birds, which stirs memories and longing for his homeland, showcasing profound nostalgia.
In "First Encounter with the Rhododendron," Su Shijiang writes, "The rhododendron also announces the arrival of spring, first releasing flowers to the east wind." This succinct couplet vividly illustrates the season of the rhododendron's bloom, symbolizing the arrival of spring and representing future hope and prosperity The rhododendron here serves as a symbol of auspiciousness and good fortune.
The emotional resonance of the rhododendron varies significantly depending on the poet's perspective This flower has deeply integrated into China's rich historical culture and has made substantial contributions to the cultivation of rhododendrons worldwide.
花中珍品——山茶花
2.7.1 山茶花的起源
Camellia, also known by various names such as mandala tree, wild spring, mountain camellia, and winter endurance, is celebrated for its beauty and is often referred to as a "premium flower." Recognized as one of China's top ten famous flowers, Camellia belongs to the evergreen flowering trees in the Theaceae family and the Camellia genus.
China is the origin and distribution center of the Camellia genus, featuring unique tree species, including hundreds of ancient camellia trees that serve as historical witnesses to the country's tea flower heritage The largest blooms of camellia flowers can be found in Yunnan, China Over time, camellias have evolved to be celebrated alongside peonies and roses as one of the world's three most renowned flowers.
2.7.2 山茶花的象征意义
Camellias thrive in harsh winter conditions, showcasing their resilience by blooming amidst snow and frost Their vibrant colors and delicate forms symbolize health and strength In traditional Chinese culture, camellias represent the essence of spring, longevity, and vitality, embodying the spirit of renewal and the promise of a flourishing life.
Camellias, also known as the symbol of friendship, are widely recognized as a ceremonial flower around the world In 1979, during Deng Xiaoping's visit to the United States, a welcoming banquet was hosted by President Carter at the White House, where camellias adorned the center of the table.
The choice of Camellia flowers in shades of red, pink, and white stems from their historical significance, as they were first discovered in ancient China thousands of years ago These beautiful blooms symbolize genuine human emotions and have become a representation of the host's respect and admiration for their guests.
2.7.3 赞美山茶花的名句
Throughout Chinese history, numerous literary figures have left behind memorable quotes and stories about camellias, showcasing their significance in the rich tapestry of Chinese culture Tang dynasty poet Zhang Ji's deep affection for camellias led him to exchange cherished items for a single plant, earning him the title of "flower enthusiast." Ming dynasty Daoist Zhang Sanfeng's depiction of white camellias in Taiqing Palace, described by Pu Songling in "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio," portrays them as celestial flowers Many poets have celebrated camellias in their verses, including Li Dongyang, whose poem praises their towering presence and resilience: "Since ancient times, flowers have favored southern Yunnan, with the mandala tree being particularly stunning." Su Dongpo's lines reflect on the solitary beauty of camellias amidst gentle rain, while Lu You observes their enduring nature amidst the fleeting beauty of peach and plum blossoms Huang Tingjian admires camellias for their noble spirit, and Su Zhe commends their strength and elegance, comparing them to resilient pines and bamboos.
In ancient times, our ancestors praised the beauty of camellias through numerous poems and verses, reflecting their deep admiration for this flower The love for camellias can be found throughout classical poetry, showcasing its significance in cultural heritage.
出水芙蓉——荷花
2.8.1 荷花的起源与象征意义
The lotus, a renowned aquatic flower belonging to the family Nymphaeaceae and genus Nelumbo, is a perennial herb with various elegant names such as lotus flower, water lily, and noble flower Historically, it is believed to have originated in tropical regions like India, and China has cultivated this beautiful plant for centuries.
Throughout history, many enchanting stories about the lotus flower have been passed down According to legend, the lotus represents Yu Ji, the most beautiful maidservant of the Queen Mother of the West Envious of the hardworking and harmonious lives of mortals, Yu Ji felt a deep sense of emptiness in her celestial abode Accompanied by the river goddess's daughter, Da Laini, she secretly opened the Southern Heavenly Gate and flew to the picturesque West Lake in Hangzhou Captivated by the lake's mirror-like beauty, they jumped in to bathe As dawn approached, Yu Ji was reluctant to leave the enchanting world of humans Upon discovering this, the Queen Mother of the West became furious, seized her lotus throne, and cast Yu Ji into the lake, scolding her harshly.
"You must transcend the mundane, while I will cast you into the mire, ensuring you never ascend to the heavens again." From that moment on, this pure and flawless fairy transformed into a beautiful lotus flower.
The lotus flower symbolizes truth, goodness, and beauty in the hearts of the Chinese people, reflecting the emphasis on peace and harmony in traditional Chinese culture The phonetic similarities between "lotus" (荷) and "harmony" (和), as well as "connection" (连), often lead to the lotus being used as a symbol for peace, cooperation, unity, and collaboration Its purity represents the pursuit of peace and a harmonious world Therefore, promoting Chinese "harmony" culture is particularly significant for advancing national unity, maintaining world peace, and building a harmonious society.
2.8.2 荷花对环境的影响
Lotus flowers have been treasured as exquisite aquatic plants in imperial gardens and private courtyards since ancient times They are commonly featured as thematic water plants in landscape gardens, particularly in the Jiangnan region, where renowned gardens often include structures for enjoying lotus scenery For instance, the "Lotus Flower Bridge" at Yangzhou's Slender West Lake is designed with pavilions of varying heights, enhancing the picturesque view of the lotus blossoms.
The picturesque and elegant design of the lotus flowers at Shouxihu Lake creates a stunning visual harmony, making it one of the best scenic spots At Yueyang's Jin'e Park, the fragrant Lotus Pavilion is beautifully situated by the water, connecting with winding railings and offering a delightful atmosphere, especially during the rainy season when visitors enjoy the lotus blooms As summer transitions to autumn, the serene lotus flowers emit a refreshing fragrance amidst the tranquil waters, providing a sense of peace and joy Additionally, lotus plants serve as natural filters for industrial wastewater, as their underground rhizomes absorb and break down pollutants, aiding in the restoration of aquatic ecosystems and promoting a sustainable food chain.
2.8.3 荷花与佛教的关系
The lotus, also known as the water lily, is deeply intertwined with Buddhism, symbolizing purity and transcendence It represents the ability to rise above the muck of worldly life, embodying the essence of enlightenment for both Buddhas and Bodhisattvas Additionally, as a perennial aquatic plant, the lotus signifies the immortality of the soul, illustrating the concept of reincarnation, where the spirit continues to thrive even after physical death.
In Buddhism, the lotus flower is regarded as a sacred symbol, representing the Buddha and signifying the Bodhisattva's emergence from the troubles of life and death without being affected by them Lotus flowers are integral to Buddhist art, often depicted as the seat of Buddha statues The Buddhist scriptures refer to the Pure Land as the "Lotus Realm," temples as "Lotus Abodes," monastic robes as "Lotus Garments," and Buddha seats as "Lotus Thrones." Among the five types of recitations, there is the "Lotus Sutra," and the Pure Lands of the Buddhas are known as the "Lotus Treasury World." Monks' hand gestures are called "Lotus Palms," and their prayer beads are made from lotus seeds This deep connection between the lotus and Buddhism highlights that wherever there is Buddhism, there will be the lotus The lotus is also seen as the "Buddha Flower," symbolizing ideals such as nobility, purity, peace, light, and tranquility.
The lotus flower is closely associated with Buddhist medicine and is rich in nutrients, making it both edible and medicinal In ancient times, women often collected dew-laden lotus flowers in the morning for skincare or consumed them for beauty benefits The lotus contains compounds like flavonoids and alkaloids that can enhance skin complexion Freshly bloomed lotus flowers can be steeped in hot water to create a fragrant green juice that helps cool the body, relieve heat, and stimulate appetite.
The root vegetable known as lotus root has significant medicinal value, as illustrated by a historical anecdote involving Shariputra, one of Buddha's ten disciples, who suffered from tuberculosis When his fellow disciple, Mokuren, visited him and learned of his fondness for lotus root, he brought fresh lotus root for Shariputra to eat, leading to his miraculous recovery This event prompted Buddha's disciples to frequently utilize lotus root for its healing properties, uncovering its numerous health benefits.
九里飘香——桂花
2.9.1 桂花的历史
Osmanthus, also known as sweet osmanthus, is one of China's top ten famous flowers This evergreen shrub or small tree belongs to the Oleaceae family and is also referred to by various names, including fragrant olive, dan gui, golden osmanthus, rock osmanthus, silver osmanthus, nine-mile fragrance, golden chestnut, and fairy tree.
The osmanthus tree, native to the southwestern regions of China and the eastern Himalayas, thrives at altitudes between 800 to 2500 meters, often found in mountainous and hilly areas This cherished flower has a cultivation history of over 2,500 years, with references to it dating back to the ancient text "Shan Hai Jing" from the Spring and Autumn period, which mentions its prominence By the Han Dynasty, osmanthus began to be utilized in garden landscaping, and during the Tang and Song dynasties, its cultivation became widespread, inspiring poets and scholars to celebrate its beauty in their works.
When discussing osmanthus, it is often associated with the moon, inspiring many enchanting myths The most famous legends include Wu Gang chopping the osmanthus tree and the tale of the moon palace where the osmanthus blossoms are harvested These stories, originating from the Tang dynasty, reflect the deep cultural significance of osmanthus in Chinese folklore.
According to the historical text "Youyang Zazu," it is said that Wu Gang, punished by the Heavenly Emperor, was sent to the Moon to chop down a cassia tree that continually regrows, making his task endless Feeling guilty, Wu Gang's wife transformed their three sons into a toad, a rabbit, and a snake to accompany him on the Moon As a result, ancient people often referred to the Moon with terms like "toad palace," "cassia flowers," and "cassia tree."
2.9.2 桂花的花语花趣
Osmanthus culture is a valuable part of China's cultural heritage, celebrated for its elegance and significant role in the history of Chinese flowers Throughout history, osmanthus has symbolized nobility, purity, honor, and friendship.
谊和吉祥的象征。
During the Water-Splashing Festival, the Dai people of Yunnan sprinkle water on guests with branches of osmanthus, wishing them good fortune In regions rich in osmanthus flowers, local folk songs express sentiments like "one branch of osmanthus, one heart," symbolizing lifelong commitment In Chinese culture, descendants are praised as "osmanthus sons and orchids," and the osmanthus tree is revered as a symbol of longevity and good luck The lunar month of August is referred to as "osmanthus month," the moon is called "osmanthus spirit," and lunar officials are known as "osmanthus officials."
During the Three Kingdoms period, people wore hats made of cassia branches, known as "laurel crowns," symbolizing elegance and purity Throughout the Sui, Tang, and Qing dynasties, the imperial examination system referred to passing the exams as "plucking the cassia from the moon." Notable patriot and statesman Li Gang named his study "Cassia Studio" while retreating to Fuzhou, where he also planted cassia trees to express his ideals Similarly, the national hero Lin Zexu also named his study "Cassia Studio."
Garden plants are a key element of classical Chinese gardens, creating a natural habitat that appears effortlessly beautiful They serve as essential materials for constructing breathtaking natural and artistic beauty, while also embodying rich cultural meanings and emotional significance As Chinese gardens have evolved, the pursuit of garden plants has progressed from merely mimicking natural beauty to achieving a higher level of cultural and artistic aesthetic appreciation.
Since ancient times, osmanthus has been a beloved traditional garden plant in China, often harmonizing with buildings, mountains, and stones, creating an elegant ambiance near courtyards and pavilions When paired with autumn-colored trees, its fragrance and beauty become particularly delightful during the mid-autumn season Mass plantings of osmanthus evoke the festive spirit of "osmanthus blooming everywhere in August," transforming landscapes into stunning scenic spots Strolling among these trees feels like entering a magical realm filled with the refreshing scent of osmanthus Historically, courtyards often featured a combination of four traditional flowers—magnolia, crabapple, peony, and osmanthus—symbolizing harmony and prosperity while enhancing the beauty of the surroundings.
In China, the selection of flowers reflects deep spiritual significance, with osmanthus (桂花) recognized as one of the top ten flowers due to its elegant fragrance Despite its small flower size, osmanthus has not received much attention in Western classical gardens However, China, with its rich cultural heritage, serves as a fertile ground for the development of osmanthus culture.
2.9.4 中秋节赏桂的习俗
The Mid-Autumn Festival, also known as the Zhongqiu Festival, is one of China's major holidays During this time, the fragrant osmanthus blossoms fill the air, making it a perfect occasion for moon gazing The combination of the beautiful moon and the scent of osmanthus creates a wonderful atmosphere for family reunions As people enjoy the bright moon and sweet osmanthus, they indulge in delicious treats like osmanthus wine, tea, and mooncakes, all while recalling the legend of "Chang'e flying to the moon."
The enchanting legend of "Wu Gang chopping the cassia tree" creates a captivating atmosphere, making it a highly sought-after scene in people's hearts This highlights that enjoying osmanthus flowers during the Mid-Autumn Festival is indeed a unique and charming floral custom.
凌波仙子——水仙花
2.10.1 水仙的起源
Many flowers in China have gained fame through the admiration of scholars over the centuries After thousands of years of selection and refinement, the narcissus has emerged as a remarkable flower in Chinese culture, celebrated as the "Fairy of the Water" and the "Fairy of Flowers." It has been a prized offering to the imperial courts throughout history and is recognized as one of China's top ten traditional flowers in modern times.
The daffodil, also known as Narcissus, is a perennial herbaceous flower belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family It is celebrated by various names such as "Lilan," "Yasuan," "Tianhui," and "Yake." The flowers are creamy white with a cup-shaped corona and pale yellow stamens, earning it the nickname "Golden Cup Silver Platform." In mythology, it is referred to as "Yao Nü Hua" or "Nushi Hua," and ancient texts mention it as "Shuixian," a homophone for daffodil.
The daffodil, originally from North Africa, Central Europe, and the Mediterranean coast, was introduced to China from Italy during the Tang Dynasty over 1,300 years ago It quickly gained popularity and became a highly valued flower in the imperial court In China, daffodils are primarily found in the warm and humid southeastern coastal regions, with notable varieties including the Zhangzhou daffodil from Fujian, the Chongming daffodil from Chongming Island in Shanghai, and the semi-wild daffodils from the Zhoushan Islands, with Zhangzhou daffodils being the most renowned.
2.10.2 水仙的象征意义
Chinese narcissus symbolizes purity, beauty, good fortune, and nobility During the New Year, it represents longing for loved ones and family reunions, making it a popular choice for home cultivation People celebrate the New Year with narcissus flowers as part of the "New Year's offerings," enhancing the atmosphere of happiness and warmth in their homes In Fujian, families traditionally plant narcissus at the year's end, nurturing them to bloom on New Year's Eve and the first day of the lunar year The flower stems are often adorned with red threads, ribbons, or circles, symbolizing good luck and auspiciousness.
The rhododendron symbolizes national prosperity and the happiness of the people, which reflects the deep affection that the Chinese people have for this flower.
2.10.3赞咏水仙的诗词
Among China's top ten traditional flowers, the narcissus stands out for its natural beauty, fresh elegance, and enchanting fragrance Its roots resemble silver threads, while the elongated green leaves beautifully complement the pure white petals, encircling the golden cup-shaped corona and the trumpet-like stamens This creates a harmonious pattern of yellow, white, and green The narcissus features symmetrically arranged leaves and petals, with six peach-shaped petals and six stamens evenly surrounding the central pistil, exuding a sense of balance, dignity, tranquility, and stability Its flowers are pure, charming, and graceful, with a subtle and pleasant fragrance Historically, the Chinese narcissus has been celebrated alongside orchids, chrysanthemums, and irises as one of the "Four Elegants," and with plum blossoms, camellias, and forsythias as one of the "Four Friends of Winter."
Throughout history, many artists and poets have celebrated the beauty of the narcissus flower Notably, Song Dynasty poet Jiang Teli wrote in his poem "Narcissus," highlighting the flower's exquisite aroma and elegance Another renowned poet, Huang Tingjian, composed four poems in praise of the narcissus, including "Wang Chongdao Sends Fifty Stems of Narcissus," which captures the ethereal grace of the flower and its emotional resonance Similarly, Yang Wanli from the Southern Song Dynasty also contributed to the rich literary tradition surrounding this beloved bloom.
The poem "Narcissus" praises the flower's exquisite fragrance and beauty, emphasizing its ethereal qualities In the Qing Dynasty, Wu Maoqian described the Narcissus as a celestial being emerging from the water, with its elegant form and pure, jade-like petals These literary works celebrate the flower's charm and character, enhancing its allure In modern times, the remarkable woman Qiu Jin cultivated and admired Narcissus, placing several pots in her window and on her writing desk each year The plant's vibrant green leaves, pristine white blossoms, and refreshing fragrance inspired her poetry.
兴勃发，写下“洛浦凌波女，临风倦眼开；嫩日应期雪，清香不让梅”，
The captivating lines "In the remaining days, I have a fondness for flowers, and I linger over this day" vividly depict the elegant beauty and resilient nature of the narcissus, while also reflecting the heroic spirit and unwavering revolutionary beliefs of the poet, Qiu Jin.
The poems and paintings that praise the color, fragrance, form, and spirit of daffodils shine like brilliant pearls within the treasures of Chinese culture.