INTRODUCTION
REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE STUDY
English now plays an essential role across all areas of life, from international communication and science to business, entertainment, broadcasting, and education Its dominance in these fields makes mastering the language crucial for opening up new opportunities and achieving success Proficiency in English can significantly enhance career prospects and personal growth in today's globalized world.
The global demand for learning English is increasing significantly, especially in Vietnam, where many people are prioritizing English education As a result, English has been designated as a compulsory foreign language subject in Vietnam, reflecting its importance in the country's education system and future opportunities.
For Vietnamese advanced learners of English, understanding and effectively using metaphors is essential for language mastery, especially in literature and real-life communication Metaphors are not only central to vocabulary and grammar but also reflect the unique features of each language, serving as a bridge that connects different cultures and enhances mutual understanding Incorporating metaphorical expressions naturally into language use can foster a friendly and open atmosphere between native and non-native speakers, helping to prevent culture shocks during international interactions Mastery of metaphors thus plays a crucial role in promoting cross-cultural exchange and achieving fluency in English.
Metaphor has been extensively studied from various scholarly perspectives, remaining a controversial and intriguing topic Friendship, as an abstract and complex concept, is often understood and expressed differently across languages and cultures These diverse interpretations give rise to numerous metaphorical expressions that describe the emotional depth of friendship Drawing on this rich linguistic landscape, the author, an English learner passionate about metaphors, has chosen to explore "A Study on Conceptual Metaphors of Friendship in English and Vietnamese" for her graduation thesis.
Hopefully, the study, to some extent, can make a small contribution to understanding about the metaphors in general and the metaphors referring to friendship in particular.
AIMS OF THE STUDY
The aims of the study are as follows:
Provide a better understanding of cognitive linguistics with fundamental understandings about metaphor referring to friendship
Improve the quality of teaching and learning metaphor, especially conceptual metaphor at school
In order to reach these aims above, the study has to achieve the following objectives:
This study explores the meanings of friendship metaphors in English and Vietnamese, focusing on their equivalents in both languages It aims to identify similarities and differences in how friendship is portrayed through metaphors, shedding light on cultural distinctions between English and Vietnamese societies By analyzing these metaphors, the research seeks to reveal how language reflects cultural values related to friendship and interpersonal relationships in each culture The findings provide insights into the nuanced ways English and Vietnamese conceptualize friendship through metaphorical language, highlighting both universal themes and culturally specific expressions.
To provide some techniques that can help in teaching and suggested exercises in learning friendship metaphor
To fully achieve these aims, the study has to answer questions:
What are the common friendship metaphors used in English and Vietnamese?
Why is friendship metaphorically understood and talked in such ways?
How to teach and translate English by using metaphor from the elementary to advanced level?
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study concerns about friendship metaphors in English and Vietnamese However, “A Study on Conceptual Metaphors of Friendship in English and
Vietnamese as a topic encompasses a wide range of themes, but for this study, we focus specifically on two common friendship metaphors in English through the lens of cognitive linguistics Due to the scope of a graduation paper, it is not feasible to cover all types of friendship metaphors exhaustively A comparative analysis of friendship metaphors between English and Vietnamese would require further research at a more advanced level, offering deeper insights into cross-cultural linguistic differences.
Activities and exercises presented in Chapter 4 only serve as samples to illustrate how to teach and translate English for learners at intermediate level to advanced level.
METHODS OF THE STUDY
To carry out this research, the author used both quantitative and qualitative methods The following instruments have been utilized:
- Inductive investigating and analyzing methods
DESIGN OF THE STUDY
There are five main chapters in this graduation thesis
This chapter deals with the rationale, aims, scope, methods and design of the study
Chapter 2: Literature review and theoretical background
This chapter provides a concise literature review on cognitive linguistics, highlighting key concepts such as metaphor, source domain, and target domain It explores the characteristic features of metaphor from a cognitive linguistics perspective, emphasizing how metaphors shape our understanding of abstract concepts through mental mappings The discussion underscores the importance of cognitive mechanisms in metaphor formation, offering insights into how language reflects underlying cognitive processes and conceptual structures.
Chapter 3: A study on conceptual metaphors of friendship in English and Vietnamese
This chapter outlines the research methodology, including research questions, study setting, data collection instruments, and techniques utilized It also presents and discusses the key findings and results derived from the data analysis, providing insights into the study’s outcomes.
Chapter 4: Some suggestions for using friendship metaphors in teaching and learning English
Some implications for teaching and learning English will be suggested in this chapter
This chapter will summarize what have been presented in the thesis and also offer some suggestions for further research
The references is placed at the end of the study.
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
AN OVERVIEW OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS
Cognitive linguistics emerged as a prominent linguistic trend in the 1980s, focusing on analyzing the relationship between language and human thought It studies how people perceive and interpret the world—both the real and non-real—through language and culture This field explores not only observable linguistic phenomena but also intangible concepts such as knowledge, spirits, and wills, which are considered spiritual symbols beyond direct observation.
Language is traditionally seen as the human ability to acquire and use complex communication systems, with each specific system recognized as a distinct language The scientific study of language is referred to as linguistics However, cognitive linguistics interprets language as grounded in our experiences of the world, closely linked to mental processes when we perceive and visualize our surroundings Cognitive linguists emphasize that meaning is best understood through conceptualization, focusing on mental spaces rather than models of the external world.
Cognitive linguistics emerges from the process of human cognition, reflecting how we experience and interpret both mental and physical aspects of the world It serves as a vital means of understanding and acquiring knowledge, enabling us to become aware of and linguistically express our perceptions and insights about the environment around us.
CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR
Metaphor is traditionally recognized as a figure of speech and a rhetorical or stylistic device used in literature to create aesthetic effects According to Lakoff and Johnson, metaphor has been considered "a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language," highlighting its role in enriching linguistic expression beyond everyday communication.
Metaphor is commonly defined as the transfer of meaning from one object to another based on perceived similarity, as explained by Nguyen (H, 3:106), who states that speakers compare objects and assign the same name when they find common features This concept is supported by Do, H.C (1:87), who describes metaphor as a symbolic naming process where the name of one object is transferred to another based on realistic or imaginary similarities between them.
Another viewpoint on metaphor belongs to Dinh,T.L, [3:5-6]: “metaphor is the transference of meaning from one object to another based on similarity between these two objects”
Metaphor is a linguistic device that involves a hidden comparison and the transfer of names from one thing to another, enabling writers to craft vivid and impactful effects in their work As a powerful literary tool, metaphors enhance the expressive quality of language, allowing authors to convey complex ideas and evoke emotions effectively By understanding the role of metaphor as a form of figurative language, readers and writers can appreciate its significance in enriching literary and rhetorical communication.
2.3.2 Metaphor in the light of cognitive linguistics
Language is traditionally seen as a gateway to understanding the world around us However, cognitive linguistics views language as a product of human cognition, serving as a key tool to uncover the mental world of individuals and the intricacies of cognitive processes.
Metaphor, from a cognitive linguistics perspective, extends beyond poetry and prose to play a significant role in everyday language According to Lakoff & Johnson, metaphors are pervasive in daily communication, often occurring subconsciously For instance, phrases like “Your true friendship will bloom soon if you know how to nurture and cultivate carefully” illustrate the metaphor “Friendship is a Plant,” highlighting how metaphorical language shapes our understanding of relationships Recognizing these metaphors enhances our comprehension of how language reflects and influences thought in daily life.
“Mending a broken friendship is not easy” Friendship here is considered as a building that can be mended That is a phenomenon of metaphor
Metaphor is regarded by most cognitive linguists as a mental construct that reveals the intricacies of human cognition and the subconscious aspects of our mental world Commonly used in everyday language, metaphors often go unnoticed but play a crucial role in how we communicate and understand complex concepts According to cognitive linguistics, metaphors are present both in literature and daily life, highlighting their fundamental role in human expression As Lakoff and Johnson emphasize, metaphors are considered an extraordinary feature of language rather than just an ordinary linguistic tool.
Metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, influencing not only language but also thought and action, indicating that it is rooted in human cognitive processes (Lakoff & Johnson, [2:3]) They emphasize that metaphors exist within our conceptual system, shaping how we perceive and act upon different experiences, which makes their linguistic expressions possible (Lakoff & Johnson, [2:5-6]) According to Barcelona, metaphor functions as a cognitive mechanism where one experiential domain is mapped onto another, allowing us to understand and interpret complex concepts through familiar notions from different domains (Nguyen).
In cognitive linguistics, metaphor is a fundamental mechanism through which people understand and interpret the real world Specifically, a metaphor involves “understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another” (Lakoff & Johnson, 2:6), making complex concepts easier to grasp By referring to familiar concepts through metaphors, individuals can simplify and communicate intricate ideas more effectively.
Conceptual metaphor theory, also known as Cognitive metaphor theory, was developed by cognitive linguists and gained widespread recognition with the publication of "Metaphors We Live By" by Lakoff and Johnson in 1980 Since its inception, the theory has been extensively developed and elaborated, offering valuable insights into how metaphors shape our understanding and communication. -Enhance your content with expert SEO-friendly rewriting that captures the essence of cognitive linguistics—[Learn more](https://pollinations.ai/redirect/draftalpha)
In cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor involves understanding one conceptual domain through another familiar domain Radden & Dirven describe it as a means of grasping abstract concepts by relating them to more concrete experiences in the physical world Conceptual metaphors are pervasive in everyday language, influencing not only communication but also shaping our thoughts and actions Lakoff & Johnson's work, "Metaphors We Live By," highlights the integral role of metaphors in how we think and interpret the world around us.
Live By [2], we see how everyday language is filled with metaphors we may not always notice An example of one of the commonly used conceptual metaphors is
Friendship is often described as a building, a metaphor that influences how we perceive and talk about relationships We commonly say, “I want to build a strong friendship,” emphasizing the importance of effort and foundation, while phrases like “A broken friendship is never mended” highlight the fragility and value of maintaining these bonds This metaphor helps us understand friendship as something that requires nurturing, stability, and intentional construction to withstand challenges.
2.3.3.1 Source domain and target domain
Understanding conceptual metaphors involves identifying two key domains: the source domain and the target domain The source domain provides the metaphorical expressions used to comprehend the target domain Essentially, the source domain is the conceptual area from which we draw images and expressions, while the target domain is the concept we aim to understand through these metaphors Recognizing these domains is crucial for analyzing how metaphors shape our understanding of abstract concepts in language and cognition.
Source domains are typically concrete and grounded in sensory experience, such as journeys, wars, buildings, or plants In contrast, target domains are generally abstract and more challenging to understand, including concepts like love, arguments, friendship, and life This distinction highlights how metaphorical language relates tangible experiences to complex, intangible ideas, enhancing overall comprehension and communication.
Metaphors like “FRIENDSHIP IS A PLANT” and “LOVE IS A JOURNEY” illustrate how abstract concepts are understood through concrete source domains In the metaphor “FRIENDSHIP IS A PLANT,” friendship is the target domain, while plant is the source domain, allowing us to interpret friendship in terms of growth and nurturing Similarly, “LOVE IS A JOURNEY” uses journey as the source domain to help visualize love as a process with steps and experiences Since friendship and love are abstract concepts, mapping them onto tangible source domains helps facilitate easier understanding by highlighting parallel characteristics.
Language speakers explain abstract concepts by extending existing linguistic categories through a cognitive process called "mapping." Mapping involves systematic correspondences between elements of a source domain and a target domain, helping relate literal and extended meanings Many aspects of target concepts originate from source domains, which are not inherently pre-existing Understanding a conceptual metaphor requires knowledge of the specific mappings between source and target pairings This mapping process is also fundamental in analogical reasoning and drawing inferences, highlighting its role in human cognition and language comprehension.
METAPHOR AND CULTURE
2.4.1 Relations between metaphor and culture
Language is the vehicle of culture, storing and transmitting it across generations, making language and culture inseparable As the crystallization of national culture, language reflects cultural identity and heritage The development and transformation of language occur in parallel with cultural changes, highlighting their close relationship To truly understand a culture, studying its language is essential, and vice versa—deepening our knowledge of language requires exploring cultural contexts.
As can be seen, metaphor is an important part of language According to Lakoff
Metaphor is a pervasive element in daily life, shaping not only language but also thought and action, reflecting our fundamental conceptual system Johnson emphasizes that our understanding and behavior are inherently metaphorical, forming a core part of how we think and reason Metaphors are universal across all languages and cultures, playing a crucial role in human experience and communication While metaphor usage is worldwide, cultural differences influence the specific metaphors chosen to interpret the world, leading to distinct metaphoric perspectives across cultures Consequently, conceptual metaphors expressed through language serve as valuable indicators of cultural identity and worldview.
According to Kửvecses [6], there are two dimensions of metaphor variation: the cross-cultural dimension and the within-culture dimension
2.4.2.1 Cross-cultural dimension of metaphor variation
Cross-cultural variation in metaphors is primarily influenced by broader cultural contexts, including key principles, concepts, and the natural environment of each culture (Küvecses, 2005) One form of this variation, known as “congruence,” involves how a general conceptual metaphor, such as “THE ANGRY PERSON IS A PRESSURIZED CONTAINER,” is universally understood but filled with culturally specific details This metaphor functions at a broad, abstract level, not specifying the type of container, the source of pressure, or the substance inside; instead, it provides a generic schema that each culture uniquely contextualizes Consequently, a universal metaphor is instantiated differently across cultures, resulting in varied cultural-specific interpretations while maintaining its core conceptual structure (Küvecses, 2005).
Different cultures utilize diverse source domains for conceptualizing emotion concepts, leading to notable metaphorical variations For example, both Chinese and English share basic happiness metaphors such as UP and LIGHT However, Chinese uniquely employs the metaphor "HAPPINESS IS FLOWERS IN THE HEART," reflecting its more introverted cultural character, while English favors the metaphor "BEING HAPPY IS BEING OFF THE GROUND," highlighting its more extroverted tendencies These metaphor differences illustrate how cultural personality traits influence the conceptualization of emotions across languages.
2.4.2.2 Within-cultural dimension of metaphor variation
Languages are diverse and shaped by various human experiences, making them far from monolithic As Kửvecses (p 161) highlights, metaphors differ not only across different cultures but also within them, influenced by multiple dimensions such as social, regional, ethnic, stylistic, subcultural, diachronic, developmental, and individual factors This complex variation underscores the richness of linguistic expression and the importance of understanding cultural nuances in language and metaphor usage.
2.4.3 Variation in metaphorical linguistic expressions
Metaphors are present across diverse cultures and linguistic varieties, reflecting their universal significance They exhibit variation in language-specific expressions, even when rooted in the same conceptual metaphor "If two languages share the same conceptual metaphor, the linguistic expression of that metaphor may differ significantly across cultures and languages" (Küvercses, 165) Understanding these differences enhances cross-cultural communication and deepens insights into how metaphors shape thought and language.
2.4.4 Metaphor and socio-cultural experience
Socio-cultural experience significantly influences the metaphors we use, as our metaphor production is shaped by the environment, socio-cultural context, and specific communicative situations unique to particular groups or individuals Additionally, the history of context and personal experiences contribute to variations in metaphors over time Furthermore, our diverse concerns and interests impact the metaphors we employ to interpret and understand the world around us, highlighting the dynamic relationship between culture, history, and individual perspective in metaphor formation.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of cognitive linguistics and its key elements, highlighting how it differs from traditional approaches to metaphor It explores the concept of metaphor within the framework of cognitive linguistics, emphasizing its cognitive and experiential basis Additionally, the article examines the relationship between metaphor and culture, illustrating how metaphors reflect and influence cultural perceptions Understanding these connections enhances our insight into the role of metaphor in shaping thought and communication across diverse cultural contexts.
A STUDY ON CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS OF FRIENDSHIP
FRIENDSHIP IS A PLANT
A true friendship is a trusting relationship built over time, much like planting a seed that requires careful nurturing, patience, and devotion to flourish Choosing the right person to share similar values and interests is essential for fostering a meaningful connection Maintaining genuine friendship involves forgiving, supporting, and encouraging each other through life's hardships and challenges With consistent effort and care, friendship blossoms into a beautiful bond, serving as a priceless gift in our lives.
3.1.1 Sowing the seeds of friendship
Choosing the right "seeds" is essential when starting a friendship, much like planting a healthy, strong plant A strong friendship begins with sharing common passions such as sports, hobbies, or values, which serve as the foundation for lasting bonds As J Delile wisely said, "Fate makes parents, choice makes friends," emphasizing that friendships are a conscious choice Understanding the true value of friendship helps us to select and nurture the right seeds, leading to meaningful and enduring relationships.
(1) Sowing the seeds of friendship www.child-encyclopedia.com
(2) Planting the seeds of friendship www.herewearewithluci.com, May 07, 2009
(3) Seeding the friendship infrastructure soardreamfrance.typepad.com, January 1, 2014
In moments of loneliness, illness, or confusion, the true power of friendship becomes a vital source of strength, even when friends cannot directly help Simply knowing that friends are there is enough to endure difficult times Friendship remains resilient despite distance, time, imprisonment, war, suffering, or silence, as it is through these challenges that its roots grow deeper and it blossoms.
(5) Nhánh rễ quan trọng nhất của một tình bạn đẹp và bền vững là lòng tin, sự chân thành và hợp cạ http://quangtrionline.vn, August 5, 2010
Making wise choices in life is crucial, especially when selecting the kind of friends you want to support and be with lifelong Choosing the right friends can be challenging but is achievable with careful consideration True friendships offer significant benefits, contributing to your happiness and well-being When you invest in genuine friendships, you reap the rewards of lasting happiness and meaningful connections.
(6) Khi gieo hạt giống của tình bạn , chúng ta sẽ gặt hái được những bông hoa của niềm vui
(7) Enda and unions miles apart but seeds of new friendship take root www.independent.ie, November 30, 2011
(8) Vì thế, ta hiểu rõ được giá trị của tình bạn và ươm cây tình bạn một cách cẩn thận http://nghethuatsong.vn
(9) For some, sowing the seeds of friendship is easy and happens naturally www.motherforlife.com, January 10, 2011
(10) Any place where people share a common interest is a good breeding ground for true friendships to be forged www.lifecoachexpert.co.uk, March 17, 2013 3.1.2 Growing up friendship
Friendship is like a plant that requires time and patience to grow and develop, symbolizing a gradual process of getting to know someone better True friendship develops slowly, much like a plant from germination to a sturdy, leafy structure Just as a plant needs nurturing and careful cultivation from seed to maturity, friendships also need consistent care and time to strengthen Monitoring the growth of a friendship is important, but it’s essential to understand that meaningful connections take patience and perseverance over time.
Friends are loyal companions who stand by us through all life's difficulties and challenges While friendships may face disagreements and quarrels, these moments deepen our understanding and strengthen our bonds Overcoming obstacles together highlights the true value of friendship, fostering lasting pride and appreciation that endures forever.
Having true friends is essential for overcoming life's challenges and feeling connected; their support is invaluable during difficult times A genuine friend’s presence ensures you never feel lonely, even amidst billions of people worldwide As the saying goes, “A friend in need is a friend indeed,” highlighting the importance of loyal friends in our lives Without friends, loneliness can prevail, emphasizing that meaningful friendships are key to emotional well-being and happiness.
(11) Một tình bạn thân thiết đã nảy mầm giữa một doanh nhân và một anh quét rác
(12) Tình bạn cứ thế lớn dần theo năm tháng đến nỗi chuyện buồn vui gì trong cuộc sống cũng đều chia sẻ www.m.nguoiduatin.vn
(13) Developing a meaningful friendship takes time but can truly enhance your life www.lifecoachexpert.co.uk, March 17, 2013
(14) True friendships is a plant of slow growth
Friendship is essential for emotional well-being, and cultivating deep, meaningful relationships requires time, effort, and mutual understanding Building true friendships involves getting to know each other's interests and personal qualities, which develops gradually over time A genuine friendship is based on mutual respect and understanding, making it long-lasting and fulfilling for both parties By focusing on these key elements, we can nurture powerful and enduring connections that enrich our lives.
Building a lasting friendship is like caring for a plant, facing obstacles such as hardships, misunderstandings, and external challenges Despite efforts to nurture and cultivate the relationship, setbacks like arguments or external pressures can threaten its growth Just as a weak tree struggles to withstand harsh weather, a fragile friendship can be easily damaged by conflicts and miscommunication Overcoming difficulties and challenges is essential for friendships to thrive and endure over time.
(15) bởi nếu bạn để lâu, con sâu đó sẽ gặm nhấm và làm cho cây tình bạn thui chột http://quangtrionline.vn, October 05, 2010
(16) Tự khép mình và chỉ biết quy mọi cái về cho mình sẽ làm cho tình bạn không thể nảy nở được
Tình bạn trở nên đẹp và ý nghĩa hơn khi những người bạn cùng nhau nỗ lực tiến bộ và vượt qua thử thách Sự cố gắng chung giúp mối quan hệ trở nên bền chặt và thăng hoa hơn Không có sự đồng hành và cố gắng từ cả hai phía, tình bạn sẽ thiếu đi sức sống và sự phát triển Mối quan hệ bạn bè chỉ thực sự ý nghĩa khi được xây dựng trên nền tảng của sự tiến bộ và nỗ lực không ngừng (www.blog.zing.vn, June 18, 2013)
(18) Một môi trường không được phép phát triển một tình yêu chan hòa với bạn hữu, dù chung hay riêng, thì đều là môi trường chết www.simonhoadalat.com
The gradual fading or death of friendship is truly heartbreaking Factors such as disbelief, deception, selfishness, and misunderstandings act like "insects" that gradually weaken and ultimately destroy the bond of friendship over time While no one wants their friendship to end, such losses can be unavoidable if these negative elements take hold Recognizing these destructive factors is essential to preserving and nurturing meaningful relationships.
(19) When a friendship is slowly dying (Khi tình bạn đang dần chết ) www.washingtonpost.com, April 16, 2012
(20) If there is no seed of trust and faith in the soil, the tree of friendship can not stand long www.shilpagupta.expertscolumn.com
(21) When friendships fade (Khi tình bạn phai nhạt ) www.smh.com.au, May 28, 2013
(22) Chia tay bạn ra về, tôi chợt nhận ra rằng tình bạn ấy đã phai nhạt từ lâu lắm rồi www.me.zing.vn, August 09, 2013 3.1.4 Nurturing friendship
Friendship is similar to flowers or saplings; it requires regular care, cultivation, and nurturing to flourish Just as flowers bloom and plants grow when they are watered and looked after daily, friendships tend to thrive and remain strong when invested in consistently To build a beautiful and lasting friendship, it is essential for everyone to understand how to nurture, care for, and maintain these relationships over time Cultivating genuine friendships through effort and attention ensures they remain vibrant, meaningful, and sustainable.
Friends come and go, but some have the potential to be long-term companions who grow with us through life's changes To maintain strong friendships at any level, it’s essential to actively nurture them, which requires patience and careful effort.
Putting effort into a friendship demonstrates that the relationship is valuable and worth maintaining, even if it requires work due to differences It’s essential to actively nurture your friendships to strengthen bonds and ensure lasting connections Remember, investing time and care in your friends helps build resilient and meaningful relationships that stand the test of time.
Friendship, much like love, requires nurturing through mutual giving and receiving Maintaining strong bonds involves effort and reciprocity, emphasizing the importance of both giving support and appreciating the other person's kindness (Source: www.ione.vnexpress.net, April 15, 2014)
(24) Water your friendships as you water your flower pots
(25) Tình bạn cũng chỉ đẹp và bền vững khi mỗi người bạn biết vun xới, chăm chút cho nó mà thôi www.songdep.xitrum.net
(26) Soil and friendship must be cultivated
(27) Nhổ ngay tận gốc những bất hòa www.quangtrionline.vn, October 05, 2010
FRIENDSHIP IS A BUILDING
Friendship plays a vital role in our lives, providing essential emotional support and companionship that no one can live without It is a key aspect of a healthy and happy life, helping to combat feelings of loneliness and ensuring a sense of belonging Just as a sturdy house symbolizes stability and a welcoming place to return to, genuine friendship offers reassurance and comfort, enriching our overall well-being and sense of happiness.
Building a strong and lasting relationship is like constructing a solid structure that relies on essential materials such as faith, empathy, respect, and forgiveness Just as a building can be repaired after damage, relationships can be mended and strengthened over time Ultimately, relationships serve as a warm, safe haven where we can retreat when feeling tired or overwhelmed, freely sharing our thoughts and anxieties This is why the metaphor of building is often used to symbolize the foundations of meaningful connections.
“Friendship is a building” when we talk about friendship
Building a friendship is similar to constructing a house, requiring essential materials such as mutual trust, harmony, respect, and shared interests Just as bricks, stones, and cement are vital for a strong foundation, these qualities are indispensable for nurturing a lasting and meaningful friendship Prioritizing trust and respect fosters a supportive bond, ensuring the relationship stands firm through life's challenges and grows stronger over time.
(1) Tình bạn phải được xây dựng dựa trên sự tin tưởng, tôn trọng, chăm sóc và quan tâm lẫn nhau www.ione.vnexpress.net, April 10, 2014
(2) Strong and healthy friendships are built to last on a foundation of trust, unconditional love and acceptance, honesty, and compassion http://journeywisdom.blogspot.com, July 24, 2011
Friendship, love, and family are essential pillars of a fulfilling life, as no one can truly thrive without strong connections with others While building meaningful friendships can be challenging, maintaining and nurturing these relationships requires even greater effort Therefore, it is crucial to dedicate time and energy to creating and sustaining beautiful friendships to enrich our lives and foster lasting bonds.
(3) Tình bạn có thể kéo dài suốt đời, xây dựng tình bạn đã khó, nhưng để giữ được tình bạn lại càng khó hơn diendan.hocmai.vn, Junly 8, 2012
(4) Tôi cũng đã cố gắng rất nhiều cho công cuộc đầu tư xây dựng tình bạn đó http://songdep.xitrum.net 3.2.2 Falling apart in friendship
Unexpected events like heavy storms, earthquakes, strong impacts, or termite infestations can cause houses to crack or break, especially if the foundation was unsteady from the start Similarly, friendships are inherently fragile due to the diverse and independent nature of individuals; when personal differences dominate, maintaining harmony becomes difficult, increasing the risk of friendship breaking Emotions such as anger, jealousy, and selfishness further destabilize relationships, causing the “house” of friendship to shake and ultimately fracture.
(5) Tình bạn cứ thế dần rạn nứt khi cả 2 không thể điều khiển được cảm xúc của mình www blog.zing.vn, May 13, 2011
(6) Một tình bạn tưởng chừng như không có gì có thể phá vỡ , bỗng một ngày một kẻ lạ mặt xuất hiện www me.zing.vn, June 01, 2013
(7) My best friend has broken our friendship because of her boyfriend www answers.yahoo.com, October 10, 2013
(8) Thế nhưng, tình bạn đẹp đó lại đổ vỡ chỉ vì chiếc điện thoại bị đánh cắp www m.nguoiduatin.vn
(9) These behaviour are the “termites” that will kill the longevity and stability of the foundation of a healthy friendship www.journeywisdom.blogspot.com, July 24, 2011
(10) Or was it an argument or misunderstanding that ripped apart your friendship? www.crownofbeautymagazine.com
(11) I guess I am just really hurt and I feel like our friendship is falling apart uk.answers.yahoo.com 3.2.3 Mending Friendship
When a building shows signs of a rift, it is essential to identify the problem quickly and take immediate steps to repair it Similarly, in friendships, misunderstandings and anger can create emotional gaps that require prompt healing Addressing these issues swiftly helps restore harmony and strengthen relationships, emphasizing the importance of timely intervention in both physical structures and personal connections.
Friendship experiences both good and bad times, and sometimes relationships face challenges filled with disagreements and quarrels During such periods, patience and perseverance are essential to overcome frustrations and prevent the relationship from falling apart The key to restoring friendship lies in a genuine willingness to compromise and persistent effort, which can rebuild trust and reestablish a strong bond.
(12) A man should keep his friendship in repair
(13) Trong tình bạn , bạn dễ dàng nhận ra lỗi lầm của mình và sửa chữa www m.yeah1.com, December 18, 2013
To mend a broken friendship, it is important to take thoughtful steps to heal the relationship and navigate inevitable bumps along the way Helping to restore trust and understanding requires patience, open communication, and genuine effort from both parties For practical tips on repairing damaged friendships and overcoming conflicts, visit www.thefriendshipblog.com, September 01, 2010.
(15) Fixing a friendship is usually worth the time and effort www.huffingtonpost.com, December 19, 2010
(16) In order to fix a friendship , a person needs to really understand the core issue in every struggling relationship www.huffingtonpost.com, December 19, 2010
Just as a house can withstand stormy weather, a true friendship endures through both good times and challenges such as disagreements, crises, and distances Building a strong friendship requires conscious effort and a willingness to do whatever it takes to maintain its strength Just like a house foundation must be protected from termites to prevent weak spots, friendships must also be actively maintained to ensure their stability Essential qualities like trust, belief, sincerity, and honesty are vital for strengthening and preserving meaningful friendships.
(17) A broken friendship may be soldered
(18) Listening to friends is an important step in building a closer friendship www.cyberparent.com
(19) Và đừng bao giờ để tình bạn chúng ta xuất hiện lỗ hổng , khi chúng ta bước ra đời, đi về những phía không nhau www.tuoitre.vn, April 19, 2012
(20) Tình cảm chân thành và những suy nghĩ thực chắc chắn sẽ giúp bạn hàn gắn lại tình bạn www blog.zing.vn, May 13, 2011
(21) Chỉ khi bạn mở được cánh cửa của lòng tin, bạn mới mở tới cánh cửa của tình bạn www baigiang.violet.v, April 03, 2014 3.2.4 A towering friendship
As human beings, everyone yearns for a warm, welcoming home to come back to after experiencing life's stresses and fatigue Friendship can be metaphorically compared to a sturdy building, highlighting its importance as a supportive refuge It is a safe space where we can retreat when feeling tired or bored, freely sharing our thoughts and anxieties without judgment.
(22) An old friend is a new house
Bạn thân có thể gọi điện cho nhau hàng ngày hoặc thậm chí cả năm không liên lạc, nhưng tình cảm vẫn luôn bền vững và thể hiện rõ ràng khi đôi bên kết nối lại Tình bạn thấm sâu gắn bó, giữ cho chúng ta gần nhau dù xa cách, và khi gặp lại, bạn luôn là nơi trú ẩn ấm áp trong trái tim ta.
(24) Tình bạn là điểm tựa để mình bay xa, là nơi để mình tìm về sau những thất bại khó khăn trong cuộc sống www.me.zing.vn, December 24, 2012
Tình bạn không chỉ là một sự tụ tập đơn giản hay những mối quan hệ xã giao, mà còn là một ngôi nhà đầy ý nghĩa trong trái tim mỗi người Người bạn thực sự không phải là kẻ thô bạo hay can thiệp một cách vô lý, mà là người hiểu và trân trọng giới hạn của nhau Tình bạn chân thành không phải là đồng bọn, đồng sự hay bồ bịch, mà là một mối liên kết sâu sắc, nơi mọi thứ xảy ra đều mang ý nghĩa và sự chân thành Trong "ngôi nhà" của tình bạn, mọi trải nghiệm và cảm xúc đều trở nên đặc biệt, không thể thay thế bằng bất kỳ kiểu quan hệ nào khác.
(26) Good friendships improve all aspects of your life www.dementiatoday.com, September 04, 2013
(27) Tình bạn giúp ta cải thiện các mối quan hệ và xây dựng cuộc sống chúng ta ngày một tốt đẹp và trọn vẹn hơn www.gocuatraitim, March 25, 2014
(28) Friends are like the walls of a house Sometimes they hold you up, sometimes you lean on them But sometimes, it's enough to know they're just standing by
Theo nghiên cứu của các nhà tâm lý học, tình bạn là một chỗ trú ẩn an toàn và đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc mang lại hạnh phúc cho cuộc sống của con người Tình bạn giúp xây dựng các mối quan hệ vững chắc, giảm thiểu căng thẳng và tăng cường cảm giác thuộc về cộng đồng Do đó, duy trì các mối quan hệ bạn bè chân thành là yếu tố then chốt để đạt được sự viên mãn và hạnh phúc lâu dài trong cuộc sống.
The metaphor "Friendship is a building" is a common expression used in both English and Vietnamese, highlighting shared perspectives on the nature of friendship Both languages express similar ideas, emphasizing the idea that friendship requires a strong foundation and ongoing care However, there are also notable differences in how each culture perceives and describes this metaphor This article will explore both the similarities and differences in the way "Friendship is a building" is understood across these two languages.
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
The data analysis reveals that congruent metaphors in Vietnamese and English are universal, rooted in shared embodied human experiences Common source domains like plants and buildings originate from universal perceptions that transcend language and culture This raises an important question: why is friendship metaphorically understood and expressed through such common metaphors?
3.3.1 Similarities and Differences of FRIENDSHIP IS A PLANT in English and Vietnamese
Friendship is often metaphorically depicted as a plant in both English and Vietnamese expressions, symbolizing its purpose, growth, and challenges This botanical metaphor helps clarify the abstract nature of friendship by illustrating its development, progress, and the obstacles it may encounter along the way.
“friendship” map onto other concrete domain “plant”, the source-to-target mapping in the metaphor in both languages can be summarized as followed
THE SOURCE DOMAIN THE TARGET DOMAIN
The mapping between source and target domains demonstrates that the FRIENDSHIP AS PLANT metaphor is consistently interpreted in both Vietnamese and English This metaphor conceptualizes friendship development through agricultural imagery, where good seeds represent promising relationships that are sown and nurtured like plants The sprouting and growth of the plant symbolize the progressing stages of friendship, while challenges such as insects or obstacles represent problems encountered during development Efforts to resolve these issues, like watering and caring for a fading plant, reflect the nurturing needed to sustain true friendship Ultimately, a long-lasting friendship corresponds to a blooming plant, illustrating the culmination of care and effort Numerous equivalent expressions in both languages emphasize this shared metaphorical framework.
Plant the seeds of success by understanding that growth begins when you sow the seeds ("gieo mầm") and take root ("bắt nguồn từ ") Nurture ("nuôi dưỡng, chăm sóc") your ideas and efforts as they grow ("trưởng thành") and bloom ("nở hoa") into full potential With patience, your endeavors will ripen ("chín muồi"), but be mindful of fading ("héo úa") when they are neglected Ultimately, proper nurturing leads to fruitful results and lasting achievement.
The depiction of friendship as a plant in English and Vietnamese cultures reveals notable differences influenced by cultural beliefs The most prominent distinction identified by the author is that in Vietnamese culture, the metaphor emphasizes specific symbolic meanings and traditional perspectives, reflecting deeper cultural values These variations highlight how different societies interpret and symbolize friendship through natural imagery, shaped by their unique cultural contexts and belief systems Understanding these differences enhances cross-cultural communication and appreciation of diverse conceptualizations of friendship.
In Vietnamese culture, expressions like “vun xới,” “vun đắp,” “nhổ tận gốc,” and “bắt sâu” are often used metaphorically to describe friendship as a cultivated plant These idioms reflect Vietnam's predominantly small-scale agriculture economy, where most Vietnamese people, being peasants, are familiar with tools like hoes and shovels for tending their crops Manual labor is commonly employed in weeding, fertilizing, and caring for plants, highlighting the deep connection between traditional farming practices and cultural expressions about nurturing relationships.
- rice agriculture based mainly on manual labor The expressions such as “vun xới”,
“vun đắp”, “nhổ” or “bắt sâu” appear frequently in Vietnamese language Especially these pictures are expressed in many Vietnamese friendship metaphors that can not be found in English
Western countries, characterized by industrial economies, rely heavily on science and technology for agricultural production, minimizing manual labor Modern farming practices include automated systems for watering, spraying pesticides, and herbicides, enabling large-scale, efficient, and simultaneous operations This technological approach reduces the need for meticulous attention and patience in caring for individual plants Furthermore, the influence of developed industry cultures, such as that of the English, shapes their perceptions of friendship and interpersonal relationships, which explains the difficulty in finding direct equivalents for Vietnamese farming terms like “vun xới,” “nhổ tận gốc,” or “bắt sâu” in English.
3.3.2 Similarities and Differences of FRIENDSHIP IS A BUILDING in English and Vietnamese
Friendship is often described as a strong foundation in life, emphasizing its vital role in personal stability and happiness In both English and Vietnamese, expressions like "build," "mend," "repair," and "broken" reflect how friendships require effort and care to flourish The metaphor "Friendship is a building" highlights the importance of nurturing relationships, reminding us that maintaining a stable friendship involves patience, tolerance, and forgiveness for our friends' faults.
From the results of the study, the answers can be drawn to the research questions presented in the introduction as follows What differences are there between
English and Vietnamese friendship in term of FRIENDSHIP IS A BUILDING metaphor?
The differences between England and Vietnamese friendship expressions stem from their distinct cultural perspectives, with Vietnamese friendship heavily influenced by collectivism In Vietnamese culture, friendship is considered vital, often seen as a bond between close comrades or sidekicks, where individuals are willing to sacrifice their own benefits for their friends This cultural value is reflected in numerous Vietnamese proverbs, such as “when a horse is sick, the whole stable refuses grass,” emphasizing loyalty and collective support among friends.
A genuine friendship is often regarded as a precious gift, emphasizing the importance of cherishing, respecting, and preserving these bonds Vietnamese people view friendship as a warm and close sanctuary—a safe haven where they can find comfort after life's hardships and failures Expressions like “a warm refuge,” “a place to return to,” or “a cozy home” beautifully convey the deep significance of friendship in their culture, symbolizing emotional support and a sense of belonging.
In Western countries, individualism dominates their culture, shaping how they view relationships and social connections Friendship is considered important, but it is also viewed as easily formed and equally easy to lose, reflecting the tendency to avoid long-term commitments This cultural outlook leads Westerners to prioritize personal privacy and independence, often living in private spaces rather than communal or familial settings Unlike Vietnamese culture, where the home symbolizes a sanctuary for comfort and emotional connection, Western homes are seen primarily as residences rather than meaningful gathering places for emotional support.
SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR USING FRIENDSHIP
SOME SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES FOR USING FRIENDSHIP
Metaphors are a language phenomenon closely connected to a country’s culture and traditional customs, making their understanding essential Learning metaphors enhances language comprehension and cultural awareness This study proposes various activities and exercises focused on the most common types of metaphors in English, facilitating effective learning Incorporating these exercises can improve students’ ability to grasp and use metaphors accurately in context.
4.1 SOME SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES FOR USING FRIENDSHIP METAPHORS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING
Type: class group Material: some piece papers with the name of the famous people
Time: 5 minutes Preparation: none Procedure:
The teacher asks a student to go to the front of the class
This student picks a famous person who he wants to talk about
Then the other students interview her/him as that person in the term of his/her friendship
Example for the FRIENDSHIP AS A PLANT metaphor
A student picks a famous singer, Ho Ngoc Ha, for instance, and goes to the front of the class
Ho Ngoc Ha: Nice to meet you!
Class : Nice to meet you!
Student A: Can I ask you a question?
Ho Ngoc Ha: You are welcome!
Student A: Many people said that you are so lucky when you have a close friend - Thanh Hang model Could you talk something about this companionship?
Ho Ngoc Ha: This is a companionship that takes root from the trust, faith and respect Student B: When did you sow the seed of this friendship?
Ho Ngoc Ha: Our friendship was sown 9 years ago
Student C: What did you do when the gnawing of insects and terminates made your friendship fade?
Ho Ngoc Ha emphasizes that misunderstandings and arguments are inevitable in any relationship, but the key is how they are resolved She believes in consistently nurturing and cultivating friendships, suggesting that regular effort prevents relationships from fading over time Her approach highlights the importance of ongoing communication and care to maintain strong, lasting connections.
Type: class group Material: none Time: 5 minutes Preparation: none Procedure:
When all pairs have found their partners, the teacher will ask them to play a role
Students pretend they are in various social contexts and have a variety of social roles Each pair has two minutes to talk to each other
Then the teacher calls some pairs to present in front of the class
Effective teachers assign role-play roles that match students’ abilities, enhancing engagement and learning During role-play activities, teachers provide essential information—such as character details and emotional perspectives—to help learners understand their roles and participate confidently Incorporating these strategies improves language skills, boosts student confidence, and creates a dynamic classroom environment conducive to active learning.
Example for the FRIENDSHIP IS BUILDING metaphor
The teacher: “Imagine that you are at “I’m me” program, the topic today is
“Friendship” At Youth’s view, what will you say about this topic”
Student A acts as Thu Hoai - a MC Student B acts as Gia Bao - a guest
Thu Hoai: Hello, I’m Thu Hoai Our program is “I’m me” Now our guest tonight is Gia Bao, a student of VU Welcome to the program, Gia Bao
Gia Bao: Thanks Thu Hoai
Thu Hoai: Now Gia Bao, can you tell us about your opinion of “friendship”?
Friendship is a voluntary relationship that everyone can build themselves, offering a special bond outside of family ties While it differs from familial relationships like mother, father, sister, or brother, friendship remains one of the most valuable connections an individual can have It serves as a comforting refuge where we long to return when feeling tired or lonely, highlighting its importance in providing emotional support and companionship.
Thu Hoai: it means friendship is a special place, like a building where we can come back whenever we want So how about building a true friendship - in your opinion?
Building a true friendship is like constructing a house, requiring essential elements such as mutual trust, harmony, respect, and shared interests Just as a sturdy house depends on quality materials like bricks, stones, and cement, a genuine friendship relies on foundational qualities that foster strong bonds and lasting connection.
Thu Hoai: Yeah, but it can be clearly seen that we can not avoid breaking or cracking in friendship How can we repair it?
Gia Bao: Yes, You’re right In order to repair this broken friendship, we need time, effort and patience
Type: class group Material: none Time: 5 minutes Preparation: none Procedure:
The teacher divides the class into groups of five students
Then the teacher gives a situation for these groups to discuss After that each group give his own ideas
The teacher should go around reminding the students to use English and to make sure that every student is discussing
Example for FRIENDSHIP IS A PLANT metaphor
Topic: “If you have a chance to grow a plant of friendship, what will you do?”
Group 1: If I have a chance to grow my friendship, I will sow the seeds of friends carefully Every day, I will nurture and cultivate my friendship’s plant After a long time, it will bloom beautiful flowers These the most beautiful friends in the garden of friendship
Group 2: If I have a chance to grow my friendship, I will make friend with someone who share the same passion for sports, hobbies, life style or perspective Deep and meaningful friendships often have to be nurtured and take time and effort to cultivate
It takes time for people to get to know and to understand you and vice versa Therefore, if the gnawing of insects make friendship tree can not grow, we have to be patience to make effort in order to remain this relationship
Type: Teamwork Material: some pictures Time: 5 -6 minutes
Preparation: the teacher collects some pictures of objects from the catalogues or magazines Alternatively, you may draw them
The teacher divides class into two teams
Each team are given two or three different pictures
Each team chooses two members Then the teacher asks them to go to the board and their duties are to describe the process to grow/build a friendship base on these pictures they had
Which team can describe the process of growing a friendship best will become the winner
Notes: when students are discussing the teacher should go around giving the help if necessary
Example for the FRIENDSHIP AS A PLANT metaphor and FRIENDSHIP IS A BUILDING metaphor
Student 1: Choosing a true friendship like planting a tree Firstly, we have to choose the good seeds and then sow them carefully The seed builds the foundation of a strong and stable friendship.Therefore, we should be careful and wisdom
SOME SUGGESTED EXERCISES FOR USING FRIENDSHIP
Which words is running on your mind when you think of “friendship is a plant”?
- Take root from - Cultivate - Bloom - Ripe - Seed
- Sow the seeds - Nurture - Fade - Grow - Slowly dying …………
4.2.2 Putting words in suitable columns with given words
- Take root from - Develop - Broken - Repair
- Fade - Sow the seeds - Nurture - Improve
FRIENDSHIP IS A PLANT metaphor FRIENDSHIP IS A BUILDING metaphor
FRIENDSHIP IS A PLANT metaphor FRIENDSHIP IS A BUILDING metaphor
Take root from Develop Sow the seeds Grow Ripe Seed Nurture Fade Bloom
Mend Build Repair Broken Improve Foundation
Match up English metaphor expressions in the column A with Vietnamese equivalents in the column B
8 Grow a héo úa b trưởng thành c gieo mầm d chết dần chết mòn e bắt nguồn từ f nuôi dưỡng g chín muồi h nở hoa
4.2.4 Finding out the English equivalents of the following Vietnamese expressions
CONCLUSION
RECAPITULATION
This article provides an overview of the theoretical background of metaphor, highlighting its evolution from a literary figure of speech to a fundamental aspect of everyday language Traditionally seen as a literary device, metaphor is now recognized in cognitive linguistics as a common feature of daily communication Importantly, metaphor serves not only as a means of expression but also as a vital tool for understanding cognitive processes, emphasizing its significance in both language and thought.
Friendship, as an abstract concept, can be challenging to define, so people often use their experiences with plants and buildings to understand and express it This cognitive process leads to the development of conceptual metaphors such as "Friendship is a Plant" and "Friendship is a Building," which make the key aspects of friendship more comprehensible By shifting from familiar domains like plants and structures, these metaphors help clarify the often complex nature of friendship, illustrating its growth, nurturing, stability, and strength.
Metaphors such as "Friendship is a Plant" and "Friendship is a Building" are commonly used in both Vietnamese and English to conceptualize and discuss friendship, highlighting their significance in language and thought These universal metaphors derive from shared bodily and social experiences that transcend cultural boundaries However, language-specific metaphors also exist, shaped by unique socio-cultural and historical contexts, reflecting the distinct cultural identities of Vietnamese and English speakers.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES 41 REFERENCES
Metaphors are a complex language phenomenon that present significant challenges for research, especially when exploring specific types like friendship metaphors Due to the intricacies involved, this study cannot cover all aspects of friendship metaphors comprehensively Therefore, future research should aim to delve deeper into various dimensions of friendship metaphors, expanding our understanding of how they function in different contexts This study provides a foundation and encourages further exploration to uncover additional insights into the role of metaphors in expressing friendship.
- A Contrastive Analysis of English and Vietnamese Metaphor of Friendship
- A Contrastive Analysis of the Relationship Between English Culture and English Metaphor of Friendship
- A Study on the Grammatical Structure of Friendship Metaphors in English and Vietnamese
Due to time constraints, some mistakes may be unavoidable; therefore, the authors welcome your valuable remarks, comments, and suggestions to help improve this study.
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