Introduction
Background information
Inter-library collaboration, as defined by Reitz (2010), involves libraries working together to benefit their users through shared resources and efforts Mark (2007) highlights that such collaboration enables libraries to address common challenges more effectively by sharing expertise and forming strategic partnerships This cooperative approach significantly enhances libraries' ability to expand their services, access resources beyond their limited collections, and serve users more efficiently Particularly during financial crises and collection cuts, inter-library collaboration proves crucial in maintaining and improving library services (Pollard and Tucker, 2011) Traditional forms like inter-library loans and shared cataloguing continue to evolve with new models such as consortia for group electronic resource purchases, coordinated collection development, space-saving strategies through reduced duplication, staff resource sharing, and live web reference collaborations (Burich et al., 2006).
Despite the numerous benefits of inter-library collaboration, Vietnamese libraries currently lack systematic cooperation, relying instead on isolated initiatives driven by personal relationships This highlights the need to raise awareness about the importance of formalized inter-library collaboration to enhance library services Effective collaboration among individual libraries at VNU-HCM is essential to better serve a diverse user base, including lecturers, officials, researchers, and students Presently, inter-library activities within VNU-HCM are managed by the VNU-HCM library system steering committee and the Library Council, indicating a structured approach that can be expanded for greater efficiency and impact.
The VNU-HCM library system
The VNU-HCM library system comprises nine individual libraries, including VNULib, UELLib, IULib, UITLib, IERLib, VNU-HCM High School Library, USSHLib, UTLib, and USLib VNULib, UELLib, IULib, UITLib, IERLib, and the VNU-HCM High School Library each operate a single library facility In contrast, UTLib, USSHLib, and USLib each manage two branch libraries, expanding the university’s access to comprehensive academic resources across multiple locations.
At present, VNU-HCM is attempting to build up a library system which has the following characteristics
• General serving: readers can use any library in the VNU-HCM library system
• Common source: member libraries are allowed to use bibliography data, full- text data, etc of each other
• United software system: library management software, cooperative cataloguing, etc
• Synchronous development strategy: member libraries’ development bases on the library system’s general development strategy
The cooperation among member libraries of VNU-HCM officially began in 2008 when the VNU-HCM director issued decisions to establish a unified library system, including the creation of the VNU-HCM Library System Steering Committee and the Library Council of VNU-HCM The Steering Committee, comprising the VNU-HCM vice-director, the VNULib director, and university presidents, was tasked with overseeing the library system, while the Library Council, made up of library managers, facilitated management and coordination In 2009, regulations for organizing and operating the VNU-HCM library system were officially enacted, solidifying collaborative efforts that had existed prior to 2008 into formalized cooperation agreements among member libraries.
Research significance and objectives
Inter-library collaboration is a significant topic of interest for libraries, information researchers, and library managers worldwide However, existing research on this subject is limited, with most studies focusing on libraries in developed countries There is a notable lack of understanding and evidence regarding the determinants of inter-library collaboration in developing countries, particularly in Asia The unique characteristics of library activities and collaboration in less developed nations differ from those in developed countries, which means that the factors influencing inter-library collaboration, along with its benefits and challenges, are often distinct in these regions.
Current research on inter-library collaboration in Vietnam is limited, with no studies specifically addressing comprehensive collaboration efforts Existing studies mainly focus on isolated issues such as material sharing and staff training, and these are primarily published in Vietnamese As highlighted in the literature review, there is a significant gap in understanding the broader aspects of inter-library cooperation within the country.
This research evaluates inter-library collaboration among VNU-HCM libraries to enhance academic resource sharing It offers insights into the fundamental aspects of cooperative structures within the VNU-HCM library network The study provides specific recommendations to ensure the successful implementation of inter-library cooperation, aiming to strengthen the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the VNU-HCM library system.
A set of research objectives was established and formed the foundation of this study as follows
• To identify the present condition of inter-library collaboration among member libraries of VNU-HCM;
• To find out the obstacles to inter-library collaboration among member libraries of VNU-HCM;
• To suggest recommendations to enhance the inter-library collaboration practices among member libraries of VNU-HCM.
Research methodology
This study employed a mixed methods approach to leverage the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative research, enhancing the overall comprehensiveness of the findings (Spratt, Walker, and Robinson, 2004) The qualitative data from interviews provided in-depth explanations that complemented the survey results, offering a richer understanding of the research topic Data was collected from survey responses of library staff across nine VNU-HCM libraries and in-depth interviews with the chairman and deputy chairman of the Library Council of VNU-HCM Utilizing this combined methodology allowed for a more nuanced analysis of library management and staff perspectives.
Structure of the dissertation
The dissertation is organised as follows
Chapter 1 provides background information on the context of the research and introduces the VNU-HCM libraries This section also indicates the significance of this study, lists the research objectives, and provides an account of the methodologies and sampling used in this study
Chapter 2 presents an overview of the literature and discusses the terminology and issues related to inter-library collaboration, factors affect inter-library collaboration, and benefits as well as challenges of inter-library collaboration
Chapter 3 describes the methodology used in this study, including the research design, research methodologies, data sampling, data analysis procedure, ethical considerations and limitations
Chapter 4 analyses the findings obtained from the survey with the library staff and interviews with the chairman and deputy chairman of the Library Council of VNU- HCM
Chapter 5 summarises the results generated by this study, provides recommendations for the future inter-library collaboration of the VNU-HCM library system, and offers a number of suggestions on future studies.
Literature review
The term “Inter-library collaboration”
Inter-library collaboration, though not a new phenomenon, remains underexplored despite its crucial role in organizational success, as noted by Bottorff et al (2008) Recognizing the importance of collaboration within libraries, researchers tend to focus on specific aspects such as the development of documentation and information networks (Sulistyo-Basuki, 2002), interlibrary loans (Aminpour, 2004; Tsimpoglou, 2004; Wicht, 2011), and union catalog systems (Ranaweera, 2008) Additionally, studies highlight collaboration between reference and interlibrary departments (Kern and Weible, 2005), staff collaboration (Alire, 2009; Bottorff et al., 2008), and cross-institutional efforts to promote information literacy in academic libraries (Hope and Peterson, 2002) Strategies like strategic planning and project management are also employed to foster cooperation between academic libraries and computing centers (Creth, 1994; Favini, 1997), alongside planning for electronic collection development through inter-institutional collaborations (Simpson, 1997).
Collaboration is defined as working closely with associates to produce shared or mixed contributions, emphasizing shared responsibility (Reitz, 2004) In the context of libraries, 'inter-library collaboration' often involves library consortia, which are groups of institutions agreeing to share resources through interlibrary loans or borrowing privileges (Ghosh, 2002) Library consortia facilitate resource sharing of both human and information assets, serving as a foundational and effective platform for collaborative efforts among libraries (Holt).
Holt and Lloyd (2007) and Alire (2009, as cited in Sugnet, 2009) highlight that inter-library collaboration is most prevalent when libraries recognize the necessity of working together to achieve shared objectives.
Inter-library collaboration, also known as inter-library cooperation, involves resource sharing among libraries to enhance access and services According to Shreeves (1997), this concept encompasses three key functions: bibliographic access, inter-library lending services, and cooperative collection development The primary goal of such collaboration is enabling libraries to identify shareable resources through union catalogs, bibliographic listings, OPACs, and indexes It also aims to facilitate quick inter-library loans and document delivery, while helping libraries build complementary collections to serve diverse user needs.
(2000, p 140) describes the meaning of the term “inter-library cooperation” as
Library collaboration involves mutually beneficial agreements that enable member libraries to share resources such as network access, catalog records, and storage facilities Verzonsa (2004a) highlights that library cooperation encompasses the reciprocal sharing of resources developed or existing across multiple libraries, serving as an umbrella term for various cooperation processes Prytherch (2005) emphasizes that inter-library cooperation includes activities like inter-library lending, coordinated collection management, shared storage, cooperative cataloging, and network access to better serve users Building on this, Reitz (2010) notes that library cooperation involves methods such as centralized processing, cooperative cataloging, international bibliographic exchange, and resource sharing to enhance user services In essence, inter-library collaboration covers activities like shared catalogs, inter-library loans, full-text access, and community engagement, promoting efficient resource utilization among libraries.
Apt Partnership (1995, cited in Verzosa, 2004a, p 1) defines library cooperation as the creation and management of fair and mutually beneficial collaborative arrangements between libraries and information providers These partnerships aim to enhance the common good by making information accessible to all users without access barriers related to cost Effective library cooperation involves sharing resources that are more extensive, valuable to users, or more cost-efficient for providers, thereby promoting equitable access and improved information dissemination.
Inter-library collaboration involves academic libraries working together to share resources and expertise, enhancing access and efficiency Libraries can borrow and lend materials directly, enabling faculty and students to access resources on-site through connected online catalogues Patrons benefit from easily locating books or journals and can request inter-library loans or visit the owning library Collaborating institutions also share ideas, provide staff and user training, and promote the development of e-resource sharing, which has grown significantly due to the internet Through this cooperation, libraries can offer their materials to the public domain, providing free or low-cost access to bibliographic information and full texts, thereby expanding resource availability and supporting academic research.
Factors affect inter-library collaboration
Inter-library collaboration is influenced by multiple factors, including changes in government program requirements, shifting funding mandates from both government and private sector authorities, and advancements in networked computing Additionally, tight budgets, increasing customer demand for enhanced or new services, and libraries' desire to serve a broader or different user base all contribute to fostering collaboration among libraries.
Technology significantly influences inter-library collaboration activities, fostering greater cooperation among libraries According to Sulistyo-Basuki (2002), libraries are increasingly working together to develop shared databases and expand their collections in response to technological advancements Verzora (2004b, p 4) supports this view, noting that the rise of the Internet, electronic resources, and digital archives has become a new platform for cooperative efforts in the library community.
Sustained funding and strong commitment are critical factors influencing successful library collaborations, as Verzora (2004a) emphasizes that adequate financial support can determine the success or failure of cooperative efforts Effective communication among participating libraries is equally essential; Verzora (2004c) states that members must perceive they are receiving appropriate benefits for collaboration to thrive Alire (2009, cited in Sugnet, 2009) highlights that teamwork begins with problem-solving but can falter due to a lack of communication among deans and directors An example of this is the collaboration among five academic libraries in New Mexico, which struggled because deans and directors lacked a shared understanding of teamwork, preventing the group from achieving common goals.
Effective inter-library collaboration depends greatly on the attitude of library staff, as their relationships directly influence cooperative activities Strong communication among staff is crucial for successful collaboration, with Doyle and Tucker (2011, p 216) emphasizing that “communication is always an issue,” highlighting its vital role in facilitating teamwork and shared goals.
Effective inter-institutional collaboration relies heavily on investing in human resources, as Shepherd (1998) emphasizes that “a substantial investment in human resource is required” for success Libraries should prioritize staff training in areas such as human relations, life skills, technical abilities, and computer skills to foster a collaborative environment Additionally, building relationships, promoting learning, leadership, and community building are crucial components in creating a positive human climate that enhances collaboration between institutions.
According to 1998, successful collaboration in libraries relies on several key factors, starting with the importance of fostering quality human relationships Library leaders must prioritize developing essential life skills among staff to build trust and effective teamwork Creating events and projects that encourage staff interaction helps strengthen these relationships and facilitates mutual understanding Continuous learning through workshops enhances staff knowledge, enabling organizations to better respond to challenges and share best practices Leadership and team building are crucial, with librarians committed to collaborative leadership that resists control and promotes shared responsibility Developing management skills is vital for effective teamwork in a collaborative environment Additionally, community building depends on establishing clear committee structures, defining supervisors’ responsibilities, and setting terms of reference Implementing innovative methods, approaches, and interactions leads to more effective multi-organizational collaboration.
Alire (2009, cited in Sugnet, 2009) highlights successful examples of inter-library collaboration, including the Colorado Alliance, Ohiolink, the California Digital Library, the FastFlood project at Colorado State University Libraries, and ARL’s Library Career Development Program (LCDP) These collaborations exemplify best practices through effective communication, mutual respect, and a shared commitment to achieving common goals.
Benefits and challenges of inter-library collaboration
Inter-library collaboration offers numerous benefits, opening new opportunities that libraries cannot achieve alone According to Echavarria (2002) and Rigda (2010), collaboration fosters mutual support and idea sharing among libraries Mark (2007) highlights that partnering with other research libraries enhances strength and resource capacity, as few organizations can operate independently without collaboration Furthermore, Verzosa (2004b) emphasizes that collaboration, partnerships, and networking are vital for libraries, especially in developing countries, as they help bridge the digital divide, create an information-rich environment, and enable access to shared archival resources.
Resource sharing among academic libraries is essential to address the national shortage of information resources (Cho, 2010) In Sri Lanka, a union catalogue serves as an effective tool to facilitate information sharing, with the development of the National Union Catalogue (NUCAT) reducing duplication and maximizing resource usage at minimal cost (Ranaweera, 2008) Additionally, sharing expertise and building partnerships can help tackle common challenges such as copyright, funding, dataset management, digital preservation, and open access (Mark, 2007).
Inter-library collaboration provides significant financial and resource benefits for member libraries, allowing access to extensive literature without increasing budgets and enabling strategic acquisitions of essential materials (Kargbo, 2009) For instance, in Korea, resource sharing within library consortia has helped domestic university libraries save on budgeting and resources, easing the financial burden on the government and libraries (Cho, 2010) Similarly, in Greece, systematic cooperation like the Hellenic Interlibrary Loan Network (HILL-net) facilitates access to a shared database and journal collections, reducing material costs and improving library services (Tsimpoglou, 2004) These collaborative efforts demonstrate how inter-library cooperation effectively overcomes budget constraints while enhancing service quality.
Inter-library collaboration offers significant benefits to both libraries and their users, fostering a more efficient and resource-rich environment This cooperation is a sustained and essential strategy, not just a temporary trend or modern management tactic, but a vital approach that has grown over the years As Gaetz (2011) emphasizes, increased collaboration among libraries continues to positively impact individuals and communities, enhancing access to information and educational opportunities.
186) This means that the user is provided greater access to free or almost free resources, and save time in searching
In advanced countries such as Britain, Canada, Australia, Germany, and the United States, library and information professionals actively pursue cooperative initiatives to enhance service delivery According to Kargbo (2009), these efforts focus on achieving broader coverage and easier access by collaboratively planning resource expenditures and sharing materials, ultimately improving library services for all users.
In Indonesia, the inter-university computerised network serves as a form of inter-library cooperation that enhances educational activities and resource sharing across all state universities This network aims to improve the efficiency of higher education by facilitating collaboration in administrative data processing According to Sulistyo-Basuki (2002), these initiatives are essential for advancing technological integration and optimizing institutional operations within Indonesian higher education.
Libraries in developing countries often struggle with resource acquisition due to rapid changes in the information landscape, limited technology, and constrained budgets Sharing information is essential for these libraries to provide balanced and current services to their users (Ranaweera, 2008) For instance, Sri Lankan libraries utilize the National Union Catalogue (NUCAT), which facilitates resource sharing and collaborative cataloging among member libraries, enhancing access to information resources.
Collaborative efforts among libraries enhance the development and diversity of collections, making resources more accessible and useful for users According to George and Blixrud (2008, p 6), “collaboration among libraries improves the prospects for individual library success in fulfilling local needs,” highlighting the importance of partnership in meeting community demands.
Inter-library collaboration offers numerous benefits to both libraries and users, fostering resource sharing and increased access However, it also faces significant challenges, especially in developing countries According to Verzosa (2004c), barriers such as geography, underfunding, understaffing, outdated technology, and lack of necessary resources hinder cooperation Additionally, negative attitudes like skepticism, fear of resource loss, reluctance to take risks, and the absence of a cooperative tradition further impede collaboration efforts Despite these obstacles, Verzosa highlights that the Philippines exhibits a diverse range of cooperative activities and consortial arrangements, from simple partnerships to more complex collaborations, demonstrating the potential for successful inter-library collaboration amid challenges.
Geographical distance poses a significant barrier to inter-library collaboration by impacting inter-library loan activities As Bailey and Radnor (2009) highlight, factors such as turnaround time—determined by the distance between storage facilities and libraries, delivery methods, and borrower expectations—play a crucial role Additionally, interoperability issues arising from the use of multiple systems or software at storage facilities and libraries hinder seamless collaboration Limited storage facility resources further exacerbate these challenges, emphasizing the importance of addressing geographical and technological barriers to enhance inter-library cooperation.
(human resources, equipment) cause many challenges to resource sharing and remote storage
The second challenge to inter-library collaboration is financial Pollard and Tucker
Libraries have faced significant financial crises and cuts to their collections in recent years, impacting their ability to serve users effectively (2011) Kupperman (2008) emphasizes that providing quality library services within limited timeframes and budgets remains a major challenge for libraries Additionally, Alire (2009, cited in Sugnet, 2009, p 16) highlights concerns regarding the sustainability of library services amidst these budget constraints.
As economic challenges intensify leading up to 2020, competition for funding among libraries is expected to worsen, making future collaborations more difficult Funding limitations, particularly in developing countries, pose a significant barrier to inter-library cooperation and joint projects, as financial support is often available only for a limited period According to Sulistyo-Basuki (2002), many libraries lack sustained budgets to maintain collaborative activities, resulting in cooperation ending once the initial funding is exhausted This ongoing financial constraint hampers the development of long-term, sustainable library collaborations.
The rapid growth of the digital content industry and digital libraries has significantly benefited users, libraries, and information centers by enabling more efficient and accessible information delivery (Arms, 2000) Digital libraries are built on the belief that they can provide superior access to information compared to traditional methods However, as Pollard and Tucker (2011) highlight, the expanding digital content industry also impacts inter-library collaboration, as rising digital content costs coincide with shrinking budgets, posing challenges for resource sharing and cooperation among libraries.
Cooperation in digitization efforts faces significant challenges due to copyright restrictions, which hinder the sharing of digital materials (Verzosa, 2004c, p 4) In Indonesia, libraries often form joint groups to borrow books; however, limited budgets prevent many from affording the costs associated with returning borrowed items To cut transportation expenses, many libraries opt to photocopy books and send these copies to other academic libraries instead of lending physical copies, highlighting a practical workaround to resource limitations (Sulistyo-Basuki).
Photocopying library items without proper authorization infringes on copyright and intellectual property rights Libraries often do this to provide limited-time access to materials for users at minimal cost, but such practices can violate legal protections for creators and publishers.
Methodology
Research design
This research aims to assess the level of inter-library collaboration among member libraries of VNU-HCM and to provide strategic recommendations for enhancing future cooperation within the library system To guide this study, specific research objectives were outlined in the revised dissertation plan (see Appendix A), serving as a clear reminder of the study's purpose These objectives focus on evaluating current collaboration practices and identifying opportunities for improvement to strengthen the overall inter-library partnership.
1 To identify the present condition of inter-library collaboration among member libraries of VNU-HCM;
2 To find out the obstacles to inter-library collaboration among member libraries of VNU-HCM;
3 To suggest recommendations to enhance the inter-library collaboration practices among member libraries of VNU-HCM
This research utilized a mixed-methods approach, collecting primary data through participant survey responses and interviews By combining qualitative and quantitative methods, the study leverages the strengths of both approaches while addressing their individual limitations This comprehensive strategy enhances data validity and provides a richer understanding of the research topic.
This study utilizes survey research, a form of quantitative methodology that employs scientific sampling and carefully designed questionnaires to accurately measure the characteristics of the target population By applying statistical techniques, the research ensures precise and reliable results (Sukamolson, 2007).
Sukamolson (2007) also indicates that using quantitative research method brings many advantages such as
• Providing estimates of populations at large
• Indicating the extensiveness of attitudes held by people
• Providing results which can be condensed to statistics
• Allowing for statistical comparison between various groups
• Having precision, being definitive and standardized
• Measuring level of occurrence, actions, trends, etc
• Answering such questions as "How many?" and "How often?"
Qualitative methods offer in-depth insights into issues that cannot be achieved through quantitative, statistically-based research Unlike fixed-answer surveys, they enable participants to express their thoughts in their own words, providing richer and more nuanced data Additionally, qualitative approaches allow researchers to probe and explore participants' responses further, fostering a deeper understanding of the subject matter (Mack et al., 2005).
Research methodologies
The survey questionnaire was used as the main data-gathering instrument for this study According to Pickard (2007, p 95), survey is a research methodology which
An online survey was conducted with all library staff at VNU-HCM libraries to gather quantitative data and limited qualitative insights on inter-library collaboration Evans and Mathur (2005) highlight that online surveys are increasingly popular in research due to their numerous advantages, including global reach, flexibility, speed, technological innovation, convenience, easy data entry and analysis, diverse question formats, low costs, efficient follow-up, controlled sampling, large respondent pools, response order control, mandatory answers, and respondent characteristic insights Based on these benefits, the researcher chose an online survey method to assess the current state and challenges of inter-library collaboration among VNU-HCM libraries.
An initial survey questionnaire was distributed to staff members at VNU-HCM member libraries to collect data at a specific point in time, aiming to describe the current conditions and operational practices within these libraries (Cohen and Manion, 1994).
The questionnaire was designed for quick and easy completion, utilizing closed-ended questions with tick box options to minimize written responses Staff received an email containing a survey link, which directed them to a website invitation to participate The collected responses were collated and analyzed, with detailed findings presented in Chapter 4.
The survey was created using freeonlinesurvey.com, allowing for customized design and easy distribution to ensure rapid data collection After initial testing with two staff members from a VNU-HCM member library, no further changes were needed, and the questionnaire was distributed via email in early July 2012 Participants completed and submitted their responses within two weeks, facilitating quick analysis of the survey findings.
The survey questions were mapped onto the research objectives are as follows
• Identify the present condition of inter-library collaboration among member libraries of VNU-HCM;
• Find out the obstacles to inter-library collaboration among member libraries of VNU-HCM
The survey contained 15 questions and was split into three parts based on relevant research objectives
Part 1: included 2 questions (question 1 and 2) that obtained data about respondents’ workplace and to know whether their libraries take part in inter-library collaboration activities at VNU or not
Part 2: was used for the member libraries which often take part in inter-library collaboration activities at VNU-HCM This part consisted of 7 questions that were mapped onto objective 1 and 2 in an attempt to identify the present condition as well as challenges of taking part in inter-library collaboration activities at VNU-HCM Specifically, question 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9 were mapped onto objective 1 to identify the level of inter-collaboration among member libraries of VNU-HCM as well as libraries’ future plans to develop inter-library collaboration at the VNU-HCM library system At the same time, question 5 and 6 were mapped onto objective 2 to find out obstacles which libraries have to face when taking part in inter-library collaboration activities
Part 3: was used for the member libraries which have not taken inter-library collaboration activities at VNU-HCM This part contained 6 questions that were also mapped onto objective 1 in an attempt to identify the present condition of taking part in inter-library collaboration activities at VNU-HCM In particular, question 10 to 15 were mapped onto objective 1 to explore the reason why libraries do not take part in inter-library collaboration, libraries’ future plans to take part in inter-collaboration at VNU as well as identify the level of inter-collaboration among member libraries of VNU-HCM
According to McNamara (1999, p 1), interviews are valuable for uncovering the deeper story behind participants' experiences and enable researchers to explore topics in detail To gather qualitative data, in-depth interviews were conducted with the chairman and deputy chairman of the Library Council of VNU-HCM The primary objectives of these interviews were focused on understanding their perspectives and insights related to the study's aims.
• Identify the present condition of inter-library collaboration among member libraries of VNU-HCM;
• Suggest recommendations to enhance the inter-library collaboration practices among member libraries of VNU-HCM
Interviews were conducted to gather respondents' opinions on the current state of inter-library collaboration among VNU-HCM libraries and to evaluate the existing collaboration policies within the system The findings from these interviews aimed to inform future policy recommendations by exploring open-ended questions related to inter-library cooperation (see Appendix D) To ensure comprehensive responses, questions were sent in advance to the chairman and deputy chairman, allowing them time to prepare and avoid overlooking critical insights The interview results were cross-validated with survey data to strengthen response authenticity and improve the study’s overall validity The questions aligned with research objectives 1 and 3, and were divided into two parts to effectively address different aspects of inter-library collaboration.
Part 1: identified the present condition of inter-library collaboration among individual libraries of VNU-HCM by asking about the number of member libraries taking part in inter-library collaboration activities, level of collaboration among these libraries at VNU-HCM, and factors which affect the inter-library collaboration among libraries
Part 2: allowed the interviewees to consider whether they would make any changes to the current inter-library collaboration policy at VNU
Consent forms were distributed to interviewees to obtain their agreement to participate in the research, ensuring ethical compliance Participants were also invited via email to choose a convenient interview time based on their availability, facilitating flexible scheduling The interviews were conducted in Vietnamese via Skype, with the researcher translating responses into English for analysis All interviews were recorded using a recording device and subsequently transcribed by the researcher to ensure accurate data collection.
Sampling
The nine member libraries of VNU-HCM, with a total of 120 staff members as of December 2011, served as the population for this research A total of 122 respondents participated, including 2 interviewees and 120 survey participants who are staff or employees from the nine libraries, ensuring they understand the inter-library collaboration context According to Israel (1992), for small populations of about 200 or fewer, it is preferable to conduct a census to achieve zero sampling error, which informed the decision to include all staff members—120 individuals—in this study This comprehensive approach enhances the accuracy and relevance of the research findings regarding library staff perspectives within VNU-HCM.
• VNU-HCM High School Lib: 2 library staff
All library staff were contacted through email to seek their agreement to participate in the research.
Data analysis
Data analysis, as defined by Levine (1997), involves methods that describe facts, detect patterns, develop explanations, and test hypotheses Adèr (2008) describes data analysis as a process consisting of several phases In this research, data analysis was utilized to identify typical values and differences among them, aiming to assess the current state of inter-library collaboration among VNU-HCM member libraries It also sought to identify barriers to collaboration and to provide recommendations for improving inter-library partnership practices within VNU-HCM.
Before undertaking the data analysis chapter, the researcher established appropriate categories through reviewing the content of the survey and interviews as Bryman
According to 2004, establishing a set of categories before data analysis is essential for identifying meaningful patterns relevant to the research These categories serve as a framework for analyzing the data effectively The article presents the specific set of categories used in the analysis, providing clarity on the basis for pattern recognition and ensuring the validity of the research findings Proper categorization is crucial for uncovering significant insights and maintaining the coherence of the study.
• The number of member libraries taking part in inter-library collaboration activities of VNU-HCM
• Factors affect inter-library collaboration
• Obstacles of inter-library collaboration
A comprehensive strategic review was conducted by analyzing survey and interview data after categorizing responses Charts were used to identify patterns, similarities, and differences in the survey responses, while interview transcripts were carefully read multiple times to extract key insights and relevant opinions aligned with the research objectives To assess the current state of inter-library collaboration among VNU-HCM libraries, the interview findings were systematically compared with survey responses, focusing on specific question correlations: interview question 3 with survey questions 1 and 2, interview questions 4 and 5 with survey questions 3, 4, 10, and 12, and interview questions 6 and 7 with survey question 5.
Ethical considerations
Research ethics are fundamentally guided by personal morality, as highlighted by Bogdan and Taylor (1975), emphasizing the importance of ethical decision-making in research To address these concerns, the British Educational Research Association (2011) established comprehensive ethical guidelines that researchers must follow Adhering to these ethical standards is crucial for protecting participants' privacy and ensuring their safety throughout the research process.
The research prioritized ethical considerations such as obtaining informed consent and ensuring confidentiality The researcher clearly explained the study’s purpose and details to participants, providing a consent form (see Appendix E) to the Library Council of VNU-HCM’s chairman and deputy chairman for their approval and signatures The survey’s introduction also outlined the study's objectives and emphasized respondent anonymity, eliminating the need for a separate consent form for survey participants.
Participants were informed of their crucial role in the research and were advised they could withdraw at any time, though already collected data would still be used Their confidentiality was maintained by not disclosing personal information or names Only relevant data necessary to answer the research questions were included Additionally, the study findings were shared with participants through their library shortly after the dissertation's completion.
This study, conducted as part of a Master's course in English, involved interviews carried out in Vietnamese, highlighting the language diversity of the research process Some participants were unable to respond to open-ended questions in English, necessitating careful translation to ensure data accuracy The researcher prioritized maintaining the integrity and reliability of the data through meticulous translation practices.
Limitations of the study
This study encountered several limitations that impact the interpretation and scope of the findings Firstly, language barriers affected data collection, as some survey respondents could not answer open-ended questions in English, and interviews conducted in Vietnamese required time-consuming and careful translation to ensure accurate data analysis Secondly, a lack of existing evidence on inter-library collaboration in Vietnam posed challenges during the literature review process Thirdly, low motivation among library staff led to a reduced response rate, with only 72 out of 120 questionnaires completed, limiting the representativeness of results Additionally, many respondents did not answer questions about their library’s inter-library collaboration strategies, complicating future strategy analysis The IERLib's limited staffing, compounded by health issues, meant that data collection was restricted to interviews, reducing the comprehensiveness of insights Finally, the research’s broad focus on inter-library collaboration in VNU-HCM libraries prevented deep evaluation of specific issues such as inter-library loans, human resource sharing, and information resource sharing, which could be explored more thoroughly in future studies.
This chapter outlines the research methodology, detailing the research design, methodologies, sampling strategies, data analysis techniques, ethical considerations, and study limitations It provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how the research was conducted The subsequent chapter will present the key findings derived from data analysis and connect them to existing literature.
Findings and discussion
The number of member libraries taking part in inter-library collaboration
This study identified the extent of participation in VNU-HCM’s inter-library collaboration activities, noting that 97.2% of member libraries engaged in these initiatives, while only 2.8% did not The research also explored the reasons behind non-participation, gathered through surveys and interviews Quantitative data indicated strong engagement among member libraries, whereas qualitative insights revealed that seven out of nine libraries actively participated, with some citing barriers such as resource constraints and lack of awareness as reasons for their limited involvement These findings highlight the high overall participation rate and identify key factors influencing library engagement within the VNU-HCM system.
Recently, several new institutions within VNU, including UELLib, IULib, and VNU, have been established According to Interviewee A, these institutions have not yet participated in the inter-library activities due to their recent formation However, they receive support from the VNU Library Council if needed, facilitating their integration and development within the university's library network.
Figure 1: The reasons why some of the member libraries of VNU the inter
A recent survey revealed that 50% of VNU-HCM researchers did not participate in inter-library cooperation due to limited involvement in VNU’s inter-library activities and poor communication with other libraries Literature emphasizes that effective communication among libraries is crucial for successful cooperation, with Verzosa (2004c) identifying communication as a key factor influencing collaborative efforts Additionally, Shepherd (1998) highlighted that human resource issues can hinder effective inter-library collaboration The interviewees provided further insights to clarify these challenges, underscoring the importance of enhanced communication and resource management for successful cooperation.
50% that there were 7 out of 9 member libraries which took part in the inter collaboration activities of VNU-HCM including VNULib, UTLib, USLib,
HCM High School Library has officially joined the inter-library collaboration activities of VNU-HCM, along with UITLib and IERLib According to Interviewee A, several new institutions within VNU have been established in recent years, and they are still developing, which has limited their participation in inter-library collaboration activities and the VNU-HCM Library Council However, the Library Council remains open to integrating these emerging institutions as they grow.
Figure 1: The reasons why some of the member libraries of VNU-HCM had not joined the inter-library collaboration activities
Based on the survey, when looking at the reason why some of the member libraries
HCM had not participated in inter-library collaboration activities, primarily due to two main barriers: a lack of human resources and poor communication with other libraries, each accounting for 50% These issues hindered VNU-HCM's ability to engage in cooperative library efforts, reflecting common challenges identified in the literature review that impede effective inter-library collaboration.
Effective communication among libraries is a crucial factor that significantly influences successful cooperation, as emphasized by Verzosa (2004c) Additionally, Shepherd (1998) highlighted that human resources play an indispensable role in achieving efficient collaboration Interviewees further elaborated on these points, offering additional insights into the key elements that facilitate productive inter-library partnerships.
Poor communication with other libraries weak technology
Other that there were 7 out of 9 member libraries which took part in the inter-library
Recent years have seen the development of new institutions within VNU-HCM and efforts to enhance library collaboration activities; however, these libraries have not yet officially joined HCM libraries According to Interviewee A, the Library Council has not granted membership to many libraries, primarily due to a lack of human resources (50%) and poor communication among libraries (50%) Verzosa (2004c) emphasized that communication among libraries is a critical factor influencing successful cooperation The interviewees highlighted additional reasons for the limited collaboration, underscoring the importance of effective communication and resource sharing in building stronger library networks.
Lack of information why some of libraries had not participated in the inter-library collaboration of VNU- HCM
Interviewee A stated that UITLib and IERLib are still in the process of building their libraries and have not yet established fully functional facilities Consequently, they are not yet full members and have not participated in inter-library collaboration activities within the VNU-HCM library system In contrast, while VNU-HCM High School Library is an official member of the VNU-HCM library system, limited sharing occurs due to its distinct nature compared to other VNU-HCM libraries.
Similarly, interviewee B said that UITLib and IERLib were unsettled Furthermore, VNU-HCM High school Lib had different users and material sources in compared with the rest libraries
Most libraries within the VNU-HCM system actively participate in inter-library collaboration activities, indicating a strong commitment to resource sharing and cooperation Libraries that do not engage in such collaborations often face challenges related to human resources, library relationships, target user needs, material resources, and overall stability Notably, library stability has not been addressed in prior research but appears to significantly influence participation in inter-library cooperation To enhance collaboration, non-participating libraries should focus on resolving human resource issues, strengthening communication with other institutions’ libraries, and investing in library development and infrastructure.
Inter-library collaboration level
The survey and interview data reveal that inter-library collaboration among VNU-HCM member libraries is generally rated positively According to staff involved in collaboration activities, 48.6% perceive the inter-library cooperation as good, while 20% view it as very good, and 22.9% consider it neutral Only 8.6% of respondents identified the collaboration as poor, indicating a high-level of overall effectiveness and engagement among VNU-HCM member libraries.
Figure 2: the inter-library collaboration level between the participants’ libraries and other libraries of VNU-HCM
Respondents working in libraries not involved in VNU-HCM’s inter-library collaboration activities were asked to evaluate the collaboration quality among VNU-HCM libraries using a five-level scale, ranging from "very good" to other ratings.
“good”, “neutral”, “poor”, and “very poor”) Surprisingly, 100% of respondents thought that the inter-library collaboration among other member libraries was good The interviewees added that:
VNULib, UTLib, USLib, and USSHLib have been highly active in inter-library collaboration activities at VNU-HCM, demonstrating their strong commitment to resource sharing and cooperative efforts In contrast, UELLib and IULib, being new institutions, have mainly focused on investing in infrastructure to develop their libraries Although UELLib and IULib participate in most inter-library collaborations, their roles are less prominent compared to the established libraries, indicating ongoing growth and integration within the university's library network.
Interviewee B: in general, member libraries had got much enthusiasm for their collaborative activities such as professional competence, services and training
VNU-HCM member libraries actively participate in inter-library collaboration activities with enthusiasm However, differences in library infrastructures, including human resources and information resources, influence their roles in these collaborations These disparities primarily drive the variations in how libraries engage and establish cooperative relationships within the network.
Inter-library collaboration offers numerous benefits, especially for smaller and newer institutions, by strengthening resources and increasing access to shared information According to Mark (2007), collaboration helps libraries gain power and resources they cannot achieve independently Verzosa (2004b) highlights that such cooperation provides wide opportunities to benefit from shared archival information, while Kargbo (2009) notes that libraries can access a large volume of literature without additional budget costs Overall, participation in inter-library collaboration at VNU-HCM enables member libraries to reduce financial burdens, strengthen resources, and improve user access to information.
Inter-library collaboration activities
The analysis of the current collaboration policy and inter-library collaboration activities among VNU-HCM member libraries, based on interviews and surveys, reveals a shared foundational approach The original policy emphasized resource sharing, including materials and human resources, which has guided the development of specific collaborative initiatives Key activities identified include enabling patrons to access resources across all member libraries, organizing staff training sessions, sharing e-resources, and coordinating collection development to prevent duplication Survey results confirm that major inter-library collaboration activities—such as inter-library loans, a common catalogue, shared e-resources, and staff training—are widely implemented, with participation rates varying slightly among staff members Notably, 61% of respondents engaged in these collaborative efforts, highlighting the active role of VNU-HCM libraries in resource sharing and institutional cooperation.
Among the surveyed respondents, 59, 55, and 20 libraries reported participation in staff training, shared e-resources, shared catalogues, and inter-library loan activities, respectively Inter-library loan services were less popular compared to other collaborative activities, as confirmed by Interviewee B, who stated that while users could access any libraries within the VNU-HCM system, the inter-library loan service was underdeveloped and not widely available.
Member libraries actively participate in various inter-library collaboration activities, demonstrating strong enthusiasm Notably, activities such as staff training, sharing common e-resources, maintaining a unified catalogue, and facilitating inter-library loans are highly valued and frequently undertaken, highlighting the effective cooperation among libraries to enhance resource sharing and service delivery.
“good” by 35, 31, 26, and 10 participants respectively
Most staff members rated training sessions positively, with 35 out of 61 participants considering them good, while 23 remained neutral and only a small number rated them as poor (2) or very good (1) Regarding e-resources, 33 out of 59 respondents perceived them as good or very good, whereas 17 selected neutral and 9 rated them as poor When evaluating the common catalogue activity, 26 out of 48 staff members thought it was good, with smaller numbers indicating neutral (13), poor (5), and very poor (4) perceptions.
According to the study, 50% of staff members reported that inter-library loan activities are effective, with 10 out of 20 staff rating this service as good Meanwhile, 35% of respondents (7 participants) considered the activity to be neutral, indicating neither satisfaction nor dissatisfaction A small segment, 15% (3 participants), believed that inter-library loans are poor, highlighting areas for potential improvement.
Figure 3: inter-library collaboration activities
Participating in cooperative activities is highly beneficial for member libraries, enhancing their ability to share information sources and improve services By engaging in collaboration initiatives outlined in the common collaboration policy, libraries can better serve VNU-HCM users Additionally, regular updates and adherence to new policies and regulations ensure these libraries remain current and efficient in supporting their communities.
Common e- resource staff training Other
The VNU-HCM library system demonstrates a clear commitment to aligning its activities with practical needs by providing training courses for staff and organizing information skills workshops for users According to existing literature, academic library collaborations typically encompass three key areas: sharing borrow and lend services, exchanging ideas and information among member libraries, and sharing electronic resources It is evident that VNU-HCM member libraries actively participate in these areas, fostering effective cooperation and resource sharing within the academic community.
This study aimed to evaluate the future direction of inter-library collaboration strategies among member libraries through surveys and interviews Results revealed that over half of the respondents (48 out of 70) reported having strategies to develop inter-library collaboration with other institutions, while 14 respondents were unsure about such strategies, and 8 indicated their libraries lacked any plans for collaboration Additionally, libraries not currently participating in VNU-HCM's inter-library activities unanimously stated that they had no plans to engage in inter-library collaboration at VNU-HCM, highlighting varying levels of engagement and strategic development across member libraries.
The researcher identified that member libraries lacked plans for development and did not actively participate in VNU-HCM's inter-library collaboration activities, highlighting a need to understand the underlying reasons behind their limited engagement in these initiatives.
Libraries that frequently participate in inter-library collaboration activities often cited "lack of human resources" as the primary barrier to developing effective partnerships, with 75% of respondents (6 out of 8) identifying it as the top challenge Poor communication with other libraries was also a significant obstacle, reported by 62.5% of participants (5 out of 8) In contrast, issues related to "weak technology" and "financial problems" were less commonly reported, indicating that human resource constraints and communication gaps are the main limitations to successful inter-library collaboration.
Libraries that have not participated in inter-library collaboration activities primarily cite poor communication with other libraries and a lack of human resources as their main reasons for not engaging in such initiatives.
In addition, the staff presented their libraries’ strategy to develop the inter-library collaboration with the libraries from other institutions, including:
• Expanding and stepping up inter-library loan with other libraries of VNU-HCM;
• Building up online union catalogue Primo to share information sources;
• Establishing a professional group such as service and acquisition;
• Assigning tasks to staff who are responsible for developing the inter-library collaboration with the libraries from other institutions;
• Establishing a group which has responsibility to market common services of libraries to users;
• Serving the user of other libraries of VNU-HCM
• Building up information resources which can meet the information need of other libraries;
• Improving the communication with other libraries;
• Building up strategic plan to develop the VNU-HCM library system in 2011-
Most member libraries base their strategies on a shared collaboration policy, focusing on key activities like information resource sharing through inter-library loans, union catalogs, and accessing common e-resources, as confirmed by interviewees Interviewee A emphasized that a unified collaboration policy is effective and suitable for library systems, highlighting that its success largely depends on how member libraries implement and apply it.
Interviewee B emphasized that member libraries should develop future collaboration strategies based on a shared collaboration policy However, the key challenge lies in effectively implementing this policy across all member libraries and continuously updating it to keep pace with technological advancements.
Several member libraries of VNU-HCM currently lack future inter-library collaboration strategies, particularly those that have not engaged in existing collaboration activities The primary reasons for this absence are limited human resources and ineffective communication with other libraries Enhancing collaboration efforts requires addressing these challenges to foster stronger inter-library partnerships within VNU-HCM.
4.5 Factors affect inter-library collaboration
The study identified key factors influencing inter-library collaboration among VNU-HCM member libraries According to survey data from 49 staff members, communication and the strength of relationships between libraries have the most significant impact on collaboration activities Human resources were also important, with 46 respondents citing them as a key factor Expenditure and information resources followed, each influencing 39 staff members' perceptions Additionally, 32 respondents indicated that technology plays a role in affecting inter-library collaboration within the VNU-HCM system.
Figure 4: factors affect inter-library collaboration
The interviewees provided some other factors to clarify the factors which could affect the inter-library collaboration activities of VNU-HCM
Interviewee A showed a series of 3 factors which affected the inter-library collaboration of VNU-HCM as follows
• Directing the implementation of inter-library collaboration activities of VNU- HCM;
• Having a prestigious individual or a group working in the Library Council;
• Having a stable finance resource Similarly, interviewee B indicated 4 factors which affected the inter-library collaboration of VNU-HCM as follows
• Library leaders’ awareness to inter-library collaboration
• Directing the implementation of inter-library collaboration activities of VNU- HCM;
• The chairman of the Library Council of VNU-HCM
Summary of findings
This study explores inter-library collaboration among member libraries of the VNU-HCM library system using a mixed methods approach The research assesses the level of collaboration and identifies key areas for improvement Findings provide valuable insights into current collaboration practices and offer strategic recommendations to enhance future inter-library partnerships, supporting improved resource sharing and library network efficiency.
The study aimed to assess the current state of inter-library collaboration among VNU-HCM member libraries, highlighting participation levels, activities, and strategies Most libraries, including VNULib, UTLib, USLib, USSHLib, UELLib, IULib, and VNU-HCM High School Lib, actively engaged in collaboration, although infrastructural differences led to varied roles within the system Notably, UITLib and IERLib did not participate officially Reasons for non-participation included human resources limitations, weak relationships among libraries, target user needs, resource constraints, and stability issues Overall, participation was viewed positively and deemed beneficial, with common activities such as material borrowing, idea sharing, training programs, and e-resource sharing, though inter-library loan services were less popular Additionally, some libraries lacked future collaboration strategies, mainly due to insufficient human resources and poor communication, impairing long-term planning.
This study identified key barriers to inter-library cooperation among VNU-HCM libraries, highlighting factors such as expenditure, human resources, communication, information resources, technology, leadership, and the awareness of library leaders Among these, human resources and communication emerged as the most significant challenges hindering effective collaboration within the VNU-HCM library system.
This article aims to provide strategic recommendations to improve inter-library collaboration within the VNU-HCM library system To strengthen future cooperation, the study proposes actionable suggestions for the VNU-HCM Library System Steering Committee, the Library Council, and member libraries Implementing these recommendations will enhance inter-library partnerships, optimize resource sharing, and foster a more integrated library network across the VNU-HCM system.
The VNU-HCM library system steering committee and Library Council should actively promote the collaboration policy and strategic development plans from 2011-2015 and the vision through to 2020, ensuring all member libraries, especially new institutions, understand the importance and benefits of inter-library collaboration They need to foster a positive attitude and provide support to help member libraries overcome challenges in participating in collaborative activities Additionally, implementing a clear plan to enhance communication among libraries is essential for effective teamwork Organizing events, forums, and training sessions can build a strong partnership climate, bringing library leaders and staff together, facilitating idea sharing, and strengthening relationships Furthermore, addressing human resource challenges through a practical plan to share responsibilities among member libraries can improve project efficiency and promote successful collaboration.
Member libraries of VNU-HCM should diligently adhere to the collaboration policy established by VNU-HCM, as it is deemed suitable for the library system's needs Establishing specific and practical plans to share resources such as information and human resources is essential Improving communication and relationships among member libraries is crucial to overcoming one of the main challenges in inter-library collaboration Library leaders are encouraged to participate in training, events, and forums organized by the VNU-HCM library system steering committee and Library Council Addressing human resource limitations is vital, particularly for smaller or newer libraries lacking sufficient staff or facing skill disparities; sharing human resources can help mitigate this challenge Employing new staff is a practical solution when feasible, but if financial or policy constraints prevent this, libraries should seek support from partner institutions Finally, member libraries must stay adaptable and responsive to change to sustain and enhance future inter-library collaboration efforts.
Future areas of research
This study assessed the level of inter-library collaboration among VNU-HCM member libraries and offered key recommendations to enhance future cooperation It also explored three specific research objectives related to library collaboration effectiveness While the findings provide valuable insights, the research acknowledges certain limitations and highlights areas for future investigation These recommendations are essential for researchers and library leaders aiming to strengthen inter-library partnerships and improve overall library services at VNU-HCM.
This study’s primary limitation is its broad focus on inter-library collaboration within VNU-HCM, which prevented a deep analysis of specific issues Key aspects such as inter-library loan, staff training, user training, and union catalogues require further investigation to uncover potential insights not addressed here Exploring these areas in detail can provide a more comprehensive understanding of collaboration among VNU-HCM libraries.
Most libraries at VNU-HCM actively participate in inter-library collaboration activities, although these collaborations may change if influencing factors shift Key determinants include the awareness of library leaders, VNU-HCM’s policies, the chairperson of the Library Council, and financial support However, the stability of these factors is uncertain, as leaders and the chairperson can be replaced, and funding can fluctuate Such changes could significantly impact future inter-library collaboration, either enhancing or weakening the partnerships among VNU-HCM libraries Future research should explore how these collaborations evolve over different stages to better understand their dynamics.
Future inter-library collaboration at VNU-HCM libraries has been recommended; however, these suggestions require deeper analysis Further research is essential to thoroughly evaluate and strengthen these recommendations for more effective cooperation.
This study identified communication and human resources as the primary challenges impacting collaboration among VNU-HCM member libraries However, it did not specify the particular issues within these areas, highlighting the need for further research to explore the underlying problems related to communication and human resources in library collaboration.
A key limitation of this study is the small sample size and limited survey duration, which may affect the representativeness of the regression results The researcher received only 72 completed questionnaires out of 120 responses, with just 60% of library staff participating Future research should aim to include a larger sample size to better assess inter-library collaboration among VNU-HCM libraries.
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ID number: 11039865 Email: ngohuyen87@gmail.com Plan structure:
Working title of the dissertation: An evaluation of inter-library collaboration among individual libraries of Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh (VNU-HCM)
Brief review of the literature and list of references (200 words maximum)
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the key themes identified in existing literature, highlighting ongoing debates and diverse perspectives on the topic It synthesizes relevant studies and references to illustrate how scholars have approached the subject, emphasizing the importance of understanding the main arguments and evidence supporting different viewpoints By analyzing previous research, the article offers insights into the current state of knowledge, identifies gaps in the literature, and underscores the relevance of this discussion for future investigation This approach ensures a well-rounded understanding of the topic, aligning with SEO best practices to enhance visibility and engagement.