Introduction
The shrimp farming industry began in the mid-20th century and has steadily expanded along the tropical and subtropical coasts worldwide In 1950, global shrimp production was only 1,325 tons, representing just 0.3% of crustacean output, primarily from coastal and estuarine environments By 1982, worldwide shrimp production had increased to one million tons, reflecting rapid industry growth By 2009, shrimp production soared to nearly 3.5 million tons, valued at approximately $14.6 billion, accounting for 34% of the world's total shrimp output, including marine and estuarine catches (FAO, 2011).
Vietnam is one of the leading countries in shrimp farming, with the industry significantly contributing to its seafood exports In 2013, Vietnam's total seafood production reached $6.5 billion USD, with shrimp exports accounting for $3 billion USD, or 46% of total seafood exports The Mekong Delta region exported 588,000 tons of shrimp valued at $2.5 billion USD from 666,000 hectares of breeding area, reflecting a 33% yearly increase and representing 44% of the country's aquatic export turnover Consequently, Vietnam became the third-largest shrimp producer globally, highlighting its vast economic potential Supported by government initiatives, the fisheries sector has adopted non-chemical breeding techniques to enhance product quality, alongside upgrading irrigation networks, waste treatment, and supply of clean water Additionally, preferential loans have enabled producers to expand their operations and improve sustainable practices.
The shrimp farming boom has sparked significant debate over its economic, social, and especially environmental impacts Key concerns include wetland loss, environmental pollution, the spread of invasive exotic species, and the dissemination of harmful diseases Addressing these issues is crucial for sustainable aquaculture practices (Boyd and Clay, 1998; Primavera, 2006).
Shrimp farming has led to significant mangrove deforestation, threatening these vital ecosystems Mangroves are highly productive habitats that support marine biodiversity and protect coastal communities by controlling tides, monsoons, and floods (FAO, 1994) It is estimated that 1.0 to 1.5 million hectares of global coasts are dedicated to shrimp aquaculture, with 20-40% of this area involving mangrove loss (Primavera, 2006) Protecting mangrove forests is essential for maintaining coastal ecosystem health and resilience.
Vietnam's mangrove forests have experienced significant decline over the decades, decreasing from over 400,000 hectares in 1943 to just over 155,000 hectares in 2006 due to war and overexploitation (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) In the North, Xuan Thuy National Park, covering more than 7,000 hectares in Giao Thuy District, saw 30% of its mangrove area converted for aquaculture in the 1990s, leading to substantial forest loss (VNA, 2012) Southeast Vietnam's Can Gio mangrove forest, known as the "green lung," is a vital wildlife habitat and wetland ecosystem housing rare species, but many mangrove areas have been harvested for shrimp farming, further impacting the natural environment.
Shrimp pond locations are often situated close to the shoreline to maximize benefits from tidal movements and natural habitats The choice of pond system—extensive, semi-intensive, or intensive—depends on local farmers' practices, which influence management techniques and technology implementation There are three main types of shrimp culture systems: (1) Intensive systems, which involve high-density shrimp farming managed with tanks and ponds; (2) Semi-intensive systems, maintaining moderate densities with some management in cages and ponds; and (3) Extensive systems, where shrimp are raised in low-density ponds or tanks with minimal management in natural water bodies Optimizing location and system type is crucial for sustainable and productive shrimp aquaculture.
High-density shrimp ponds often experience increased levels of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids due to intensified farming practices The intensified use of water, feeds, and fertilizers contributes to higher waste accumulation, impacting water quality and ecosystem health Proper management of waste and optimized pond density are essential to mitigate environmental impacts and maintain sustainable shrimp farming.
3 load When weather and tide appear, the result is a critical degradation of water quality in shrimp pond, wetland, adjacent and mangrove forest (Boyd and Clay, 1998)
Shrimp farming faces significant challenges, primarily due to risks from diseases and natural disasters that threaten the industry Vulnerable to fungi, bacterial, and viral infections, shrimp farmers in Vietnam risk losing hundreds of millions of VND if outbreaks occur Additionally, climate change, floods, and extreme weather events exacerbate these risks, impacting shrimp production stability Vietnam is home to native shrimp species such as Pink shrimp (Penaeus ensis), Cat Tiger (Paraenaeus sculptilis), and Yellow shrimp (Metapenaeus joyneri), but the most commercially valuable species are Black Tiger (Penaeus monodon) and the white leg shrimp (P vannamei) However, strict demands regarding shrimp varieties, disease-free status, and environmental standards imposed by importing countries pose significant challenges to Vietnamese shrimp farmers, impacting industry growth and sustainability.
Giao Thuy district in Nam Dinh Province benefits from the presence of Xuan Thuy Ramsar, a vital staging and wintering site for migratory waterbirds in the Red River Delta's coastal zone, which also offers significant economic opportunities for shrimp farming development In 2013, Nam Dinh achieved a total of 486 hectares dedicated to P Vannamei shrimp production, marking an increase of 188 hectares compared to 2012, with the main concentrations in Giao Thuy, Hai Hau, and Nghia Hung districts Many farmers in the region have reported shrimp yields of up to 10 tons per hectare, with some reaching 14-15 tons per hectare, generating profits of approximately 1.2 billion VND per hectare However, the reliance on monoculture and intensive white shrimp farming presents challenges under complex weather conditions, including poor shrimp growth, increased disease susceptibility, and the risk of mass mortality, which can cause significant damage to households.
Objectives
There are two conflicts occurring here, the development of shrimp farming will increase aquaculture products, income of local people, but also lead to consequences reduce
This study emphasizes the importance of balancing mangrove forest conservation with the sustainable development of shrimp farming in Xuan Thuy district, Nam Dinh province Protecting wetlands and mangrove ecosystems is essential for ecological health, while supporting shrimp farmers’ livelihoods ensures economic viability The goal is to promote a harmonious approach that preserves the mangrove ecosystem while increasing income for local shrimp farmers Achieving this balance is crucial for sustainable development and environmental preservation.
The specific objectives of the research are:
(1) to assess the existing situation and changes of shrimp farming in Giao Thuy district, Nam Dinh province;
(2) to analyze the effects of shrimp farming to mangroves and local people’s livelihoods in Giao Thuy district, Nam Dinh province;
(3) to propose some solutions to balance between the development of shrimp farming and protecting mangrove forests in Giao Thuy district, Nam Dinh province.
Methodology
Study site selection
Giao An and Giao Thien communes which locate in the buffer zone of Giao Thuy National Park are selected as the study site
The reasons to choice these areas are relied on:
- Concentrate a lot of shrimp, fish and other mollusks
- With the total area is 1000 ha, the wetland accounts almost area which is combined shrimp farming ponds and get the large of total shrimp production in Xuan Thuy District
In these communes, local residents utilize advanced and sustainable exploitation techniques to harvest aquatic resources, despite not receiving any governmental support or financial assistance They are able to effectively exploit resources within designated areas, showcasing their commitment to sustainable practices and resource management.
- Play an important role in the conduct and management of fishery and other activities
Collecting data and information
- Collect the changes of mangrove forest area from 2000- 2013
- Gather the changes of shrimp pond area by hectares They include the number of shrimp farming households, the shrimp pond variation statistic in 5 years (2009-2013)
- Reports of district and communal People’s Committee related to shrimp farming and mangrove management
- Almost data has been stored in the head office of local government, communes and the service centre of Xuan Thuy National Park
This article presents insights from interviews with fisheries stakeholders, local government officials, commune and district officers, and national park staff to provide a comprehensive overview of shrimp farming and mangrove forest management These perspectives highlight the current conditions, challenges, and opportunities related to sustainable aquaculture and mangrove conservation efforts The gathered information emphasizes the importance of coordinated actions among local communities, government agencies, and conservationists to promote environmentally responsible shrimp farming while protecting mangrove ecosystems.
Much of time were used to interview residents in Giao An and Giao Thien Communes
The article highlights that 90% of local residents are engaged in agriculture, with only 10% involved in aquaculture, emphasizing labor structure challenges It discusses economic factors such as total income and labor costs impacting shrimp farming development Additionally, the government provides information on land cover, population changes over time, forest structure, and management practices in aquaculture activities The contribution of shrimp farming and other aquatic industries, including production and exploitation levels, was collected from local government officials and farmers The roles of local communities in protecting mangrove forests and sustainably exploiting aquaculture resources are also clearly explained To gather data, interviews were conducted with two government officers and five households per commune, supporting the documentation, figures, and data presented in the study.
This methodology focuses on households, selecting two groups, each comprising three farmers from different communes, to participate in discussions Participants in these meetings share insights and experiences with all fishermen within their respective communes, fostering community engagement and knowledge exchange.
Table 3.1 Structure of discussion group in Giao An and Giao Thien Commnues Characteristics of HH Group 1- Giao An commune Group 2- Giao Thien commune
During the discussion, local farmers shared valuable insights into the current shrimp farming situation in their commune, highlighting both the advantages and challenges faced They focused on key strategies to enhance production and profitability, emphasizing lessons learned from successful practices The conversation also covered sustainable development approaches that balance shrimp farming expansion with mangrove forest conservation Additionally, farmers discussed market control strategies with traders to ensure stable income and growth, promoting responsible and profitable shrimp aquaculture.
Table 3.2 The structure of household by survey questionnaire
N Giao An Commune Giao Thien Commune
A random sample of 30 households per commune was selected to gather comprehensive data on shrimp farming activities The survey collected personal information, household structure, and provided an overview of aquatic production, including details on production methods and resource exploitation This approach ensures a thorough understanding of local shrimp farming practices and household engagement in aquatic activities.
This article discusses the unique situations faced by individual households and the challenges posed by natural disasters It highlights the crucial role residents play in mangrove conservation, emphasizing their importance in protecting coastal ecosystems However, the survey also reveals a lack of clear strategies or ideas to effectively address these ongoing issues, indicating a need for improved community involvement and targeted solutions to enhance disaster resilience and mangrove preservation.
Data analysis
This study integrates secondary data on mangrove loss and changes in shrimp pond areas from 2009 to 2013 with primary data collected through field surveys in Giao Thuy District Utilizing ArcGIS software, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the mangrove forests, including their spatial distribution, population structure, and aquatic ecosystem conditions Data collected via interviews and survey questionnaires were analyzed with Microsoft Excel to develop metadata, including household demographics, fisheries productivity, income levels, and support mechanisms Furthermore, the research assesses the ecological benefits of mangrove forests, such as carbon storage, biodiversity conservation, and their role in mitigating climate change impacts The study also evaluates the economic advantages of shrimp farming, examines disease risks, and predicts future trends in shrimp aquaculture development.
Results
Overview of Xuan Thuy National Park and two selected communes
Xuan Thuy National Park, located in Giao Thuy District, Nam Dinh Province, became Vietnam’s first Ramsar site in January 1989, highlighting its diverse wetland habitats The park’s core zone spans 7,100 hectares, encompassing 4,000 hectares of low tide wetlands and 3,100 hectares of land, much of which is covered by mangrove forests supporting numerous aquatic species These mangroves provide vital food sources and livelihoods for local communities, especially the impoverished The park is home to the vulnerable fish species “Cá Mòi Co” (Clupanodon thrissa), listed in Vietnam’s Red Book, and serves as an important sanctuary for migratory waterbirds, including the endangered “Cò thìa” (Black-faced Spoon-Bill) and eight other threatened species.
Figure 4.1 Xuan Thuy National Park Map in 2013
Xuan Thuy National Park is a biodiversity hotspot with 150 vascular plant species, including 120 wetland species, highlighting its ecological significance Mangrove forests within the park serve as highly productive ecosystems that protect marine habitats and coastal areas, while also playing a vital role in regulating monsoons, tides, floods, and coastal protection (FAO, 1994) Globally, approximately 1.0-1.5 million hectares of coastlines are dedicated to shrimp farming, with 20-40% of this area experiencing mangrove loss, emphasizing the importance of conservation efforts (Primavera, 2006).
A total of 111 aquatic plant species have been documented in the region, with certain seaweed species being highly valuable economically Additionally, over 500 species of benthos and zooplankton, including shrimp, fish, crabs, and oysters, have been identified These marine resources play a crucial role in supporting the livelihoods of local communities, many of whom rely on harvesting these species for their income and sustenance.
Xuan Thuy National Park is a vital habitat hosting 219 bird species across 41 families and 13 orders, serving as a crucial resting and feeding stop for migratory waterfowl moving from north to south During November and December, up to 40,000 birds congregate here to refuel during their long migratory journeys, which can span thousands of kilometers Notably, nine endangered bird species listed in the International Red Book have been sighted at Xuan Thuy, including the Western Curlew, Black-faced Spoonbill, Saunder's Gull, Painted Stork, Asian Dowitcher, Spoon-billed Sandpiper, Spot-billed Pelican, Nordmann's Greenshank, and Chinese Egret, highlighting the park's importance for conservation and biodiversity.
Figure 4.2 Loss Forest Site Map from 2000 to 2013
Xuan Thuy National Park faces significant forest degradation hotspots, primarily along the coast, near rivers, and outside the mangrove forests These areas are heavily impacted by human activities, particularly shrimp farming ponds and aquatic exploitation zones, which have expanded into the mangrove regions The primary driver of forest loss in the park is the expansion of aquaculture activities, directly threatening the health and sustainability of the mangrove ecosystems Protecting these critical habitats from further human encroachment is essential to preserving the biodiversity and ecological resilience of Xuan Thuy National Park.
Table 4.1 Changing mangrove forest from 2000 to 2012 in Xuan Thuy National Park
The mangrove areas in Xuan Thuy National Park which are inconstant between
Between 2000 and 2012, mangrove forest loss has decreased significantly, with a reduction in the percentage of loss from 2.04% in 2000 to 0.52% in 2008, followed by a steady increase in 2012 Despite the decline in total mangrove area during this period, the rate of deforestation slowed due to concerted efforts by local governments and international organizations These initiatives included mangrove plantation programs and raising environmental awareness among residents to promote forest conservation and sustainable management.
Figure 4.3 Total aquatic area in Xuan Thuy National Park in 2013
According to data from Xuan Thuy National Park and the aquatic office, the total aquatic area was 4,885.06 hectares in 2013, highlighting significant potential for aquaculture development The long coastline provides ideal conditions for seeding clams, facilitating reproduction activities Additionally, the buffer zone is the largest region used for shrimp exploitation and the application of innovative aquatic farming systems, supporting sustainable growth in the sector.
Figure 4.4 Shrimp farming area in Xuan Thuy National Park in 2013
In 2013, shrimp farming covered a total area of 2,127.84 hectares, with the largest individual shrimp pond managed by a farmer measuring 23.06 hectares The data indicates that approximately 85-90% of the shrimp farming area is located within buffer zones, emphasizing the importance of mangrove regions in sustainable aquaculture Outside these buffer zones, local communities focus on exploiting and seeding natural aquatic resources, highlighting the challenges of regulating fisheries activities without the protection of mangrove ecosystems.
This commune, encompassing 22 villages, boasts a diverse community with a population of 10,231 residents and a density of 1,180 persons per square kilometer It features essential educational facilities, including a kindergarten, primary, and secondary schools, as well as three churches and one temple, serving the spiritual needs of its residents Covering a natural area of 820.56 hectares, the commune offers a balanced blend of community development and natural beauty.
Between 2003 and 2008, the Japanese government provided support for reforestation efforts in Xuan Thuy National Park, significantly enhancing the local environment and reducing flood risks This initiative also promoted eco-tourism development, creating new employment opportunities for residents Additionally, local communities benefited from increased marine aquaculture activities, boosting their livelihoods and supporting sustainable economic growth in the area.
The livelihoods of local residents primarily rely on agriculture, with two crops cultivated each year, along with aquaculture, poultry farming, and fisheries Local poverty is classified based on factors such as housing, occupation, income, vehicles, laborers, and health, categorizing residents into wealthiest, average, and poor groups The region's flat terrain supports frequent aquaculture and fishing activities in the mangrove forests, which are vital to the community’s economy However, these practices have led to significant pollution in the wetlands, impacting the local ecosystem.
Table 4.2 Summary socio-economic of Giao An and Giao Thien communes
Average income (person/year/ million VND) 4.7 N/A
Households are considered poor if lower income
The total number of cattle 3,197 N/A
The total number of poultry 33,115 N/A
The number of paved roads 30 45
(Sources: Communal People Committee of Gian An and Giao Thuy, 2014)
Giao Thien is a natural area spanning 1,164 hectares with a population of 10,700 people across 2,500 households, resulting in a population density of 1,023 people per square kilometer The commune comprises 15 villages, including 270 households living in poverty with an income below 200,000 VND per person per month Approximately 15% of residents work in shrimp farming, while 70% are engaged in agriculture, primarily rice cultivation and livestock Over 250 individuals participate in marine fishing and aquaculture, with additional occupations such as handicrafts and industrial work The community has a young population, with 1,882 primary and secondary school students and around 300 high school students, reflecting a focus on education.
Situation of shrimp farming and aquaculture
Xuan Thuy National Park buffer zone offers optimal conditions for aquaculture development in the lagoon, making it a prime location for fish farming Survey data reveals that 12.7% of households engaged in aquaculture activities, indicating the area's potential for expanding its fishery industry Additionally, a significant 81.3% of non-aquaculture households express interest in participating, highlighting opportunities for future growth and community involvement in sustainable aquaculture practices.
Figure 4.5 Statistic of aquaculture in study areas by households
Among the aquatic farms focus mainly accounted for 51% of shrimp, fish farmers and clam were up 15% and the rest is other aquatic feed ( sea crab, seaweed, mollusk, clam farming)
The aquaculture region is highly diverse, with the largest area located inland along the coast, primarily comprising mangrove forests within shrimp farms, which account for 31.9% Households engaged in aquaculture in Con Lu occupy 26.39% of the area, while ponds and channels cover approximately 11.1% Con Ngan region represents about 13.89% of the total area, with some households utilizing a mix of mangrove and plantation forests accounting for 8.33%, and natural mangrove forests covering 5% Most cultivation occurs in white ponds, which make up 52.05%, while around 30.14% of mangrove and aquaculture areas remain unexploited The cultivation period varies by species, with shrimp farming taking about 7 months, natural region farming lasting around 9 months, clam growth spanning 1.6 to 3.6 months, and other fish and sea crab farming averaging 7 months.
Figure 4.6 Statistic of aquatic exploitation by households
Investments for the culture of aquatic are huge Especially, because of the rehabilitation of shrimp in the lagoon, shrimp farming households often pay the average total
16 cost of 500 million VND for aquaculture It also depends on the area of the surrounded and pond
Figure 4.7 The average cost of shrimp farming
Aquatic farming investments reveal that the most significant cost is purchasing high-quality broodstock, which is essential for maximizing profits The second-largest expense involves pond renovation and feed costs, while labor and miscellaneous expenses constitute the smallest portion of the overall investment Extended shrimp farming periods increase risks associated with natural disasters and epidemics, affecting profitability Additionally, the high initial investment required for aquatic farming can be a barrier for poor households, limiting their ability to engage in this lucrative industry.
Table 4.3 Average aquatic production in Giao An and Giao Thien communes
No Aquatic products Average production (kg) To sold (%) To used (%)
Shrimp farming yields are lower than those from natural shrimp harvesting, with an average production of 750.65 kg compared to 672.5 kg from natural exploitation According to interviews, the highest recorded shrimp farming yield reaches up to 1 ton, highlighting the potential for increased productivity through aquaculture Effective shrimp farming practices can significantly boost yields, making it a viable alternative to natural harvesting.
Approximately 870 kg of natural shrimp are produced, with about 98.75% of the harvested shrimp intended for sale Only around 10% of the shrimp are used for family consumption or other personal purposes The data also includes information on other aquatic products, such as clam farming and fish production, highlighting the region’s diverse aquaculture industry and its contribution to local and commercial markets.
Table 4.4 Aquaculture system in Giao An and Giao Thien in 2014
No Aquaculture System Number of households
Based on field trips and interviews with local residents, many farmers opt for extensive shrimp farming systems because they are more affordable than industrial models Approximately 270 households engage in semi-extensive shrimp farming, making it the most common method, while only 25 families have the financial capacity to invest in industrial-scale operations with advanced facilities like ponds and specialized feeds However, natural disasters and disease outbreaks—such as climate change, water quality issues, and shrimp seed mortality—pose significant challenges each year, often leading farmers to accept high risks and potential losses Notably, in 2010 and 2013, severe flooding and storms resulted in nearly complete shrimp loss for local farmers, causing total damages estimated at 450-500 million VND.
Shrimp consumption predominantly occurs in three markets: local markets accounting for 12.12%, traders representing 84.85%, and external markets comprising 3.03% Approximately 80% of aquatic food consumed is fresh, while 20% is processed by residents prior to trading However, the sector faces challenges related to the consumption and distribution of aquatic products, impacting overall market stability and growth.
The most significant challenge in the local market is price instability, as regional traders tend to purchase products at lower prices and sell them at higher rates in their areas Additionally, transportation and storage issues further complicate the market, leading to trader dissatisfaction and affecting overall market stability.
Table 4.5 The location of shrimp exploitation
No Location Giao Thien (%) Giao An (%)
3 Mix of mangrove and plantation forest 5.41 63.16
Fishing locations are diverse, with over 20% concentrated in natural mangrove forests, Con Lu dune, and the sea Giao Thien offers more fishing spots than Giao due to its varied natural conditions Due to the distance of these locations, approximately 40% of local farmers use bicycles to reach fishing areas, while 50.25% rely on sailboats, and a small number use motorbikes.
Every year, households maximize their efforts during certain months, primarily from March to May and September to November, while exploitation decreases during colder periods On average, households work approximately 14.53 days per month, with some attempting to work up to 30 days monthly People typically spend around 7.6 hours per day fishing, mainly between 2 PM and 6 PM, or during the late evening hours from 7 PM to 5 AM.
Interaction of people livelihood development and mangrove conservation
Conserving wetlands is crucial to protect the region's biodiversity, and restricting development activities in these areas is essential Recently, the Ministry of Fisheries and the Kien Giang Provincial People's Committee issued directives urging districts within the buffer zones to implement measures for wetland conservation These efforts aim to prevent habitat destruction and preserve the ecological integrity of this vital ecosystem.
U Minh Thuong immediately deploy the damming of water salinity and shrimp prohibited in this area Households violations will be dealt with according to law
In the buffer zone of Xuan Thuy National Park, local residents' income heavily depends on wetland-related activities, with approximately 50% of households relying on such livelihoods Some families are fully dependent on fishing, while others engage in activities like working in the dunes or aquaculture exploitation These sustainable practices are vital for local livelihoods and the conservation of the wetland ecosystem.
Table 4.6 Poor household and the percentage of income depend on wetland
According to interviews and survey data, 43% of poor households rely on wetland-related activities for their income, while 49.7% of non-poor households depend on aquaculture exploitation Discontinuing wetland exploitation and fisheries would significantly impact the livelihoods of local communities, highlighting the importance of sustainable management of these resources.
The analysis of fisheries in Giao Thuy presents two key scenarios The first scenario indicates no impact on aquatic resources, allowing poor households to continue exploiting aquatic products sustainably Conversely, the second scenario involves implementing strategies and policies to protect wetlands, such as mangrove forests, which would require halting fishing activities and aquaculture by local residents This measure could lead to 286 households facing increased poverty, raising the poverty rate from 17.6% to 27.3% among 100 households.
Table 4.7 The situation of poor households and poor households affected
Situation of poor households if prevented aquaculture exploitation
Local livelihoods continue to rely heavily on fishing and aquaculture, highlighting the importance of developing sustainable livelihood strategies Policy adjustments significantly impact these communities, emphasizing the need for policymakers to focus on supporting sustainable practices Addressing these issues is crucial, as the buffer zone communities are directly affected by changes in policy, which can influence their economic stability and environmental health.
Discussion
Effects of shrimp farming on mangroves and local livelihoods
By semi- structured interviews, the local people’s livelihood in the buffer region, specifically, Giao An and Giao Xuan Communes in Giao Thuy District have been shown:
Shrimp farming development has led to a decline in mangrove forest areas, as some farmers have expanded their shrimp ponds The percentage of mangrove cover in Xuan Thuy National Park has decreased (Table 4.1), indicating changes in local community behavior However, it remains uncertain whether these exploitation activities will be reduced in the future.
Shrimp farming can significantly impact both the extent and quality of mangrove forests Effluents from shrimp ponds are often rich in suspended solids, nutrients, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), with their concentration levels influenced by the farming method—whether extensive, semi-intensive, or intensive Higher levels of farm intensification, characterized by increased stocking densities, water usage, and the application of feeds and fertilizers, tend to exacerbate environmental degradation and threaten mangrove ecosystem health.
Combined effluents from agriculture, industry, and municipal sources can lead to increased waste loads, often reducing the availability of good quality water Weather and tidal conditions—such as cloudy days, low winds, and neap tides—exacerbate water quality degradation in shrimp ponds and surrounding estuarine and lagoon waters, posing significant challenges for sustainable aquaculture.
Local communities in the buffer zones of the national park mainly rely on farming and fishing for their livelihoods Implementing job training programs and promoting sustainable shrimp farming integrated with mangrove conservation are effective strategies to diversify income sources Development initiatives should prioritize supporting impoverished families to help them adapt to changing environmental conditions and ensure sustainable livelihood development Additionally, conservation policies must focus on communities that depend directly on the buffer zones to balance ecological protection with socio-economic needs.
Solutions to balance between shrimp farming development and protect mangrove forest
Since Vietnam signed the Ramsar Convention in 1989, over 500 regulations related to environmental preservation have been implemented by 2003, though only 10 directly focus on mangrove forests International organizations and investments have supported efforts to increase government awareness of wetlands' importance, leading to gradual progress However, there are still limitations that require government adjustments to enhance wetland conservation effectively.
The legal framework for wetlands is extensive, yet it lacks centralization, with regulations primarily providing general guidance rather than a cohesive system Existing documents often overlap, leading to repeated references to the same issues across multiple papers This fragmentation hinders effective management and clear enforcement of wetland conservation efforts.
Current sanctions for over-exploitation and environmental degradation in mangrove forests are insufficiently strict This is largely due to the fact that most residents living near the buffer zones rely heavily on fishing for their livelihoods To ensure the protection of mangrove ecosystems, the government needs to strengthen enforcement measures and promote sustainable livelihoods for local communities in the future.
22 must have policies to support local people developing alternative livelihood fishing restrictions
There are some management options should be applied in this case to balance between the development of shrimp farming and protecting mangrove forests:
First, increasing enforcement and punishments for environmental infractions: all activities that harmful to mangrove forests and the natural environment must be closely monitored and strictly measured
Enhancing the management authority of Commune People’s Committees is essential for effective forest protection and management Strengthening the role of local government at the communal and village levels promotes closer coordination with national park authorities This integrated approach ensures a more effective and sustainable approach to managing and safeguarding forest resources.
Co-management of natural resources and mangroves between local communities and national parks is an effective strategy to empower local people This collaborative approach enhances community involvement in conservation efforts while providing sustainable livelihood opportunities By fostering partnerships, it improves ecosystem health and promotes community-led resource management Ultimately, co-management leads to better conservation outcomes and socio-economic benefits for local communities.
Fourth, developing environmentally friendly cultivation techniques that do not harm the mangroves while ensure the productivity and income of farmers with the supports from scientists and aquaculture extension staff
Developing and expanding the market for locally made products is essential to increase their value, boost the incomes of local communities, and improve living standards This approach not only supports economic growth but also reduces pressure on mangroves and the natural environment by promoting sustainable livelihoods Enhancing market access for local products contributes to environmental conservation while empowering communities economically.
Conclusions
The livelihood sources of households significantly contribute to economic development, with coastal areas offering ideal conditions for aquaculture and shrimp farming Research from two communes in Giao Thuy district indicates that the long coastline facilitates sustainable aquaculture activities However, participation in aquaculture is mainly limited to small groups, restricting broader economic benefits The primary occupations remain agriculture, rice cultivation, and livestock farming, but these sectors currently generate low income for local households.
The extensive model is the most popular shrimp farming system due to its simplicity and lower initial investment In contrast, the industrial shrimp farming method offers higher profits but requires significant investment and faces challenges from natural disasters Additionally, commercial fisheries often struggle with product sales stability, frequently being pressured by traders, which impacts their profitability.
Poor households rely heavily on wetland-related activities, which contribute approximately 45% of their total income Restricting access to these resources could have severe consequences, as nearly 10% of surveyed households may fall into poverty if aquaculture and resource exploitation are not permitted in the buffer zone of Xuan Thuy National Park Ensuring sustainable wetland use is crucial for supporting local livelihoods and preventing increased poverty in the area.
Effective solutions and government policies should focus on balancing mangrove conservation with improving local livelihoods Management strategies proposed in Giao Thuy district include strengthening enforcement and penalties for environmental violations, empowering Commune People’s Committees with greater management authority, promoting co-management of natural resources and mangroves, implementing eco-friendly cultivation techniques, and expanding markets to increase the value of local products These integrated approaches ensure sustainable mangrove protection while supporting community development.
Annex
10 How many children in your family?
Number of people working and non-working
12 How is your living condition? Good Bad Normal
13 Do you get supports? From
3 Shrimp farming and mangrove forest information
14 Total area of shrimp farming (ha)
15 Total shrimp production/ year (ton/crop)
16 Length of the crop (month)
18 Which shrimp do you apply?
19 How much is the price of shrimp? (VND/ kg)
20 Total income by shrimp/year (million VND/year)
Who will collect your shrimp?
Which aquaculture system do you apply?
How about the aquaculture situation in the past and current? Could you predict in the future? (click X in the box)
How is the effect of shrimp disease in your pond
26 How often do you plant/harvest mangrove?
Do you get any supports from the government for plantation? If not, why?
Do you feel need to protect mangrove forest? If not, why?
Please give us some ideas to manage shrimp pond and protect environment
1.Depositing sediment, filtering and treating water before to the pond
2 Treating water before discharge to the river
4 Apply mangrove- shrimp system or planting mangrove
Annex 2 List Local Peple In Questionaire Survey
1 Pham Van Phuong Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
2 Tran Van Nguyen Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
3 Nguyen Thi Hang Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
4 Tran Van Thuy 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
5 Cao Thi Soi 10 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
6 Tran Thi Hue 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
7 Hoang Thi Na 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
8 Nguyen Viet Cam 12 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
9 Doan Dinh Khang 9 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
10 Le Nang Tinh 11 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
11 Nguyen Thi Trang 16 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
12 Tran Van Quang 9 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
13 Pham Ngoc Hung 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
14 Nguyen Van Cam 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
15 Le Quang Dan 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
16 Tran Thi Dung 20 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
17 Cao Van An 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
18 Nguyen Van Thanh Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
19 Dinh Thi Anh Xa Chau Hamlet, Giao Thien Commnue
20 Vu Thi Trang Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
21 Le Dinh Ngoc Lac Nghiep Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
22 Vu Kim Xuyen Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
23 Doan Van Phuc 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
24 Do Thi Lua Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
25 Nguyen Van The Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
26 Tran Manh Luc 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
27 Vu Thi Ha Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
28 Bui Cao Xuan Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
29 Nguyen Thi Tuyet 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
30 Nguyen Van Quyet Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
31 Truong Thi Dinh 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
32 Tran Van Khoi Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
33 Do Dinh Chien Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
34 Tran Van Chung Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
35 Bui Quang Minh 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
36 Do Viet Anh Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
37 Bach Mai Linh Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
38 Phung Thi Lieu 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
39 Hoang Thuy Luu Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
40 Nguyen Thi May Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
41 Nguyen Dinh Dam Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
42 Dang Thi Thuy 9 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
43 Ngo Van Son 12 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
44 Le Thi Tuoi 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
45 Tran Dinh Quynh Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
46 Vu Tien Dung 12 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
47 Ngo Thi Dinh Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
48 Pham Thi Tra Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
49 Dang Tran Ba Khoi Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
50 Vu Ngoc Anh 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
51 Vu Thi Tung Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
52 Le Thi Uyen Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
53 Tran Van Minh Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
54 Tran Van Nam 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
55 Vu Tien Dat 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
56 Nguyen Thi Nhung 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
57 Bui The Thanh Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
58 Nguyen Van Cong Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
59 Tran Thi Quynh Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
60 Do Van Nam 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
Annex 3 Statistic Of Aquaculture Exploitation And Production In Giao An Commune
2 Total area of aquaculture Ha 609.55
Annex 4 Some pictures in the fieldwork in Giao Thuy District, Nam Dinh Province
People’s Committee Office of Giao An Commune
A small shack to exploit aquatic in small river, Giao An Commune
An intensive shrimp farming pond has been improved in Giao Thien Commune