Các vật liệu tái tạo trong hoá học xanh (renewable materials in Green chemistry)

Bài trình bày về: Các vật liệu tái tạo trong hoá học xanh (renewable materials in Green chemistry). Đây là nguồn tài liệu cực kỳ có ích cho các bạn đang học về môn hoá học xanh ở bậc cao học, chỉ dùng làm tài liệu tham khảo thôi thì kiến thức của mình đã thay đổi hẳn.

I What are Polymers?

II Distinguish between Biodegradation and

Decomposition.

III.Biodegradable Polymers

A large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits, known as monomers.

I What are Polymers?

Wikipedia.org , Polymers.

4

I What are Polymers?

Monomer arrangement in copolymers

I What are Polymers?

I What are Polymers?

I What are Polymers?

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I What are Polymers?

take millions of years to make more …so recycle!

I What are Polymers?

Michael Pitzl, Australian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology – ofi

CROPACK 2010, Renewable vs Biodegradable – New materials for packaging technology. 10

I What are Polymers?

A tiny bit of plastic is being made from vegetable organic material, so

that bit is biodegradable , and renewable

• CO 2 ,H 2 O, inorganic mineral, biomass

• CO 2 , CH 4 , humus and nontoxic

substances

 Development of the market:

• Capacity 2009 400.000 t worldwide

• Small market, but high growth rates up to 10 %

I What are Polymers?

 Composition:

Biopolymer can be made from many different sources and materials:

– Plant Oil – Cellulose – Corn Starch – Potato Starch – Sugarcane

– Hemp etc.

I What are Polymers?

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Plant Oil Starch Cellulose

 Impermeability

 Optical properties

 Spring

 Seal and easy printing

 Heat and chemical resistance

 Stable, environmentally friendly and competitive price

 In accordance with the requirements of food packaging

I What are Polymers?

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II Distinguish between

Biodegradation and Decomposition:

Wt < 500 Microorganism

(bacteria, fungi,

archaeas , and protists)

II Distinguish between

Biodegradation and Decomposition:

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Www.epi-global.com, Epi, Degradability and Biodegradability Claims.

III Biodegradable Polymers:

a) Definition

b) Classification:

• Polysaccharides (E.g starch,

cellulose, lignin, chitin)

• Proteins

III Biodegradable Polymers:

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• Lipids (E.g animal fat)

• Polyesters produced by microorganism or by plants

(E.g polyhydroxyalcanoates, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate)

III Biodegradable Polymers:

 Natural Polymers:

III Biodegradable Polymers:

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 Synthetic Polymers:

• Polyalhydrides

• PBS: Polybutylene succinate

• PCL: Polycaprolactone

• PLA: Poly(lactic acid)

III Biodegradable Polymers:

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Wikipedia.org, List of Synthetic Polymers.

c) Agents and Factors:

Polymer

Structure Morphology Weight

Microorganism Enzyme

Mechanics Heat, Light, Chemical

III Biodegradable Polymers:

d) Mechanism:

III Biodegradable Polymers:

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d) Mechanism:

III Biodegradable Polymers:

d) Mechanism:

III Biodegradable Polymers:

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d) Mechanism:

III Biodegradable Polymers:

d) Mechanism:

III Biodegradable Polymers:

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d) Mechanism:

III Biodegradable Polymers:

d) Mechanism:

III Biodegradable Polymers:

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IV Method and Testing Standards:

IV Method and Testing Standards:

Enzyme

• Survey of breaking chain

• Fast but not selective

Surface

• Determine the amount of microorganisms

• Other organic resource not from polymer

Respiration

• BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand

• Easy and sensitive but just for aerobic environment

CO 2 , CH 4

• Used to determine ability of degradation

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IV Method and Testing Standards:

0 20

IV Method and Testing Standards:

 Surface

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IV Method and Testing Standards:

 Weight loss

IV Method and Testing Standards:

 Weight loss

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IV Method and Testing Standards:

• C14

o Less – time consuming, effective.

• The mechanical properties

 Represent for overall properties.

• Molecular weight

o Wt reduction

No Name Time of

12 Plastic bottle > 1 million x 40

• By adding “weak” functional groups.

• Two main methods to denaturate.

Add functional groups Specifically, esters group

Add functional groups

- To bring to the photochemical bond breaking

reactions

- In particular, carbonyl group

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Phạm Ngọc Lân, NXB Đại học Bách

Khoa Hà Nội tháng 7 năm 2006, Vật

liệu Polyme phân hủy sinh học, 79.

• Copolymerization, creation of ketones,

• Under UV light, activated ketones are able to take part in free

radical reactions, such as Norish I reaction and Norish II reaction

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Phạm Ngọc Lân, NXB Đại học Bách Khoa Hà Nội tháng 7 năm 2006, Vật liệu

Polyme phân hủy sinh học, 81.

• In 1893, Bischoff and Walden published the

lactide production formulas, the initiated

development of PLA.

• In 1932, Carothers and coworkers produced low molecular weight PLA.

• In 1954, E.I DuPont de Nemours and Ethicon,

Inc began marketing PLA in medical applications for sutures, implants, and drug delivery systems.

• In these days, be used widely.

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Rahul M Rasal et al, Elsevier Dec 14th 2009, Poly(lactic acid) modifications,

Progress in Polymer Science 35 (2010) 338-356, 339.

Advantages Disadvantages

Eco-friendly Biocompatibility

Processibility Energy savings

Poor toughness Biocompatibility Slow degradation rate

Hydrophobicity Side-chain group*

• PLA is Poly(lactic acid).

Rahul M Rasal et al, Elsevier Dec 14th 2009, Poly(lactic acid) modifications,

Progress in Polymer Science 35 (2010) 338-356, 340.

acidophilus

Poly-L-lactide (PLLA)

• Resulting from polymerization of L,L-lactide (also

known as L-lactide).

• Crystallinity of around 37%,

• Glass transition temperature between 60 – 65 o C,

• Melting temperature between 173 - 178 o C,

• Tensile modulus between 2.7 – 16 GPA

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Middelton, John C.; Arthur J Tipton, Elsevier Dec 2000, Synthetic biodegradable

polymers as orthopedic devices, Biomaterial 21

Donald Garlotta, Journal of Polymers and Environment Apr 2001, A

Literature Review of Poly(Lactic Acid), vol 9, No 2.

Mulch film made of

PLA-blend “bio-flex”

Tea bags made of PLA

Peppermint tea is enclosed

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Wikipedia.org, Poly(lactic acid).

Biodegradable PLA cups

in use at an eatery

Due to PLA’s relatively low glass transition temperature, PLA cups cannot hold hot liquids

LDPE

1 Prevention ;

2 Atom Economy;

4 Designing Safer Chemicals;

5 Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries;

6 Design for Energy Efficiency;

www.acs.org/content/acs/en/greenchemistry/

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 Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry:

7 Use of Renewable Feedstocks;

8 Reduce Derivatives;

9 Catalysis;

10.Design for Degradation;

11.Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention;

12.Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident

1 Phạm Ngọc Lân, NXB Đại học Bách Khoa Hà Nội tháng 7 năm 2006,

Vật liệu Polyme phân hủy sinh học, 79 – 82.

Poly(lactic acid) modifications, 339 – 342.

Vật liệu, Bài giảng Biopolymer.

Technoogy – ofi CROPACK 2010, Renewable vs Biodegradable – New

materials for packaging technology.

acid based polymers and their correlation with composition, Progress in

Polymer Science 27.

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7 Middelton, John C.; Arthur J Tipton, Elsevier Dec 2000, Synthetic

biodegradable polymers as orthopedic devices, Biomaterial 21.

Literature Review of Poly(Lactic Acid), vol 9, No 2.

10 Wikipedia.org, Poly(lactic acid).

11 Wikipedia.org, List of Synthetic Polymers.

12 Www.acs.org/content/acs/en/greenchemistry/

www.trungtamtinhoc.edu.vn

Thank You!