INTRODUCTION
Background to the study
After teaching English at Binh Dinh Teacher’s Training College for four years, I noticed that students frequently struggle with sentence and paragraph writing due to a lack of understanding of fundamental grammatical rules Their common errors include incorrect use of articles and coordinating conjunctions, leading to grammatically flawed sentences and poorly organized paragraphs Grammar remains the most challenging aspect for learners, highlighting the critical need for focused instruction on English grammar rules to improve writing skills An experienced English educator has emphasized that mastering grammatical rules is essential for producing clear and coherent written English.
Grammar serves as the essential set of rules for selecting and arranging words to create meaningful sentences, much like an architect's blueprint guides the construction of a building In language learning, words are the fundamental building blocks, but without proper grammar, these blocks cannot form coherent communication Knowing a vast vocabulary alone is insufficient; mastering grammar is crucial for effectively speaking and understanding English.
Many students have learned English in high school primarily focused on grammar topics like tenses, conditional sentences, and sentence structures such as positive, negative, and interrogative forms However, upon entering Binh Dinh College, most struggle with developing their writing skills, particularly in composing coherent paragraphs This indicates a gap between basic grammar knowledge and the ability to apply it effectively in paragraph writing, highlighting the need for comprehensive writing practice to improve overall English proficiency.
Many English-major students at Binh Dinh College struggle with paragraph writing because they overuse simple, unparallel, or fragmented sentences, which diminishes the quality of their ideas The root cause lies in their limited understanding of diverse sentence types, especially the proper use of conjunctive adverbs and subordinating words Despite studying grammar and writing, many students lack sufficient knowledge of how to connect ideas effectively Traditional teaching methods often fail to emphasize the importance of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, leading to persistent difficulties in their writing skills Consequently, efforts to improve students’ sentence structure and coherence often do not produce the desired results, highlighting the need for more targeted and effective instructional approaches.
Music is a vital element of every culture, offering significant benefits supported by research Classical music, in particular, can stimulate unborn babies, with expecting mothers often playing Mozart's symphonies to enhance fetal development According to Pratt (2007), playing soothing music at volumes below 70 decibels can increase oxygen levels, reduce blood pressure, and lower stress in developing babies, while louder sounds may harm or startle them Experts recommend limiting music exposure to no more than one hour per day, such as using headphones around the belly, to safely support fetal well-being Neuroscientist Dr Eliot (2006) suggests that playing classical music and reading to an unborn child may positively influence their cognitive development.
IQ-enhancing strategies for expectant mothers include playing soothing music to their unborn children starting three months before birth, which can positively influence fetal development Additionally, avoiding anesthesia during labor is recommended to promote better health outcomes for both mother and baby As a result, many hospitals are adopting music therapy as a natural, effective approach to support fetal wellness and improve neonatal outcomes.
Newborns often cry because they cannot communicate their needs through words or gestures While phrases like "Do not cry, baby!" hold little meaning for the infant, soothing songs from a mother can calm the child and promote peaceful sleep According to Machlis, music plays a vital role in comforting babies and helping them feel secure.
Music is often called the language of emotions because it communicates meaning in a way similar to language, complete with grammar, syntax, and rhetoric Unlike words, which are concrete and have fixed meanings, musical tones are fluid and intangible, deriving their significance from their context and relationship with other tones While words convey specific ideas directly, music evokes the elusive realm of the mind, making it a unique and powerful form of emotional expression.
Listening to music enhances children’s creativity and supports their learning process, as research shows According to Bower (2004), children who listen to music experience an average IQ increase of approximately 7.0 points annually, highlighting music’s positive impact on cognitive development and academic performance.
Music offers numerous benefits for college students, including stress relief and cognitive enhancement Listening to classical music, such as Mozart’s compositions, can help calm a rapid heartbeat caused by test anxiety, promoting relaxation and focus The concept of the Mozart Effect, introduced by physicists Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky from the University of California, Irvine, demonstrates that listening to Mozart’s music temporarily improves spatial reasoning and memory Their experiments with college students showed that after listening to ten minutes of Mozart’s Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major, participants performed better on IQ tests like the Stanford-Binet, indicating cognitive benefits linked to music listening Repeated studies confirmed that music can enhance mental performance, making it a valuable tool for college students seeking to boost concentration and reduce stress.
Students scored 51 points on the Standardized Achievement Test, with additional assessments including paper cutting and folding activities Listening to a relaxation test and a period of silence helped improve their scores by 8 to 9 points Research by Flohr (1999) indicates that background classical music enhances students' math performance compared to no music Additionally, Flohr's study suggests that soft rock, jazz, or fast-paced background music can boost workplace productivity and efficiency.
Numerous studies over the past two centuries demonstrate that music plays a vital role in brain development and overall neurological organization Listening to music and singing help children develop early language and motor skills, strengthen emotional bonds between parents and toddlers, and enhance listening, memory, and concentration abilities Music also accelerates learning in subjects like math and reading while fostering imagination, creative thinking, and communication skills Additionally, engaging with music teaches children important values such as self-discipline, perseverance, and responsibility The proven benefits of music extend across all age groups, from infants and young children to young adults and adults, highlighting its importance in lifelong development.
Rationale of the study
This study investigates teachers' and students' beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors toward learning English through music in high schools, universities, and colleges Its primary objectives are to examine the impact of melody and rhythm on teaching English sentence types, identify effective strategies to help students overcome grammatical difficulties, and apply music-based teaching techniques across students with varying English proficiency levels.
The research questions
1) Can English sentence types be taught by means of the melody and rhythm of music rather than by traditional method?
2) How are the melody and rhythm of music chosen for teaching?
3) What kinds of melodies and rhythms of music are chosen for teaching at the first year level of the English majored class at Binh Dinh College?
4) What are the students’ attitudes towards the learning of sentence types with the melody and rhythm of music?
Assumption
The study tests the following hypotheses:
1) The effectiveness of the melody and rhythm of music in teaching and learning English sentence types can be measured
2) The majority of students want to get involved in the melody and rhythm of music
3) The melody and rhythm of music can be used by a variety of students
4) The students prefer teachers to use the traditional method to teach the English sentence types
5) Teachers find it hard to apply the melody and rhythm of music to teach the sentence types at Binh Dinh Teacher’s Training College.
Definitions of terms
to a class of objects” (Sarnoff, 1966:279)
Motivation toward learning a language encompasses the combination of effort, desire, and positive attitudes aimed at achieving language proficiency (Gardner, 1985) It is generally classified into extrinsic and intrinsic types, with extrinsic motivation arising from external requirements such as exams (Jakobovits, 1970) Intrinsic motivation, as described by Gardner and Lambert (1972), includes "integrative" motivation, where learners are motivated by a genuine interest in understanding the culture and integrating into the community, and "instrumental" motivation, where language learning is driven by practical, utilitarian goals Proper understanding of these motivational factors is essential for effective language acquisition strategies.
Melody: Melody refers to that element of music which makes the widest and most direct appeal It has been called the soul of music Melody can be defined as:
A melody is succession of tones perceived by the mind as an untidy
Modern theorists argue that any sequence of tones, when repeated enough times, can acquire melodic significance However, to perceive a melody as cohesive and meaningful, it is essential to recognize significant relationships among its constituent tones This understanding highlights the importance of tonal relationships in defining musical melody (Machlis, 1955).
Rhythm: Rhythm, according to Machlis (1955) can be defined as:
Rhythm, derived from the Greek word meaning “flow,” refers to the controlled movement of music in time and is fundamental to the organization of musical tones As the element most closely connected to physical action and body movement, rhythm often produces a hypnotic effect through its simple, repeated patterns Known as the heartbeat of music, rhythm serves as the pulse that signifies life and vitality within musical compositions (Machlis, 1955).
Intelligence quotient (IQ) assesses a person's intelligence through standardized testing, reflecting their cognitive abilities It is calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying the result by 100, providing a measurable indicator of intelligence Understanding IQ scores can help identify intellectual strengths and areas for development For more detailed information, refer to sources like LookWayUp Optimizing this content with relevant keywords enhances its visibility for those seeking insights on IQ and intelligence measurement.
English sentence types: All the sentence types fall into four basic sentence type categories in English
Simple: Simple sentences contain no conjunction (i.e., and, but, or, etc.)
Compound: Compound sentences contain two statements that are connected by a conjunction (i.e., and, but, or, etc.)
Complex: Complex sentences contain a dependent clause and at least one independent clause The two clauses are connected by a subordinator (i.e., which, who, although, despite, if, since, etc.)
Compound-complex sentences consist of at least one dependent clause and multiple independent clauses, effectively combining complex and compound sentence structures These sentences are linked by coordinating conjunctions such as but, so, and, as well as subordinators like who, because, and although, to create more detailed and nuanced expressions Understanding how to use compound-complex sentences can enhance the clarity and complexity of your writing, making it more engaging and sophisticated (Source: http://esl.about.com/od/intermediatewriting/a/sentence_types.htm)
Research methodology
The survey of these issues is based on the following;
1) A two week experiment was implemented in two classes of TA3a and TA3b at Binh Dinh Teacher’s Training College in Qui Nhon City The students’ ages range from 18 to 20 years old Both of the classes are the same number of students (TA3a with 22 and TA3b with 22)
2) Questionnaires were given to the English majored classes of the first year students of the English Department at Binh Dinh Teacher’s Training College There were a total of 66 students
3) Interviews were conducted with teachers from Binh Dinh Teacher’s Training College, An Giang and Qui Nhon Universities, Nong Lam University, Binh Duong College, the University of Ho Chi Minh Transport and Traffic, the University of Ho Chi Minh Security, Binh Thanh Children Foreign Language Center, Ton Duc Thang University, and Le Khiet Special High School in Quang Ngai province Twenty-two teachers were interviewed
4) Instrument for analysis: software SPSS (Statistic Pack for Social Science)
5) Data analysis was presented in tables and charts.
Significance of the study
This study advances both practical and theoretical aspects of pedagogy by exploring innovative methods for using English songs in classroom instruction While various techniques exist for integrating songs into language learning, this research introduces an alternative approach specifically focused on teaching grammar Implementing this method can enhance student engagement and improve grammar comprehension, offering valuable insights for educators seeking effective teaching strategies.
Music creates a relaxed and enjoyable atmosphere, reducing students’ apathy, enhancing their mood, and promoting better language learning Incorporating melody and rhythm to teach English sentence types benefits students by aiding memorization, intonation, speech patterns, and grammatical structures Recording English songs performed by native speakers helps improve students’ listening skills Additionally, using music in the classroom provides moments of fun and relaxation, fostering a positive learning environment When teachers and students enjoy the learning process together, it increases the likelihood of successful language acquisition Therefore, teaching English sentence types through music is an effective method to enhance students’ understanding and usage of English.
Summary
Students often experience boredom and a lack of motivation when studying English sentence types through traditional methods To address this, Binh Dinh College implemented a new teaching approach aimed at improving students’ memory and boosting their motivation to learn This innovative method helps students enhance their paragraph and essay writing skills, leading to overall improvements in their language abilities Additionally, the research benefits students by strengthening their writing, reading, speaking, and listening skills both inside and outside the classroom, fostering comprehensive language development.
English teachers can enhance their lessons by finding engaging ways to teach sentence types, making the learning process more captivating for students Incorporating interactive activities and varied teaching methods helps reduce student fatigue and increases enjoyment in language lessons Creating a relaxed and welcoming classroom atmosphere is essential for effective foreign language acquisition, encouraging students to participate actively and build confidence Focusing on engaging teaching techniques and a comfortable environment can significantly improve students’ language learning experience.
Music is science; music is mathematic; music is a foreign language; music is physical education; and music is art.A researcher states:
Music is a moral law that breathes life into the universe, inspiring the mind with wings of imagination and transforming sadness into charm and gaiety As the essence of order, music enhances all that is good, just, and beautiful, giving soul to life itself.
I agree with Plato (2002), who stated that musical training is a more powerful instrument than any other form of education This belief underscores the importance of music education in developing cognitive, emotional, and social skills For this reason, I am motivated to conduct this research to explore the profound impact of musical training on individuals Understanding the benefits of music education can help promote its integration into various educational systems and enhance overall learning outcomes.
Organization of the remainder of the study
Chapter 1 provides the background, the rationale, and the research questions with the assumptions of the research A brief introduction of methodologies is also concerned with definitions of terms and the significance of learning English with the use of music Furthermore, I discuss the practical benefits of the research
Chapter 2 is concerned with the review, the literature on what is music? The role and position of music in learning and teaching language are discussed In particular, the melody and rhythm of music is seen from different view points In addition, the literature in relevant points of grammar is reviewed The important part is the errors in the English sentence types Finally, the definitions of the sentence types from different viewpoints are mentioned I end the chapter with a summary
Chapter 3 presents the research methodology The study involves experimental teaching in two classes The questionnaires were delivered to sixty six students of the first year of the English majored classes of Binh Dinh College The interviews from a number of English teachers were also conducted
Chapter 4 presents a comprehensive analysis of data collected through questionnaires and interviews, supported by tables and charts that illustrate the statistical findings This chapter discusses the implications of the results for teaching practices, offering valuable insights for educators to enhance their instructional strategies based on the experimental data.
Chapter 5 concludes the study The summary of the main findings and the limitations will be discussed The implication of the research as well as recommendation for further research is discussed.
LITERRATURE REVIEW
What is music?
What is music? It is a complex concept that can be understood as the sounds coming from speakers when playing a CD, tape, or radio, often accompanied by singing and musical performances in theaters or on streets Scientifically, music is characterized by five core elements: melody, harmony, rhythm, tempo, and timbre, each of which profoundly influences our emotional response Harmony, explained by Simkin (1971), involves two or more notes played simultaneously, forming a chord, which can be either consonant (pleasant-sounding) or dissonant (harsh or unpleasant-sounding) Understanding these elements helps us appreciate the emotional and psychological impact of different types of music.
Music rhythm significantly influences our bodies, which naturally operate on rhythms like heartbeats and respiration The tempo determines how fast the rhythm is played, directly impacting our physical responses Additionally, timbre refers to the tonal quality of musical sounds, shaping our emotional and sensory experience with music.
Some people are happy and want to listen to music; whereas, some people are sad and want to listen to music too Musical researchers say:
Music encompasses a diverse range of tunes, sounds, and meanings, catering to different preferences worldwide Popular genres include Bachata, Merengue, salsa, Reggae, Caribbean Reggae, hip hop, R&B, Rock & Roll, Metal, and Romantic music, which is my personal favorite With such a wide variety, anyone can find a type of music to enjoy, ensuring a great selection for every listener (Brisk & Harrington, 2006:182).
Listening to rock music can have a profound impact on the body, sometimes causing it to respond negatively or rebel in multiple ways This genre of music has the potential to create physical discomfort and may even lead to health issues Interestingly, research suggests that rock music might also influence plants, indicating its broader effects beyond human health.
Research indicates that rock music can negatively impact plants, even causing them to die, whereas other types of music promote plant growth Most animals, including parrots, birds, skunks, and raccoons, tend to reject rock music due to its unnatural rhythms and beats, which disrupt their natural harmony Music possesses a profound emotional essence, often conveying genuine feelings rather than mere symbols, which explains its powerful effects on both the body and mind (Tame, 1984:143).
Music profoundly influences our emotions, as it naturally prompts us to feel—whether it's uplift, joy, energy, melancholy, violence, sensuality, calm, or devotion These emotional experiences are central to how we connect with music and, in turn, shape our character over time Recognizing that music evokes genuine feelings underscores its powerful role in emotional development and personal growth (Tame, 1984:146).
Music comprises five key characteristics, each of which can randomly influence our body, brain, and emotions According to Campbell, these diverse elements of music have distinct effects on our mental and physical well-being, highlighting the powerful impact of musical components on overall health.
Rhythm significantly influences both the body and emotions, as human life is inherently structured around various biological rhythms such as respiration, heartbeat, muscular movements, and cycles of activity and rest Since bodily functions operate on these innate rhythms, it is understandable that music's rhythm can impact and synchronize with our internal biological processes, including the rhythms of cells, molecules, and atoms (Campbell, 1991:100-102).
Campbell highlights that musical rhythms can stimulate or calm our natural biological rhythms, affecting our emotional states such as elation, depression, sorrow, joy, fervor, and lassitude, as well as influencing feelings of strength, weakness, extroversion, and introversion He emphasizes that tone and sound in music are crucial, with tone exerting both physical and psychological effects, while sound has the power to influence inorganic matter and evoke tangible responses Melodies serve as a powerful means to express emotions, arouse sensations and images, and impact the nervous system, respiration, and circulation Campbell explains that harmony can create either pleasing blends or jarring discord, both inducing distinct psychological and physiological effects; modern dissonances often symbolize conflict and crisis Additionally, timbre, or tone color, refers to the unique quality of a sound from an instrument or voice, evoking specific emotional responses and deepening the listener's connection to the music.
Tame (1984:146) suggests that words are mere symbols representing real things or ideas, whereas music directly conveys emotional essence and inner feelings Music, therefore, expresses emotion itself rather than just symbolizing it, which explains its powerful impact on both the body and mind Additionally, involvement in music can positively influence other aspects of life; for instance, students in bands or orchestras tend to have lower rates of drug, alcohol, and tobacco use (Plato, 2002), indicating that participation in school music programs may reduce behavioral issues and promote healthier lifestyles.
Music offers numerous benefits for everyone, including boosting mood, soothing nerves, and encouraging social bonding According to Davies (2000), music reduces stress, enhances productivity, regulates energy levels, sets the right mood, and stimulates creativity For example, filmmakers rely on background music to create emotional ambiance and emphasize actors' performances, making movies more engaging and lively.
Music is often regarded as a blend of science and art, with some experts viewing it as a universal language that transcends cultural boundaries According to anthropologists like Haviland (2007), music can be experienced in diverse ways, allowing individuals to interpret and discuss it based on their personal levels of understanding and emotional responses.
Music is a form of communication that includes a nonverbal component
Music often conveys abstract emotions rather than concrete ideas, making its meaning highly subjective and experienced differently by each listener Its unique ability to communicate feelings that are verbally incommunicable complicates discussions about its nature Consequently, establishing a single, universally accepted definition of music is challenging, as different cultures and individuals include or exclude various ideas within the concept of music (Haviland, 2007:427).
Music possesses a powerful ability to unite people, overcoming the divisive forces that exist in our world It serves not only as a means for young individuals to connect with their own emotions and identity but also acts as a vital bridge for building connections with others As Miller (2007:123) highlights, music plays a crucial role in fostering social bonds and facilitating meaningful interactions among people.
An American social anthropologist from George Washington University highlights that gender differences in access to performance roles are a critical topic in ethnomusicology They emphasize that, according to a materialist perspective, more egalitarian gender roles in society tend to lead to greater gender equality in musical participation and meaning For instance, among the Temilar, a foraging community in the highlands, these patterns of gender-equitable access to musical roles exemplify this relationship.
Malaysia Foragers are, as a rule, egalitarian Their musical traditions emphasized balance and complementary between males and females
The errors of English sentence types
Run-on sentences are one of the most common writing errors, often challenging students to identify and correct them These errors occur when two complete sentences are joined without proper punctuation, leading to confusion for readers and obscuring where one idea ends and another begins There are two main types of run-on sentences: comma splices and fused sentences, both of which can disrupt the clarity and flow of your writing Properly fixing run-ons enhances readability and ensures your ideas are conveyed clearly.
A comma splice is a serious punctuation error in which it is separated in to two complete sentences with a comma For example, “The boy went to the store, he never returned.”
A fused sentence occurs when two or more complete sentences are improperly combined without appropriate punctuation For example, "Bob went to the store he bought some apples" is a fused sentence that lacks the necessary punctuation for clarity Beason and Lester highlight that fused sentences can hinder readability and should be corrected with proper punctuation, such as periods or semicolons Understanding how to identify and fix fused sentences is essential for clear, effective writing Proper punctuation ensures sentences are grammatically correct and enhances the overall coherence of your content.
A fused sentence occurs when two complete sentences are combined without any punctuation or coordinating conjunctions such as "and," "but," or "or." This common grammar error happens when a compound sentence lacks clear separation between ideas, making it difficult to determine where one thought ends and another begins Understanding fused sentences is essential for creating clear and grammatically correct writing A compound sentence includes at least two independent clauses that should be properly connected to ensure clarity and coherence.
Many students make the common mistake of not understanding English sentence types, including simple, compound, complex, and mixed sentences This lack of knowledge leads to improper grammar use and impairs their ability to express ideas clearly Additionally, students often neglect careful editing and attention to their writing, increasing the likelihood of errors Beason and Lester (1969) emphasize that mastering sentence types is essential for effective written communication and grammatical accuracy.
Fused sentences occur when writers combine two complete ideas into one sentence, often to emphasize the close relationship between them However, this can lead to confusion if important elements are omitted, making it unclear where one idea ends and another begins To enhance clarity and readability, writers should follow proper conventions when connecting ideas, ensuring that readers can easily distinguish between different thoughts Clear punctuation and sentence structure are essential to prevent misunderstandings and improve coherence in writing (Beanson and Lester, 1969:23).
D) HOW TO CORRECT THE MISTAKES?
To correct common punctuation errors such as fused sentences and comma splices, it's essential to follow clear grammatical rules For a fused sentence, adding a comma and a coordinating conjunction like "and," "but," or "or" can effectively separate two main clauses For example, "The boy went to the store, and he never returned." In the case of a comma splice, removing the comma and replacing it with a period creates two complete sentences, such as "The boy went to the store He never returned." Alternatively, using a semicolon or colon can connect closely related ideas, as in "Bob went to the store; he bought some apples." However, these punctuation marks should be used only when the ideas are strongly related; if the connection is unclear or ideas are not closely linked, it’s safer to keep separate sentences for clarity Following these punctuation rules enhances sentence coherence and improves overall writing quality.
2.3.2 FRAGMENTS OF SENTENCES A) WHAT IS A SENTENCE FRAGMENT?
A sentence fragment is a common grammatical error that occurs when a group of words begins with a capitalized letter and ends with a period but does not form a complete sentence To be considered complete, a sentence must have both a subject and a verb; lacking either makes it a fragment Recognizing and avoiding sentence fragments is essential for clear and effective writing, as they disrupt the flow and coherence of your text Beason and Lester emphasize the importance of identifying complete sentences to improve overall readability.
A sentence fragment is a group of words that cannot function as a complete sentence because it lacks a subject or a verb, which are essential for a main clause Typically, fragments occur when either the subject or the verb is missing, making the phrase incomplete Sometimes, a fragment contains both a subject and a verb but is still a dependent clause, meaning it cannot stand alone and depends on additional information to form a complete sentence Understanding sentence fragments is crucial for writing clear and grammatically correct sentences (Beason and Lester, 1969:16).
Students often struggle to recognize dependent clauses and may produce fragmented sentences An independent clause is a complete thought that contains both a subject and a verb, making it essential for forming proper sentences Understanding which clauses to combine is crucial for clear communication, as students tend to create incomplete sentences when they omit the subject or verb, include only a dependent clause, or rely solely on a phrase without an independent clause Beason and Lester emphasize the importance of mastering independent and dependent clauses to improve sentence structure and writing clarity.
A common cause of fragment errors is when a sentence mistakenly appears to be a separate sentence but is actually part of the previous sentence Writers often experience a pause while thinking about how a sentence sounds when read aloud, which can misleadingly suggest a new sentence is needed However, this pause does not justify a standalone fragment, as a fragment cannot be an independent, complete sentence Sometimes, a comma may indicate a pause, but it does not make a fragment grammatically correct (Beason and Lester, 1969:16).
Firstly, a fragmented sentence does not contain a subject; for example, (a)
Effective writing requires clear and complete sentences that include a subject and a verb to convey meaning For example, instead of saying “Tired of having to ask her to help,” specify who is tired and what action they are taking, such as “I am tired of having to ask her for help.” Additionally, sentences should contain a clear subject and verb, like “People are playing baseball at the park,” to ensure the message is understandable Avoid using dependent clauses like “Because the bus was slow” without an independent clause, as this creates incomplete ideas and confuses the reader; instead, say “The bus was late because it was slow.” Proper sentence structure is essential for clear communication, as highlighted in writing guidelines from http://www.dersimizingilizce.com/writing%20web%20pages/writing%20index.htm.
D) HOW TO CORRECT THE MISTAKES
The sentence fragments can be corrected in the following ways (1) If there is not a subject, we add one as (a) “I am tired of having to ask her to help.”
To ensure clear and grammatically correct writing, it's important to add a verb if one is missing, such as changing a phrase to "People play baseball at the park." When dealing with dependent clauses without an independent clause, you can add an independent clause before or after the dependent clause, join the dependent clause to an existing independent clause, remove the subordinating word, or revise the dependent clause into an independent clause For example, the sentence "Because the bus was slow, I was late for class and missed the exam" should include a comma after the dependent clause, and can be rewritten as "I was late for class and missed the exam because of a slow bus" or simply as "The bus was slow" or "I had a slow bus yesterday." These correction techniques improve sentence clarity and are recommended for effective writing (Source: http://www.dersimizingilizce.com/writing%20web%20pages/writing%20index.htm)
2.3.3 MISPLACED MODIFIERS A) WHAT ARE MISPLACED MODIFIERS?
Misplaced or dangling modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that do not clearly relate to the word they modify in a sentence For example, the sentence "Born in Vietnam, it is common to eat rice" contains a misplaced modifier, which can cause confusion Properly placing modifiers ensures clarity and effective communication in your writing Understanding how to identify and correct misplaced modifiers is essential for crafting clear and grammatically correct sentences.
Students often struggle with identifying and correctly using the subject, verb, and key components of a sentence, leading to frequent misplacements of words, phrases, or clauses Additionally, they lack awareness of where to appropriately modify the next part of a sentence, which can result in dangling modifiers and unclear sentence structure Mastering proper sentence construction is essential for clear and effective writing.
Students commonly make six mistakes in writing that can impair clarity and coherence First, improper placement of adverbs like "only," "hardly," "even," "almost," "nearly," and "just" can create dangling modifiers when placed before verbs or after subjects, such as in "The guests almost ate all of the food," which incorrectly suggests the guests "almost" ate it Second, poorly linked modifying phrases and clauses can lead to misunderstandings; for example, describing someone as "a round, squat man with a droopy beard weighing 60kg" creates ambiguity due to misplaced modifiers Third, lengthy subject-verb-object phrases can cause ambiguity, as seen in "Susan, after trying to phone for a taxi, decided to walk to the station," where the sentence structure impacts clarity Fourth, squinting modifiers are ambiguously placed and can only modify one part of the sentence—a problem illustrated by "The lottery win that everyone thought would satisfy them totally disillusioned them." Fifth, splitting infinitives such as "to" + verb is problematic; for example, "She hoped to, by doing lots of revision and studying, pass the exams," breaks the natural flow of the infinitive Finally, dangling modifiers improperly refer to no clear subject, like in "Born in New Zealand, it is natural to enjoy eating roast lamb," where "it" does not logically connect to the phrase These common writing mistakes can be avoided by careful sentence construction to improve clarity and coherence.
D) HOW TO CORRECT THE MISTAKES
What is a fused sentence?
A fused sentence occurs when two or more complete sentences are combined without proper punctuation, such as a period or semicolon For example, “Bob went to the store he bought some apples” is a fused sentence that needs correction Beason and Lester emphasize that fused sentences can lead to confusion and disrupt the clarity of your writing To avoid fused sentences, it’s essential to use correct punctuation or connecting words, ensuring your sentences are properly structured Understanding how to identify and fix fused sentences improves overall writing coherence and readability.
A fused sentence happens when two complete sentences are joined without any punctuation or coordinating words like "and," "but," or "or." This common grammar error occurs when a compound sentence lacks clarity, making it difficult to identify where one idea ends and another begins Understanding fused sentences is essential for improving writing clarity and coherence A compound sentence combines two independent ideas, but if not properly punctuated, it results in a fused sentence that disrupts the reader's understanding Recognizing and correcting fused sentences enhances the flow and readability of your writing, making it more professional and SEO-friendly.
Many students struggle with understanding English sentence types, often lacking knowledge of simple, compound, complex, and mixed sentences, which hampers their ability to communicate ideas accurately This gap in understanding leads to grammatical mistakes and improper expression of thoughts Additionally, students frequently neglect careful proofreading, resulting in further errors Beason and Lester (1969) emphasize the importance of mastering sentence structures to improve clarity and correctness in writing.
Fused sentences occur when writers combine two complete ideas into one sentence without clear separation, often to emphasize their close connection However, this style can disrupt readability when it omits necessary punctuation or words, causing confusion about where one idea ends and another begins To maintain clarity, writers should follow proper conventions, such as using punctuation or transitions, to clearly distinguish between interconnected ideas Ensuring clear separation helps readers follow the flow of information effortlessly and enhances overall comprehension (Beanson and Lester, 1969:23).
D) HOW TO CORRECT THE MISTAKES?
To correct sentence errors, it is important to follow proper punctuation rules For fused sentences, adding a comma and a coordinating conjunction such as "and" or "but" is an effective solution (“The boy went to the store, and he never returned”) To fix a comma splice, simply delete the comma and use a period to separate the two clauses (“The boy went to the store He never returned”) Alternatively, placing a semicolon or colon between the clauses can merge them into one complete sentence, especially when the ideas are closely related (“Bob went to the store; he bought some apples”) However, semicolons and colons should be used only when the ideas are strongly connected; if the clauses are unclear or unrelated, it’s better to avoid them for clarity and coherence.
2.3.2 FRAGMENTS OF SENTENCES A) WHAT IS A SENTENCE FRAGMENT?
A sentence fragment is a common grammar error that occurs when a group of words starts with a capitalized letter and ends with a period but does not form a complete sentence To be a complete sentence, the group of words must contain both a subject and a verb; lacking either makes it a fragment Recognizing and avoiding sentence fragments is essential for clear and effective writing Beason and Lester emphasize that understanding the structure of complete sentences helps maintain grammatical correctness.
A sentence fragment is a group of words that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence, as it is not a main clause Main clauses contain a subject and a verb and can function independently, whereas fragments often lack one or both of these elements Sometimes, a fragment includes both a subject and a verb but is still incomplete because it is a dependent clause, which cannot stand alone and relies on additional information to be grammatically correct (Beason and Lester, 1969:16) Understanding the difference between complete sentences and fragments is essential for clear and effective writing, especially in academic and professional contexts.
Students often struggle to recognize dependent clauses, leading to fragmented sentences An independent clause, on the other hand, contains a subject and a verb and can function as a complete sentence Connecting dependent and independent clauses correctly is essential for clear writing Common errors include creating sentences that lack a subject or verb or consist solely of a dependent clause or phrase without a main idea Beason and Lester emphasize the importance of understanding how independent and dependent clauses work together to form grammatically correct sentences.
A common cause of fragment errors is when a fragment is actually part of the preceding sentence, often due to a misplaced pause or hesitation Writers may instinctively sense a pause when considering how a sentence sounds aloud, which can lead to mistakenly treating the next part as a separate sentence However, such fragments are incorrect because they cannot stand alone as complete sentences While a comma might indicate a natural pause, it does not make a fragment grammatically correct Proper sentence structure is essential to avoid fragment errors and ensure clarity in writing (Beason and Lester, 1969:16).
Firstly, a fragmented sentence does not contain a subject; for example, (a)
Effective writing requires clear, complete sentences with a subject and a verb to convey meaning For example, saying "Tired of asking her to help" lacks a subject, making it unclear who is tired Similarly, including only a phrase like "People playing baseball at the park" omits the verb, leaving the action undefined Additionally, dependent clauses such as "Because the bus was slow" need an accompanying independent clause to form a complete thought, as they only add information without standing alone Ensuring sentences are complete and properly structured improves clarity and communicates your message effectively Learn more at http://www.dersimizingilizce.com/writing%20web%20pages/writing%20index.htm.
D) HOW TO CORRECT THE MISTAKES
The sentence fragments can be corrected in the following ways (1) If there is not a subject, we add one as (a) “I am tired of having to ask her to help.”
To ensure clarity and correctness, identify and add verbs where missing, such as transforming "People play baseball at the park" into a complete sentence When dealing with dependent clauses lacking an independent clause, add an independent clause before or after, join the dependent clause to an existing independent clause, remove the subordinating word, or revise the dependent clause to stand alone as an independent sentence For example, change "Because the bus was slow, I was late for class and missed the exam" by placing a comma after the dependent clause, and rephrasing as "I was late for class and missed the exam because of a slow bus." Alternatively, reword as "I was late for class and missed the exam because of a slow bus" or simply state "The bus was slow," or "I had a slow bus yesterday" for clarity These strategies help correct sentence fragments and improve overall writing coherence.
2.3.3 MISPLACED MODIFIERS A) WHAT ARE MISPLACED MODIFIERS?
Misplaced modifiers, also known as dangling modifiers, are words, phrases, or clauses that do not clearly relate to or refer to other parts of a sentence For example, the sentence "Born in Vietnam, it is common to eat rice" contains a misplaced modifier that creates confusion about what is born in Vietnam Properly positioning modifiers is essential for clear and effective writing to ensure that the meaning is correctly conveyed to the reader Correcting misplaced modifiers improves sentence clarity and helps avoid misunderstandings in your writing.
Students often struggle to identify the subject, verb, and key components of a sentence, leading to frequent errors in word, phrase, or clause placement Additionally, they may be unsure of where to properly modify a sentence element, resulting in dangling modifiers that cause confusion Improving understanding of sentence structure is essential for creating clear, grammatically correct writing.
Students often make six common writing mistakes: first, placing adverbs like "only," "hardly," "even," "almost," "nearly," or "just" in front of ordinary verbs or after subjects can create dangling modifiers, as in "The guests almost ate all of the food," which incorrectly suggests the guests "almost eat" the food Second, misplaced modifiers between phrases and clauses can lead to confusion, exemplified by "The mayor was described as a round, squat man with a droopy beard weighing 60kg," which is unclear due to the distance between descriptive phrases Third, lengthy subject-verb-object structures can cause ambiguity, such as "Susan, after trying to phone for a taxi, decided to walk to the station," making it hard to interpret who performed which action Fourth, squinting modifiers are ambiguously placed and can only modify one word, as in "The lottery win that everyone thought would satisfy them totally disillusioned them," leading to confusion about what is being disillusioned Fifth, splitting infinitives, like in "She hoped to, by doing lots of revision and studying, pass the exams," disrupts sentence clarity Finally, dangling modifiers are words or phrases that do not logically connect to any part of the sentence, such as "Born in New Zealand, it is natural to enjoy eating roast lamb," where "it" does not refer to anything related to being born in New Zealand.
D) HOW TO CORRECT THE MISTAKES
To effectively correct dangling modifiers, it's essential to supply or rearrange words within the sentence for clear meaning One key rule is to place limiting modifiers—such as only, hardly, even, almost, nearly, just—directly before the words they modify, as misplacement can alter the entire sentence's meaning For example, the sentence "The guests ate almost all of the food" clearly indicates that most of the food was consumed, highlighting the importance of correct modifier placement for precise communication.
How to correct the mistakes?
To correct sentence errors like fused sentences and comma splices, it's essential to follow proper punctuation rules For fused sentences, adding a comma and a coordinating conjunction such as for, and, nor, but, or is the easiest fix, for example, "The boy went to the store, and he never returned." To fix comma splices, simply delete the comma and use a period or another punctuation mark, like "The boy went to the store He never returned." Alternatively, placing a semicolon or colon can combine two related independent clauses into one complete sentence, as in "Bob went to the store; he bought some apples." However, semicolons and colons should only be used when the ideas are closely related; if the clauses are unclear or not strongly connected, it’s safer to avoid these punctuation marks and opt for separate sentences.
What is a sentence fragment?
A sentence fragment is a common and serious writing error that occurs when a group of words begins with a capitalized letter and ends with a period but does not form a complete sentence To identify a complete sentence, it must contain both a subject and a verb; lacking either element results in a fragment Recognizing and avoiding sentence fragments is essential for clear and grammatically correct writing, as emphasized by Beason and Lester.
A sentence fragment is a group of words that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence, as it is not a main clause Main clauses contain both a subject and a verb, which are essential for a complete sentence Fragments often occur when either the subject or the verb is missing Additionally, sometimes a fragment includes both a subject and a verb but is a dependent clause, meaning it cannot stand alone and relies on another part of the sentence for grammatical completeness (Beason and Lester, 1969:16) Understanding these types of fragments is crucial for improving sentence structure and clarity in writing.
What cause the problems?
Students often struggle to recognize dependent clauses, leading to fragmented sentences An independent clause, on the other hand, contains a complete thought with a subject and a verb, making it essential for forming clear sentences Combining dependent and independent clauses correctly is crucial for effective writing Beason and Lester emphasize that students frequently produce incomplete sentences by omitting the subject or verb, or by using only dependent clauses or phrases without an independent clause Understanding the distinction between these clauses helps improve sentence structure and overall writing quality.
A common cause of sentence fragments is that the fragment is actually part of the preceding sentence Writers often notice a natural pause when reading aloud, which they might interpret as the start of a new sentence However, this pause can be misleading, as a fragment cannot stand alone as a complete sentence Sometimes, a comma may be needed to indicate a pause, but a true fragment requires revision to become a complete sentence (Beason and Lester, 1969:16).
The problems
Firstly, a fragmented sentence does not contain a subject; for example, (a)
Effective writing requires clear, complete sentences that express a complete thought Phrases like “Tired of having to ask her to help” lack a subject and do not specify who is tired, making the meaning unclear Similarly, incomplete examples such as “People playing baseball at the park” omit a verb, leaving the action unspecified Additionally, dependent clauses like “Because the bus was slow” lack an independent clause, resulting in incomplete sentences that do not convey a full idea Ensuring each sentence contains a subject, a verb, and a complete thought is essential for clear and coherent communication These common writing mistakes can be avoided by understanding proper sentence structure and syntax.
D) HOW TO CORRECT THE MISTAKES
The sentence fragments can be corrected in the following ways (1) If there is not a subject, we add one as (a) “I am tired of having to ask her to help.”
To ensure grammatical correctness, add a verb if one is missing, such as changing "People play baseball at the park" to include a subject-verb structure When a dependent clause lacks an independent clause, it should be revised by adding, joining, removing, or transforming it into an independent clause—for example, rewriting "Because the bus was slow, I was late for class" with a comma after the dependent clause, or combining it as "I was late for class and missed the exam because of a slow bus." Proper punctuation rules apply depending on the order of clauses, with commas placed before the main clause when the dependent clause precedes it Examples of corrected sentences include, "I was late for class and missed the exam because of a slow bus," or simplified forms like "The bus was slow" or "I had a slow bus yesterday." These guidelines help improve sentence clarity and grammatical accuracy, supporting better writing and SEO optimization.
What are misplaced modifiers?
Misplaced modifiers, also known as dangling modifiers, are words, phrases, or clauses that do not clearly connect to or describe the intended subject in a sentence For example, the sentence "Born in Vietnam, it is common to eat rice" misplaces the modifier, making it unclear who was born in Vietnam Ensuring modifiers are correctly positioned improves sentence clarity and grammatical accuracy Proper placement of modifiers enhances overall readability and prevents ambiguity in writing To avoid confusion, always position modifiers close to the words they modify, creating clear and effective sentences.
Many students struggle with understanding the correct placement of subjects, verbs, and other sentence components, leading to frequent misplacements of words, phrases, or clauses This confusion often results in dangling modifiers when they are unsure of where to position the next part of a sentence Proper sentence structure awareness is essential to ensure clarity and grammatical accuracy in writing.
Students often make six common mistakes in their writing First, using adverbs like "only," "hardly," or "almost" in front of verbs can create dangling modifiers, as in the incorrect sentence "The guests almost ate all of the food," which wrongly suggests the guests "almost" ate all the food Second, improperly placed modifying phrases can cause confusion, such as describing the mayor as "a round, squat man with a droopy beard weighing 60kg," which makes the description unclear Third, lengthy subject-verb-object structures can lead to ambiguity, exemplified by "Susan, after trying to phone for a taxi, decided to walk to the station." Fourth, squinting modifiers—ambiguous words placed between two possible targets—can distort meaning, as in "The lottery win that everyone thought would satisfy them totally disillusioned them." Fifth, splitting infinitives like "to" + verb within a sentence, for example "She hoped to, by doing lots of revision and studying, pass the exams," can disrupt clarity Lastly, dangling modifiers occur when a phrase doesn't logically refer to any word in the sentence, such as "Born in New Zealand, it is natural to enjoy eating roast lamb," where "it" is unclear Proper understanding and correction of these mistakes can significantly improve writing clarity.
D) HOW TO CORRECT THE MISTAKES
To correct dangling modifiers, it is essential to supply clarifying words or to reorganize sentence structure for clear meaning Limiting modifiers such as "only," "hardly," "even," "almost," "nearly," and "just" should be placed directly in front of the words they modify, as misplacement can significantly alter the sentence's meaning For example, the sentence "The guests ate almost all of the food" clearly indicates that most of the food was consumed, highlighting the importance of correct modifier placement for accurate communication.
To optimize clarity and SEO, place modifying phrases and clauses as close as possible to their headword or the word they modify For example, describe a person accurately by saying, "The mayor was described as a round, squat man weighing 60kg with a droopy beard," ensuring that descriptive details are immediately associated with the correct subject Proper placement of modifiers improves readability and SEO performance by reducing ambiguity and enhancing keyword relevance.
Effective writing requires clarity and proper sentence structure For instance, "60kg describes the man, not the beard" clearly distinguishes the subject from the description Sentences should flow smoothly from the subject to the verb or object without unnecessary interruptions, as demonstrated by the corrected example: "After trying to phone for a taxi, Susan decided to walk to the station." Proper placement of modifiers is essential to avoid confusion; for example, "The lottery win that everyone thought would totally satisfy them disillusioned them" ensures the modifier clearly relates to the correct noun Infinitives should generally stay intact; for example, "She hoped to pass the exams by doing lots of revision and studying" maintains clarity Additionally, dangling modifiers can be corrected by creating a new subject, such as "Born in New Zealand, I enjoy eating roast lamb." Following these grammatical principles enhances writing coherence and effectiveness.
2.3.4 TYPES OF UNPARALLEL STRUCTURE A) WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF UNPARALLEL STRUCTURE?
Unparallel structure occurs when sentences improperly mix different grammatical forms, leading to confusion It involves using inconsistent words, phrases, or clauses to express ideas of varying importance Common types of unparallel structures include unbalance in words and phrases, unbalance in clauses, and lack of subject-verb agreement Ensuring grammatical consistency improves clarity and readability, making your writing more professional and effective Mastering parallelism is essential for clear and persuasive communication.
Students should avoid using monotonous sentence structures, such as all -ing words, all past tense verbs, or all sentences starting with nouns, to create more engaging writing Proper sentence construction requires variation, including switching between active and passive voice and ensuring nouns match appropriately with nouns and verbs with verbs to maintain grammatical correctness Faulty parallelism occurs when sentences lack consistency in structure, making them less clear and more difficult to understand Additionally, proper subject-verb agreement is essential; singular subjects require singular verbs, and plural subjects need plural verbs to ensure grammatical accuracy and clarity in writing.
Firstly, the problem is with words and phrases, they coordinate ideas of unequal importance with the -ing form of word, and connect by "and",
Parallelism is essential for clear and grammatically correct writing, especially when using coordinating conjunctions like "but," "or," or "nor." For example, ensure that elements connected by these conjunctions are balanced, such as "I am looking forward to meeting you and to hear about your trip," which should be revised for parallel structure When using articles and prepositions before multiple items, they should appear only once before the first item, as in "A dollar, a pound, lire, or yen," for clarity and correctness Correlative expressions like "not only but also," "both and," "either or," "neither nor," and "whether or" require parallel grammatical structure, meaning the same type of word or phrase follows each part, such as in "The earthquake not only wrecked railway lines but also the trains." Additionally, it's important to match nouns with nouns and verbs with verbs within clauses to avoid faulty constructions; for example, "The lecturer told the students that they should do a lot of study, get plenty of sleep, and do some relaxation exercises before the exam." Lastly, subject-verb agreement must be maintained, as in "The roses are red" and "Violets are blue," since mismatched subjects and verbs lead to grammatical errors.
D) HOW TO CORRECT THE MISTAKES
The first common writing mistake involves mismatched -ing forms in sentences Correcting this, for example, involves rewriting "I am looking forward to meeting you and to hearing about your trip," ensuring parallel structure Additionally, pairing -ing forms with other -ing forms, such as changing "He prefers writing assignments rather than sitting exams," maintains consistency Proper parallelism also requires consistent use of articles or prepositions in a series; for instance, listing currencies as “A dollar, a pound, a lira or a yen” ensures clarity and correctness Addressing these common grammatical errors enhances readability and adheres to proper writing standards.
The earthquake wrecked not only the railway lines but also the trains, highlighting the extensive damage caused To ensure proper grammatical structure and maintain clarity, the sentence should place "wrecked" before "not only" and parallel the nouns, such as: "The earthquake wrecked not only railway lines but also the trains." Proper sentence construction improves readability and aligns with SEO best practices by clearly conveying the scope of the destruction.
Effective communication in writing involves clear, coherent sentences that follow correct grammatical structures For example, a well-structured sentence conveying the lecturer’s advice is: “The lecturer told the students that they should do a lot of study, get a lot of sleep, and do some relaxation exercises before the exam.” Simplifying sentences without losing meaning improves readability, such as rewriting “The lecturer told the students that they should do a lot of study, that they should get a lot of sleep and that they should do some relaxation exercises before the exam” as “The lecturer told the students that they should do a lot of study, get a lot of sleep and do some relaxation exercises before the exam.” Ensuring subject-verb agreement is also crucial; correct examples include “The rose is red” and “Violets are blue.” Avoiding common grammatical mistakes enhances the clarity and professionalism of your writing, as highlighted in examples from http://www.dersimizingilizce.com/writing%20web%20pages/writing%20index.htm.
2.4 THE DEFINITIONS OF SENTENCE TYPES FROM DIFFERENT VIEW POINTS
In English sentence types, there are four kinds of sentences; they are simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, compound and complex sentence Sometimes, both compound and complex sentences are joined together that called mixed sentence Basically, we can understand the English sentence types as Finegan reports:
A simple sentence consists of single clause that stands alone as it own sentence In a coordinate sentence (called “compound” in traditional grammar), two or more clauses are joined by a conjunction in a coordinate relationship A complex sentence combines two (or more) clauses in such a way that one clause functions as a grammatical part of the other one (Finegan, 1994:122)
A simple sentence is the most basic sentence in the English sentence types
To understand it clearly, we can recognize the next sentence types easily
In the simple sentence, it must contain a subject and a predicate A simple sentence contains only a single independent clause, or a group of words having a subject and a predicate, (Farmer and Yesner, 1985:383) Every clause must have at least one subject and one verb, (Werner and Nelson, 1985:115) A simple sentence has only a single independent clause (An independent clause can stand alone and make sense.) and it does not contain a subordinate clause According to Hien (1991:12), “a simple sentence consists of only one clause called independent clause (IC).” A simple sentence may contain compound subjects and predicates to express complex ideas while maintaining a single main clause To remember, a simple sentence does not mean anything about phrases A simple sentence can have forty-seven phrases, but only one independent clause Some simple sentences are enough the elements above but they are not still corrected because they have not a capital letter at the beginning and a period at the end By another example of the definition of simple sentence:
What are the types of parallel structure?
A complex sentence consists of a main clause and a dependent clause, where the dependent clause cannot stand alone and relies on the main clause for meaning (Warner and Nelson, 1985:117) Dependent clauses are essential components that add additional information to the sentence, but they make no sense on their own In a complex sentence, the dependent clause is typically introduced by a subordinating conjunction and is often separated from the main clause with a comma when it appears at the beginning or middle of the sentence Understanding how to construct and recognize complex sentences is crucial for enhancing writing clarity and grammatical correctness.
A complex sentence consists of an independent clause and a dependent clause, which cannot be separated into individual sentences The dependent clause relies on the independent clause to convey its complete meaning, highlighting the interconnected nature of complex sentences According to Feigenbaum (1985), a dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must always be linked to an independent clause for grammatical correctness and clarity Understanding the structure of complex sentences is essential for enhancing writing skills and ensuring sentence coherence.
A dependent clause is introduced by subordinating conjunctions, forming a complex sentence with one or more subordinate clauses According to Hien (1991), a complex sentence consists of a main clause combined with subordinate clauses joined by subordinating conjunctions, while Farmer and Yesner (1985) note that such sentences contain one independent and multiple dependent clauses, which can be adjective, adverb, or noun clauses There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adverb, noun, and adjective clauses Adjective clauses often begin with relative pronouns like who, whom, which, that, where, whose, and why, providing descriptive details about animals, people, places, or reasons Adverb clauses are introduced by words such as if, unless, although, while, where, so that, because, after, and until, expressing comparison, condition, concession, contrast, manner, place, purpose, reason, result, and time Noun clauses frequently start with words like that, how, if, when, whether, why, acting as reported speech or embedded questions Recognizing these connecting words helps identify dependent clauses within sentences for better understanding of sentence structure and meaning.
10) Because life is complex, we need complex sentences
11) Because people know that I am an English teacher, they make allowances for how I dress and what I say
12) Everyone, who worked on this, needs a vocation
13) After we have finished, we’ll take along vocation
14) Phil said that we should all go to a movie
2.4.4 MIXED SENTENCE (Compound and complex sentence)
A compound and complex sentence can form a coherent paragraph, as a compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses along with one or more dependent clauses According to Hien (1991:13), a mixed sentence consists of two or more main clauses combined with one or more subordinate clauses, enabling a richer and more nuanced expression of ideas within a single paragraph Using compound-complex sentences enhances the clarity and flow of writing, making it an effective technique for constructing well-organized paragraphs.
According to Farmer and Yesner (1985:384), a mixed sentence, specifically a compound–complex sentence, contains two or more independent clauses along with one or more dependent clauses To construct effective mixed sentences, it is important to understand various sentence types and how they combine Using appropriate conjunctions and subordinating words is essential for clarity and correctness in forming mixed sentences Properly managing these elements ensures the sentence is clear, coherent, and grammatically accurate.
15) Because I am an English teacher, some people expect me to speak perfectly, and other people expect me to write perfectly
This chapter provides an overview of the history and characteristics of music, focusing on melody and rhythm from various perspectives It highlights the significant role of music in language learning and education, emphasizing its benefits for students and teachers alike The review includes definitions and analysis of sentence types from multiple viewpoints, supported by extensive references Evidence shows that incorporating music into English grammar instruction offers a creative and effective alternative for students to enhance their learning Research confirms that using music in education improves reading comprehension, boosts test scores across subjects, and positively impacts students' mental well-being Technological advancements further amplify the effectiveness of music programs in schools, making music education a vital component for academic success Without it, there would likely be a decline in student performance, overall intelligence, and academic achievement.