A study on compound adjectives in the novel gone with the wind by margaret michell=nghiên cứu tính từ ghép trong tiểu thuyết cuốn theo chiều gió của margaret michell

List of tables in the Study Table 1: Rules to form adjectives from Noun page 7 Table 2: A statistical summary of structure of compound adjectives appear in chapter 1 of “Gone with the Wi

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TRẦN THỊ HẬU

A STUDY ON COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

IN THE NOVEL “GONE WITH THE WIND”

BY MARGARET MICHELL

(Nghiên cứu tính từ ghép trong tiểu thuyết

“Cuốn theo chiều gió” của Margaret Michell)

GRADUATION THESIS

Field: English Linguistics

Date of submission: 28.5.2014

Nghe An, 2014

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A STUDY ON COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

IN THE NOVEL “GONE WITH THE WIND”

BY MARGARET MICHELL

(Nghiên cứu tính từ ghép trong tiểu thuyết

“Cuốn theo chiều gió” của Margaret Michell)

Supervisor : Phan Thi Huong

Student : Tran Thi Hau

Student ID : 1057514544

Nghe An, 2014

contributions from many people Firt of all, I would like to extend my sincere thanks

to my supervisor, Mrs Phan Thi Huong, M.A for her indispensable assistance, useful suggestion and detail comments from the name of research to the end

I repeat my thanks to my friends who have always been by my side and encouraged me a lot during my research Without their help and encouragement, I would not finish my graduation thesis

My warmest thanks are due to my parents and the whole members in my family for their support and encouragement

Finally, I am all too aware that inspite af all the advice and assistance, I feel that the project is far from effect it is, therefore, my sole responsibility for any inadequacies and shortcomings that the thesis may be considered to have

Vinh, May 10, 2014

Tran Thi Hau

Compound adjectives belong to sub-categories of compounds, which compose of three major forms with compound nouns and compound verbs Compound adjectives are made of two or more elements which are combined to produce new words in accordance with combination rules of compounds, which have qualities and function

of adjectives

The importance of compound adjectives in English has stimulated us in the study

on compound adjectives in the novel “ Gone with the Wind” We give the description

of the novel and the author first and then definition, types as well as the features of compound adjectives In addition, the way of forming compound adjectives is also deal with

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

LIST OF ABBRIVIATION iii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION v

1.1 Justification of the Study 1

1.2 Aims of the Study 2

1.3 Methods of the Study 2

1.4 Scope of the Study 2

1.5 Format of the Study 2

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2

2.1 English Words: Definition 3

2.2 Words-formation 3

2.3 Adjectives 5

2.3.1 Definition 5

2.3.2 Classification 5

2.3.3 Position of Adjectives in sentences 6

2.3.4 Rules to form Adjectives 7

2.4 Compound adjectives 8

2.4.1 What are Compounds? 8

2.4.2 Forms of compound words .8

2.5.Compound Adjectives 9

2.5.1 Definition 9

2.5.2.Orthographic features of compound adjectives 9

2.5.3 Position of Compound Adjectives in the sentence 10

2.5.4.Classification 11

CHAPTER III: COMPOUND ADJECTIVES IN THE NOVEL “GONE WITH THE WIND” 17

3.1 Introduction 17

3.2 Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell 17

3.3 Novel 18

3.4 The work: “Gone with the Wind” 18

3.5 Compound Adjectives in the novel: “Gone with the Wind” 19

3.6 Reason for using compound adjectives in the novel " Gone with the Wind" 29

CHAPTER IV: SUGGESTED EXERCISES FOR ENGLISH LEARNERS IN USING STRUCTURE OF COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 34

4.1 Introduction 34

4.2 Suggested exercises 34

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION 39

1 Implications of the Study 39

2 Suggestions for Further Studies 39

REFERENCES 41

List of tables in the Study

Table 1: Rules to form adjectives from Noun (page 7) Table 2: A statistical summary of structure of compound adjectives appear in chapter 1 of “Gone with the Wind” (page 19, 20)

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 RATIONALE

In the modern time of internationalization and globalization, English has become the most popular language in all over the world More and more people learn English as a second language

However, For most of the learners English grammar is not an easy issue and it also takes them a large amount of time to study Compound adjectives is an important part of English grammar They are used to describe the noun(s) in sentence but we usually make mistakes in creating and ordering them in the right way

Compound adjectives is the largest group of the total number of compound word forms that could be found in adjectival positions in English In addition, two thirds of all such adjectival would be compound adjectives

They also play an important grammatical role as an element to create the sentences in English Mostly, in literature works compound adjectives have been used regularly to describe people, things and events

“Gone with the Wind” is one of the greatest works in the literature history of England and all over the world It is famous for not only content but also art One of the most special artistic features of the novel is describing art Especially, the art of describing characters and nature To be successful in this mission, the author used a great number of compound adjectives to describe and create unique features for each character This had significant contribution to the success of the great novel

That is the reason why compound adjectives in the novel “Gone with the wind” has been chosen for investigation in this study

1.2 PURPOSES OF THE STUDY

The above mentioned background shows that the status of compound adjectives need more detailed study not only in structure but also in use With this trend, this study is aimed at:

- Helping english learners get knowledge about compound adjectives through investigating and taking examples of compound adjectives in the novel “ Gone with the Wind”

- Giving the suggested activities to improve learners‟ ability to use compound ajectives in the right way and to some extent, understand more about English grammar

To fully achieve the aim, the study should answer the following question:

- What is structure of compound adjectives in the novel “Gone with the Wind”?

- What are the suggested activities for learners in using and making compound adjectives?

1.3 METHOD OF THE STUDY

In this study, we has applied the following methods:

- Collecting data for the study including the compound adjectives and its examples

- Describing and analizing method

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Although compound adjectives is used frequently in literature as well as margazines or newspapers In this study, we just investigate compound adjectives in the novel “Gone with the Wind” writen by Margaret Mitchell

1.5 DESIGN OF THE STUDY

This subject contains three main parts and references:

Chapter I: Introduction deal with the reasons, the aims, the methods, the scope and the format of the study

Chapter II Entiled “Theoretical background” supplies an overview of adjectives

and compound adjetives in English

Chapter III is “Compound adjectives in the novel: “gone with the wind” presents

the way of using compound adjectives in the novel: “Gone with the wind”

The fourth chapter give suggested exercise and instruction for both students and teachers to complete it with the aim at helping learners practise doing tasks related to compound adjectives

The last chapter is conclusion summarising the main points discussed in previous

parts and giving some suggestions for further researchs

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL

BACKGROUND

This chapter deals with the theory of adjectives and including compound adjectives as well as the hyphenation in compound adjectives

2.1 ENGLISH WORD: DEFINITION

There have been many definitions of a word in different ways proposed by famous linguists and they all are not satisfactory making one problem or two for English In the orthographic way, a word is defined as any sequence of letters which is bound on either side by a space Blomfield (1933, p 178, quoted in Palmer, 1981, p 33) thought of the word as the “minimum free form”, the smallest form that may appear in isolation In the grammatical way, words are defined as having the criteria of

“positional mobility” and “internal stability” (Singleton, 2000, p 9) That is words are not fixed in sentences and within words, the order of smaller elements remain consistent and no element can be added Semantically, words are considered tobe basic units of meaning There are acceptedly individual units of meaning which are expressed in single, simple words Palmer (1981, p 32) states that “not all words have the same kind of meaning as others; some seem to have little or none”

2.2 WORD-FORMATION

Occasionally words are introduced that are completely new in the way that they have not been constructed on the basis of known words, more common words are introduced that are constructed on the basis of already existing words through the application of Word-formation process In the formation of Adjectives in English specifically the following processes are involved (cf Quirk et al 1985, p 1520):

a) Prefixation: making a prefix infront of the base sometimes with, but most ussually without, a change of word class; e.g ir-responsible, un- grammatical

b) Suffixation: making a suffix after the base, sometimes without, but ussually with, a change of word class; e.g boyish, adaptable

c) Conversion: R Huddleston defines conversion as “changing of the word‟s syntactic category without any concomitant change of the form Conversion therefore, has no effect on the morphological structure.” (Huddleston 2002: 1640) Conversion deviding the base into a different word class with no change of form; In the case of

adjectives in this process typically concerns the adjectival use of present and past participles; e.g to hand (from the noun: hand), advise (from the noun advice)

d) Clipping: Clipping refers to the process in which a given lexeme is shortened, nevertheless it still retains the same meaning and still belongs to the same word class despite the change of its form Typical examples of clipping are expressions like advertisement→advert, ad, gymnastic→gym

e) Acroyms: Acronyms are word-forms which are created by initial letters of the sequence of words they substitute They are written as one word-form and also are pronounced as a one “word” not individual letters Many acronyms are composed of the initial letters of the proper names, as in the names of numerous organizations and institutions

Ex: UN (United Nation), NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) f) Blends: Blending is a formation of a new word-form based on combination of two or more parts of existing lexemes

Ex: motel(motor + hotel), telebanking(telephone + banking) g) Back-formation: Back-formation is a coining of a new word-form, which was created from already existing one by means of shortening that word-form form its end Usually this is realized by deleting the suffix

Ex: babysit from babysitter, demograph from demographics h) Compounding:

Compounding is a very productive process of word-formation R Huddleston calls a compound “a compound base which is composed of two (or occasionally more) smaller bases.” (Huddleston 2002: 1642) V Adams sees a compound as a result of fixed combinations of two lexemes, free forms The order oflexemes creating a compound is fixed and cannot be changed A compound, although consisting of more free lexical units, has the identifying characteristic of single word-form (Adams1973: 30)

Ex: outdoorsy, laid-back bar

In addition to these four processes adjectives can be formed with the assist of combining-forms (e.g bias-, bio- ) As Quirk et al (1985) observe such forms:

Have the semantic characteristic of the first constituent in a compound but they resemble prefixes in mostly (…) being obligatrily initial, in having little or no

currency as separate words, and in not normally being the stressed part of a complex word (p 1520)

2.3 ADJECTIVES 2.3.1 Definition

According to “Oxford English Dictionary” (2003) “Adjectives are words that refer to the qualities of people, things, or ideas, or which group them into classes Most adjectives can be used with a noun and usually come immediately before it in the sentence.”

According to general characteristic of adjectives as a word class, they should have the following syntactic properties:

• Function – adjectives can appear in attributive, predicative and postpositive function

• Gradability – adjectives are gradable, hence accept modifiers like very, too, enoughand have inflectional or analytic comparatives and superlatives

• Dependents – adjectives can take adverb modifier, e.g very (Huddleston 2002: 525)

2.3.2 Classification of Adjectives

There are five types of Adjectives:

a) Possesive Adjectives Possesive Adjective is the Adjective which is used to point out the noun that belong to someone

There are seven Possesive Adjectives: my, your, her, his, our, their,its

Example: Your house is so beautiful

I love their song

b) Descriptive Adjectives Descriptive Adjective is Adjective that is used to tell the sorts of noun or quality Example: He is a tall man

c) Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstrative Adjective is the adjective which is used to point out the noun There are four demonstrative adjectives: this, that, these and those

Ex: I don‟t believe that story

These old house were built in fifteen century

d) Interrogative Adjectives Interrogative Adjective is Adjective that is used to ask the question They are which, whose, where, what…

Ex: What kind of flower do you like?

Do you know where is stadium?

e) Numeral Adjectives Numeral Adjective is Adjective that is used to show the number of nouns There are three types of numeral Adjective as follow:

+) Definite Numeral Adjective Definite numeral adjective is used to cach one noun They are every, each, another…They are used to denote an exact number of noun as: first, second, third…

Example: This is the first time I have ever been here

That was the second time I get in that house +) Indefinite Numeral Adjective

They are the adjective which are used to denote an inexact number of nouns as: some, any, much, little…

Example: Would you like some pieces of cake?

Could you give me some books?

+) Distributive Numeral Adjective Distributive Numeral Adjective is used to cach one noun They are every, each, another…

Example: Every people in this class is student

I do not like this book, I want to read another one

2.3.3 Position of Adjectives in sentences

Adjectives are usually found in one of three positions in a sentence as follow:

- Attributive position: They appear directly before the noun

Ex: She has a beautiful house

That was a terrible film

- Predicative position: They appear after a verb (usually tobe) Ex: Vietnamese are friendly and hospitable

She looks so ugly as she goes mad

- Postpositive position: They appear directly after the noun Ex: They heard creatures unseen

2.3.4 Rules to form Adjectives

- A large number of Adjectives in English can be derived from nouns by adding

on special adjectival endings such as ful, less, ent, ant, ly

Table 1: Rules to form adjectives from noun

The content of this rule is putting the such elements as y, ly, full… at the end of noun to form adjectives

- Another very common way of forming Adjectives is to use the present and past participles of verbs:

+) As a rule the past participle (usually, but not always, ending in -ed) tells us

how someone feels about something with such adjectives as: interested, delighted, dedicated, complicated

Ex: I am interested in reading book

She is a dedicated teacher

+) the present participle ending in -ing such as: interesting, annoying, confusing,

boring tells us how something makes us feel

Ex: This film is so interesting

She is so annoying

2.4 COMPOUND 2.4.1 What are Compounds?

English grammarians including traditional ones have dealt with Compounds but they seem to have failed to give a accurate definition of Compounds

R Huddleston calls a compound “a compound base which is composed of two (or occasionally more) smaller bases.” (Huddleston 2002: 1642) V Adams sees a compound as a result of fixed combinations of two lexemes, free forms The order oflexemes creating a compound is fixed and cannot be changed A compound, although consisting of more free lexical units, has the identifying characteristic of single word-form (Adams1973: 30) Sweet (1891, § 63) defines a Compound as “ a combination of two words equivalent formally and logically to a single word” By formally he means a single, indivisible word like “blackwood” distinct from “black wood”

2.4.2 Forms of compound words

There are three forms of compound words:

- The closed form, in which the words are formed when two words are written as

one word such as: firefly, secondhand, softball, childlike, crosstown, redhead, keyboard

- The hyphenated form, in which there are hyphens within words in compound

such as daughter-in-law, master-at-arms, over-the-counter, six-pack, six-year-old, mass-produced;

- The open form, means that the words of the compound are written separately

such as post office, real estate, middle class, full moon, half sister, attorney general

Compound words may be permanent or temporary A permanent compound has been used so often and so widely that it is now in common usage and can be found in the dictionary A temporary compound is one that joins words by hyphen(s) as needed,

we can create our own temporary compounds

2.5 COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 2.5.1 Definition

Compound adjectives are formed according to the large number of various grammatical patterns therefore their identification and adjectival status is often

questionable and ambiguous According to Chicago-Kent college of Law: “A

compound adjective is formed when two or more adjectives work together to modify the same noun These terms should be hyphenated to avoid confusion or ambiguity”

2.5.2 Orthographic features of compound adjectives

a) Written form of compound adjectives

Compound adjectives can consist of two or more lexical units, which may or may not be connected in their written form This part deals with the problems concerning the written form of compound adjectives Main focus lies on the way how the compound adjectives are spelt and how the individual lexical units within one compound are linked together in a written text This part should also introduce somebasic rules for writing compound adjectives and using a hyphen Focusing on orthographic form of the compound adjectives, three basic ways of writing compound adjectives can be distinguished Firstly it could be compound adjectives whose individual lexical units are connected with hyphen(s) Secondly, compound adjectives which are written as a set of separate word-forms And thirdly it can be compounds whose individual lexical elements are joined into one single word-form Although compounds in English language are used ratherfrequently, they are often not listed in any dictionary, thus to verify the correct written form of a given expression can be a

hyphenatedorthographic form and if the orthographic form of a given compound is not clear, most safe would be hyphenated way of writing

b) Hyphenation

Oxford English Dictionary definites the following:

The sign (-) used to join words to indicate that they have a combined meaning or

that they are linked in the grammar of a sentence (as in a pick-me-up, rock forming

minerals), to indicate the division of a word at the end of a line, or to indicate a

missing element (as in short- and long-term)

There are two types of hyphenation +) Soft Hyphennation

They are the hyphens inserted automatically by a hyphenation utility

+) Hard Hyphenation

They are the hyphens that you add explicitly by entering the dash character

*) Rule of using a hyphen There are some rules of using a hyphen for compound adjectives According to the American Heritage of Book of English Usage can be introduced a few rules clarifying when the hyphen should be used

Firstly, compound adjectives should be generally hyphenated if they contain word-forms high- or low- e.g high-necked, high-waisted, high-risk All the compounds containing the lexical element high- or low- were always hyphenated Secondly, compound adjectives containing adverb and present or past participle should be mostly hyphenated, e.g healthy-eating regimeor long-awaited album Thirdly, the compound adjectives which are formed with a noun, adjective and a noun complemented with suffix –ed are generally hyphenated as well, such as in following examples: long-sighted (view), dark-faced (Joe Fontaine)

Moreover, Compound adjectives containing numerals are also always hyphenated regardless to the number of its lexical constituents, e.g nineteen-year-old girl, five-mile ride Compound adjectives containing numerals demonstrate important sign of compounding in English language and that is omitting of plural inflection –s This inflection is omitted in nearly all the compounds

2.5.3 Position of Compound Adjectives in the sentence

Compound adjectives also found in two positions in the sentence attributive position and predicative position

In attributive position, compound adjectives stay before noun, and after noun in predicative position

Ex: He has slanting dark eyes (attributive position)

Yankee officers were so handsome and finely dressed (predicative position)

2.5.4 Classification

The classification of compound adjectives is not and easy task and therefore has not been unified yet There are many possible ways how to classify compound adjectives.Classification in this thesis is based on the central element of a compound There can be recognized six main categories of compound adjectives:

These can be divided in two semantic groups; coordinative and subordinate compound adjectives Example of coordinative compound is north-west or bright blue, where both

elements have the equal lexical status and none of the constituent lexical elements have

modifying function In case of subordinative compounds large or strong the first element has got intensifying function of the second (right) element Majority of compounds with this pattern contain combining forms as extra or super These word-forms could be taken as prefixes (bound morphemes) and thus word-forms like super-confident, super-skinny or extra-strong can be considered as products

In this type, adverb word-form usually modifies an adjective word-form

Ex: widely divergent (ways), briskly black (lashes), nervously obvious (desire)

d) Verb + adjectives This type is not regularly in English It include a verb staying before an adjective Ex: Fail safe

e) Numeral + noun + adjective

This pattern appears to be well-established for age reference It is always hyphenated and contains three lexical elements

Ex: sixteen-year-old(face), thirteen-year-old (heart) 2.5.5.2 Noun centred compound adjectives

a) Adjective + noun

In this type, the first (left) lexical item modifies the second (right) one They are one of the most common types of compound adjectives Many of such formations if standing isolated would be probably taken just as collocations or free phrases

Ex: : long night (hours), polite feminine (associations), split-oak (rails)

b) adjective + noun (ed suffix) This type and pattern noun + noun (ed suffix) are mainly used for description of appearance

Ex: : middle-aged (woman), dark-faced (Joe Fontaine), high-walled (garden) c) noun + noun (ed suffix)

Ex: : mustard-colored (trousers), one-eyed (soldier)

d) Adverb + noun This pattern is formed by an adverb and a noun

Ex: ever-present (war) e) Numeral + noun

In this type, individual lexical components of a given compound adjective are in writing always connected with hyphen The plural-marking inflection is omitted Such compound adjectives create especially measure terms

Ex: seven-foot (sofa), one railroad (line), ten-mile (curve)

f) numeral + noun (ed suffix) They are in fact noun phrases which derived into compound adjectives in such way that to the noun is attached suffix –ed

Ex: two-edged (compliments), one-eyed (soldier)

g) Noun + noun

Word class structure of these compounds may lead to conclusion that they should be considered compound nouns rather than compound adjectives Still, the adjective status of such compounds is impugnable, as they are according to their grammatical construction nouns

Ex: north Georgia (people), turkey-tail (fans) f) Compound adjectives containing word-form self- The basic function of the lexical element self is reflection, thus this word-form refer to the doer However, the word-form self also adds to a particular base an extra meaning, which does not have to be only reflexive, but can be understood in many different ways

Ex: self-condemnatory (word), self-confident (eyes) g) Preposition + N

In this pattern a preposition combines with a noun to make a compound adjective Ex: under-cover (gossip)

2.5.5.3 Verb-centred compound adjectives a) Adjective + progressive participle Ex: nice-looking (boy), little dressing (room), black mourning (dress)

b) Adverb + progressive participle Ex: slightly patronizing (smiles), rapidly growing (city)

In the above and this type This pattern is in fact a transformation of different sentence structures A given noun phrase which contains such compound adjective can

be transformed into a clause where the head of given noun phrase becomes a subject,

an agent and thus initiator of an action

c) Noun + progressive participle Most often, noun phrases containing such compound adjectives can be analysed

as shortened sentences with the structure of subject – verb – object

Ex: rosewood sewing (box), railroad building (era), sleep-walking (look )

d) Adjective + past participle compound adjectives This type of compound adjectives is again a shortened transformation of a finite clause which can havethe structure of subject – verb – adverbial or subject – verb – complement In this case, the head of a noun phrase has a recipient role of a given action

Ex: favorite ruffled (shirt), new-found (eloquence), twice-turned (frocks)

e) Adverb + past participle compound adjectives Beside using an adverb before a past participle verb word-form well is used as the first lexical element Compound adjectives can also contain a superlative form best

Ex: snarly-haired (woman), gently mannered (city), well-trained mask f) Noun + past participle compound adjectives

This highly productive pattern again represents the condensed form of a clause with mainly subject – verb – object structure Subject is a recipient of an action and thus transformed clauses would use passive voice

Ex: paper-stuffed (pigeonholes), hand-whittled (wooden), home-made (tinsel) g) Adjective + verb

The compounds were re phrased as e.g long-past day is a day which is long to past ; quick-dry productsare products which are quick to dry The central element thus should be adjective word-form

h) Verb + Verb Those compound adjectives are not very established in the English language and therefore can be considered rather nonce formations

Ex: Must-have i) Compound adjectives formed with a particle and verbform

Such compound adjectives contain in fact just a verb form, which iscomplex because it contains an adverb or preposition

Ex: Laid-back, See-through 2.5.5.4 Adverb centred

a) Verb + adverb compound adjectives

Ex: Try-hard (it will make you look try-hard) b) Adj + adv:

This type contain an adjective before an adverb to modify the noun

Ex: little grimly thinking 2.5.5.5 Phrasal compound adjectives

In this category, all the compound adjectives containing more than two lexical items Such compound adjectives may be created of various phrasesand even whole

clauses, where all the items are hyphenated This makes this pattern semantically very extensive

Ex: bandy-legged little (Irishman), pale pink stucco (house), high-pitched negro (laughter)

2.5.5.6 Compound nouns in attributive position Using compound nouns in attributive position as premodificators of a noun is very common

In many cases the compound status is questionable because often such formations can be considered free phrases or collocations Because the compound status often depends on the establishment of a lexical item(s) in language, which in fact reflects the frequency of usage of a given it lexical item within a language with fixed meaning Thus, it could be possible to assume that if a given compound noun is used often enough in attributive position, it can converse into a compound adjective

Ex: horse-riding weekend, working-class upbringing Consider for example compound noun as working-class which can be a typical example of a compound noun that is nearly as often as a compound noun used in attributive position for premodification of other noun Therefore there could be assumed semantic form a noun to adjective

2.5.6 Stress in compound adjectives

Identifying stress within compound adjectives remain a controversial issue Some of the authors (e.g Lees 1960; Marchand 1969) see the stress as one of the criteria of compounding and recognize compounds as items with the stress falling at the beginning of the word

The impact of spelling on stress distribution is also relevant Those compounds adjectives which are spelt as one word; e g moonlit or overground; are quite likely

to be stressed at the beginning of the word If a compound is formed of two hyphenated items, the stress distribution can be various The placement of stress in

compound adjectives, which occur as free syntactic phrases, e.g : well-chosen

bandy-legged little as well as in longer hyphenated compound adjectives, e.g looking Wilkes girlshuge iron wash-pots, is rather unpredictable In most cases such compounds are not listed in dictionaries marking stress, therefore the “correct” distribution of stress can be variable

washed-out-If a lexicon entry for a particular compound exists and it is supplemented with the correct stress distribution, it still can be misleading Compound adjectives can occur in two syntactic positions; as compound adjectives in attributive position premodifying a noun phrase or in a predicative position as a complement According

to V Adams and L Bauer the occurrence of the stress with the different syntactic position of compound adjectives tend to vary If the compound is used in attributive position, the stress will supposedly fall on the first element, e.g soft slurring voice However, if the compound is used in predicative position (thus not followed by a noun) the stress can fall on both elements or on final element only` e.g it‟s fine well-meaning

CHAPTER III: COMPOUND ADJECTIVES IN THE NOVEL “GONE WITH

THE WIND”

3.1 Introduction

The content of this chapter relate to the description about the author and the novel “Gone with the Wind” It also deal with structures of Compound Adjectives in the Novel

3.2 Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell

a) Her life

Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on November 8,

1900 As a child, she was fascinated by the Civil War stories she heard from Confederate veterans She lived in a wealthy and politically prominent family Her father, Eugene Muse Mitchell, was an attorney, and her mother, Mary Isabel "May Belle" (or "Maybelle") Stephens, was a suffagist She had two brothers, Russell Stephens Mitchell, who died in infancy in 1894, and Alexander Stephens Mitchell, born in 1896

Margaret spent her early childhood on Jackson Hill, East of downtown Atlanta and attended Atlanta's Washington Seminary Mitchell entered Smith College in the fall of 1918 but soon suffered major setbacks First, she received news that her fiancé, Clifford Henry, was killed in action in World War I The following January, her mother died during a flu epidemic Mitchell left college to take charge of the Atlanta household of her father and her older brother, Stephens

In 1922, She got married Red Upshaw and the disastrous marriage was climaxed

by spousal rape and was annulled 1924 Afterward, She and John Marsh were married

in 1925

On August 11, 1949, while crossing the intersection of Peachtree and 13th Streets, Margaret Mitchell was struck by an off-duty cab driver She died five days later and was buried in Atlanta‟s Oakland Cemetery

b) Her work and career Mitchell launched her career as a journalist under the name Peggy Mitchell,

writing articles, interviews, sketches, and book reviews for the Atlanta Journal Four

years later, she resigned after an ankle injury Her second husband, John Robert Marsh,

an advertising manager, encouraged Mitchell in her writing aspirations From 1926 to

1929, she wrote “Gone With the Wind”

Afterward, Mitchell never wrote again, refusing even to collaborate on the screenplay despite Selznick's entreaties During World War II she threw herself into defense-related activities, but otherwise spent the rest of her life shepherding her book through many foreign editions, protecting her financial and copyright interests, and answering her extensive fan mail Considering her extraordinary fame and the fortune her book brought her, happiness seems to have eluded Mitchell

3.3 NOVEL

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia defines the following:

A novel is a long prose narrative that describes fictional characters and events in the form of a sequential story The genre has historical roots in the field of medieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novella

3.4 THE WORK “GONE WITH THE WIND”

“Gone with the Wind” is a romantic novel written by Magaret Michell, first published in 1936 It soon became the most popular novel at that moment and many years later For it she won the National Book Award for most distinguished novel of

1936 and the Pulizer Prize for fiction in 1937 The book was adapted into a film in

1937

The novel “Gone with the Wind” contains sixty three chapters and it was staged

in South America before the Civil War The story was set in Clayton county, Georgia and Atlanta during the American civil war (1861-1865) and reconstruction era (1865–1877) that followed the war The story opens in April 1861 at the “Tara” plantation, which is owned by a wealthy Irish immigrant family, the O'Haras The reader is told Scarlett O'Hara, the sixteen-year-old daughter of Gerald and Ellen O'Hara, "was not beautiful, but” has an effect on men She fell in love with Asley Wilkes but he didn‟t Having got married Charles Hamilton, the man she didn‟t love to revenge Asley and his younger sister Honey Wilkes, then Scarlett moved away from home after her husband died in the war, at this moment her son with Charles was given birth After the death of mother and her father got mad, Scarlett, her son and Melanie - Ashley‟s wife came back home Then she had managed the work in family‟s plantation She decided to get married Frank Kennedy, a wealthy man to get over the financial

difficulties of family as the war ended Again, Her second husband died in a fight and left her alone Finally, she became the wife of Rhett butler a man she met as she was a sixteen girl, he helped her a lots in the most long difficult time of life They have a daughter, but Scarlett still loved the first man Ashley - the husband of her close friend Melanie who was died She just realized the love with Rhett butler after the death of her daughter but it was too late, he left her Scarlett dreams of love that has eluded her for so long However, she still had Tara and was determined to take Rhett back with a strong will, and the story ended with the famous saying: "After all, tomorrow is another day”

3.5 COMPOUND ADJECTIVES IN THE NOVEL “GONE WITH THE WIND” Table 2: A statistical summary of structure of Compound Adjectives appear in

Novel “Gone with the Wind”

Number Structure of compound

with 757 phrases (35.36 %), The second position is phrasal compound adjectives with

310 phrases (14.01%), e.g small book-lined sitting room, low broken humming sound The next is compound adjective made by an adjective with a noun, e.g small seaport

city, little pink cheeks The smallest groups are compound adjectives made by a verb

with a noun, e.g cut-glass chandeliers and compound adjectives formed from a verb with an adjective e.g save hideous fear There are only one phrase for each type and it takes nearly 0.05 percent It takes only 0.05 percent with two phrases The number of

compound adjectives in other nineteen groups vary from 6 phrases (0.28 %) to 123 phrases (5.75%) There are seven groups take under one percent and other eleven groups take from one percent to five point seventy five percents

Firstly, compound adjectives formed from the combination of two adjectives takes the bigest number of the total compound adjectives in the novel “Gone with the Wind” about one- third (35.36%) They stay in every chapter of the novel “Gone with the Wind” A large amount of them stay in chapter six with twenty nine compound adjectives, they also used frequently in chapter eight, nine and thirty four as describing feature of human and things in terms of appearance, shape, color, material and they could be devided into two smaller groups coorperative and subordinative In the novel

“ Gone with the Wind”, most of this type are coorperative compound adjectives Each

of single adjective has equal lexical status It modifies noun and most of them stay before and modify noun

Ex: - She had been on the front porch and he had ridden up the long avenue,

dressed in gray broadcloth with a wide black cravat setting off his frilled shirt to

perfection

- Mammy emerged from the hall, a huge old woman with the small, shrewd eyes

of an elephant

In the first example, wide black cravat, two adjectives wide and black are equal

in terms of lexical status Both of them modify the noun caravat, and the phrases means a caravat which is wide and black

For the second example, two adjectives huge and old bring out the feature of a woman

The second popular compound adjectives group is phrasal with 310 compound adjectives(14.01%) This kind of compound adjectives has at least three lexical items Such compound adjectives may be created of various phrases and even whole clauses, therefore, There is one or even more hyphens within them They are used very popular

in the novel and can be found in every chapter except for chapter 6 A large amount of them could be found in chapter nine with twenty one phrases, chapter six with eighteen phrases, chapter fourty nine with seventeen phrases This pattern is used as the author wishes to covey many features of things or human at the same time

Ex: beautiful peacock-feather fly-brusher (chapter 4) close-lipped red-brick Georgian home (chapter 8) The first phrasal compound adjectives convey lots of meaning: A brusher Which

is made of feather of peacock is beautiful The second example is the same It means House of Georgian with red brick is covered carefully

Compound adjectives formed from an adjective with a noun take the third position with 297 phrases (13.88%)

Ex: small negro girl (chapter 3), voluminous calico skirts (chapter 4), white satin

dress (chapter 12), black cock feathers (chapter 18)

Chapter four with sixteen phrases, chapter six with fifteen phrases chapter fourty one and fifty two with ten phrases are the ones has many compound adjectives Most

of them used to describe feature of things such as: cool autumn moons, short plump

legs, good cotton crop old Calvert house This type of compound adjectives if

standing isolated would be probably taken just as free phrases Consider examples

small negro girl and white satin dress which can be rephrased as negro girl who is

small and dress made by white satin Similarly, an adjectives and a noun in the phrase

voluminous calico skirts modify the feature of size and material of noun It could be

understood that: skirts made by calico is too large black and cock in the phrase black

cock feathers modify the feature of color and material It means feathers of cock is

black

Another group takes a significant amount of compound adjectives is one made by the combination of an adjectives with a noun having suffix “ed” It has 123 compound adjectives (5.79%)

Ex: green flowered skirts(chapter2), split-bottomed chair (chapter 36),

big-mouthed fool (chapter 38)

This type is used in most of chapters the chapters has the most popular compound adjectives are chapter three with twelve and chapter five with eleven phrases Other chapters has from one to seven phrases This pattern used in various cases They could

be used to describe the feature of character, appearance of human, e.g hot-tempered

soldier, heart-shaped face (chapter 8), red haired woman (chapter 13) Its mean

soldier who easily turn angry, face look like the shape of heart or they are also

frequently used for description of feature of things e.g red-topped boots (chapter 31),

high-ceilinged hall (chapter 40) Its mean boots have top with color red, hall with high

ceiling

The next type is use rather frequent is compound adjectives formed by the combination of a noun with an adjective It takes 4.43% with ninety four compound adjectives Three fourth of chapters in the novel has this pattern with from one to five phrases

Ex: County social life, quality white folks (chapter 4), eight small feet (chapter 45), Indian-straight hair (chapter 48)

This pattern is used for expressing comparison, e.g animal-white teeth (chapter 6),

apple Green dress (chapter 9) They mean as white as animal‟s teeth, dress as green as

color of apple

This type is also used to refer to the number of things, e.g three little boys (chapter 3), two tiny feet (chapter 8) They also used to refer number such as two soft

lights (chap ter 41), two black hands (chapter 44), four small kittens (chapter 45)

Compound adjectives made by an adverb and a verb with suffix “ed” This group has ninety two phrases (4.33%) They stay in thirty nine chapters in the novel and most popular in chapter six with nine phrases

Ex: She became the best-loved neighbor in the County (chapter 3) Yankee officers were so handsome and finely dressed (chapter 41) These phrase should be converted into a clause use a passive voice, e.g softly

spoken words (chapter 4), means words which are spoken softly or tidily netted hair

(chapter 6) means hair which is netted tidily Compound adjectives can also contain a

superlative form best, as in best-loved neighbor Most of this type stay before noun

and describe feature of things In this pattern the first element modify the second

element, e.g brightly colored dreams, well kept acres (chapter 2), well-chosen

reference (chapter 7) mean dream has bright color, acres were kept in good condition

and reference was chosen well

Compound adjectives formed by an adverb and adjective take a significant large amount of compound adjectives with eighty three phrases (3.9 %)

Ex: Melly was utterly silly (chapter 42) Mammy was hardly polite (chapter 49) The whole household was acutely conscious (chapter 52)

It stays in most of chapters in the novel, especially the second haft Each chapter has from one to three compound adjectives In this type, some of compound adjectives stay after tobe in predicate position, but most of them are before noun as the first

element (adverb) modifies the second element (adjectives), e.g.usually soft voice,

especially prominent guests (chapter 41), highly lucrative (chapter 49)

The next type is compound adjective formed from the combination of an adjective with a verb with suffix “ed” It takes 3.36% with seventy two phrases

Ex: late-come guest (chapter 6), new-found eloquence (chapter 7), few frightened

slaves (chapter 17), raw bruised flesh (chapter 27)

These compound adjectives appear in over haft of chapter of the novel Each

chapter has from one to four phrases They usually stay before noun This pattern

appears to be quite productive This type of compound adjectives is again a shortened transformation of a finite clause which can have the structure of subject – verb – adverbial or subject – verb – complement In this case, the head of a noun phrase has

a recipient role of a given action If a particular noun phrase should be converted into

a clause with corresponding meaning, such clause would use a passive voice [5] Eva

Ptáčková, (2008) Compound adjecitves in women‟s lifestyle margazines B.A thesis, Masaryk University

new-born infant (chapter 23): An infant who was born new

heavy quilted calico (chapter 25): calico which is quilted heavy

recent attempted trickery (chapter 34): trickery which is attempted recent

Compound adjectives formed by an adjective and a verb with suffix “ing” appear in thirty four of sixty three chaptes in the novel There are seventy phrases and it takes

3.29%

Ex: nice-looking boy, little dressing room (chapter 6), dark burning eyes, nasty

mocking smile (chapter 9)

Most of compound adjective of this pattern stay before noun A large number of them appear in chapter five and thirty seven with the total twelve phrases They were

use to describe appearance, size or color of both people and things, e.g nice-looking

boy, small puzzled frown, black mourning dress This pattern is in fact a

transformation of different sentence structures A given noun phrase which contains

such compound adjective can be transformed into a clause where the head of given noun phrase becomes a subject, an agent and thus initiator of an action [5] Eva

Ptáčková, (2008) Compound adjecitves in women‟s lifestyle margazines B.A thesis, Masaryk University The first possible sentence pattern would have subject – verb –

adverbial structure (SVA), as in e.g long-suffering Mr Wilkes, which is a combination

of an adverb and a present participle Another possible sentence pattern is the one

with subject – verb - complement (SVC) structure, as in good-looking guy Compare

following transformations:

long-suffering Mr Wilkes: Mr Wilkes who suffers long

Good-looking guy: A guy who looks good

The next type of compound adjective is the one formed by the combination of two noun It takes 2.3% with fourty nine compound adjectives

Ex: summer-night odors (chapter 9), satin wedding dresses, Merriwether

carriage block (chapter 12)

These compound adjectives appear in two third chapters of the novel Most of chapter has one or two phrases except for chapter twelve has six phrases Most of

them are usually used to describe feature of things interm of material lavender calico

dress (chapter 18), source Irish-lace collar (chapter 32)

Compound adjectives formed by a noun and a verb with suffix “ed” takes one point ninety seven percents with fourty two phrases

Ex: heart-shaped face (chapter 20), stained bricks (chapter 24),

smoke-blackened surface (chapter 28)

This pattern appears in over haft of the chapters in the novel Each chapter has one or two phrases, only four of them are used to describe features of human‟s body,

e.g horror struck eyes (chapter 50), tear-stained face (chapter 59), weather-beaten

face (chapter 34), heart-shaped face (chapter 20) Most of them are used to describe

things, e.g paper-stuffed pigeonholes (chapter 5), napkin-covered hampers (chapter 9)

The next type of compound adjective is the one made by a noun and a verb with suffix “ing” There are twenty nine phrases (1.34%) in the whole novel

Ex: rosewood sewing box (chapter 3), onyx mourning brooch (chapter 9),

God-fearing soul (chapter 13)

This type of compound adjective appears in the middle chapters of the novel Each chapter has only one or two phrases Most of them are used to describe features

of things, e.g money-making schemes (chapter 38), penny-pinching ways (chapter 51)

There are hyphens between two main elements making compound adjectives This

pattern is one of the most productive Most often, noun phrases containing such

compound adjectives can be analysed as shortened sentences with the structure of subject – verb – object Again, the head of the noun phrase would be mostly a subject and agent, action initiator, in a possible transformation [5] Eva Ptáčková, (2008)

Compound adjecitves in women‟s lifestyle margazines B.A thesis, Masaryk

University Thus, “uttering blood-curdling threats of retaliation” can be transformed

in a sentence the retaliation threat to curdl blood

Compound adjectives formed by the combinatin of a number and a noun take 1.61% with thirteen phrases

Ex: one railroad line (chapter 13), ten-mile curve (chapter 17), two Mexican War pistols (chapter 18)

A large number of them appear in the middle and second part of the novel Each chapter has one or two phrases Most of them are connected with hyphens The plural-marking inflection is omitted Such compound adjectives create especially measure

terms They are used to modify nouns in terms of size, e.g ten-mile curve (chapter 17), height, e.g four-foot hedge (chapter 27), number, e.g two-mule farm (chapter 57) or even time four-hour furlough (chapter 19)

The fourteenth group is compound adjective formed by the combination of a noun and another noun with suffix “ed” They take 1.13 % with twenty four compound adjectives

Ex: hawk-bridged nose (chapter 4), whalebone-girdled waist (chapter 5),

plague-stricken city (chapter 20)

These phrases appear in eighteen chapters Each chapter has only one phrase Except for chapter five, twenty eight and thirty six has two phrases All of the compound adjectives of this type are connected with hyphens Many of them are used

to describe feature of body part e.g hawk-bridged nose (chapter 4), doe-eyed creatures (chapter 5), sun-browned faces (chapter 9), one-eyed soldier (chapter 28) A large

number of them used to modify noun in terms of color by the word color with suffix

“ed”, e.g ginger-colored whiskers (chapter 6), blood-colored clouds (chapter 23),

mustard-colored trousers (chapter 28)

The fifteenth group is compound adjectives formed by the combination of an adverb and a verb with suffix “ing” There are twenty compound adjectives and they take 0.94%

Ex: slightly patronizing smiles (chapter 3), rapidly growing city (chapter 8),

well-meaning people (chapter 12)

These phrases appear in fifteen chapters of the novel Each chapter has only one

or two compound adjectives These constructions containing compound adjectives are

in fact shortened SVA or SVC sentences where subject, head of a noun phrase, is an initiator of an action

Ex: suddenly accusing eyes (chapter 32): Eyes which accuses suddenly

hard-working man (chapter 43): A man who work hard

Compound adjectives of sixteenth group are formed by a preposition and a noun

It takes zero point fourty seven percent with ten phrases

Ex: out-thrust arm, ever-present war (chapter 12), ex-blockade runner (chapter 52), under-cover gossip (chapter 56)

These compound adjectives only appear in eight chapters in the novel Each chapter has one phrase except for chapter twelve with two phrases In this pattern

preposition occurs before noun They can contain prefix as in ex-Confederate family

(chapter 46), pro-India group (chapter 55) Again particles can be taken as bound morphemes and thus those complex lexical word-forms can be taken as products of derivational process Still, the particle contribute essentially to the semantic meaning

of a given complex lexical form and can stand on its own [5] Eva Ptáčková, (2008)

Compound adjecitves in women‟s lifestyle margazines B.A thesis, Masaryk

University The seventeenth group is compound adjectives containing word-form self It

takes 0.33% with seven phrases

Ex: confident eyes (chapter 23), confidence ooze (chapter 50),

self-willed man (chapter 61)

This pattern occurs in only six chapters in the novel Each chapter has one phrase except for chapter fourty one with two phrases The basic function of the lexical

element self is reflection, thus this word-form should refer to the doer However, in

case of compound adjectives, this word–form adds some extra meaning, which is not

unified In case of compound adjectives self-made man (chapter 3), self-condemnatory

word (chapter 41), they both clearly refer to the doer

Compound adjective formed by the combination of an adverb and a noun ranks eighteen position with six compound adjectives (0.28%)

Ex: only one child (chapter 47), only woman friend (chapter 61)

These compound adjectives occur in only five chapters in the novel Chapter fifty seven has two phases and the rest has only one phrase They stay before noun, the

middle noun of compound adjective modifies the main noun, e.g cowardly

Confederate soldier (chapter 12) adverb conveys attitude or number, e.g nearly empty (chapter 47), excessively male creatures (chapter 57)

half-The nineteenth group is compound adjectives formed by the combination of an adjective and a verb They take 0.28% with six compound adjectives in the whole novel

Ex: dark drive arm (chapter 2), square-cut jaw (chapter 3), first open quarrel (chapter

45)

This pattern has six phrases in six chapters They are very problematic to

categorize The compounds were rephrased For example, long-past day (chapter 8) is

a day which past so long; huge wash pot (chapter 14) is pot which is huge to wash

The central element thus should be adjective word-form

The twelve group is the compound adjectives formed by the combination of an adjective with an adverb It takes only 0.19% with only four phrases were found in the whole chapters

Ex: cool amid magnolias (chapter 25), little grimly thinking (chapter 26), sudden

hard line (chapter 49), ill-gotten gains (chapter 63)

These compound adjectives were found before noun and occur in four chapters Each of them contains one phrase One of them is used to modify abstract concept as

in little grimly thinking Three phrases left are used in describing the real thing little

grimly thinking, cool amid magnolias, sudden hard line

Compound adjective formed by the combination of a number and a noun with suffix “ed” ranks twenty one position with three phrases (0.14 %) in three chapter ( twenty one, fifty three and fifty five)

Ex: one-armed soldier (chapter 21), two-faced disloyalty (chapter 53), one-eyed

parrot (chapter 55)

These are in fact noun phrases which derived into compound adjectives in such

way that suffix –ed is attached to the noun They are used to describe human, e.g

one-armed soldier, animal, e.g one-eyed parrot and abstract things, e.g two-faced disloyalty

The twenty two group is the compound adjectives formed by the combination of

a verb with an adjective This is one of the two smallest group with only one compound adjectives were found (0.05 %)

Ex: His face white and wiped clean of al save hideous fear (chapter 56)

It can be transformed into a clause with SVA structure as in save hideous fear:

He saves his hideous fear

The last group is compound adjectives formed from the combination of a verb and a noun This is the smallest group with only one phrase found (0.05 %)

Ex: cut-glass chandeliers (chapter 46)

This pattern is again rather questionable L Bauer (1973: 210) claims that this type does not appear to exist In cases this pattern elements can be considered nouns This group could be possibly considered also verb centred

3.6 REASON FOR USING COMPOUND ADJECTIVES IN THE NOVEL

“GONE WITH THE WIND”

These above 23 types are devided into six groups of compound adjectives:

adjective centred, noun centred, verb centred, adverb centred and phrasal compound adjectives Adjective centred takes the bigest amount of compound adjectives with 44.01 % In this group, compound adjectives formed by the combination of two adjectives account for 35.06 % It is also the bigest type in the whole compound adjectives and used to describe feature of human, color, things It helps author describe many feature of characters at the same time This type of compound adjectives is specially used in describing parts of human‟s body such as nose, eyes, hair, lip, hand, face, Especially in describing eyes It is used twenty six times to

describe eyes: drowsy gray eyes, slanting dark eyes, bright blue eyes , clear gray eyes,

smiling green eyes, dancing green eyes, large brown eyes, pleading brown eyes, crystal-gray eyes, quiet brown eyes, bold dark eyes, great brown eyes, wide gray eyes, remote gray eyes, large brown eyes, beady little eyes, sharp green eyes, sardonic black eyes, quick old eyes, pale lashless eyes, red swollen eyes, stormy green eyes, hot black eyes, serious dark eyes, tired old eyes, black blank eyes

e.g clear gray eyes (eyes which is both gray and clear) From this example we can see

that with two adjectives the author could describe both color and specific characteristic

of these eyes Or in large brown eyes (eyes which is both large and brown), author could describe the face in term of shape (large) and color of skin (brown) in those eyes This type is also used many times to describe face with twenty one times: broad black

face, round little face, white tired face, plain little face, little black face, sweet childish face, stern black faces, wrinkled black face, old black face, sallow malarial face, first

familiar face, swarthy little face, impudent black faces, small ugly face, big black face, hard little face, dull thin faces, malignant black face, plump guileless face, dark nonchalant face, bland dark face

The author uses two adjectives to describe not only the size and color of face as in

little black face, broad black face but also size and assesment of author (ugly) as in small ugly face

Beside describing people author also uses this type of compound adjectives in

describing things It helps everything occur more clearly and active, e.g green velvet

ribbon, savage red gulches, small black hat, squatty soft chair This type of

compound adjectives is also used in describing abstract concepts It is very useful in

making abstract things occur vividly and easily to understand, as in: odd lashless look,

rich heavy smells, drawling flat voices, vital strategic importance, complete moral collapse, abrupt physical impact

In the adjective centred group, there is one type of compound adjective that helps author describe things in term of both number and outside feature of those ones That

is compound adjectives formed by the combination of a number and an adjective

Ex: five tall brothers, two young people, two tiny feet, one small convention, two tall

chimneys

This type is also very useful in revealing comparison in very simple and short structure

as in rose-red embers ( the ember which is as red as rose), animal-white teeth (the

teeth which is as white as the teeth of animal)

The second group of compound adjectives is noun centred In this group there are ten types, and compound adjective formed by the combination of an adjective and a noun takes the largest proposition with 13.88 % This type of adjectives is used as author want to describe a thing, especially as mentioning material of that one They occur twelve times to mention material

Ex: big pine grove, black leather bag, black crepe veil, black silk sling, cheapest

cotton goods, white linen suit, sweet potato pie, large carboard, red taffeta petticoat, white satin dress, heavy mahogany table, enormous leghorn hat

Beside modifying things, this type sometimes is used to modify people as in impudent

negro women, good Irish girl In some cases, the first noun is material that makes the

thing (main noun) and adjective modifies the main noun as in enormous leghorn hat it meaning: Hat which is made of leghorn is enormous Or white linen suit means: Suit

which is made of linen has white color

In this type the first noun together with adjective could modify the main noun as in:

various army department, black cock feather, white lace shawl, wonderful stomach ache, large oak tree, yellow stucco house, red battle flag, red clay surface, prominent

cheek bones But the first noun could be a part of main noun such as: wide hoop skirts

or even main noun could be a part of first noun as in: heavy cannon wheels, hungry cat

eyes, front hall floor

Belonging to noun centred group, compound adjectives formed by the combination of a number and a noun are used as the author wants to refer to amount

of things or even people The middle noun could be unit of measurement, e.g

seven-foot sofa, five-mile ride, four-seven-foot hedge Beside refering to things it could be used to

mention people In this situation both middle and main noun are people as in: three

baby sons, dozen Yankee soldier This type of compound adjectives helps sentence

become shorter and more impressive It helps the author transfer what she wants to emphasize

Ex: One railroad line: The line which has one railroad Four foot hedge: The hedge which heigh four foot Seven course dinner: The dinner which has seven course

The third group is verb centred which is devided into seven smaller groups In this group the verb is in second (or middle) position in the compound adjectives It could be in the form of past participle or progressive participle This form is used to emphasize the action that could be caused by an outside agent and usually used to

describe things, e.g brightly colored dreams, tidily netted hair, well-trained mask,

well-chosen reference In this group compound adjectives formed by the combination

of an adverd and a verb in past participle form take the bigest amount of compound

adjectives with 4.33 % in the total 15.51 % of this group

This pattern is used as author might not want to use a passive sentence It help the sentence become shorter and more imaginary

Ex: Newly erected factory: The factory which is erected in recent time

Heavily loaded boat: The board which is loaded heavily

Beautifully wrapped package: the package which is wrapped beautifully

In this type the most frequently adverd used is well This adverb occurs twenty five times in the novel, e.g The author uses it as She wanst to describe something in good

condition or something which is done excellent

The verb centred group consists of compound adjectives formed by the combination of a noun and a verb in past participle form This type only takes 1.97 % Most of them are used as the author wants to write a shorter form of a passive sentence which emphasizes the agent of that action This pattern occurs nineteen times in the novel

Ex: napkin-covered hampers, hand-whittled wooden, devil-inspired Fontaines,

sun-parched grass, smoke-stained bricks, smoke-filled kitchen, smoke-filled room,

mist-filled country, smoke-blackened surface, weather-beaten face, war-torn given opportunity, blood-soaked shirt, straw-stuffed bedticks, canvas-covered

country,God-veranda,rose-strewn carpet, state-owned railroad, horror struck eyes, tear-stained face

They are shorter forms of passive sentences with agent In most cases, the main noun

is thing

Ex: hand-whittled wooden : Wooden which is whittled by hand

blood-soaked shirt : Shirt which is soaked by blood

smoke-blackened surface: Surface which is blackened by smoke

This type is also used as the author mentions the amount of work which has been done

or complete The noun refering to the amount is half as in half-eaten meal (the meal which is eaten half), half-wrapped lunch (the lunch which is wrapped half), half-

burned rubbish (the rubbish which is burned half), half-healed blister (the blister which is healed half)

The last group is phrasal compound adjectives It is also a sing type- group because of it‟s own specific features and beacase it is used really frequently in the novel This type of compound adjectives could convey a lot of information or features

of both things and people at the same time (things take the larger amount of compound adjectives) It includes information of a long sentence with at least two phrases As using this form of compound adjectives the sentence becomes shorter and more imaginary

For things: - high-nosed French-woman: the woman who come from Frace and has a

high nose

- small black-haired daughter: A daughter who is small and has black hair

- dark-green velvet ribbons: ribbon which is made of velvet, has both dark

and green color

For people: - two newly married couples: There are two couples who have married

recently

- four red haired daughters: There are four daughter whose hair is in red

color

- truculent dirty old man: The man who is old, dirty and agressive

They are also used to describe features of body‟s parts as in:

- hard little blue eyes: The eyes which are very little and blue

- sallow tight-skinned face: The face which is tight and it‟s skin is sallow

- grim one-eyed face: The face with one eye which look grim

They are also used as the author wants to mention abstract notions:

- high-pitched negro laughter: The laughter of the Negro which is in high pitch

- wide-eyed childlike expression: The expression with wide eyes that is look like

beautiful