Research on assessment of density and suggestion for conservation of the anotiectochilus cetaceus blume in ba vi national park

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Effective forest resource management in national parks is essential for sustainable natural resource preservation alongside the development of economic, cultural, and social aspects within ecosystems As population growth accelerates, the demand for human and natural resources increases, posing significant threats to the environment Implementing sustainable management practices helps mitigate these pressures, ensuring the conservation of forest resources for future generations.

Our country, located in the tropical monsoon region, boasts rich and diverse forest resources due to favorable natural conditions Historically, forests have played a vital role in protecting the environment and ensuring national security Additionally, forests are essential for providing timber and non-timber forest products (NTFPs), supporting both local livelihoods and the economy.

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are valuable resources extracted from natural and planted forests, playing a crucial role in forest ecosystems and local livelihoods They provide critical income, create jobs, and help preserve indigenous knowledge and environmental values NTFPs also contribute to forest protection by supporting water regulation, erosion control, and biodiversity conservation Despite their importance, limited information exists on the economic value of NTFPs, which hinders efforts to conserve species diversity Therefore, further research is essential to assess biodiversity, promote species conservation, and ensure sustainable management of NTFPs.

Ba Vi National Park, established in 1991, is a valuable natural heritage renowned for its stunning scenic landscapes The park boasts a rich and diverse flora, with over 1,201 species of vascular plants categorized into 649 genera and 160 families Additionally, Ba Vi National Park is home to a variety of medicinal herbs, making it an important site for plant conservation and traditional medicine.

503 species: Asarum maximum, Sargentodoxa cuneata, Fibraurea tinctoria etc ne of species has important role on medical and make livelihood for local people is

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume, a rare and precious herb belonging to the Orchidaceae family in Vietnam, is highly valued for its health benefits, including strengthening overall health and treating conditions such as hepatitis and bronchitis In Vietnam, this species can be bought for approximately 3,000,000 VND per kilogram Typically found at elevations around 930 meters within dense forests of Ba Vi National Park (BVNP), Anoectochilus setaceus Blume’s ecological role is vital, yet limited literature exists on this species Recognizing its significance, our research focuses on studying its biodiversity and proposing conservation strategies to ensure its sustainable preservation in Ba Vi National Park.

The concept of biodiversity and biodiversity conservation

In 1989, World Wildlife Fond (WWF) was defied about biodiversity that mean:

Biodiversity, also known as biological diversity, refers to the incredible variety of life on Earth, encompassing the range of species, genetic variation, and ecosystems It includes the diversity within and between all plants, animals, and micro-organisms, as well as the habitats they occupy Biodiversity is categorized into three key levels: genetic diversity, which involves the genetic differences within species; species diversity, representing the variety of different species; and ecosystem diversity, covering the range of ecosystems and habitats that support life Protecting biodiversity is essential for maintaining ecological balance, fostering resilient ecosystems, and supporting sustainable life on our planet.

According to the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), "biological diversity" refers to the variability among all living organisms across terrestrial, marine, and aquatic ecosystems It encompasses diversity within species, between different species, and among entire ecosystems Protecting biological diversity is essential for maintaining the health and resilience of our planet's ecological complexes.

According Biological diversity laws, biodiversity is abundant about genetic, species and ecosystem in the natural

Biodiversity plays a crucial role in supporting human life and driving economic and social development, providing valuable products for consumers and merchants alike Additionally, natural landscapes and biodiversity contribute to ecotourism, water regulation, and environmental protection, especially in mitigating the impacts of climate change on communities Preserving biodiversity is essential for sustainable development and the overall health of our planet.

Our understanding of biodiversity remains limited, primarily focusing on the assessment of the variety of life forms and their conservation status It is currently impossible to determine the exact number of plants, animals, and microorganisms on Earth, with estimates ranging from 5 to 30 million species; most biologists believe the actual number is around 14 million To date, only approximately 1.7 million species have been described and named, with many remaining barely studied Additionally, genetic diversity and overall biodiversity are not well understood or visible, highlighting the need for further research in this vital field.

Biodiversity conservation is process of management some relationship between people with genetics, species and ecosystems to provide highest benefit for current generation and demand for the next generation

Biodiversity conservation, according to WWF, involves maintaining natural landscapes and their diverse ecosystems to ensure the persistence of species, populations, genes, and their complex interactions into the future It requires an interdisciplinary approach, combining ecology, biological sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, and social sciences such as economics, law, public policy, and psychology This collaborative effort is essential for protecting and sustaining the planet’s rich biodiversity for future generations.

Biological diversity conservation is essential for protecting the abundance of natural ecosystems, including their habitats, landscapes, and seasonal wildlife routines It aims to preserve natural environments and the scenic beauty of nature, safeguarding endangered, rare, and protected species through sustainable farming, planting, and tending practices Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of retaining and preserving genetic specimens for long-term biodiversity health, ensuring the continued survival of vital species and ecological systems.

There are many approaches to biological diversity conservation such as:

In-situ conservation involves protecting ecosystems and natural habitats to maintain and recover viable populations of species in their native environments It also encompasses the preservation of domesticated or cultivated species within their natural surroundings, where they have developed their unique characteristics This approach, as outlined by the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), is essential for sustaining biodiversity and ensuring the survival of species in their natural habitat.

Ex-situ conservation, meaning "off-site conservation," involves protecting biological diversity by removing or restricting species from their natural habitats and managing them in controlled or modified environments This approach allows for the preservation of species outside their ecological niches, with varying levels of human intervention, including altering living conditions, reproductive patterns, resource access, and protection from predators or mortality Ex-situ management can take place both within and beyond a species’ natural geographic range, serving as a crucial strategy for conserving vulnerable or endangered species.

Ecological rehabilitation focuses on restoring degraded ecosystems through efforts such as re-establishing native species, recreating natural ecological processes, and restoring material cycles and hydrological regimes A key objective in conservation biology is to protect both individual species and the overall biodiversity, ensuring the health and resilience of ecosystems.

Research overview about Anoectochilus setaceus Blum

We have many researches about Anoectochilus setaceus Blume In 1810, Carlvon

Blume was the first to describe the plant Anoectochilus setaceus Blume In Sri Lanka, this species has been extensively collected illegally for medicinal and ornamental purposes Traditionally, Indian communities have also used Anoectochilus setaceus in herbal medicine Across Southeast Asia, particularly in China, Korea, and Japan, this plant is highly valued for its medicinal properties and ornamental appeal.

According magazine about Material medical and public health – in October, 2007 has some posts about the role of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume such as:

- Mr Ta Moc Huan - Chinese scholar – when studying “Trung” medicine in 2004 talked about the effect of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume

- In 1964, Mr.Can Vi Tung said that: Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is a valuable medicine in the pharmacies of Taiwan

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume was included in alert level in Viet Nam Red Book (

ENA (classified as a, c, d) is regulated by government decree 32/2006/ND-CD-30/3/2006 and falls under Group IA, indicating exploitation is prohibited This species is native to regions such as Lao Cai (Sapa), Ha Giang, Yen Bai, Vinh Phuc, Quang Tri, and Gia Lai Notable research on Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Vietnam includes studies conducted by Lecomte Fiom (1907–1943) and Pham Quan Ho (1991), contributing valuable insights into its conservation and medicinal potential.

Moreover, when talk to Anoectochilus setaceus Blume, we can remember Professor.Le Quang Do – Thai Nguyen Agriculture – forestry University He has many researches about species

In 2007, Ngo Van Son and Vu Manh Dam – Viet Nam Forestry university – were researched about biological characteristics, capabilities propagation and medicinal of

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park – Ha Noi The result of research to evaluate biological characteristics, capabilities propagation and medicinal

In 2008, Ngo Van Tai from Vietnam Forestry University conducted research on the biological characteristics and distribution of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park, Hanoi This study provided essential insights that serve as a foundation for the conservation and sustainable development of this valuable species.

In 13-12-2012, Doctor Phung Van Phe has done research on morphological characteristics, distribution and diversity of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume According this research, we can know characteristic, distribution of specie He has propagated species by natural methods in Ba VI National Park but they don’t have expense so the plating has to facing many difficulties Beside, 12/2010, Forest Inventory and Planning Institute has implemented the project "The assessment of the conservation status of endangered by decree 32/2006/ND-CD-30/3/2006 According research, distributions of species approximate 30.000km 2 and area habitat of species about 1500km 2 But conservation measures in place are not effective, people in forest harvesting with large number and no ex-situ conservation

Currently, there is limited research on Anoectochilus setaceus Blume worldwide and in Vietnam, with most studies focused on its morphological characteristics and distribution Conservation strategies for this species remain underexplored, with few solutions proposed for its preservation in studied areas Additionally, relevant research has not yet been translated into practical applications to support the species' conservation efforts.

NATURAL – ECONOMIC – SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN BA VI

Natural conditions

- Ba Vi National Park has geographical coordinates: 20055 '- 21,007' North latitude;

- Ba Vi National Park is located in 5 districts of Ba Vi, Thach That, Quoc Oai of Ha Noi Capital, Luong Son and Ky Son district of Hoa Binh province

Ba Vi National Park covers a total area of 7,377 hectares, comprising an ecological rehabilitation zone of approximately 4,646 hectares located at elevations between 100m and 400m, and a protection area of about 2,140 hectares situated at elevations above 400m Additionally, the park includes a buffer zone spanning 14,144 hectares, ensuring the conservation and sustainable management of this protected natural habitat.

Ba Vi National Park features several impressive peaks exceeding 1,000 meters in elevation, including King Mount at 1,296 meters, Tan Vien Peak at 1,227 meters, Ngoc Hoa Peak at 1,131 meters, and South Vien Mountain Summit at 1,081 meters The park also boasts lower peaks such as Lobster Cave Top at 776 meters and Priced to 714 meters, making it a popular destination for nature enthusiasts and adventure seekers.

- The average slope of the area is 25 0 , the slope increases with increasing altitude From the elevation 400m, average slope 35 0

- Elevation of the study area is 900m

- The average annual temperature is 23,32 o C

- Ability to evaporation: from 861.9 mm / year to 759,5mm / year,

- The total amount of annual solar radiation from 120-130 kilocalorie / cm2

Ba Vi National Park features three distinct types of forests: the lush moist evergreen tropical rainforests, the mixed evergreen broadleaf and coniferous forests, and the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests with tropical moist montane characteristics These diverse ecosystems highlight the park's rich biodiversity and ecological significance.

The flora in the region comprises over 1,000 plant species, including approximately 200 medicinal plants vital for traditional healing practices Among these, rare and valuable species such as Calocedrus macrolepis and Podocarpus nerrifolius stand out for their ecological and medicinal significance.

- Fauna: 45 species of mammals, 115 birds, 61 reptiles and 27 species of amphibians, many of which are rare species listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam and the world

The system streams in the region mainly in two main directions: the north, the northeast is a tributary of the Red River and West River is a tributary of Da

2.1.6 Forest resources and forest lands

The total area approximate 10,814.6 hectares forest and forest land Inside:

Economic – social conditions

Population in the region is 20 569 households, 89 981 people Accounting for 77.3% of Muong ethnic; Kinh 20.4%; Dao ethnic 2.15% and 0.15% of the Thai people Total workforce is 51 558 people

The region's land use is predominantly forested, comprising 44.9% of the total area, while agricultural land accounts for 22.04% The average agricultural land per capita is relatively low at 996 square meters per person, including both land and rice paddy fields Despite limited agricultural space, the area achieves an average food production of 4.55 tons per hectare annually, highlighting its productivity.

In regions where natural forests are not exploited, plantation forests managed by parks, as well as those established through programs like Program 327, 661, and other initiatives, primarily focus on sustainable management rather than forest exploitation Additionally, the industrial processing of agricultural and forestry products plays a vital role in supporting these conservation efforts and promoting sustainable economic development.

- Education: The whole area has 14.731 students with 1.309 teachers

- Traffic: communes have communal roads have been paved National grid system has to all communes.

GOALS AND (SPECIFIC) OBJECTIVES

Objective

- Review the variety of species in Ba Vi National park

- Determined: distribution, number of individual, characteristic of Anoectochilus setaceus Blum in Ba Vi National Park

- Suggest the conservation Anoectochilus setaceus Blum

Object

- Research on Anoectochilus setaceus Blum in Ba Vi National Park

Timeline

METHOD

Collect existing data

 Some research about Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National

 Book, internet to find out the information about the object of research

 Information, data in Ba Vi National Park

- Find out the main distribution area

A personal interview survey, also known as a face-to-face survey, is an effective research method used to gather in-depth information from a specific target population This approach allows researchers to collect detailed insights and local knowledge, especially when limited initial information about the study object is available It is particularly useful for identifying key factors such as the distribution location, population density, and elevation of the area under investigation, ensuring comprehensive and accurate data collection for informed decision-making.

The object of interview is the following:

+ Human, who live in the core area of Ba Vi National Park

+ Management boards of National Park

I will interview 20 people Table below shows the list of people interviewed

Table 4.1: The list of people interviewed about Anoectochilus setaceus Blum in Ba Vi National Park

1 Mr Hung Male Beputy director of BVNP

2 Mr Son Male science room of BVNP

3 Mr Chinh Male Ranger in Coot 1100m

4 Do Thi Lien Female Business

5 Nguyen Van Cuong Male Worker

6 Phan Van Hung Male Business

7 Chu Thanh Lam Male Ranger

8 Tran Thu Ha Female Business

9 Lo Van Lam Male Worker

10 Nguyen Van Tinh Male Famer

11 Nong Van Lanh Male Famer

12 Nguyen Van Han Male the oriental medicine

13 Tran Xuan Quang Male Worker

14 Tran Thu Hang Female Business

15 La Van Tinh Male Worker

16 Nguyen Thu Huong Female Famer

17 Tran Quang Hieu Male the oriental medicine

18 Nguyen Van Lanh Male Worker

19 Nguyen Thanh Tam Male Ranger

20 Cu Thanh Ha Female Famer

After interview, I have some information of species about distribution so I will choose place to make plot

Distribution by forest type: distributed in secret forest of evergreen broadleaf subtropical low of mountain, forest structure tree usually has 2 floors

Distribution by elevation: the elevation above 930m

 I with make about 4 plots base on distribution of species, area of each plot is 25m x 40m

The purpose of make plot is find the number of individuals of the species, which finds the total individuals in National Park Steps up sample plots:

Step 1: determine the location standard plot

+ Plot criteria must fit in the forest plot

+ Plot must be located away from major the trail, road, and forest cover at least 10 meters

+ Plot must not pass through slots or ridges squeezed

+ Plot must be consistent on the structural elements of terrain, land

+ Plot does not contain big gaps in cell (density of trees to spread in the entire area of the cell)

+ To facilitate the manipulation investigation

Step 2: Make plot I will use measuring by tape, staff and twine Establish 30 2x2m- subplot in each plot to inventory the Anoectochilus setaceus Blum This is the shape of one plot after I make it

The table shows the number individuals:

Table : Number individuals each plot

Elevation plot Co-ordinate Total individual Noted

We need to know about the growth of each tree, so I will show by table:

- Measurement data in the field before processing, analysis should be conducted to calculate and check back to find errors in the process of recording

- According Sampling method, I know that is Simple random sampling So I use the form to estimate total of trees in BVNP:

- We find: Estimate the population mean à

Form the average of individual in each plot; I can estimate density of species I use formula:

N: Density of species μ: average of individual in each plot S: area of plot (1000m 2 )

Based on comprehensive research and locally collected data, this assessment identifies both the difficulties and advantages in managing and conserving species within the study area While challenges such as habitat loss and limited resources pose significant obstacles, opportunities like community involvement and sustainable practices offer promising avenues for effective conservation Developing realistic solutions that leverage local strengths and address key issues is essential for ensuring the long-term preservation of the region’s biodiversity.

RESULT

Morphological characteristics

Anotiectochilus cetaceus Blume is a herbaceous plant that grows in soil, characterized by a succulent trunk and 2 to 6 egg-shaped leaves with sharp points, measuring approximately 3–5cm x 2–3cm Its leaves, which are usually brownish, grow around the plant's twisted body and vary in size, featuring larger, older leaves alongside younger ones The plant's leaf network system consists of feather veins, typically with five ribbed stems emerging from the leaves The midrib is usually yellowish, while the surrounding veins are pink, with the veins being smooth, white, and green, measuring about 0.5cm to 1.2cm in length Flowers grow in bunches at the tips of the plant, with each flower axis about 5–20cm long, featuring red-brown, hairy stalks.

10 flowers Seasonal flowers bloom from October – December, ripening season from December – February Plant can focus into bush with 3 – 5 individuals

* Stem: The stem grows vertically with a diameter of about 2.5 - 3.5 cm, usually

2.8cm Stems have many internodes with different lengths, each tree has about 2-4 internodes with average length of about 2 - 6 cm The trunk is succulent, it usually without wool and pale blue

Roots are horizontally positioned above the ground, sometimes slightly inclined, and tend to crawl along the surface The rhizome typically measures between 5 to 14 cm in length, with an average length of 9.4 cm, and has a diameter ranging from 2.5 to 4 cm, averaging 3.05 cm It contains 3 to 10 internodes, with an average of 4.71 internodes, and each internode is 1 to 6 cm long, averaging 2.01 cm The rhizome is usually smooth, not hairy, and displays colors such as blue and white, with occasional reddish-brown shades.

Picture 5.1: The roots of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume

* Leaves: The leaves are brown pink, each tree from 2-6 leaves, usually 4 leaves Leaves twisted around the body, spread on the ground Leaf surface has pile

Picture 5 2: The leave of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume (Front)

Picture 5.3: The leave of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume (Back)

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume produces a stunning pink flower with an inflorescence length of 5 to 7 cm, featuring 5 to 10 flowers, each approximately 2.5 cm long Its flowering season spans from October to December, making it a popular ornamental choice The flower's aesthetic appeal adds significant economic value through cultivation To maximize both its beauty and commercial potential, effective planting methods and breeding of genetic resources are essential for enhancing its ornamental and artistic qualities.

Picture 5.4: Flower of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park

During the research period, fruiting was not observed as it was outside the fruiting season; however, interviews and material analysis indicate that the fruit is oval or rhombus-shaped with sides covered by small feather-like structures The fruit has a pink-purple color when unripe, turning red or yellow upon ripening, which occurs in February and March Its diameter ranges from 0.4 to 0.7 cm, with a length of approximately 1.8 to 2.5 cm.

The diversity of the number of individuals according to the state forest

According to interviews with 20 participants, approximately 90% possess knowledge about the species, indicating widespread awareness Since 2005, the species has become well-known; however, in recent years, its population has significantly declined The research area is concentrated at elevations above 900 meters within a rich forested state forest, highlighting the species' preferred habitat.

Table 5.1 Distribution of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume according to the state of forest

Based on Table 5.2, the average density of Anoectochilus setaceus Blum in rich forests is 425 individuals per hectare, with an average of 42.5 individuals per plot In these forests, the plant’s density is lower than that of the surrounding trees, which range from approximately 80 trees per plot in Plot 1 to 120 trees per plot in Plot 3 This reduction is due to environmental impacts affecting species development, such as the vulnerability of succulent and stamping plants during rainy seasons Additionally, natural factors like deciduous seasons cause trees growing beneath the canopy to be buried, further influencing plant density However, the average density of Anoectochilus setaceus in Ba Vi National Park surpasses that of other locations, such as Sung Phang commune in Tam Duong district, Lai Chau province, where Hoang A Lo (2014) reported a density of only 60 trees per hectare in his study on the species’ succession and conservation efforts. -Boost your botanical research with precise density insights on Anoectochilus setaceus—discover more [Learn more](https://pollinations.ai/redirect/draftalpha)

The result of distribution density of Anoectochilus setaceus Blumeembedded in the map 5.2

Picture 5.5 Map of distribution of species according the state forest

The diversity of the number of individuals according elevation

Elevation directly influences the distribution of flora, as increasing elevation leads to changes in key environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and sunlight, which affect plant growth An investigation was conducted to examine how elevation impacts flora diversity and the number of individual plants Table 5.2 presents the geographical characteristics of the study area, providing context for the observed variations in plant distribution across different elevations.

Table 5.2 Geographical characteristics of the study area Target elevation(m) 1000 1100 1200 1250 1280

Ferrarit yellowish brown soil developed in poocphirit mother rock

Proportion of rock and soil 52.4 61.2 59.4 65.7 67.2 proportion of exposed rock 45.98 55.64 79.85 60.52 64.24

I conducted surveys on 4 plots corresponding to two different elevations: 1100m and 1200m The results of surveys are presented in the table 5.3:

Table 5.3 Density of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume according elevation

Elevation plot Co-ordinate Number individual/plot

Based on data from Table 5.3, Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is primarily distributed at elevations of 1100 meters and above The species’ density increases as altitude rises, indicating a positive correlation between elevation and population density This distribution pattern suggests that higher altitudes provide favorable conditions for the growth and abundance of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume.

+ Temperature decreases when elevation increases Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is the species thriving in areas with low temperatures

+ Impact of human: exploiting activities of human effect to natural regeneration.

The diversity of the number of individuals according aspect

The aspect has directly affect to the number of individuals and the distribution of plant species, including Anoectochilus setaceus Blume To study the effect of asepct to

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume , I made 4 plots in 2directions: Northeast and Southwest

Map 5.3 shows the location of 4 plots:

Picture 5.5 Map of location of 4 plots according aspect

The results of investigate showed in table 5.4:

Table 5.4 Density of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume according aspect

The species density varies significantly across different aspects, with the Northeast exhibiting an average density of 69 trees per hectare, compared to just 16 trees per hectare in the Southwest This disparity is primarily influenced by environmental factors, as the Northeast receives lower light energy and temperatures, creating favorable conditions for tree growth Additionally, the gentler slopes in the Northeast reduce vulnerability to environmental stresses such as floods and erosion Moreover, a higher density of exposed rock in the Northeast provides ideal conditions for species development, preventing rapid forest succession and promoting biodiversity.

Interviews with local residents and national park officers reveal that Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is critically endangered due to illegal harvesting for export The high market prices—5,000,000 VND per kilogram of fresh product in China and up to 30,000,000 VND in Japan—drive overexploitation, leading to a significant decline in wild populations Urgent conservation efforts are needed to prevent the species from becoming extinct due to continued illegal trade.

So we need these measures to conduct effective management from local to Central Government to protect forest flora species, Anoectochilus setaceus Blume among them.

Conservation and development solutions the number of individuals of Anoectochilus

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in the study area:

5.5.1 The work of protection forest:

The province's national park is protected by a team of 33 highly qualified rangers, responsible for safeguarding an area ranging from less than 1,000 hectares These rangers play a crucial role in conserving forest resources through their expertise and dedication However, public awareness and perception about forest protection remain limited, resulting in relatively low effectiveness of conservation efforts Improving community engagement and education is essential to enhance the overall success of forest preservation initiatives.

The coordination in the management of national park's staff and local governments is limited; just stops at the sign forest protection commitments, mobilizing people against deforestation

Despite the implementation of forest fire prevention measures, people continue to use traditional slash-and-burn techniques during the dry season, risking forest destruction and increasing the likelihood of large-scale fires in state forests.

5.5.2 Advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and challenges in the conservation and development of species in Ba Vi National Park:

Ba Vì National Park, situated to the west of Hanoi and encompassing two districts in Hòa Bình Province, benefits from a strategic geographical location that facilitates economic and cultural exchanges between provinces This advantageous position promotes regional economic development and offers significant opportunities for local communities in the buffer zone to thrive.

Local residents engage in agricultural development and diversify their income through tourism-related activities like transportation and trading at popular attractions such as Ao Vua, Thien Son – Suoi Nga, and Khoang Xanh These efforts boost household incomes while reducing reliance on forest resources in the buffer zone, promoting sustainable livelihood alternatives and environmental conservation.

Ba Vi National Park boasts abundant land, water, and forest resources, creating ideal conditions for the growth of various economic sectors including tourism, services, agriculture, and forestry product processing These rich natural assets enhance the park's potential to diversify local economies and promote sustainable development.

Park Administration undertook to allocate land in the area below 400m for the people, to create jobs for working people in the region such as: planting trees, forest product exploitation

Many local residents in the buffer zone have limited knowledge about forest resources and plant species During interviews, it was observed that most people, including officials and community members, lack awareness of the different species present in their surrounding environment Enhancing local knowledge about forest biodiversity is crucial for effective conservation and sustainable management efforts.

Many poor farmers face a critical shortage of productive land, impacting their livelihoods In response, some buyers engage in illegal mining to boost their income, which significantly contributes to environmental degradation This destructive activity leads to a decline in the local population, further exacerbating the community's economic challenges Addressing land scarcity and preventing illegal mining are essential for sustainable development and protecting both the environment and local communities.

Some villages have low literacy levels, the propaganda to apply science and technology to agriculture - forestry is difficult

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is a herbaceous species highly susceptible to environmental changes, particularly climate change As temperatures rise due to global warming, its natural distribution area has shifted upward; five years ago, it was commonly found at elevations of 800 meters, but currently, it is primarily found above 1000 meters with very limited presence at 800 meters Additionally, this species tends to grow on slopes with 30° angles beneath rocks Storm events pose a significant threat by causing soil burial, damage, and the death of many individual plants.

Ba Vi National Park always get the attention of the authorities and organizations to develop programs for the conservation and development of flora – flora

Tourism activities invested to develop and create conditions for economic development - social, increase income for local people

Changing the structure of the local economy is stronger place due to the application of science in mode of production

When Anoectochilus setaceus Blume being studied more will increase the value of the species It is an opportunity for the preservation, development and multiplication of species

When the value of species increases, Anoectochilus setaceus Blume will be faced with the illegal exploitation of the local population

We do not have a technical process of multiplication being applied in Ba Vi National Park Therefore, the Netherlands have not been conducted multiplication in national parks

5.5.2.5 Solutions that contribute to the preservation and development of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park: a Management:

Enhancement of forest management, especially the forest area which is the living environment of species

Strengthening the connections between national park management officials and local authorities is essential for effective forest protection Engaging local communities to provide information supports better organization and enforcement of forest management laws Increasing investment in ranger equipment, including communication systems and fire protection tools, enhances their ability to safeguard forest reserves Ensuring lawfulness in forest management and protection is crucial for sustainable conservation efforts.

Handle violations of the law: the exploitation of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume, burning forests, and deforestation

Innovative methods of communication appropriate to the educational level of the local population Applying knowledge about the forest into general education b Policy:

We need a strategy for the forest land of production and protective forest; agricultural land, land for Perennial plants to easy management

We need to continue to implement policies on reforestation, forest protection and development c Technique:

We will employ both in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods to protect Anoectochilus setaceus Blume, ensuring the preservation of its natural habitat by creating favorable conditions and minimizing environmental impact Additionally, multiplying the species through cultivation techniques is essential for its conservation and sustainable management.

We need to conduct complete process Anoectochilus setaceus Blume propagation techniques, applied into practice in order to generate the amount of seedlings, provides the domestic market and international

CONCLUSION, CONSTRAINS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

- Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is herbaceous plant, growing underground Therefore the number of individuals was determined only at the time of the study due to the natural succession of species

- Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in the study area distributed with low density in 4 establised plots There were 173 individuals distributing mainly at the elevation from 1000m and Northeast direction

- Anoectochilus setaceus Blume distributed in natural forests with high coverage density, around 80% - 85% Distribution density of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume changes by elevation, exposure direction

Within five years, the National Park has confirmed no cases of brocade spread exploitation violations However, during interviews, it was noted that the high market price has led many individuals to engage in illegal mining activities Anoectochilus setaceus Blume has been significantly impacted by direct exploitation, along with mining operations and land conversion, threatening the species' survival.

- Initial assessing of forest protection, benefits, constraints, opportunities and challenges in the conservation and development of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park

- Recommending 3 groups of species conservation and development in the region, including measures on organization management, policy solutions and engineering solutions.

Constrains

- Study time is limited so the topic was not investigated comprehensively in the research area

Initial assessments of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume focused primarily on its conservation and management impacts, but lacked the necessary conditions to thoroughly study the factors influencing its sustainable development across other aspects.

The interview process proved challenging as many respondents hesitated to honestly disclose whether they had exploited any species from the restricted list Fear of admitting to such activities made it difficult to gather accurate information, highlighting the sensitive nature of verifying compliance with conservation regulations.

- The study did not have conditions to research on phonological characteristics, forest structure, species breeding capabilities in research areas to breed for conservation and development.

The roots of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume

* Leaves: The leaves are brown pink, each tree from 2-6 leaves, usually 4 leaves Leaves twisted around the body, spread on the ground Leaf surface has pile

Picture 5 2: The leave of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume (Front)

Picture 5.3: The leave of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume (Back)

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume produces beautiful pink flowers with an inflorescence length of approximately 5 to 7 cm, consisting of 5 to 10 flowers, each about 2.5 cm long Its flowering season spans from October to December, making it a highly ornamental plant Cultivating Anoectochilus setaceus not only enhances aesthetic and artistic value but also offers high economic potential Therefore, developing effective planting methods and crossbreeding genetic resources is essential to maximize its ornamental and commercial benefits.

Picture 5.4: Flower of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park

During the research period, fruiting was not observed as it was not the season, but survey interviews and material analysis revealed that the fruit has an oval or rhombus shape with sides covered by a small feather-like wrap The fruit is pink-purple in color, turning red or yellow when ripe, which typically occurs in February and March Ripe fruits measure approximately 0.4 to 0.7 cm in diameter and 1.8 to 2.5 cm in length.

5.2 The diversity of the number of individuals according to the state forest:

Based on interviews with 20 respondents, approximately 90% of people possess knowledge about the species Since 2005, awareness of the species has increased significantly; however, in recent years, the number of individuals observed has become very limited The research area is located at elevations above 900 meters within a rich forested state forest reserve, highlighting the importance of this habitat for the species' conservation.

Table 5.2 indicates that the average density of Anoectochilus setaceus Blum in rich forests is 425 individuals per hectare, with an average of 42.5 individuals per plot Despite the richness, the species’ density is lower than that of co-occurring trees, such as 80 trees per plot in plot 1 and 120 trees per plot in plot 3, suggesting the impact of environmental factors on its development The vulnerable nature of succulent and stamping plants makes them particularly susceptible during rainy seasons, and natural seasonal changes, like leaf shedding, further affect the understory where Anoectochilus setaceus grows Notably, the average density of this species in Ba Vi National Park surpasses that in other locations like Sung Phang commune, Lai Chau province, where it is about 60 trees per hectare, highlighting regional differences in species distribution and conservation status (Hoang A Lo, 2014).

Picture 5.5 Map of distribution of species according the state forest

5.3 The diversity of the number of individuals according elevation:

Elevation significantly influences flora distribution because increasing elevation alters environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and sunlight, which directly impact plant growth An investigation was conducted to examine how elevation affects the diversity and number of individual plants in the study area The findings are detailed in Table 5.2, which presents the geographical characteristics of the area and highlights the relationship between elevation and plant diversity.

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is primarily distributed at elevations above 1100 meters, according to data from Table 5.3 As altitude increases, the density of this species tends to rise, highlighting a positive correlation between elevation and species abundance This pattern suggests that higher altitudes create favorable conditions for the growth and proliferation of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume.

+ Impact of human: exploiting activities of human effect to natural regeneration

5.4 The diversity of the number of individuals according aspect:

Picture 5.5 Map of location of 4 plots according aspect

The density distribution of species varies across different aspects, with the Northeast exhibiting an average density of 69 trees per hectare, significantly higher than the Southwest's 16 trees per hectare This difference is attributed to several factors: the Northeast receives less light energy and has lower temperatures compared to the Southwest, influencing growth conditions Additionally, the gentler slopes in the Northeast reduce environmental stresses such as flooding and erosion, promoting higher tree density Furthermore, the higher exposure of rocks in the Northeast creates favorable conditions for species development and helps prevent their being overshadowed or buried by natural forest succession.

Interviews with local residents and national park officers reveal that Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is an endangered species due to illegal procurement for international markets The high market prices—China at 5,000,000 VND per kilogram fresh and Japan at 30,000,000 VND per kilogram fresh—motivate illegal exploitation Increased exploitation risks leading to a significant decline in wild populations of this threatened plant species.

So we need these measures to conduct effective management from local to Central Government to protect forest flora species, Anoectochilus setaceus Blume among them

5.5 Conservation and development solutions the number of individuals of

The province's national park is staffed by 33 highly qualified rangers responsible for protecting a forest area ranging from less than 1,000 hectares to 500 hectares Their expertise significantly contributes to the conservation of forest resources However, public perception remains limited to basic forest protection messages, resulting in relatively low effectiveness of community engagement efforts Strengthening awareness and education among local residents is essential to enhance forest conservation outcomes.

Despite ongoing forest fire prevention efforts, many people still resort to slash-and-burn techniques during the dry season, which pose significant risks to forest areas and can trigger large-scale wildfires in state forests.

Ba Vi National Park, situated in the western part of Hanoi and spanning two districts in Hoa Binh Province, offers a strategic geographical location that facilitates economic and cultural exchanges between provinces Its favorable positioning promotes regional economic development and benefits the local communities in the buffer zone.

Local residents are engaged in agricultural development and diversify their income through tourism-related activities such as transportation and trading at popular attractions like Ao Vua, Thien Son – Suoi Nga, and Khoang Xanh These initiatives have increased residents' incomes and decreased their reliance on forest resources in the buffer zone, promoting sustainable livelihoods and eco-friendly economic growth.

Ba Vi National Park boasts abundant natural resources, including land, water, and forest resources, offering ideal conditions for the development of key economic sectors These resources support tourism, service industries, agriculture, and forestry product processing, driving sustainable economic growth in the region.

Many local residents have limited knowledge about forest resources, particularly concerning different species During interviews, it was found that only a few community members are familiar with various species, while most people in the buffer zone lack awareness and understanding of local flora This gap in knowledge highlights the need for targeted environmental education to promote sustainable forest management and conservation efforts Increasing awareness about forest species among local communities can enhance their involvement in preserving biodiversity and utilizing resources responsibly.

Many poor farmers face a shortage of productive land, limiting their livelihoods In response, some buyers engage in illegal mining to boost their income, further degrading land resources This activity leads to a decline in the number of individuals involved, exacerbating socioeconomic challenges in the region Addressing land scarcity and illegal mining is essential for sustainable development and improving farmers' livelihoods.

Flower of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park

During the research period, fruiting was not observed as it was not the season, but survey interviews and material analysis revealed that the fruit is oval or rhombus-shaped with small feather-like coverings The fruit is pink-purple when unripe and turns red or yellow upon ripening, which occurs in February and March Its diameter ranges from 0.4 to 0.7 cm, and its length is approximately 1.8 to 2.5 cm.

5.2 The diversity of the number of individuals according to the state forest:

Based on interviews with 20 individuals, approximately 90% have knowledge about the species, indicating its widespread recognition Since 2005, the species has been well known, though recent years have seen a significant decline in the number of individuals The research area is located at elevations above 900 meters in a rich forest within the state forest, supporting the species' habitat.

Based on Table 5.2, the average density of Anoectochilus setaceus Blum in rich forests is 425 individuals per hectare, with an average of 42.5 individuals per plot The density in these forests is lower than that of neighboring trees, which range from approximately 80 trees per plot in Plot 1 to 120 trees per plot in Plot 3, primarily due to environmental impacts affecting species development As a succulent and vulnerable plant, Anoectochilus setaceus is susceptible to damage during rainy seasons, especially under the canopy where natural processes such as leaf shedding bury the ground plants Notably, the species’ average density in Ba Vi National Park surpasses that in other locations, such as Sung Phang commune in Lai Chau province, which has a density of about 60 trees per hectare (Hoang A Lo, 2014).

Map of distribution of species according the state forest

5.3 The diversity of the number of individuals according elevation:

Elevation directly influences flora distribution by altering key environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and sunlight intensity As elevation increases, these changing conditions impact plant growth and diversity To examine this relationship, an investigation was conducted on how elevation affects the diversity and number of individual plants Table 5.2 presents the geographical characteristics of the study area, providing context for the observed variations in flora distribution across different elevations.

According to data from Table 5.3, Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is primarily found at elevations above 1100 meters The species' density tends to increase with rising altitude, indicating its preference for higher mountainous regions These distribution patterns highlight the significance of altitude in determining the habitat and abundance of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume.

+ Impact of human: exploiting activities of human effect to natural regeneration

5.4 The diversity of the number of individuals according aspect:

Map of location of 4 plots according aspect

The species density varies significantly between different aspects, with the Northeast exhibiting an average density of 69 trees per hectare compared to the Southwest's 16 trees per hectare This difference is primarily due to the Northeast receiving lower temperatures and more favorable light energy, which promotes better tree growth Additionally, the gentler slopes in the Northeast reduce environmental stresses such as floods and erosion, supporting higher tree density Moreover, the greater exposed rock area in the Northeast provides ideal conditions for species development and helps prevent natural forest succession from burying young plants.

Interviews with local residents and park officials reveal that Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is an endangered species, primarily due to illegal harvesting for international markets The high market value, with prices reaching 5,000,000 VND per kilogram in China and 30,000,000 VND per kilogram in Japan, incentivizes overexploitation This unsustainable demand threatens to significantly reduce the wild population of this rare orchid species, highlighting the urgent need for conservation efforts.

So we need these measures to conduct effective management from local to Central Government to protect forest flora species, Anoectochilus setaceus Blume among them

5.5 Conservation and development solutions the number of individuals of

There are 33 highly qualified rangers responsible for protecting approximately 500 to 1,000 hectares of forest within the provincial national park These skilled rangers play a crucial role in safeguarding forest resources, contributing significantly to conservation efforts However, public awareness remains limited, as efforts to promote forest protection have yielded modest results due to insufficient community engagement and understanding.

Despite the deployment of forest fire protection activities, people continue to use fire for slash-and-burn agriculture during the dry season, risking damage to forest areas and potentially causing large-scale fires in state forests.

Ba Vi National Park, situated in the western part of Hanoi and two districts of Hoa Binh Province, boasts a strategic geographical location that facilitates economic and cultural exchanges between provinces Its favorable position supports the economic development of local communities in the buffer zone, making it a vital area for sustainable growth and regional cooperation.

Local residents engage in agricultural development and diversify their income through tourism-related businesses such as transportation and trading at popular attractions like Ao Vua, Thien Son – Suoi Nga, and Khoang Xanh This economic diversification has increased residents' incomes while reducing their dependence on forest resources in the buffer zone.

Ba Vi National Park boasts abundant resources, including land, water, and forest reserves, creating ideal conditions for developing diverse economic sectors These rich natural assets support thriving tourism, service industries, agriculture, and forestry product processing, contributing significantly to local economic growth.

Many local residents in the buffer zone have limited knowledge about forest resources and species During interviews, it was revealed that only a few individuals are familiar with different species, while the majority of community members and officials lack awareness of local forest biodiversity Enhancing community awareness and education about forest species is essential for sustainable resource management.

Many poor farmers face a shortage of productive land, limiting their income opportunities In response, some buyers resort to illegal mining activities to boost their earnings, further exacerbating environmental degradation and reducing the number of viable landholders This cycle of exploitation and environmental harm highlights the urgent need for sustainable land use and effective regulations to support vulnerable farmers and curb illegal activities.

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is a herbaceous species highly susceptible to environmental changes, making it vulnerable to the impacts of climate change As global temperatures rise, the plant's natural distribution area is shifting; five years ago, it thrived at elevations of around 800 meters, but now it is primarily found at 1000 meters, with little presence at lower altitudes Additionally, the species tends to grow on slopes of approximately 30°, often beneath rocky areas Storms and extreme weather events further threaten its survival by causing soil erosion, burying, damaging, and killing many individual plants.