INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Language is universally recognized as the most powerful means of communication, with English serving as the international language that connects us globally.Proficiency in English allows us to gain deeper insights into the cultures, education, and sciences of foreign countries, making it an essential skill in modern society.
Marriage is an eternal and universal theme that transcends communities, languages, and eras, highlighting its significance as one of the most important aspects of human life.
Many song lyrics and Vietnamese verses strongly emphasize the metaphor of marriage as a symbol of unity, leaving a lasting impression on readers Historically, in ancient China, Emperor Qin Shihuang burned the Book of Songs to assert control over people's minds, yet the section titled "Guan! Guan! Cry the Fish Hawks" survived and gained widespread acclaim Notably, lines like "a mile-mannered good girl, fine match for the gentleman" highlight the enduring cultural significance of song lyrics in representing harmonious relationships This demonstrates how traditional songs have historically conveyed the importance of unity and compatible partnerships in society.
Recent cognitive linguistic research highlights the significant role of metaphor in shaping the human conceptual system Metaphors are deeply rooted in culture, making them valuable tools for exploring cultural beliefs expressed through language Exploring the metaphor "Marriage is a " offers insights into how different cultures conceptualize relationships and societal values Studying such metaphors helps us understand the influence of cultural narratives on individual perceptions of marriage, revealing the profound connection between language, thought, and cultural identity.
UNITY in English and Vietnamese” as the study of my graduation thesis
Hopefully, the study, to some extent, can help Vietnamese learners of English understand conceptual metaphors more deeply so that they can use them more efficiently.
Purposes of the study
This study aims to analyze metaphorical expressions of marriage in song lyrics, Vietnamese verses, and folklores to demonstrate the conceptual metaphor "MARRIAGE IS A UNITY." It explores how this metaphor is reflected across various cultural texts and investigates different categories of the "MARRIAGE IS A UNITY" metaphor found in these sources The research highlights the cultural significance of marriage as a harmonious and unified bond, revealing how such imagery enhances our understanding of marital relationships in Vietnamese culture.
By comparing marriage metaphors in Vietnamese and English, this paper aims at analyzing how these metaphors reflect the differences in Vietnamese and English marriage beliefs
Studying the "Marriage as a Unity" metaphor is a complex and challenging task that requires in-depth analysis In the context of international integration, teaching folklores and proverbs plays a crucial role in cultural research and education To effectively explore this metaphor, it is essential to incorporate the insights and theoretical frameworks provided by cognitive linguistics, which offer valuable research findings to enhance understanding and pedagogical approaches.
Last but not least, the author does this thesis with the hope of improving the quality in teaching and learning literature in general and metaphors in particular.
Scope of the study
This article explores the metaphor "Marriage is a unity" in both English and Vietnamese, highlighting various activities used to study its conceptualization Due to limited time and knowledge, it is impossible to cover all types of "Marriage is a unity" metaphors; therefore, the focus is on the most common expressions in both languages Understanding these metaphors enhances cross-cultural communication and deepens comprehension of how unity is represented in marital relationships across different cultures.
Design of the study
The study is divided into five chapters Chapter 1 “INTRODUCTION” consists of the author‟s reasons for choosing the study, scope and design of the study
Chapter 2 entitled “Literature Review and Theoretical Background” provides some background knowledge about literature review, cognitive linguistics, concept, metaphor and conceptual metaphor Chapter 3 named “Method and Procedure” tells us about aims and objectives, research methodology, research questions, description of population and sample, data collection and data analysis about interpretation and discussion of findings of the research In Chapter 5
“Conclusion”, the author summarizes the main points in the study, gives a brief re- statement of the findings, implications for practical solutions, limitations and suggests some topics for further studies
The study ends with the “REFERENCES”, which lists all the materials and sources of information used in this study.
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL
Literature review
Conceptual metaphor theory explains how connections between conceptual domains are established through mappings between elements of the source and target domains The source domain provides the familiar concept from which the metaphor is derived, while the target domain is the concept that the metaphor helps to understand In this context, the target domain for all the metaphors discussed is MARRIAGE, illustrating how metaphorical mappings shape our understanding of this concept.
One of the most influential works in contemporary metaphor theory is
Metaphor we live by, written by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, first published in
Metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, influencing not only language but also our thought and actions, as highlighted by Lakoff and Johnson (2003) They emphasize that our ordinary conceptual system, which guides how we think and behave, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature Metaphors serve as a core part of our cognitive processes, reflecting our ways of reasoning and shaping our perception of the world This understanding reveals that metaphor extends beyond linguistic expression to be a vital aspect of human cognition and experience.
Metaphors are a universal feature across all languages and cultures, serving as a powerful tool for interpreting the world around us However, the specific metaphors used to describe concepts are often culture-specific, reflecting unique cultural perspectives and values Different cultures may interpret the same phenomena using entirely different metaphors, highlighting the diversity of cultural thought As a result, conceptual metaphors embedded in language can serve as insightful indicators of cultural identity and worldview.
There are two dimensions of metaphor variation: the cross-cultural dimension and the within-culture dimension
2.1.2.1 Cross-cultural dimension of metaphor variation
According to Kűvecses, cross-cultural variation in metaphors primarily stems from the broader cultural context, which includes the governing principles and key concepts within a given culture Additionally, the natural and physical environment where a culture exists significantly influences metaphor development, shaping how different societies conceive and express their experiences.
Cross-cultural variation in metaphors often involves the concept of “congruence,” where congruent metaphors align with a shared generic schema These metaphors are culturally specific, as they incorporate unique cultural content when the generic schema is instantiated Essentially, a universal conceptual metaphor is expressed differently across cultures at a specific level Additionally, alternative metaphors exist when different source domains are used to describe the same target domain in different languages, highlighting diverse cultural ways of conceptualizing the same idea.
2.1.2.2 Within-cultural dimension of metaphor variation
Languages are diverse and reflect the rich spectrum of human experiences, with metaphors varying across and within cultures This variation is shaped by multiple factors, including social, regional, ethnic, stylistic, subcultural, diachronic, developmental, and individual influences Understanding these dimensions highlights the complexity and depth of linguistic expressions across different communities.
2.1.3 Variation in metaphorical linguistic expressions
Metaphors are present across diverse cultures and linguistic varieties, demonstrating their universal and cultural-specific aspects These metaphors often manifest through varied linguistic expressions anchored in the same underlying conceptual metaphor According to Kövecses (2000: 165), even when two languages share the same conceptual metaphor, their linguistic realizations can differ significantly, reflecting the richness and diversity of metaphorical language use across different linguistic contexts.
2.1.4 Metaphor and socio-cultural experience
Socio-cultural experiences significantly influence the metaphors we use, as they are shaped by our environment, cultural background, and communicative contexts unique to specific groups or individuals These metaphors are also molded by the historical experiences associated with the context or the individual, leading to variations over time Additionally, our personal concerns and interests play a crucial role in determining which metaphors we adopt to make sense of the world around us.
Theoretical background
Categorization is the fundamental process by which experiences and concepts are recognized and understood, allowing us to organize information based on shared characteristics It involves dividing concepts into categories to facilitate decision-making, environmental interaction, and effective communication In Cognitive Linguistics, categorization is a central principle, highlighted as a key element in both conceptual and linguistic organization This process is essential for understanding how humans navigate and make sense of the world around them.
Categorization is fundamental to our thought, perception, action, and speech, making it a crucial aspect of human cognition Understanding how we classify objects and concepts is essential for comprehending how we think and function in daily life This process plays a central role in shaping our perceptions and behaviors, highlighting its significance in defining what it means to be human.
Categorization, in other words, matters to the linguist in at least two ways, i.e
“both in its methodology and in its substance” A linguist needs categories to describe the object of investigation, and the things that linguists study also stand for categories
Following the Cognitive Revolution of the 1970s, cognitive scientists such as Eleanor Rosch, Brent Berlin, Paul Kay, and George Lakoff identified significant limitations in the classical view of cognition Their research highlighted that traditional models failed to accurately account for how humans categorize and understand the world, emphasizing the importance of prototypes and cultural influences in language and thought These findings challenged longstanding assumptions and paved the way for more nuanced, socioculturally aware theories of cognition.
Necessary conditions are inadequate: the idea of necessary and sufficient conditions is rarely if ever met in categories of naturally occurring things or in humans' categorization of experience
There are degrees of membership: humans tend to regard some members of categories as better members than others
Boundaries between categories are not clear cut: natural categories tend to be fuzzy at their boundaries and inconsistent in the status of their constituent members
Cognitive scientists emphasize that categorization—the process of grouping objects based on prototypes—is fundamental to human development This prototype-based categorization is believed to underpin how humans learn about the world through embodied experiences Importantly, systems of categories are not objective features of the external world but are shaped by individuals’ personal experiences and perceptions.
The Prototype Approach to categorization suggests that concepts are categories that include prototypical members along with more peripheral members, representing motivated extensions from the core prototype Two key mechanisms driving these extensions are conceptual metonymy, where one entity is mentally accessed through another co-occurring entity within the same domain, and conceptual metaphor, which involves understanding a more abstract domain through a more concrete one These mechanisms help explain how we categorize and extend our concepts based on shared attributes and relational mappings.
Often, category members are linked, e.g if member A is the prototype, member
In a radial category, members such as B being similar to A, and C being similar to B, does not necessarily mean that A and C are similar to each other The links between members do not always reflect actual, objective relatedness but instead mirror human conceptualization shaped by biological, cognitive, bodily, social, and cultural factors Members of a linguistic category are interconnected through categorizing relationships like instantiation and extension, which involve comparison against a standard Instantiation is a specific case of extension where the discrepancy is zero, while extension involves recognizing commonalities despite some variation, reflecting an abstract sense of relatedness created through mental processes.
The outward growth of a lexical network through extension from prototypes is inherently connected to its upward growth via schema extraction, capturing perceived similarities among sub-groups within a conceptual category at various levels of abstraction Schemas serve as abstract characterizations compatible with all category members, with low-level schemas being more salient than higher-level ones in the schematic network model It is not necessary to posit a highest-level schema encompassing all members’ shared properties, as conceptual categories often lack a single property shared by all members, reflecting the norm rather than an exception.
Linguistic categories often possess a prototype structure within a hierarchical taxonomic framework These categories are organized based on three key principles: a radial structure that emphasizes central prototypes, inheritance which allows features to be passed down through levels, and distinct levels of categorization that facilitate clear organization and understanding of different linguistic elements This approach enhances the clarity and efficiency of categorization in language analysis.
A radial structure, introduced by Lakoff (1987), describes a taxonomy where categories are organized around a central prototype rather than symmetrical hierarchies This structure features a center-periphery arrangement, with the core of the category defining the prototypical properties shared by its members The center represents an idealized schema, highlighting common features that members of the category typically possess or are expected to have.
Members with more features in common with the prototypical center are located closer to the core, while those sharing fewer features are positioned peripherally This results in categories exhibiting graded centrality and membership, where high-quality members are situated near the center and less typical members toward the boundary.
Inheritance in categories refers to members, also known as instances, inheriting properties from a schema, with better members inheriting more traits Some category members are themselves categories, called subcategories or subsets, which extend the schema by adding their own properties Subcategories inherit some properties from the schema but also introduce new ones, making them extensions that enrich the original classification system.
Levels of categorization Taxonimies of categories are organized into levels of categorization There are three levels:
The first is Superordinate level: Superordinate categories are the most general ones They are the ones that are at the top of a folk taxonomy)
The basic, or generic, level is characterized by categories that are perceptually and conceptually salient, making them the most recognizable and meaningful These categories tend to evoke the strongest responses and vivid mental images, serving as the core "gestalt" of understanding As the psychologically fundamental level, basic categories are members of broader superordinate categories, providing an accessible and intuitive understanding of objects and concepts.
Subordinate level categories are the most specific classifications within a hierarchy, representing members of basic level categories These categories possess clearly identifiable gestalt features and numerous distinctive characteristics that set them apart Understanding subordinate categories is essential for detailed and precise classification in various fields such as taxonomy and object recognition, enhancing both specificity and clarity.
2.2.1.2 A conceptual and imagistic approach to meaning
In a cognitivist framework, meaning is no longer based on external-world entities that expressions refer to but is instead rooted in the conceptualizations these expressions evoke in the minds of language users Conceptualization encompasses both the underlying conceptual content and the individual construal imposed on that content by the conceptualizer.
A conceptualist approach to meaning emphasizes the importance of understanding how humans conceptualize the world around them and their own role in that process It highlights that language is not only used to describe external entities but also to express self-awareness and epistemic evaluations Speakers often communicate their relationship with the subject matter, assess their own knowledge, and comment on the dialogue itself through linguistic expressions This perspective recognizes subjectivity as a systematic and integral aspect of meaning, allowing for a nuanced analysis of how language reflects individual perception and interpersonal dynamics.
METHOD AND PROCEDURE
Aims and objectives of the study
This thesis explores common metaphors related to "Marriage is a Unity" in both English and Vietnamese, highlighting their similarities and differences It aims to identify how these metaphors convey the concept of unity in marriage across cultures Additionally, the study offers practical activities and exercises to incorporate the "Marriage is a Unity" metaphor into English teaching and learning The research enhances understanding of cultural nuances in metaphor usage, promoting more effective communication and teaching strategies for conveying the idea of marriage as a unified bond.
To fully achieve these aims, the study has to answer two questions:
- What are the common metaphors of MARRIAGE IS A UNITY used in English and Vietnamese?
- What are the similarities and differences of these metaphors in English and Vietnamese?
Research methodology
When I start to do my Thesis, the first thing I need to think about is the research methodology because it is the philosophy or the general principle which will guide my Thesis Also, it is the overall approach to studying my topic and includes issues I have to think about such as the constraints, dilemmas, etc within my Thesis
That is the reason why I choose Qualitative and Quantitative as my research methods during the process of studying the title MARRIAGE IS A UNITY in English and Vietnamese.
Research questions
To complete my thesis effectively, it is essential to identify a clear research question and develop a strategy to address it My main research question, "Marriage is a unity in English and Vietnamese," explores the cultural and linguistic similarities in how marriage is conceptualized in both languages Narrowing down this broad topic into key areas allows readers to easily grasp the abstract meaning behind this metaphor Clarifying this focus ensures a comprehensive analysis that contributes valuable insights into cross-cultural understandings of marriage.
3.4 DESCRIPTION OF POPULATION AND SAMPLE
Adopting the cognitive linguists‟ view of metaphor as the mapping between source domain and target domain, the Thesis examines the “Unity” as source and the
“Marriage” as target The “Unity” consists of two similar parts which share the same purpose but their elements are quite opposite in some sides
The concept of "Unity" in both English and Vietnamese consists of two key components, highlighting shared structural elements However, the underlying idea of "source" differs between the two languages, shaped by their unique cultural backgrounds and language communities These differences reflect diverse cultural experiences that influence how "Unity" is understood and expressed in each language.
Data collection
Data collection is a systematic process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, crucial for answering research questions, testing hypotheses, and evaluating outcomes Effective data collection ensures accurate, reliable results that support informed decision-making and validate research findings Properly organized data collection methods enhance the quality of research, making it a fundamental step in achieving meaningful insights.
Accurate data collection is crucial for maintaining research integrity across all fields and data types, whether quantitative or qualitative Selecting the right data collection instruments—whether existing, modified, or newly developed—and providing clear instructions for their proper use help minimize errors and ensure reliable results.
Data for this thesis will be English song lyrics and Vietnamese verses collected in the first two weeks of February
This thesis examines the metaphor "Marriage is a Unity" in both English and Vietnamese contexts In English, the primary data source is song lyrics that express the concept of unity within marriage, heavily influenced by Christian values and beliefs Conversely, the Vietnamese perspective draws from traditional verses and folklore, which use familiar and natural imagery from everyday life to illustrate the unity in marriage These cultural differences enable readers to understand the metaphor more easily and appreciate its cultural significance in both languages.
Data analysis
Data analysis is a crucial and often challenging step in the research process, playing an essential role in thesis development It involves inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data to uncover meaningful insights Effective data analysis helps suggest conclusions and supports informed decision-making, making it a vital component of successful research and thesis writing.
This thesis focuses on analyzing the metaphor "Marriage is a Unity" in English song lyrics It begins by selecting ten representative lyrics that prominently feature the "Marriage is a Unity" metaphor Based on these examples, a structured framework for analyzing this metaphor is developed The approach is inspired by Vyacheslav Közvesces's categorization of the "Marriage is a Unity" metaphor, providing a comprehensive understanding of its conceptualization in lyric poetry.
In 1986, three distinct sub-metaphors were developed to enhance conceptual understanding, each beginning with a concise introduction These sub-metaphors are systematically broken down into multiple sections, each focusing on specific examples that highlight their particular meanings To provide a comprehensive view, any negative or detrimental usage of each category is discussed at the conclusion of each sub-section This structured approach ensures clarity and depth, facilitating better comprehension of the metaphors while optimizing for SEO by incorporating relevant keywords related to metaphor analysis, conceptual frameworks, and semantic categories.
In Vietnamese, to complete the purpose and tasks which have been set, the author has used the following research methods:
- Categorizing and describing data collected under semantic features
- From data, synthesizing and generalizing the results into concepts
The author effectively organizes all data in both English and Vietnamese by category, enhancing clarity for readers To facilitate better understanding of the study's content and objectives, the author provides comprehensive discussions of key concepts in both languages This bilingual approach ensures that the study is accessible and clear to a diverse audience.
In conclusion, this article offers a comprehensive overview of the metaphor "MARRIAGE IS A UNITY" and its significance in understanding complex concepts Applying this metaphor in teaching and learning English can enhance students' comprehension by emphasizing the interconnectedness and harmony within language structures Future research could explore additional metaphors to further enrich pedagogical strategies and deepen learners' engagement Overall, integrating the "Marriage is a Unity" metaphor provides valuable insights for educators aiming to foster more effective and meaningful language acquisition.
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
Marriage is a unity of two complementary parts
According to the Language Activator dictionary, "Unity" is defined as a state where people come together because they share a common purpose This concept highlights the importance of collective effort and solidarity, as exemplified by the Prime Minister's speech emphasizing the need for party unity Embracing unity fosters collaboration and strengthens team cohesion, essential for achieving shared goals in any organization or community.
Party unity refers to the situation where political parties within a country come together with a shared purpose to achieve common goals This cohesion is essential for maintaining national peace and stability In essence, strong party solidarity ensures political stability and promotes harmonious governance by aligning parties around unified objectives.
Besides, we can understand more clearly about “Unity” by Picture 1:
In this image, the concept of "Unity" is symbolized by two similar rings that, upon closer inspection, reveal a meaningful connection The left ring features an empty heart, depicted as a hole, while the right ring has a filled heart, serving as a strong, solid frame to interlock with the other Together, these rings represent inseparable parts that form a perfect wedding pair, signifying that each complements and supports the other, creating a lasting bond for couples Wedding rings symbolize eternal love and the commitment to uphold wedding vows, serving as a meaningful gesture of devotion While some modern couples may choose not to exchange rings, considering them purely symbolic, culturally, wearing wedding rings communicates dedication and love to the world Ultimately, rings are best understood as a unified pair, embodying the harmony and strength of a couple’s lifelong commitment.
Here is an example of “Unity ” which includes more than two parts:
As can be seen from the picture, a “Unity ” also consists of more than two parts
It is formed by a lot of parts which creates solidarity, strength and consensus The
The image symbolizes unity through a diverse group of hands of various skin colors and genders, highlighting that collaboration across race, gender, and nationality can lead to great achievements These interconnected hands form a circle, representing cohesion, continuity, and collective strength The picture underscores that true unity, regardless of differences, is essential for fostering a positive future and a better life Emphasizing inclusivity and solidarity, it demonstrates how diverse groups coming together can create powerful, meaningful change.
Unity involves two or more elements that may be opposite but share a common goal, such as fostering happy marriages or building solidarity Cultural and linguistic differences influence how different countries perceive and interpret unity, leading to variations in its understanding For example, while the core concept remains similar, the ideas of unity in English-speaking countries and Vietnam reflect distinct cultural experiences and cross-cultural influences These similarities and differences highlight the diverse perspectives on the meaning of unity worldwide.
Marriage is best understood as a unity of two complementary parts, serving as a powerful conceptual metaphor that illustrates its abstract nature While marriage itself is intangible, this metaphor emphasizes the concrete and structured relationship between the two partners The importance of "unity" highlights how marriage brings two individuals together into a cohesive whole, while the concept of "uniqueness" underscores the distinctiveness of this partnership Additionally, this metaphor can be used negatively to critique or highlight potential drawbacks of excessive reliance on the idea of unity in relationships Overall, framing marriage as a union of complementary parts helps clarify its meaningful and structured essence.
Unity is essential for a strong marriage, as the U N I T Y metaphor symbolizes a harmonious state where each partner depends on the other (Kovesces, 1986:63) This highlights the importance of mutual reliance and interconnectedness within the relationship Emphasizing the complementary aspect of this metaphor underscores that each partner's role is vital to maintaining overall harmony For instance, a successful marriage relies on both partners supporting and complementing each other's strengths and weaknesses to achieve a cohesive and balanced partnership.
(1) Oh, when we are one, I‟m not afraid, I'm not afraid
If there‟s a cloud up above us
Go on and let in rain
I‟m sure our love together would endure a hurricane
Being with a beloved partner provides a sense of safety and reassurance, making difficult situations feel manageable When two people are united in marriage, their combined strength allows them to endure even the fiercest challenges, like a hurricane This unity fosters emotional resilience and mutual support, emphasizing the importance of a supportive partner in cultivating safety and strength As exemplified in the first example, a partner in marriage can bring a vital sense of security and energy to the narrator’s life, highlighting the profound impact of love and partnership on personal resilience.
Other examples uncover that the importance of the unity lies in that they can make things better:
(2) Let‟s reminisce of all of them things we did together
(3) We‟ll make it together
And take it to the end of time
In Example (2), the narrator reminisces about the beautiful and meaningful moments shared with their beloved, emphasizing the perfection of their togetherness Example (3) highlights that unity and partnership in marriage can help couples overcome challenges and sustain their relationship over time These examples underscore the importance of love, unity, and shared experiences in building a lasting and fulfilling relationship.
While many emphasize the importance of keeping each other alive, this idea is often expressed through compelling metaphors These examples highlight the vital role of mutual support and interconnectedness in sustaining life, underscoring that our survival depends on caring for one another.
(4) Just can‟t live my life without you
(5) Marriage will keep us alive
(6) I got what you need here, talk to me
Although they express similar ideas, each example highlights different nuances Example 4 emphasizes the significance of the beloved to the narrator, indicating a stronger desire for marriage Example 6 closely resembles Example 4 but conveys that the narrator also needs the other person, adding a layer of mutual dependence Meanwhile, Example 5 underscores the importance of both individuals, presenting a more balanced and typical relationship dynamic.
The uniqueness of "unity" is a key aspect to consider, especially when focusing on the metaphor of TWO In the context of ideal marriage, this metaphor emphasizes that true union involves only two individuals, highlighting their exclusivity For example, the phrase "Together, baby just you and me" underscores the idea that a sincere marriage is centered on the unity of two people The word "just" explicitly conveys that the relationship is exclusively between the two, reinforcing the concept of singular, dedicated partnership Additionally, a more creative example illustrates this point further, emphasizing the importance of the exclusive bond that defines a genuine union.
You the moon, I‟m the sun
The sun and the moon are uniquely significant, symbolizing the narrator and their beloved in a metaphorical context Typically, the sun represents masculinity, while the moon signifies femininity, highlighting their complementary roles The narrator expresses their commitment to shining together with their partner, emphasizing the exclusivity of their bond This metaphor underscores that only they can bring brightness and joy into each other's lives, illustrating the deep and unique connection shared between them.
If there is a third person involved in the marriage, then the marriage no longer exists Example (9) proves this point:
(9) And the third one between replaces what once was marriage
When another person gets into the marriage and comes between the original two, then the marriage or the spouse is replaced
However, the metaphor MARRIAGE IS A UNITY OF TWO COMPLEMENTARY PARTS also has its negative use Here is an example:
(10) Me for me, you for you
This example illustrates that I stand for myself only, and you stand for yourself only, highlighting their individual separation It emphasizes that happiness cannot flow between them because they are separate entities, and nothing can pass through both of them simultaneously Therefore, the negative aspect of this metaphor suggests that being out of a marriage represents a division of two originally complementary parts.
In Vietnamese, this type of metaphors expresses the idea of Vietnamese people of marriage (A) through structured source concept (B), in which (B) is an entity made up of two components (B1 and B2 )
The author has cleverly chosen very delicate images which come to inseparable relationships between spouses That's the pictures:
* Khóa (B) gồm ống khóa (B 1 ) và chìa (B 2 ) [Lock (B) includes locking tube (B1) and key (B2)]
- Đôi ta như khóa với chìa, Trọn niềm chung thủy, đừng lìa mới hay
Spouses (A) are symbolized as a locking tube (B1) and a key (B2), emphasizing their unique and interdependent relationship The locking tube must always be paired with its specific key, highlighting exclusivity and trust A valuable key is designed to open only one specific locking tube, ensuring a one-to-one correspondence that maintains the bond’s integrity If any key can open multiple locking tubes, their value diminishes, symbolizing the importance of fidelity and stability in marriage This relationship reflects the mutual faithfulness and enduring trust that underpin a strong and stable partnership.
* Nón (B) gồm nón (B 1 ) và quai nón (B 2 ) [Conical hat (B) consists of cone (B1) and strap (B2)]
Mentioning about the conical hat (B), then it must have cone (B1) and strap (B2)
- Chòng chành như nón không quai Như thuyền không lái như ai không chồng
Being in marriage is being physically close
Being with loved ones is considered the ideal state of marriage, emphasizing physical closeness as a key metaphor The concept "Being in marriage is being physically close" is supported by numerous examples, highlighting physical proximity as a central theme in understanding marital relationships These examples can be categorized into four types, with the first category featuring a dynamic first person contrasted with a static second person This model suggests that the active and dominant partner leads the marriage, while the passive partner plays a less controlling role, illustrating the power dynamics inherent in marital closeness.
The second category is entirely different, but its meaning is not opposite to the first category It mainly features first-person examples, such as when someone says "come here to me," which functions as an imperative for the second person to approach the first This category conveys a similar meaning to the first but expresses it through different phrasing The third category involves both individuals being dynamic, indicating that both partners are actively engaged in the marriage process The final category describes static relationships, where both individuals are either already married or no longer in marriage.
In the described context, only the first person is active in the interaction Actions such as "hold one's hand" and "give someone a hug" exemplify ways the first person physically touches the second person These gestures highlight how the first individual initiates contact, emphasizing the active role they play in the interaction Understanding these actions is essential for comprehending personal touch and physical connection in communication.
(18) Let me take you by the hand
(19) Cos I've been holding you so damn tight
Physical closeness, such as touching someone by the hand or upper body, plays a significant role in strengthening intimacy between spouses This form of physical contact, often referred to as "getting touched," is a popular and preferred way for partners to express affection and emotional connection Incorporating gentle touches into daily interactions can enhance relationship satisfaction and foster deeper emotional bonds.
There is another kind of PHYSICAL CLOSENESS which can be called GETTING CLOSE Here are two examples:
(20) Anything, baby just let me get next to you
(21) I only want to be by your side
Expressions like "get next to you" and "by your side" highlight the closeness between spouses, emphasizing their emotional connection and mutual support These phrases convey that one partner is physically near the other, offering comfort and protection from harm Such expressions symbolize the protective and caring nature of a strong partnership, reinforcing the bond and the sense of security within the relationship Using these terms in content enhances SEO by emphasizing keywords related to closeness, support, and emotional intimacy in marriage.
The first person in example (22) is more hunger to get close to the beloved one:
You know I'll come running Right to you
Running directly toward you is a powerful signal that the first person is eager to get close to their beloved, emphasizing a strong desire for intimacy This behavior clearly indicates a longing to become closer, making the sense of connection more intense than in other situations Such actions demonstrate genuine affection and a deep emotional need to be near the loved one.
There is another example which describes the sense of GETTING CLOSE as a promise:
Using "won’t" and "leave you" emphasizes a firm commitment, conveying that the speaker will definitely stay by the side of their loved one These expressions heighten the emotional intensity of the message, highlighting unwavering loyalty and devotion in relationships Incorporating such phrases in your communication can effectively express sincere promises and deepen emotional connections.
Unlike the first person in example (23) who has a strong belief of his marriage, the first person in example (24) is in a dilemma:
(24) What‟s inside of my heart
So it shouldn‟t be so easy to walk away
Initially, he considers parting ways with his beloved, but he soon realizes that his feelings remain unchanged This leads him to conclude that leaving should not be so easy, highlighting the deep emotional connection that still binds them.
Despite the apparent dilemma faced by the individual, the concluding sentence reveals their strong desire to remain with their beloved Ultimately, since walking away shouldn't be effortless, choosing to stay together is the better option This metaphor is used positively, emphasizing the importance of commitment and emotional connection in relationships.
In this article, we focus on the importance of the second person being active and dynamic, especially in imperative sentences As introduced earlier, this category can be quite complex, requiring clear and direct communication The key point is that only the second person is active in these constructions, with the first person often urging the second to take action To illustrate this, here are four examples demonstrating how imperative sentences encourage the second person to be active and engaged Mastering this usage enhances effective communication and ensures clarity in instructions.
(26) Baby come here, don't have no fear
(27) James Moody would you come on hit me
(28) Kill me with your hugs
(29) Run to me baby and hold out your hand
This article explores the common theme that the second person is portrayed as dynamic and the one who needs to be married However, the deeper meaning reveals that the first person is actually eager to marry but prefers not to take a proactive role Consequently, the first person asks the second person to assume the dynamic role, enabling the first person to enter into marriage indirectly Examples illustrating this include phrases like "Come here" (example 26), "Come on, hit me" (example 27), "Kill me with your hugs" (example 28), and "Run to me and hold out your hand," which emphasize the underlying desire for connection and marriage through the second person's active engagement.
(29) are the second person‟s action which the first person expects There is also another special example:
(30) Wait for you to be there
In this example, the first person appears to be waiting, but the deeper meaning is a desire for someone to come to their location It suggests that the individual is not only passively waiting but also wishing for the other person to arrive where they are This highlights the importance of intention and anticipation in communication, emphasizing that waiting can be an active expression of hope and expectation rather than mere inaction.
In analyzing language use, the negative applications of each category are straightforward and easy to understand, unlike their more complex positive counterparts For example, when someone says "You leave me," it is generally interpreted as their beloved is actually leaving them, rather than implying a desire for separation This simplicity in negative use highlights how straightforward communication can often lead to clear, though sometimes unintended, understanding.
There are some negative examples:
(31) When you walk away There‟s an empty feeling in my mind
(32) Lately you‟ve been slipping away from me
(33) But the bed keeps on getting colder
In examples (31) and (32), phrases like "you walk away" and "you’ve been slipping away from me" clearly indicate that the second person intends to leave the relationship, signaling a desire to end the marriage Example (33) subtly suggests that the second person has already left, resonating deeply with listeners and highlighting feelings of separation These expressions effectively convey breakup intentions and emotional distance within a relationship.
In addition, both the two persons are active There are some examples to prove this point:
(34) We get pushed and shoved from every side
This example illustrates a positive situation where, despite external pressures and reluctance, the two individuals ultimately come together, demonstrating that even passive or hesitant efforts can lead to meaningful connections In contrast, the following example highlights a negative scenario where external forces do not result in a genuine or consensual union, emphasizing the importance of willing participation in forming positive relationships.
(35) Though we go our separate way Looking for better days
Being in marriage is being mentally close
Spouses often seek more than just physical satisfaction; they also desire emotional and spiritual connection This is why mental closeness is an essential aspect of a healthy relationship, distinct from physical intimacy Cultivating mental closeness fosters deeper emotional bonds and enhances overall relationship satisfaction Prioritizing both emotional and physical intimacy can lead to a more fulfilling and balanced partnership.
Initially, BEING IN MARRIAGE IS BEING MENTALLY CLOSE in connection with the mind
If your darling is always on your mind, then the one is very important to you Here is an example which proves this point:
(25) But trains and boats and airplanes Took me away (away) from you Away from all the love we had
From all the things we shared And tell me, what can I do?
You‟re always on my mind
Despite their physical separation, the final sentence reveals that the second person remains on the first person's mind, indicating lingering feelings of love and a desire for marriage.
Two negative examples are found in connection with the mind:
(31) When you walk away There‟s an empty feeling in my mind
(45) We both draw back in our minds
There is a key difference between the two negative uses: in example (31), the second person refuses to stay married to the first person, leaving him feeling empty and unfulfilled Conversely, in example (45), both individuals are mutually reluctant to maintain their marriage, each drawing back emotionally and mentally.
Furthermore, BEING IN MARRIAGE IS BEING MENTALLY CLOSE in connection with the heart
The heart is commonly used alongside the mind to symbolize mental and emotional aspects, especially in expressions related to love and relationships A popular example is the phrase “you take (steal) my heart,” which reflects the deep emotional connection and affection in marriage symbolism This phrase highlights how the heart represents love and passion, making it a central metaphor in romantic contexts Such expressions emphasize the emotional depth and significance of love in relationships, reinforcing the cultural association between the heart and feelings.
(46) My heart‟s on fire, come on and take
(43) Boy you had to steal my heart When we were world apart
(47) You took my heart with your first hello
The examples clearly illustrate that the heart no longer belongs to the first person but to the second person, as it is taken or stolen by them When the second person takes the first person's heart, it signifies a deep emotional connection, bringing the first person mentally closer to the second This dynamic reflects how love and attachment develop through the act of giving or receiving the heart in a relationship.
Sometimes the second person does not need to take or steal the first person‟s heart because the heart will be close to the second person itself:
In example (48), the first person's heart is depicted as being so connected to the second person that it can "feel" them This suggests a deep emotional closeness, where her heart is emotionally tuned in to the second person's presence Such imagery highlights the intensity of their bond, emphasizing the idea that genuine connection can transcend physical proximity This concept underscores the power of emotional empathy and intimacy in relationships, making it a compelling example of how one person's feelings can resonate so strongly they are almost palpable.
There is also another example with imperative sentence:
(49) Come and put our two hearts together
Obviously the first person is willing to put his heart to be close to the second person, and he expects the second person to do the same
Finally, BEING IN MARRIAGE IS BEING MENTALLY CLOSE in connection with other concepts Here are examples with other concepts to describe the mental closeness of the spouses:
(50) That you got a hold Down deep in my soul
Example (50) illustrates a positive concept of the soul, highlighting the close connection between the soul and the heart Although they are different words, they often symbolize similar emotional depths, as seen in the phrase "heart and soul," which signifies complete love and dedication This example can be interpreted as someone holding a deep place in another person's heart, indicating a strong emotional bond where one person's heart is closely connected to the other.
Example (51) is the negative one without a clear concept:
(51) You turned down the light in me
I think our time is over
The light within me represents my hopeful vision of a bright future together through marriage Initially, I envision the second person clearly in my mind, symbolizing closeness and intimacy However, when you turn away or diminish that light, the image of the second person in my thoughts begins to fade and darken, causing emotional distance to grow between us This increasing disconnect leads to a widening gap in our relationship, highlighting how loss of connection can affect our bond.
In Vietnamese, the boat and the shore are a combination of the two entities which requires the faithful attachment:
- Thuyền về có nhớ bến chăng?
Bến thì một d khăng khăng đợi thuyền
- Thuyền dời nào bến có dời, Khăng khăng một lời quân tử nhất ngôn
In metaphors of marriage, the boat and shore represent inanimate yet meaningful symbols of love and loyalty The boat, journeying through the unpredictable waves of the sea, symbolizes the husband or wife navigating life's challenges, uncertain if they are remembered by their loved one on the shore The shore, waiting patiently and holding the boat in her heart, embodies unwavering faithfulness and devotion This imagery highlights the deep, genuine love of Vietnamese boys and girls, emphasizing loyalty, connection, and the enduring nature of true love.
- Gương không có thủy gương mờ, Thuyền không có lái lững lơ giữa dòng
Mong sao nghĩa thủy tình chung, Cho thuyền cập bến, gương trong ngàn đời
Boats symbolize individuals with a strong will to journey thousands of miles, traversing long roads to reach their loved ones Shores represent the waiting loved ones—whether girls or boys—who serve as comforting destinations and steadfast mainstays, welcoming boats back after demanding and arduous journeys.
Steadfast loyalty of a young couple is shown very clearly They pray to be together in sorrow to come to the marriage
They are the couples who can share with each other what is sweetest and the most beautiful:
- Anh nói với em như sơn cùng thủy tận, Đôi ta như rồng lượn sông trăng Dẫu mà xa nhau đi chăng nữa cũng khăng khăng đợi chờ
The tender, loving, and heartfelt words exchanged between them symbolize a strong foundation for a happy marriage and a stable future Despite their simplicity and rustic origins, these expressions serve as the unbreakable red thread guiding them through their journey to lifelong commitment.
There is another example which shows the importance of mental closeness in marriage:
- Ngồi trong cửa sổ ch m rồng, Chăn loan gối phượng, không chồng cũng hư
Material wealth cannot fill the inner void of spiritual emptiness, highlighting that true happiness requires deeper fulfillment For single women experiencing loneliness and sadness when living alone, it becomes clear that companionship is essential on the journey toward marriage Building meaningful connections and sharing life with a partner are vital steps toward achieving emotional well-being and personal happiness.
Concluding remarks
Though the t h r e e categories in the analysis part have their own meaning focuses, they have some similarities and differences
Marriage is fundamentally a union of two complementary parts, embodying the true meaning of love While physical closeness is often associated with being in marriage, mental closeness serves as a more meaningful criterion for assessing a genuine marital relationship Many couples may be physically separated but remain married through emotional and mental intimacy, whereas mental disconnection indicates the absence of true marriage Therefore, mental closeness, rather than physical proximity, is the primary indicator of a true marriage.
The analysis reveals that positive examples significantly outnumber negative ones across all categories, with 37 positives compared to only 10 negatives Specifically, the first category includes 9 positive and 1 negative use; the second features 21 positives and 6 negatives; and the last has 7 positives versus 3 negatives This predominance of positive instances supports Kövecses's assertion that "the UNITY metaphor suggests a perfect harmony, an idyllic state" (1986:63) Consequently, as UNITY represents harmony, most writers tend to depict love through positive connotations aligned with this idealized notion.
The data analysis reveals that congruent metaphors in both Vietnamese and English are universal, embodied metaphors shared across all human cultures These common metaphors, such as those related to unity and harmony, originate from fundamental human experiences that transcend language and cultural boundaries This understanding prompts an exploration of why marriage is often conceptualized and discussed through metaphorical language, highlighting the deep-rooted connection between human embodiment and metaphorical expression in different languages.
Vietnam's long and challenging history has profoundly shaped its development, with feudalism playing a significant role in influencing the nation's culture and language Vietnamese culture and customs are deeply rooted in agriculture, which is reflected in traditional marriage practices that mirror rural life, such as symbols like "thuyền – bến" (boat – wharf), "rèm – chống" (curtain – frame), "nón – quai nón" (conical hats), and "khóa – chìa" (lock – key), illustrating the close connection between daily life and agricultural heritage.
1)- Đôi ta như khóa với chìa, Trọn niềm chung thủy, đừng lìa mới hay
2) - Chòng chành như nón không quai, Như thuyền không lái như ai không chồng
3) - Thuyền về có nhớ bến chăng?
Bến thì một d khăng khăng đợi thuyền
Vietnamese marriage metaphors and folklores vividly express cultural nuances that are absent in English expressions While English typically defines marriage through a broad, general concept influenced by Christian traditions, Vietnamese poetry and folklore utilize unique metaphors that reflect deeper cultural beliefs This cultural distinction results in Vietnamese marriage imagery being richer and more symbolically nuanced compared to the more straightforward English descriptions.