Rationale of the study
In my graduation paper, I explore the intriguing story behind my chosen title, which begins with a Vietnamese student studying abroad In a letter to her boyfriend, she describes her boss as “a real John Bull,” but her boyfriend misinterprets this as her having a new romantic interest named John Bull Consequently, he chooses not to respond, leading to a growing misunderstanding and eventual separation fueled by doubt.
The girl explained that the phrase "He is a real John Bull" signifies "He is a true English gentleman," reflecting her deep understanding of English culture However, the boy misunderstood, believing she was referring to a person named John Bull This situation highlights the impact of cultural differences on communication, with neither party at fault.
Cultural understanding is crucial for translators, as a lack of awareness of the cultural differences between nations can lead to confusion and misunderstandings during the translation process.
In Vietnam, concerns about translation quality have intensified, with some prestigious translators labeling it a "disaster of the translation art." Translation is recognized as both a craft and a science that requires continual enhancement to elevate Vietnamese mass culture Given that English serves as the medium for billions of documents across various fields, many university scholars and lecturers are dedicated to addressing common translation mistakes and developing techniques to avoid them Their commitment focuses on identifying and resolving frequent pitfalls that can render translations unnatural or even incomprehensible.
In today's information technology era and global economic integration, English serves as a crucial bridge connecting countries worldwide, making English communication an essential skill However, many learners, particularly those from different cultural backgrounds like Vietnamese, struggle to communicate fluently in English A common issue is that learners often focus solely on language skills, neglecting the cultural aspects of the language they are studying This gap inspired my graduation research topic, “The effects of English and Vietnamese culture on translation and students’ mistakes when learning translation.” I aim to highlight the importance of cultural understanding in the translation process, as a deep comprehension of both source and target language cultures will enable learners to navigate challenges, identify errors, and select the most effective translations in their studies.
Aims of the study
Each language carries an invisible cultural background that often goes unnoticed during translation, leading to misunderstandings and difficulties due to linguistic differences These cultural disparities pose significant barriers, causing confusion among speakers As society evolves, the demand for translation becomes increasingly complex, highlighting the necessity of studying translation and cross-cultural communication This study aims to enhance English learners' understanding of the vital role culture plays in learning English as a foreign language.
Research question
Consequently, one main question will be investigated:
What are the effects of English and Vietnamese culture to the translation process?
Scope of the study
Language and culture play crucial roles in translation activities, necessitating extensive study Due to time constraints, this graduation paper narrows its focus to the interplay of culture, translation, and cross-cultural differences It aims to identify common mistakes made by students in translation, ultimately seeking to determine the most effective approaches to learning in this field.
Methods of the study
This study focuses on scientific theories related to culture and translation, emphasizing the collection and systematic analysis of relevant materials The primary methods employed in this research are designed to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
Firstly, descriptive method is used to describe and make a general overview of culture and translation
The statistical method is employed to collect insights on culture and translation, providing a foundational perspective for this thesis Additionally, a survey method is utilized to gather data from students through their translations of specific sentences, allowing for the identification of errors and opportunities for improvement.
Thirdly, contrastive method is used to figure out the differences between English and Vietnamese culture to give their effects to the translation.
Design of the study
To gain the above aims and the logical systematical paper, my graduation paper is divided into three parts and a reference:
The first part introduces the rationales, the aims, the scopes, the methods and the design of the study
The second part includes four chapters as follow:
Chapter 1 Literature Review which gives general theory relating to the research maters: overview of translation, translation methods, language, culture, cross culture
Chapter 2 outlines the methodology and procedures employed in analyzing the impact of culture on translation, focusing on key cultural perspectives and providing a comprehensive overview of the data used in the study.
Chapter 3 Finding and discussion: Some cultural differences between English and Vietnam and the effects of culture on translation
Chapter 4 some typical examples under culture’s view
The third part is the conclusion, which gives the summary of the whole study and gives some suggestions for further study.
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THERIOTICAL BACKGROUND
Overview of translation studies
Translation involves converting written text from one language to another While often confused with interpretation, translation specifically pertains to written language, whereas interpretation relates to spoken language This process entails understanding the meaning of the source text and creating an equivalent target text that conveys the same message in the target language.
The goal of translation is to create an equivalence of meaning between the source and target texts, ensuring that both convey the same message This process involves considering various constraints such as context, grammatical rules, conventions, idioms, and stylistic elements of the languages involved.
“Translation Studies” (Hoang Van Van, 2000, p.5) quoted some definitions of translation as follows:
Translation involves creating a natural equivalent in the target language that closely matches the meaning and style of the original message According to Nida and Taber (1974), the primary focus is on conveying the intended meaning, followed by maintaining the original style.
According to Cartford (1965) “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language)”
Translation is a vital communicative activity that facilitates the exchange of messages across linguistic and cultural barriers Its application should be considered more broadly in various teaching contexts than it is at present.
Translating involves converting a text from one language to an equivalent form in another language while preserving the original message's content, formal characteristics, and the roles of the initial text (Bell, 1991, p 13).
A translation should preserve the original ideas and style, ensuring it reads as if it were contemporary with the source material Additionally, it is permissible for a translation to add or omit elements from the original text.
Language exhibits a diverse range of forms that convey meaning, with a one-to-one correlation existing only when a form is utilized in its primary function Beyond this, words and grammatical structures possess secondary or figurative meanings, demonstrating their capacity for extended usage.
Each language uniquely conveys meaning, necessitating that translations express the same ideas through different forms A literal translation often alters the intended meaning or produces an unnatural expression in the target language Consequently, meaning should take precedence over form in translation, as the goal is to transfer the essence of the source language rather than its specific linguistic structures.
When translating between languages that are not closely related, there is often little correspondence in form between the source text and its translation Each language employs unique structures and nuances, including secondary and figurative meanings, which can complicate the translation process.
Apart from the translation concepts of Nida and Taber, Catford, Hatmann and Stock, Dubois, Wiss, Tudor, Hatim and Masson and Bell, I am looking closely at the following:
Translation encompasses multiple meanings: it can denote a specific subject area, the product of the translation (the translated text), or the process of translating itself This process involves a translator converting an original written text (source text, ST) in one language (source language, SL) into a written text (target text, TT) in another language (target language, TL).
Translation is a crucial element in teaching foreign languages, as it entails converting a text from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL) The goal is to maintain a similar surface meaning while preserving the SL structures without distorting the TL's grammatical integrity.
Translation serves as a vital tool for education and truth, as it must engage readers whose cultural and educational backgrounds may differ significantly and often be less advanced than those of the original audience.
Translation plays a crucial role in communication, facilitating multilingual notices that are now prominently displayed in public spaces It is essential for instructions from exporting companies, tourist promotions often created by locals out of national pride, and for official documents including treaties and contracts Additionally, translation is vital for reports, papers, articles, correspondence, and textbooks, enabling the dissemination of information, advice, and recommendations across various fields of knowledge.
Translation serves as a dual-purpose tool in foreign language learning, aimed at showcasing the learner's proficiency in the language It functions both as a means of assessment and as a method to engage the learner's cognitive abilities, ultimately enhancing their overall competence.
In “A linguistic theory of translation” published in 1965, Cartford classified translation into 3 kinds:
Cartford distinguishes between full translation, which encompasses the entire text, and partial translation, which focuses on translating only a portion of the text This classification highlights the differences between total and restricted translation approaches.
Total translation means the translation at all level of language meanwhile restricted translation refers to the translation in which only one linguistic level is translated
1.1.2.3 Unbounded and rank bounded translation
Overview of culture *****
Culture encompasses human activities and is one of the oldest characteristics that distinguish humans from animals Defining human culture is complex, and ongoing debates among scholars, philosophers, and historians continue to shape our understanding of this concept.
Culture, according to Harris (1983, p.5), is learned, socially acquired traditions and lifestyles of the members of a society, including their patterned, repetitive ways of thinking, feeling and acting
Geertz (1973, p.5) acknowledges that culture, defined as “systems of shared meaning,” is inherently vague and challenging to comprehend He argues that culture is not a monolithic entity; even tightly-knit communities contain subcultures and countercultures that exist within their framework.
In 1995, Scollon defined culture as the customs, worldview, language, kinship systems, social organization, and everyday practices that distinguish a group of people.
Culture encompasses the actions and outcomes of individuals within a society, reflecting how people engage with their communities and contribute to the world around them It represents the daily behaviors, speech, relationships, and creations of ordinary individuals, illustrating the essence of human interaction in everyday life.
According to UNESCO, culture encompasses the unique spiritual, material, intellectual, and emotional characteristics of a society or social group This definition extends beyond just art and literature to include lifestyles, social interactions, value systems, traditions, and beliefs.
According to Professor Trần Quốc Vượng, a Vietnamese cultural expert, culture is defined as the spiritual product of human creativity, originating with the emergence of humanity on Earth.
Nguyễn Hữu Độ defines culture as a system encompassing both valuable and non-valuable elements, as well as standard and non-standard behaviors These behaviors relate to the natural and social environment, as well as to the community members themselves Culture evolves throughout the processes of emergence, existence, and development within a community.
Vietnam, located on the eastern coast of the Indochina peninsula, is bordered by the South China Sea to the east and south, with China to the north and Laos and Cambodia to the west The country's diverse terrain features mountainous regions, dense forests, and lowlands that descend from rugged mountains to coastal plains and river deltas Key cities in Vietnam include Hanoi in the north, Da Nang along the central coast, and Ho Chi Minh City, formerly known as Saigon, in the south.
Vietnamese culture is a rich tapestry woven from the influences of various groups throughout history The earliest inhabitants of the Indochinese peninsula were Austronesian tribes migrating from the South Pacific islands The Khmer people are believed to have moved east from India, while the Laotians originated from the highlands of China's Yunnan province The Vietnamese migrated south from the lower Yangtze valley, settling in fertile delta and coastal regions, which pushed the Austronesian peoples into the mountains Their descendants formed the diverse tribes that still exist today.
The first Vietnamese considered themselves descendants of a dragon and an angel, bringing with them a rice farming economy from China This agricultural practice fostered a strong sense of community through complex irrigation and collective farming in their villages Recorded history in Vietnam began in 208 B.C with Trieu Da, a Chinese general who founded the Nam Viet empire, which included northern Vietnam In the 1st century B.C., the Han dynasty incorporated Nam Viet into the Chinese empire as Giao Chi, marking the start of a prolonged Chinese occupation Despite over a thousand years of domination, the Vietnamese maintained a distinct identity, with notable revolts against Chinese rule, including legendary uprisings led by women in 40 A.D and 248 A.D Lasting independence was achieved in the tenth century when Emperor Dinh Bo Linh established the state of Dai Co Viet (the Kingdom of the Watchful Hawk) and secured Chinese recognition of their sovereignty through tribute payments.
During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Vietnamese expanded their territory by conquering Champa, an Indianized kingdom in central Vietnam This military campaign strained the resources of the Vietnamese kingdom, leading to their subjugation under the oppressive Ming dynasty However, the Vietnamese eventually revolted and achieved independence under the leadership of Le Loi, a celebrated cultural hero This independence persisted for four centuries, during which the early years were marked by the creation of progressive legal codes that safeguarded the rights of ordinary citizens and permitted women to own property.
The political divide between northern and southern Vietnam has deep historical roots, dating back to the sixteenth century when a Vietnamese clan seized control of the Mekong delta from Cambodia This conflict, which involved ongoing battles with a northern clan, effectively split Vietnam around the seventeenth parallel, a division that would later reemerge during the twentieth century's North-South Vietnam conflict This division persisted for two centuries, highlighting the long-standing regional tensions.
In the mid-sixteenth century, the Portuguese became the first Europeans to arrive in Vietnam, followed by the establishment of small trading centers by the Dutch and English Despite efforts by various emperors to suppress it, the Catholic Church, initially through the Portuguese and later the French, successfully converted many Vietnamese to Christianity.
Significant French influence in Vietnam started in the seventeenth century In
In 1627, a French missionary developed the Vietnamese writing system known as "quoc ngu" by adapting the language to the Roman alphabet By the mid-nineteenth century, Vietnam fell under French control, leading to various pockets of Vietnamese resistance during the occupation, although these efforts lacked unity.
Under French colonial rule, Vietnamese people were treated as second-class citizens, with even the highest-ranking Vietnamese earning less than the lowest-ranking Frenchman Many were displaced from their rice farming livelihoods and forced to endure harsh conditions in rubber plantations and coal mines The established Confucian education system was replaced by a French system, requiring students to learn French or quoc ngu, despite 80% of the population being literate in Chinese ideographs This period also saw the rise of resistance against French occupation, during which Ho Chi Minh began to develop his nationalistic ideals.
Researches so far
This paper explores the influence of culture on translation, particularly focusing on the cross-cultural dynamics between British and Vietnamese contexts While numerous studies address the impact of culture on translation practices, there is a notable lack of comprehensive analyses specifically examining how Vietnamese culture affects translation.
In my graduation paper, I analyze the relationship between language and culture, focusing on cross-cultural influences and the impact of both English and Vietnamese cultures on translation.
Summary of chapter
This chapter explores the definitions of language and culture from a linguistic perspective, highlighting their interrelation It emphasizes the significance of culture in translation and its impact on the translation process, providing translators with a deeper understanding of these essential elements.
METHODS AND PROCEDURE
Aims of the research
The aim of the research is to shed light on:
- To find out the differences of culture between two languages
- To describe how culture effects on translation process
- To analyze some typical examples under culture view to find out the effects of culture on translation in order to deal with difficulties when doing translation.
Research Design
This study aims to explore the impact of English and Vietnamese cultures on the translation process, employing descriptive and contrastive research approaches The research design is structured to achieve key objectives related to this exploration.
- Providing some basic theoretical concepts related to language, culture, cross- culture, and translation
- Giving some basic differences of culture between English and Vietnamese under some typical examples as data
- Describing and analyzing the collected data to find out translation procedures and strategies in doing translation process
- Suggesting some strategies to translate texts under culture view more effectively.
Method of research
This study employs a descriptive methodology that leans more towards qualitative analysis than quantitative Nevertheless, it incorporates certain percentages to highlight the distinctions between English and Vietnamese cultures.
The data of the research are taken from some typical examples under culture view such as “Obama’s inauguration speech”, “Blast snatches breadwinner from family”, and some other typical examples
English has gained immense global popularity while retaining distinct cultural characteristics from England, even among English-speaking nations This article analyzes President Obama's inaugural address as a prime example of these cultural features His speech, delivered during challenging times, conveyed a serious tone and addressed the concerns of all Americans, extending beyond just the affluent, well-connected, or politically engaged individuals.
The speech is a powerful and influential address that provides readers with insight into the strength of the United Nations It highlights America's current crisis while emphasizing the nation's resilience and unity in overcoming challenges The writer skillfully employs language that resonates with the cultural values of the nation, enhancing the speech's impact This clever use of words contributes to its popularity, making it comparable to the inaugural addresses of former U.S presidents.
The other examples are also very popular and languages being used related to their cultures
2.3.2 Methods and Technique of Collecting and Analyzing Data
This study's data were gathered through a review of literature on culture and translation, alongside an analysis of typical English examples from renowned newspapers online The translation process into Vietnamese began with a close reading of these examples, followed by the identification of culturally relevant words that may carry different connotations The collected data were systematically categorized to identify suitable translation equivalents, recognizing that each word can have multiple translations.
Summary of chapter
In this chapter, the author discusses the research design, methods, and data collection, while thoroughly outlining the necessary procedures for conducting research Key conclusions are drawn from this comprehensive overview.
Firstly, the paper is carried out through the descriptive and qualitative methods which are crucial to the aim and the objectives of the study
The researcher emphasizes the process of data collection and description, detailing the types of data gathered and the quantity of data sourced from both Vietnamese and English translations of specific examples.
Finally, the procedures of the study are clearly mentioned, which lay a good foundation to carry out investigation according to a proper direction.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Some cultural differences between English and Vietnam
Culture and language are distinct yet interrelated concepts that significantly influence each other The culture of a nation encompasses various aspects that greatly affect its language Therefore, for effective translation, a translator must possess a deep understanding of the relevant cultural context This article will provide insights into the cultural background of Vietnam, an Eastern country, and its implications for the translation process.
3.1.1 The cultural background of Vietnam
Vietnam nation is the product of long historical process with the foundation, construction and protection during thousand-year history, a society with a single economy, language and territory
Influence of foreign countries’ progress combining with new techniques produced richness and diversified unique Vietnamese civilization
Vietnam, a Southeast Asian nation, embodies distinctive characteristics of Oriental culture Its tropical climate, coupled with two major fertile delta lowlands, has significantly contributed to the advancement of agriculture The roots of Vietnamese agricultural culture can be traced back to the fifth century, showcasing its long-standing historical significance.
Over 70% of the Vietnamese population is engaged in agriculture, rooted in a wet-rice civilization that shapes their culture and lifestyle Vietnamese society is organized into villages in rural areas and guilds in urban settings, with these structures emerging since the nation's inception Villages and guilds foster community stability and cohesion, governed by unique regulations known as conventions that promote good customs while adhering to state laws Approximately ten thousand of these conventions are preserved in the History Museum in Hanoi and various other museums across the country.
Vietnam holds a significant position in Southeast Asia, with a rich cultural heritage shaped by thousands of years of history rooted in wet rice cultivation The country's unique geography, natural environment, and societal development, alongside its long-standing defense against foreign invaders, contribute to its distinctive cultural characteristics.
The construction and development of Vietnam play a crucial role in elevating the nation's status and safeguarding its sovereignty This national endeavor symbolizes the deep-rooted patriotism of the Vietnamese people, which has historically enabled them to triumph over various invaders, including the Chinese, French, and American forces The evolution of Vietnam's society is characterized by a strong connection among family, village, and country, grounded in a socio-economic framework that emphasizes the importance of farmers, rural areas, and agriculture.
Patriotism in Vietnam has evolved into a revered aspect of national identity, closely intertwined with the country's diverse religious landscape With a rich tradition of belief, the Vietnamese people embrace various faiths that reflect the unique material and spiritual lives of different ethnic groups.
Traditional Vietnamese beliefs are rooted in the perception that every object possesses a soul, leading to the worship of numerous deities, particularly those associated with agriculture, such as the sun, moon, land, mountains, rivers, and forests, in hopes of securing good fortune Each ethnic minority in Vietnam, including the Tay-Thai, Hmong-Dao, Chinese-San Diu-Ngai, Cham-Ede-GiaRai, and Mon-Khmer, practices its own unique form of belief, which continues to be upheld by various groups today.
Ancestor worship and the commemoration of death anniversaries are deeply rooted customs among Vietnamese people and various ethnic minorities Every Vietnamese household maintains an altar dedicated to their ancestors, highlighting the significance of honoring their predecessors In addition to family worship, many villages feature communal houses and temples for the veneration of a village Deity, a distinctive aspect of Vietnamese culture This Deity may represent a significant figure, such as a pioneer of a traditional craft or a national hero celebrated for their contributions to the nation and its struggles Furthermore, the Vietnamese also pay homage to various gods, including those associated with the kitchen, soil, rivers, and mountains.
The majority of Vietnamese people identify as non-religious, yet they frequently visit religious temples throughout the year Their daily behaviors and attitudes are influenced by a blend of philosophies from various religions, particularly Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, which have coexisted for centuries This unique combination, along with the tradition of ancestor and national hero worship, makes it challenging for individuals to specify their religious affiliation Central to Buddhism is the focus on self-improvement and the belief in reincarnation, viewing life as a continuous cycle of birth, living, and death.
3.1.2 The cultural background of English
England exemplifies the cultural traits of a Western nation, characterized by a nomadic foundation that fosters rapid cultural change Unlike many Eastern countries that remain predominantly agricultural, England has transitioned into an industrial and commercial society for an extended period The English people, initially leading nomadic lifestyles centered around agriculture and livestock, have increasingly embraced fixed residences, leading to the swift establishment and growth of markets This shift, combined with advancements in science and analytical thinking, has facilitated the early development of an industrial society and market economy in Britain.
English culture is characterized by a blend of diverse elements from various origins, emphasizing respect for personal freedom and individual independence The English value privacy and tend to avoid interfering in others' affairs, highlighting individualism as a core aspect of their culture This focus on individualism is crucial for translators and interpreters to consider during the translation process.
The traditional English character is often marked by stubbornness, discretion, and a cautious approach to change, alongside traits such as honesty, reliability, and a strong sense of justice and responsibility While the English are generally more reserved compared to people from many other cultures, they have become more open to expressing their feelings and friendships in contemporary society.
Visitors from other countries may perceive a certain coldness among the English due to their informal approach, which often excludes the use of titles (like Mr., Mrs., or Dr.) and handshakes, except when meeting someone for the first time This informality is intended to convey friendliness and a desire to bypass formalities, rather than a lack of respect or warmth However, English hosts can unintentionally create an atmosphere of discomfort by dressing smartly and preparing elaborate settings, which may make guests feel less at ease in their homes.
English respect privacy, the individual’s right to keep information about himself or herself private They feel uncomfortable if being asked what is called
“personal questions” unless you know them very well According to survey, there are three issues people do not want to be asked: age, salary, family
England is a democratic nation governed by Parliament, which enacts numerous laws While the King or Queen holds no political power, the English people maintain a deep respect and affection for the Royal Family, similar to the sense of patriotism found in Vietnam.
3.1.3 The differences between English culture and Vietnamese culture
English and Vietnamese cultures are distinct, shaped by their unique geography, climate, history, and economic conditions Consequently, the ways in which individuals from each culture express their thoughts, feelings, and perspectives differ significantly, reflecting their diverse wishes and beliefs.
Exotic value
Limited research has been conducted on Vietnam, particularly in comparison to its historical and contemporary relationships with China, France, and the United States These nations have significantly influenced Vietnam's development through their historical ties, business ideologies, and socio-cultural interactions, shaping both its past and present.
Despite significant foreign influences, Vietnamese people have preserved many unique native customs that are essential to their daily lives Chinese culture has had the most substantial impact on traditional Vietnamese culture, while smaller influences from Cham, French, Russian, and American cultures also exist.
Vietnam's culture is among the oldest in Southeast Asia, shaped significantly by long periods of Chinese domination This influence has led to the incorporation of many East Asian traits, positioning Vietnam within the East Asian cultural sphere During the Ming dynasty, Vietnam was treated as a Chinese province, experiencing harsh rule for two decades Under Ming governance, traditional Vietnamese practices, such as chewing betel nut, were banned, and strict dress codes were imposed While neo-Confucianism replaced Vietnamese Buddhism at the court, efforts to enforce an official form of Buddhism were largely unsuccessful, allowing many local religious traditions to persist.
The influence of Chinese culture on Vietnam was significant, particularly after independence, rivaling the impact felt during the 1,000 years of Chinese rule This cultural exchange intensified during the Ming period, as Vietnamese kings sought to establish a Confucian order, adopting Chinese administrative reforms that were more acceptable to the Vietnamese elite While the upper classes engaged with Chinese literature and embraced Confucian ideals, the majority of the population maintained their Vietnamese language and cultural traditions, which predated Chinese influence Additionally, interactions with the Indianized Cham and Khmer civilizations helped preserve Vietnamese identity, countering Chinese dominance Vietnam's strategic location along the South China Sea facilitated cultural exchanges with South and Southeast Asia, and as the Vietnamese expanded southward into former Cham and Khmer territories, their concerns about Chinese control diminished.
France French influence in Vietnam started in the 17th century when
French Jesuit priests transcribed Vietnamese scripts into a Romanized "national language" with a 27-letter alphabet, which gained popularity in the 19th century and remains the dominant language in Vietnam today During the French colonial period from 1862 to 1954, the French altered Vietnam's administrative and educational systems, achieving limited success in promoting the French language However, they successfully established a group of elites, primarily Catholics, to support their colonial rule and promote French culture, evident in some Vietnamese architecture Despite potential backlash against Western colonizers, there is little lasting animosity towards the French today; their influence is now more of a memory than an active force, given their absence for the past fifty years.
United States The U.S., although not a sovereign, did play a sovereign-like role in influencing Vietnam’s history only a few decades ago In 1965 - 1975, the
U.S supported the South Vietnamese government in its fight against the communist government in the North Despite the U.S war efforts, the Vietnamese of today do not dislike Americans, even if some animosity towards the U.S government might remain (Flagg, 2000) In fact, Vietnamese seem to embrace the American lifestyle This fascination might be attributed to the advancements in telecommunication technology—satellite television and the Internet—and marketing campaigns conducted by American Multinational Corporations wanting to develop business relationships in Vietnam To those 40 million young Vietnamese that were born after the war, the U.S projects a very positive image Because of the liking for American pop culture, we may suggest that Vietnamese have also assimilated some American values Thus, while China has had the 13 longest and most enduring influence, the U.S has had the most controversial and radical influence Nonetheless, we would expect that the level of influence of the U.S on Vietnam will not be as great as is China’s, but neither would it be as minimal as our expectations for French influence
Vietnam and China share significant historical, economic, and socio-cultural similarities, including their communist backgrounds and transitions to market economies, as well as their cultural roots in Confucianism Historically, they maintained close ties and even shared a common language until the last century However, Vietnam's experience of foreign occupation contrasts with China's relative stability Despite these differences, the convergence between Vietnam and China suggests that they are likely to exhibit similar characteristics across the three dimensions of upward influence ethics.
Vietnam and France share a significant historical connection that was broken fifty years ago Despite France's long-standing colonial rule over Vietnam, the two countries now operate under different political and economic systems.
Vietnam and France exhibit significant socio-cultural differences, leading to the conclusion that they have not converged and remain divergent across the three dimensions of upward influence ethics Similarly, while Vietnam shares historical and recent economic ties with the U.S., the two countries differ politically, economically, and socio-culturally, resulting in more differences than similarities Consequently, it can be concluded that Vietnam has not experienced convergence with the U.S either However, the potential for a cross-vengeance effect exists, suggesting that future interactions may evolve, yet substantial differences are still anticipated across the three dimensions of upward influence ethics.
Effects of culture on translation process
Translation is deeply intertwined with culture, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of both the source and target cultures as well as their respective language structures According to Ivir (1975), a translator must be well-versed in the subject matter and familiar with the cultural contexts of both the original and target languages Dostert (1955) defines translation as the transference of meaning from one set of cultural symbols to another, highlighting the importance of cultural knowledge in the translation process.
Cultural conditioning significantly influences how individuals interpret texts, as each society decodes messages based on its unique beliefs, values, and experiences Readers approach a text through the lens of their own culture rather than that of the author, necessitating that translators bridge these cultural gaps To effectively translate a source text, translators must grasp the audience's cultural context, including their beliefs and values, which may differ from those of the original author Individuals are shaped by the socio-cultural patterns of their society, often unconsciously affecting their writing Language itself embodies cultural nuances; for example, cultures with distinct social hierarchies, like Japan, require translators to convey social status accurately However, when translating from Japanese to English, it is essential to adapt these distinctions appropriately, as they may not hold the same relevance in English-speaking contexts.
In Japanese, the imperative form varies significantly, spanning from expressions of extreme humility to authoritative commands It is crucial for translators to understand these distinctions to effectively convey the intended meaning in their translations.
To ensure accurate translation, a translator must grasp the cultural context of the source document When the original text originates from a different culture, it becomes essential for the translator to conduct a thorough examination of the cultural nuances associated with the source language.
Translating documents between cultures and languages is indeed possible, despite potential challenges Key to this process are four fundamental factors identified by Nida (1964, p.53-55) that facilitate communication: the similarity of mental processes among people, common physical reactions to emotional stimuli, shared cultural experiences, and the ability to adapt to others' behavioral patterns For effective translation, it is crucial for the translator to determine which information needs to be explicitly conveyed to ensure that the target audience accurately understands the author's intended meaning.
A translator must consistently focus on the message conveyed by their translation, remaining vigilant against potential misunderstandings and ambiguities They aim to avoid including meaningless information, constantly questioning whether the audience comprehends the translation as intended by the original author To ensure clarity and accuracy, a diligent translator will consult multiple individuals, seeking feedback to confirm that the source text's meaning is effectively communicated.
3.3.1 The effects of culture on translation at word level
Words carry significant cultural meanings, reflecting information about geography, nature, history, economy, art, and the living conditions of native people Some words possess unique cultural connotations that lack direct equivalents in other languages, making translation insufficient for grasping their full significance For instance, the English word "bed" translates to "giường" in Vietnamese, but the cultural implications differ; English speakers envision a spring mattress and bedding, often using phrases like "stay in bed," while in Vietnamese culture, a "bed" is traditionally made of wood or bamboo.
Vietnamese speakers often use the phrase “nằm trên giường” to express spatial relationships, reflecting a vertical perception of space In contrast, English speakers describe locations in terms of enclosed spaces, commonly stating “The bird is in the sky” or “The bird is in the tree,” rather than using phrases like “above the sky” or “on the tree” as is typical in Vietnamese.
Below are some typical examples of the effect of culture at word level:
3.3.1.1 It is hard to find exact Vietnamese equivalents to some words which indicate festivals with their own culture of each country so it is necessary to acquire the explanation from translators Vietnam; meanwhile, Tet Holiday (Lunar New Year Festival) is not less important than Christmas in England That is the reason why English ask each other:
And Vietnamese: How is your Tet?
When translating special festivals from England, such as Boxing Day and Cheese-rolling Festivals, into Vietnamese, or typical Vietnamese festivals like “lễ Đoan Ngọ,” “lễ hội Gióng,” and “lễ Vu lan” into English, it is essential to retain the original names while providing explanations to ensure that readers or listeners can fully understand their significance.
3.3.1.2 Some words related to customs and habits are the top challenges for translators without knowledge of culture In the situation in “The quality to look for in a wife” with the sentence “I mean a great deal more than a rigid abstinence from the love of drink.”, “the love of drink” is not the love for drink, but it mentions that we should get away from the habit of drinking Therefore, we should translate it as
“thú vui say sưa rượu chè” instead for “tình yêu dành cho bia rượu”
In other examples such as, Ms Magarete has just got married, her friend asked: Friend: Do you get anything from your parents?
Magrete: Just something new, something old, something borrowed, something blue
These can not be translated word for word into Vietnamese as:
F: Bố mẹ cho cậu gì không?
M: Chỉ là ớt ủồ mới, ớt ủồ cũ, ớt ủồ ủi mượn, tý xanh xanh
And based on the cultures of the two countries, they should be translated into Vietnamese as:
F: Bố mẹ cho cậu gì không?
M: Chỉ ít của hồi môn truyền thống thôi
In English customs, when a girl gets married, her parents will give her four things for marriage portion: something new, something old, something borrowed, something blue
Or in other situation, Lady Blecknel asks her daughter’s future husband, Jack Worthing:
The translation of "drink" in this context should be interpreted as "uống rượu," with the question "Do you drink?" correctly translated into Vietnamese as "Anh có rượu chè gì không?" Vietnamese customs, such as weddings and funerals, differ from English culture In Vietnam, weddings involve selecting an auspicious year for marriage, choosing a favorable day for the ceremony, and the bride receiving a dowry, such as gold rings or chains from her parents Additionally, newly-weds must prepare for their first visit to the bride's family When complimenting a cute child, Vietnamese people often say "ủỏng ghột quá" or "trộm vía, kháu quá!" Without a proper understanding of the culture, translators may produce inaccurate translations, such as rendering "trộm vía" as "steal spirit" instead of the more appropriate "take all the evils away."
Certain unique dishes represent specific cultures, such as Vietnamese mì, miến, bột ủa cua, phở, Banh Chung, and fish sauces, as well as British pudding, bubble and squeak, and trifle, which lack direct equivalents in other languages When translating these culinary terms, it is essential to retain the original native names while providing some interpretation to convey their meanings.
3.3.1.3 Addressing and using personal pronouns in English and Vietnamese also have some differences The words “you, I” in English sometimes could not express all the shade of meanings when translating from Vietnamese into English On the other hand, when translating some sentences include personal pronoun “you and I” from English into Vietnamese, translators have to follow the context to find out the best equivalence In the sentence “How are you?” can be translated as “Cháu bao nhiêu tuổi rồi?”, “Em bao nhiêu tuổi rồi?”… And for the old “Da bác/ ông/ bà/ cụ năm nay bao nhiêu tuổi rồi ạ?” In English and some other languages, people communicate by using personal pronoun while Vietnamese usually use words indicating relationship between their relatives (uncle, aunt), careers (teacher, doctor, lawyer…) that makes translators confused
3.3.1.4 Some images of symbols, representatives also show out the specific of each nation’s culture The dragon’s image has a big influence on Eastern culture in general and Vietnamese culture in particular Dragon stands for holy things of high moral value Dragon is the symbol of King and valued guests Many place names of Vietnam go along with the name Long (Ha Long, Thang Long) which sticks to some legends about dragon According to their creation mythology, the Vietnamese people are descended from a dragon and a fairy The Vietnamese looked to the dragon to bring rain for agriculture and as a symbol of prosperity It represents the emperor, the prosperity and power of the nation Like the Chinese dragon, the Vietnamese dragon is the symbol of yang, representing the universe, life, existence, and growth A popular Vietnamese proverb goes “Rồng ủến nhà tụm” which can be translated word for word into English as “Dragon visits shrimp’s house”, the saying is often used by a host to portray himself as a normal person (a humble shrimp or a small potato) and regard his guest as a person in noble class (dragon) in Vietnamese society To English, dragon is just an imagine animal Dragon indicates to people who are hard to please For example, “We were really frightened of the history teacher She was a real dragon.” It can be translated as “Chúng em sợ cô giáo dạy sử lắm Cô ấy quả là khó tính và ghê gớm” “Dragon” in slang of English also has other meaning “drug” For instance “What do you do with a child that always swears, steals, lies, fights, drinks, chases the dragon, and is completely out of control?” (Bạn làm gỡ với một ủứa trẻ luụn chửi thề, trộm cắp, dối trỏ, ủỏnh nhau, tiêm chích ma túy và hoàn toàn vượt khỏi tầm kiểm soát của bạn?) In case of “Việt Nam có thể trở thành một trong những con rồng châu Á”, we cannot translate as
Conclusion of chapter
This chapter highlights the distinctions between English and Vietnamese cultures, emphasizing their unique cultural backgrounds It also explores the exotic value of these cultures and their impact on the translation process As a result, translators are less likely to encounter significant challenges when navigating cultural contexts during translation.