INTRODUCTION
Thanks to industrialization and modernization, Vietnamese industries have experienced dramatic growth, leading to significant socio-economic development in traditional villages The Party and State have invested in supporting handicraft and small-scale industries, contributing to the enhancement of rural livelihoods However, this rapid development has also brought increasing environmental pollution, negatively impacting the health and well-being of village inhabitants, particularly the elderly and children.
Trade villages engaged in activities such as food processing, weaving, dyeing, copper casting, rattan and bamboo knitting, and picture making generate large volumes of untreated wastewater, significantly harming water quality These production processes place substantial environmental pressures, leading to pollution in local water sources Numerous studies, including “Vietnamese Trade Villages and Environment” by Dang Kim Chi and colleagues, analyze the environmental challenges faced by trade villages and propose targeted solutions based on their characteristics and production practices Additionally, Nguyen's thesis evaluating the impact of wastewater from vermicelli-making in Khac Niem Commune highlights the adverse effects on surface water quality, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable waste management in trade villages.
In 2014, Van Nguyen’s thesis examined the impact of wastewater discharges from vermicelli production on surface water quality, highlighting key environmental concerns Additionally, Do Dinh Dinh’s 2008 graduation thesis evaluated how weaving and dyeing activities affect the water environment in Phung Xa village, My Duc District, Hanoi, by analyzing wastewater properties and the current water pollution situation in the area.
My Duc District in Hanoi faces ongoing challenges despite numerous studies on trade villages While Dang Kim Chi highlights common methods used across villages, her work lacks detailed solutions to address specific issues Due to the limitations and shortcomings of existing research, I am continuing to study trade villages to better understand their problems and develop effective solutions.
Van Phuc silk village in Ha Dong District, Hanoi, is a traditional trade village that faces significant environmental risks due to water pollution While the silk-making craft provides substantial economic benefits to local residents, it also generates high volumes of wastewater containing organic substances and cleaning chemicals, which are often released directly into the environment without treatment Many residents are unaware or neglect the increasing severity of environmental degradation caused by these practices To address this urgent issue, I conducted a thesis titled “Evaluation of Impacts of Silk Village’s Waste Water on Surface Water Quality in Van Phuc Village, Ha Dong District, Hanoi,” focusing on analyzing how silk wastewater affects surface water quality The research aims to propose practical solutions to mitigate water pollution and improve environmental sustainability in the area.
Van Phuc Village, located near the Nhue River in Van Phuc Ward, Ha Dong District, Hanoi, features an even and flat terrain with a high population density of 6,720 people per square kilometer, making it ideal for developing agriculture, including trees and livestock Situated within the Northern Delta climate zone, the village experiences cold, dry winters and hot, wet summers with significant rainfall The area's average annual temperature is approximately 23°C, with summer temperatures reaching up to 38.2°C and winter lows dropping to around 7°C Rainfall distribution is uneven throughout the year, influencing local agriculture and daily life.
From May to October, the region experiences peak rainfall, accounting for 60-70% of the annual total, with an average yearly rainfall of 1,620mm and a maximum of 2,497mm Humidity levels fluctuate throughout the year, reaching up to 94% and dropping to as low as 50%, with an annual average of 86% Geographically influenced by the Nhue River, Van Phuc’s water levels are managed at 6.3m (flood occurrence 5%) and 5.8m (flood occurrence 10%) according to the latest planning The area's population grows steadily at about 129 people per year, putting pressure on land resources despite constant natural land areas With a high proportion of residents of working age, the locality has strong economic development potential but faces employment challenges The local traffic infrastructure facilitates efficient transportation and trade within the province and northern Vietnam Hydraulic systems occupy approximately 1 hectare, including ditches, drains, and other hydraulic infrastructure Education remains stable, with 100% school attendance, and healthcare needs are met through a local medical station staffed by one doctor and four physicians Additionally, three broadcasting stations serve to disseminate policies and government laws, supporting community awareness and social development.
GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
This study aims to reduce surface water pollution and promote the sustainable use of water resources in Van Phuc Village, Ha Dong District, Hanoi The primary objectives are to improve water quality and support environmentally friendly practices to ensure long-term water resource management in the local community.
1 Evaluating the impact level of silk weaving processing on water quality and health of community in Van Phuc Village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi
2 Proposing solutions to reduce impacts of waste water for Van Phuc village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi.
METHODS
Researching the weaving and dyeing process in Van Phuc Village, Ha Dong District,
The identification of key criteria involves analyzing the weaving and dyeing process diagrams to understand the procedures For data collection, information was gathered through direct interviews with 30 local households and government officials, focusing on the number of households involved in silk making, daily water usage, wastewater generated, and silk production volumes This approach ensures accurate and comprehensive data on the environmental impact of silk weaving and dyeing activities.
Researching the waste water management situation of weaving and dyeing process in
Directly interviewing inhabitants in the trade village, inhabitants near the trade village and local government by easily understandable and easily answering questions
The survey methodology involved distributing 55 questionnaires to households within the community, including 15 questionnaires for residents, 30 for production households, and 10 for local government officials Data collection was conducted through in-person interviews, followed by thorough analysis of the responses to generate insightful results This approach ensures comprehensive data gathering to inform community development initiatives.
Directly going to the researching area to survey the current situation.
Evaluation of impacts of weaving and dyeing waste water on surface water quality in
Using criteria: color, odor, temperature, pH, TSS, BOD 5 , COD, total N, total P, Coliform, SO4 2-
Water samples are collected using specialized bottles with narrow necks and rubber caps that feature a secure opening and closing system These containers are equipped with grips for easy handling, even at considerable depths To prevent contamination and ensure sample integrity, the bottles are tightly sealed after collection Additionally, the containers are attached to heavy weights, allowing them to be sunk safely into deep water for accurate sampling.
To collect a water sample, attach the rubber cover securely at the designated depth, then pull the grip to open the container, allowing water to flow in while pressing the outside to prevent air from entering After filling, release the grip to seal the container with the rubber cover Carefully lift the sample container, which is made of polyethylene for safe preservation The sample is then transported to the laboratory for analysis, ensuring its integrity is maintained throughout the process.
* Because of limitation on equipment of thesis, the plastic bottle 500ml replaces the specialized bottle stated above
Sampling request: the sample is taken random and representatively
The waste water samples are taken directly in the weaving and dyeing unit
The surface water samples are taken in main waste water canals of village and Nhue River The water samples are taken in dry and sunny days
Sample transportation: When transporting, the samples must be stored safely in specialized devices to avoid contamination and loss
Sample maintenance: Several samples are analyzed directly in university The samples which have not analyzed will be maintained in refrigerator to prevent from oxidization (frequently maintaining in 4 0 C)
Sample number: 3 water samples are waste water samples in weaving and dyeing activities, the culvert mouth discharging to river and a point on river far from culvert mouth
On river, far from discharging place
Waste water from weaving and dyeing procedure
* Fast measuring targets at site:
Color, odor: identified by senses
PH: measured by specialized tool
* The measuring targets in laboratory
The samples are analyzed in laboratory of mass spectrometry in Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)
SO 4 - : content of sulfate radical
COD: demand of chemical oxygen
BOD 5 : demand of biological oxygen
RESULTS
Researching the current situation of weaving and dyeing activity of Van Phuc village
Currently, almost production households of village are manufactured with scales of household and semi-industry Machines are only supported several steps, the left must be intervened by human
4.1.1 Production characteristics of Van Phuc weaving and dyeing village
Van Phuc village is home to over 1,300 industrial-handicraft households, employing more than 1,500 workers and operating approximately 1,200 silk looms, contributing significantly to the local economy The village's annual production value reaches around 80 billion VND, with an average monthly income for laborers ranging from 1,500,000 to 2,500,000 VND The establishment of the trade village association helps promote product quality, encourages civilized commercial practices, and fosters mutual support among enterprises and households, reflecting the ideals and aspirations of local government and state management agencies.
The weaving and dyeing technology is shown in the following diagram
Water, additives Sizing Insignificant waste water
Water, NaOH, H2O2, Cooking, cleaning Waste water with high pH chemicals high BOD, COD
Water, dye Dyeing, washing Dye solution, waste water
Diagram 4.1 Weaving and dyeing technology procedure
Thanks to modern technologies, the variety of silks used in fabric weaving has significantly expanded, including natural silk, artificial silk, and synthetic silk Each type caters to different needs and preferences, resulting in a diverse range of silk products tailored to various applications.
The traditional silk of Van Phuc weaving and dyeing village is weaved from natural silk and spun into thread from silkworm cocoon
Sizing with starch paste and denatured starch paste involves applying a thin film of paste around the thread to enhance its durability, smoothness, and brightness This process helps prevent thread breakage during weaving, ensuring higher fabric quality Additionally, synthetic sizing agents such as polyvinyl alcohol and polyacrylate are used to achieve similar effects, providing improved strength and consistency in textile production.
After rinsing the paste with microbiological glazes and removing acids or soda with soap, the fabric undergoes cooking and bleaching processes Cooking is primarily used for woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, and polyester-cotton threads to enhance fabric quality, while the washing step is suitable for synthetic fabrics, wool, and wool-blend materials to remove impurities Additionally, parboiling is specifically applied to silk fabrics to prepare them for further processing.
The chemicals employed in each processing step—cooking, washing, and bleaching—vary based on specific requirements During the cooking phase, common chemicals such as NaOH, Na2CO3, and additional additives are typically used in the cooker These tailored chemical treatments ensure effective processing and optimal quality in the final product.
100% synthetic threads are washed by soap and added lightly alkali as soda Wool is mainly washed by soap without ion
Parboiling, a traditional method for dissolving glue, often involves the use of soap or soda Recently, synthetic glue liquidators like Miltopan SE, which contain silk-protecting substances, have gained popularity for their efficiency and effectiveness Alkali-based solutions are also used, as they help reduce processing time while ensuring high-quality results in glue removal.
Fabric is cleaned to remove leftover paste, impurities, and dirt particles that adhere during transportation and production This washing process involves cooking the fabric at high pressure and temperature with alkali and soaps As a result, the wastewater generated has high alkalinity and contains lubricants, soap residues, and dirt particles, requiring proper treatment before disposal.
Bleaching is a crucial process that removes natural colors and lubricants from fabric, ensuring it achieves the desired level of whiteness This step involves the use of bleaching agents such as chlorine compounds, hypochlorite, and peroxide, along with various additives These substances create an optimal environment and surface-active conditions, enhancing the fabric's brightness and purity.
H 2 O 2 for bleaching fabric is expensive but useful for environment Waste water contains few toxic components The compound containing chlorine for bleaching fabric is
13 cheap but increases the content of organic halogen agents in waste water These substances can cause human cancer
Fabric is glazed by soda with high content to achieve the brightness and to stabilize dimension, to increase force and to reduce the number of colorant
Fabric dyeing involves the precise process of applying colorant to ensure even, deep, and durable color attachment This process guarantees that the fabric achieves a vibrant and long-lasting appearance as per the desired specifications Proper dyeing techniques are essential for ensuring consistent color quality and optimal fabric performance.
Nowadays, kinds of colorants used popularly are direct colorants, active colorants, and reductive colorants Kinds of colorants which are vulcanized, congruent and ado are used unusually
The composition of chemicals and colorants in wastewater varies depending on the dyeing process, the properties of the colorants used, and their desired color tones Typically, 5% to 30% of the wastewater contains direct colorants, while reductive colorants constitute 5% to 20% Additionally, vulcanized colorants make up approximately 30% to 40% of the contaminants, highlighting the need for effective wastewater treatment tailored to these specific dye types.
Waste water in this step is toxic and difficult to process, because it contains many remaining amount of chemicals and colorants used in production process
4.1.1.2 Waste source from production technology
Van Phuc, a village with 1,300 households and approximately 5,600 residents, produces around 10,000 meters of silk daily, with 60% of it being dyed and bleached However, this flourishing silk industry generates about 30 cubic meters of wastewater each day containing toxic chemicals, which is discharged into culverts and ponds within industrial clusters These pollutants eventually flow into the Nhue River, contaminating the land and water systems, with the environmental impact accumulating over thousands of years.
The village's textile industry comprises approximately 1,200 looms across the entire ward, with each family owning 4 to 5 machines During peak hours, looms operate at full capacity around the clock (24/7) to meet high demand The village features three main types of production units: specialized weaving units, specialized dyeing units, and integrated weaving and dyeing units, each contributing to the efficient textile manufacturing process.
Most periods of production process discharges a significant amount of waste which has impacts on health and lives of inhabitants, as:
The sizing step creates waste water
The weaving step discharges dust (fabric thread), solid waste (fabric rag, carton) and noise of looms
The cooking and bleaching process involves the use of chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide, soda, and soap This step releases waste gases including dust, CO2, CO, and SO2, which can harm the environment Additionally, the wastewater generated is discharged into culverts and ultimately into the Nhue River, containing high temperatures and toxic chemicals that pose risks to both human health and aquatic life.
The color dyeing and maintaining step: the colorants of China have many toxic chemicals After dyeing, the dyeing water is discharged directly into the receiving source
In addition, this step discharges a significant amount of waste gas with similar properties as cooking steps
The washing step after dyeing also creates waste water with high toxicity and discharged directly into culverts and ponds
It is colorant catching directly color with threads and does not pass the mediate processing period It is frequently used to dye directly threads 100% cotton, silk and polyamide
Most direct colorants are anionic compounds, primarily sodium salts of sulfonic acids or organic carboxylic acids, featuring a color-bearing azo (-N=N-) group These dyes include monoazo, diazo, and predominantly polyazo types, which are widely used in various coloring applications Some of these colorants contain ftaloxiamin substances and other complex organic compounds, with molecular structures characterized by conjugated double bonds that facilitate vibrant coloration.
15 several color adjutants (-OH, -NH2) The direct colorant is easy to dissolve in water, because it contains many dissolving groups (NaSO 3 , COONa)
The reductive colorant is used mainly to dye thread, fabric, cotton and viscose silk Reductive colorants include two main kinds:
Polycyclic group (containing anquatrinon nucleus and derivatives)
Indigoit group (containing indigo nucleus)
Reductive colorants contain carbonyl groups (C=O) and typically have the general formula R-C=O They are insoluble in water and alkali but can be solubilized in alkaline environments using strong reducers like NaHSO₃, rongalit, or a common solution of Na₂S₂O₄ combined with NaOH at 50-60°C to revert them to their leuco or base form The leucobase form of these dyes dissolves readily in alkali and has an affinity for cellulose fibers, facilitating easy dispersion during dyeing These dyes can hydrolyze and oxidize back to their insoluble form, which then adheres to the fiber surface To improve dyeing ease, some reductive colorants are converted into ester forms, such as cubozol and indigozol, which are water-soluble and enhance dye application.
Evaluation of current situation of weaving and dyeing waste water in Van Phuc Village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi
4.2.1 Characteristics of weaving and dyeing waste water
Wastewater generated from weaving and dyeing processes varies at each production stage due to different chemicals used, but still shares key characteristics such as high temperature, elevated pH levels, alkalinity, and intense chromaticity Additionally, parameters like BOD, COD, and suspended solids (SS) often exceed regulatory standards, highlighting the need for effective treatment methods to address these common pollutants.
The weaving and dyeing waste water frequently contains the following components:
Natural impurities such as salt, oil, and grease, along with materials like cotton, wood, and fibers, are removed during chemical and mechanical processing, contributing significantly to environmental pollution loads.
Chemicals and colorants used on the left do not bond with the fibers and are removed during washing, leading to significant wastewater pollution These residual substances, after fulfilling their function, become the primary sources of wastewater contamination in the textile industry Proper management and treatment of this wastewater are essential to reduce environmental impact and ensure sustainable production processes.
The auxiliary steps as cleaning machines, boiler, oil furnace, processing supply water and processing waste water will affect the environment in general and waste water in particular
The pollutants in waste water are divided into three main groups:
* The first group: Agents are toxic for microorganisms and fishes
+ Soda (NaOH) and natri carbonate ( Na 2 CO 3 )
These chemicals are used in large quantities to process cotton textiles and to pre-treat mixed fabrics such as polyester/cotton and polyester/viscose, as well as soda for glazing and weight reduction of polyester fabrics They are discharged with high concentrations, then collected, withdrawn, and reused to minimize waste and improve efficiency in textile manufacturing.
+ Inorganic acid, such as acide sulfuric (H2SO4)
Used to appear color of soluble reductive colorants (indigol)
+ Natri hypochlorite (NaOCl), called as javen
Used to bleach fabric, cotton and washing jeans
+ Inorganic reluctant as natri sulfua (Na 2 S)
To dye by vulcanized colorant
+ Phenol and diphenol derivatives in high content
+ Heavy metal compounds with chrome (VI)
* The second group: is difficult to decompose
+ Most colorants and “OBA” (optical brightening agents)
+ Lengthwise sizing agents and mixed fiber as polyvinyl wine, PVA (polyvinyl alcohol)
* The third group: the agents are rather non-toxic and able to decompose microorganisms
Starch used to size vertically
Wastewater pollution is primarily caused by three main groups of pollutants, with the first group posing the highest risk due to their toxicity to aquatic life The second and third groups also contribute significantly to water contamination but are comparatively less hazardous Addressing these pollutants is essential to protect aquatic ecosystems and ensure clean water for all.
Weaving and dyeing wastewater varies significantly based on the types of processed goods and the production plans of the enterprise This wastewater contains dissolved substances, emulsifying agents, and suspended solids While some agents do not interfere with mechanical and biological treatment processes, others can pose substantial challenges, making wastewater management more complex Proper understanding of these differences is essential for optimizing treatment strategies and ensuring environmentally compliant disposal.
4.2.2 Current situation of surface water environment in Van Phuc Village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi
In Van Phuc Village, the weaving, bleaching, and dyeing processes generate significant amounts of wastewater On average, each household consumes approximately 2.84 cubic meters of wastewater daily for production activities This includes 0.18 cubic meters of dye solution wastewater, 0.22 cubic meters of dyeing wastewater, 0.4 cubic meters of one-time washing wastewater, and 2.04 cubic meters of other wastewater, highlighting the environmental impact of traditional textile practices in the area.
Table 4.1 Quality of waste water discharged by weaving and dyeing households
Targets pH Suspended solid DO COD BOD
(Source: Report of environment’s current situation in Ha Dong City)
Wastewater in Van Phuc village contains BOD and COD levels that are thousands of times higher than the permitted standards Post-production and unprocessed domestic wastewater are discharged into canals, eventually contaminating the Nhue River, leading to severe environmental pollution The daily volume of wastewater ranges from 235.3 to 285.3 cubic meters, containing unprocessed chemicals from weaving and dyeing activities that pollute surface water sources The pollution levels in the Nhue and Day Rivers have reached alarming thresholds, significantly impacting water quality As surface water pollution worsens, more households are turning to driven wells for domestic water needs, indicating a serious decline in surface water safety.
Through actual survey, to evaluate the situation of waste water quality management in the locality, I have interviewed in the locality and acquired the results, as follows:
Table 4.2 Exploration and evaluation results of waste water management in Van
Phuc Ward, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi City
Exploration issues on waste water
Attention of local government on waste water
Waste water discharged to environment
Processing system of each household
Table 2 indicates that the local government largely prioritizes wastewater management and surface water quality in trade villages, with 70% of responses showing significant attention Conversely, only 20% of responses suggest that the government has limited focus on these environmental issues.
Despite some local government attention, 100% of wastewater discharged into the environment remains untreated, highlighting a significant environmental challenge Many production households lack proper wastewater processing systems, contributing to pollution Addressing this issue requires implementing effective solutions and increasing residents' awareness of environmental protection It is crucial for local governments and investors to develop and operate efficient wastewater treatment systems to safeguard the environment.
Evaluation of impacts of weaving and dyeing activities on surface water environment
After researching process, I take 3 water samples in the researching area I have measured fast parameters and analyzed in laboratory, and I achieve the following results:
Table 4.3 Content of fast measuring targets in water environment in Van Phuc
Village, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi City
M1 Surface water Light red 32,5 0 C Rotten 7,7
M2 Surface water Brow yellow 31,9 0 C Slightly rotten 7,6
Note: - no comparison data in norm
Table 4.4 Content of analyzed targets in laboratory
Analyzing result Vietnam norm 08 (for surface water)
Vietnam norm 40 (for waste water) Sample 1 Sample2 Sample 3
8 Coliform MPN/100ml 4,1 10 5 2,8 10 5 7,8 10 5 7500 5000 Note: - no comparison data in norm
4.3.1 Evaluation of waste water quality
Most pollutant targets in the water quality table exceed the recommended norms, with only total phosphorus remaining within acceptable limits Specifically, COD levels are 9.57 times higher than the standard, TSS levels are 6.4 times above the limit, and sulfate ions (SO4^2-) surpass the norm by an alarming 1063.7 times These elevated pollutant levels indicate that untreated wastewater can cause severe surface water pollution if discharged into the environment Proper wastewater treatment is essential to prevent environmental contamination and protect aquatic ecosystems.
Laboratory analysis of water samples reveals that most environmental targets and parameters significantly exceed the permitted standards set by QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT Despite these overall violations, each water sample displays unique characteristics and impacts To understand these differences in detail, a comprehensive comparison of each water quality parameter will be conducted, starting with assessments of color and odor.
The table indicates that samples stained red, brown, or yellow, with decayed appearance and unpleasant odors, are contaminated by wastewater from the weaving and dyeing processes These untreated wastewaters are directly discharged into the environment, leading to surface water pollution Additionally, temperature variations in the water samples further influence the extent of pollution and the degradation of water quality.
The temperature is influence parameter and to evaluate the pollution level of water
Table 3 indicates that the temperature of the two water samples varies, suggesting different pollution levels Higher temperatures are associated with more polluted water samples Therefore, temperature measurement allows for a preliminary assessment that Sample 1 is more polluted than Sample 2 Additionally, pH levels further aid in evaluating the water quality and pollution status of the samples.
All surface water samples analyzed in the study meet the permitted standards outlined in Vietnam Standard 08, which requires pH levels between 5.5 and 9.0 Specifically, two samples had pH values of 7.6 and 7.7, remaining well within the acceptable range The minimal difference in pH values indicates that the local surface water source is not polluted concerning acidity or alkalinity Overall, the water quality, based on pH parameter, shows no signs of contamination. -Streamline your water quality content with expert SEO-friendly rewriting—[Learn more](https://pollinations.ai/redirect/draftalpha)
Diagram 4.1 TDS target of surface water
Total dissolved solid is total number of ions bearing electric charge, including mineral, salt or metals exiting in several specific amount of water
The significant variation in TDS content between two water samples highlights large fluctuations in dissolved solids at different locations in Van Phuc Village The first sample contains four times more TDS than the second, indicating a high and uneven distribution of dissolved solids in the area’s water sources Although the TDS levels do not comply with QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT standards, the elevated TDS values suggest severe pollution and degradation of surface water quality in Van Phuc Village, making TDS a crucial parameter for assessing water pollution levels in the region.
M1: Place discharging to river M2: On river, far from discharging place e TSS
Diagram 4.2 Content of suspended solid in water
Suspended solids are tiny particles that remain dispersed in water without sinking, often causing the water to appear muddy The concentration of suspended solids can be used to estimate the levels of sediment, mud, and various small molecules present in water Monitoring these solids is essential for assessing water quality and understanding the content of impurities in aquatic environments.
The analysis of two water samples in Diagram 2 reveals significant variations in TSS levels between the two locations The TSS content at the discharge site exceeds the permitted standard by 1.4 times, indicating pollution concerns Proximity to the discharge point correlates with higher TSS concentrations, highlighting the environmental impact of weaving and dyeing activities on surface water quality Additionally, wastewater from these industries contains natural and organic impurities, contributing to elevated suspended solid levels in nearby water bodies.
The high content of suspended solid makes the surface water muddy, the ditches is extended fast, stagnant, and make the water flow narrowed
M1: Place discharging to river M2: On river, far from discharging place
QCVN 08: Vietnam norm 08 (for surface water)
Diagram 4.3 COD content in analyzed samples
Two observed samples show COD levels exceeding the standard by 0.6 to 2.6 times, indicating significant organic pollution The data reveal that closer proximity to water sources results in higher COD values, emphasizing the impact of pollutant concentration near water bodies The presence of easily decomposable organic impurities in wastewater, along with residual chemicals discharged into the environment, contributes to increased pollution levels, highlighting the need for effective waste management and water quality monitoring.
High COD levels in surface water indicate significant pollution from organic impurities, which decompose over time and degrade water quality This pollution leads to a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels, adversely affecting aquatic life Monitoring BOD5 is essential for assessing the organic pollution load and the health of surface water ecosystems.
M1: Place discharging to river M2: On river, far from discharging place
QCVN 08: Vietnam norm 08 (for surface water)
M1: Place discharging to river M2: On river, far from discharging place
QCVN 08: Vietnam norm 08 (for surface water)
Weaving and dyeing wastewater contains numerous organic impurities, creating an ideal environment for microorganisms to thrive The BOD5 levels in surface water exceed the permitted standard by 0.768 to 2.12 times, leading to significant water pollution Elevated BOD5 reduces dissolved oxygen levels, adversely affecting aquatic life and their development Additionally, high sulfate (SO4²⁻) content further contributes to the deterioration of water quality, impacting aquatic ecosystems.
The presence of SO 4 2- in surface water is caused by the usage of chemicals with sulphate radical as: NaHSO4, Na2S
Sulphate radical is difficult to decompose in the natural environment; they accumulate in bodies of plants, animals and cause diseases of stomach and headache
M1: Place discharging to river M2: On river, far from discharging place
DISCUSSION
Technological, technical solutions
Diagram 5.1 Diagram of small scale waste water
2 Filtering equipments through cinder with preliminary sludge
Wastewater passes through a trash rack to separate large debris, ensuring smoother flow It then flows through a cinder and sand layer where small fibers are effectively retained The treated water is subsequently discharged into the common waste stream for further concentration and processing Periodic dredging removes accumulated dust and sludge, maintaining system efficiency This process significantly reduces solid waste in weaving and dyeing wastewater from households before it joins the main waste flow, enhancing overall wastewater management and environmental protection.
Waste water 2 Post-processed waste water
1 b Concentrated waste water processing method
Diagram 5.2 Concentrated waste water processing model
2 Waste water processing tank by physical-chemical method in each household
3 Preliminary processing equipment (trash rack, septic tank)
Wastewater with heavy pollution passes through a trash rack before entering a tank where lime is added and thoroughly mixed The amount of quicklime used varies based on the pH level of the wastewater, which is monitored using litmus paper to ensure proper chemical treatment After lime treatment, the wastewater is stored overnight in the tank, allowing for effective neutralization The following morning, treated wastewater is discharged into the common culvert system Additionally, the sludge produced during treatment can be repurposed as construction material for leveling purposes.
* The waste water processing tank by quicklime in household:
The storing time is 1 night, the sludge in tank is retained and removed periodically
1 week per time This sludge can become construction materials for leveling and etc The reservoir can clean water in natural condition
The production waste water runs through trash rack, and then it is separated all solid impurities from water Water will be put into preliminary sedimentation tank, then
Waste water 1 2 Post-processed waste water
The wastewater flows through a flow-compensating reservoir before passing through filtration equipment, where cinder aids in removing solids Subsequently, the treated water proceeds to a secondary sedimentation tank to separate secondary solids accumulated by the cinder The clarified water then enters a biological lake system—a free and aerobic environment—common in trade villages, where natural biological processes further treat the water Once the wastewater meets environmental standards, it is discharged safely into the environment Periodic replacement of cinder in the filtering tanks ensures effective filtration, with used cinder mixed with lime to solidify and bury, maintaining the system's efficiency.
1 Trash rack, screen 4 Filtering equipment through cinder level
2 Preliminary sedimentation tank 5 Sedimentation tank and adjusting pH
Diagram 5.3 Diagram of waste water processing using biological lake
Propagandizing and education solutions
To effectively address environmental protection needs at local and organizational levels, it is essential to strengthen the training and development of officials' professional skills, management capacities, and understanding of policy frameworks Enhancing their competencies ensures that officials are well-equipped to implement environmental policies efficiently, enabling timely responses to environmental challenges and regulatory requirements This approach promotes a robust policy regime that supports sustainable environmental management and aligns with the evolving demands of environmental protection initiatives.
Monitoring waste sources and analyzing the environmental impact of socio-economic activities are essential for assessing pollution levels By presenting annual observation data through charts and images, residents can easily understand the current state of their local environment and identify pollution trends over time This approach enhances community awareness and encourages sustainable practices to protect the environment.
Community involvement plays a vital role in overseeing the implementation and enforcement of environmental regulations and policies at the local level Engaging residents directly affected by environmental conflicts fosters greater accountability and promotes sustainable solutions Educating local inhabitants about environmental issues enhances their awareness and encourages active participation in environmental protection efforts By fostering community cooperation, these initiatives can effectively address environmental challenges and promote healthier, more sustainable communities.
Organizing regular residential group meetings to promote environmental awareness is essential for fostering community engagement and environmental protection These gatherings serve as platforms to educate residents about local environmental laws and best practices, enhancing their understanding and commitment to preserving the environment Recognizing outstanding individuals and groups through rewards encourages active participation and highlights successful environmental initiatives By consistently propagandizing environmental knowledge and celebrating achievements, communities can effectively improve environmental literacy and collective efforts in safeguarding their surroundings.
- Introducing the education program on environmental protection in schools; organizing extra-curricular activities to help pupils and students understand more about role of environment
Develop and implement comprehensive communication plans to promote awareness of water resource conservation and the protection of aquatic environments Utilize various media channels such as television, radio, magazines, and digital platforms to effectively spread educational messages These efforts aim to enhance community knowledge and foster a greater understanding of sustainable practices for water management and aquatic species preservation.
Law and policy solution
To strengthen environmental management, it is essential to establish institutional frameworks, develop comprehensive environment management policies, and promote active community participation Assigning and unifying the responsibilities of local management offices ensures coordinated efforts, prevents overlap, and enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of environmental governance within the community.
- Fast issuing and building Vietnam norms, Vietnam standards for waste water in trade village
- Increasing budget for environmental protection to create the long-term and absolute efficiency
- Having the deterrent policies for willfully violating households, besides to have awards for households complying well and having awareness of environmental protection
- Always connecting tightly the economic development with environmental protection to limit the load of waste into water environment
CONCLUSION
After the process of researching, the thesis introduces several conclusions:
Van Phuc Village in Ha Dong District, Hanoi, is renowned for its traditional weaving and dyeing craftsmanship The process begins with spinning and sizing the yarn, followed by weaving the fabric on traditional looms After weaving, the fabric undergoes cooking and cleaning, then is skillfully dyed using natural or synthetic dyes The dyed fabric is washed and finished, resulting in high-quality, vibrant textiles This meticulous process highlights Van Phuc's rich heritage in textile craftsmanship and contributes to its reputation for producing exquisite brocade fabrics.
The traditional weaving and dyeing practices in Van Phuc Village generate significant economic benefits and provide employment opportunities for local residents However, these activities also lead to severe environmental issues, notably serious surface water pollution due to unprocessed wastewater being directly released into the environment.
3 The surface water source and waste water in Van Phuc village is polluted seriously The content of several parameters exceed the permitted standard many times among all analyzed samples
4 The environmental protection in the locality has significant change, the local government and inhabitants have paid attention to environmental pollutions in general and water environment pollution in particular
5 Thanks to researching findings, the thesis introduces several solutions The technical and technological solutions: solutions on human resources, increase of community participation in environmental protection; policy and law solution
Due to limited research time and financial constraints, samples were collected and analyzed only once, resulting in a small dataset that may not accurately represent the entire area.