Assessment on the actual situation and some silviculture practices for experimental forest of luot mountain in xuan mai chuong my ha noi

The experimental of plantations mixed forest are planted in clusters in Vietnam Forest University Pham Xuan Hoan, 2004, have used 165 indigenous trees planted under the canopy of Pinus m

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY

Developed in Collaboration with Colorado State University, USA

Supervisor: Dr Le Xuan Truong

Hanoi, October 2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

With the agreement and of the department of silviculture and Dr Truong Le Xuan,

I have carried out a research on the projects: “Assessment on the actual situation and some

silviculture practices for experimental forest of Luot Mountain at Vietnam Forestry University in XuanMai, ChuongMy HaNoi”

In the process of implementing topics, I have received the guidance and help of teacher: Le Xuan Truong of the officials at Viet Nam Forestry University and professor Lee Macdonald in Colorado State University To have completed this topic, I would like to express our sincere gratitude for that valuable help

Despite great efforts by the energy and time are limited to topics inevitable shortcomings So the spirit realms and learn the requirements, I respectfully request that

we receive feedback from teachers and friends to more topics complete

I would like to thank you!

ABTRACT This thesis to investigate in depth the situation of some indigenous species growth

understory timber tree, then it give some solutions for resolving the existing problems First, it was conducted to the zone areas with favorable conditions for research and investigation, it must have characteristic condition and consistent with the objective of this thesis Then, it will set up the standard plot and the sub-plot to measure the index of the species in that areas It can calculate statistical averages and compare them with each other The figures indicate that there are important issues of ecology needs to be resolve, such as the competition about light, nutrients between indigenous species and timber tree The regeneration of timber tree are also additional in this thesis Because it found that the problem needs to be resolved, the thesis provides some silviculture practices to help the timber tree have the space and good conditions for growth, and remove the bad individual and the unnecessary canopy of indigenous species, as same as help to regenerate the timber tree The implementation of these measures will to increase the growth potential of experimental forests, reduce the time to harvest, increased crop yields in the region,

creating a basis for developing forest sustainability and effectively

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER I: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 5

1.1 Goals: ……… 5

1.2 Specific objectives: 5

CHAPTER II: METHODS 6

1.1 Desk research: 7

1.2 Field works 7

1.2.1 Set up standard plots method 7

1.2.2 Data collection 8

1.2.3 Data processing method 9

CHAPTER III: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 11

1 RESULT 11

1.1 The actual situation of timber trees 11

1.2 The actual situation of indigenous species 14

1.3 The situation of other species on research areas 17

1.4 The situation of shrubs and vegetation on research areas 19

1.5 The comments about the condition and competitive relationships among species in the research areas 20

2 DISCUSSION 22

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSIONS 24 REFERENCES

APPENDIX

INTRODUCTION

The research results on many countries in the world are shown that monoculture plantations forest has exposed many weaknesses So, scientists around the world were interested in building models mixed species plantations forest to sustainable direction, especially in the period of global climate change today

The feature of mixed species forest is more structured canopy So, re1search to create the mixed species forest have many layers were number of scientists around the world interested When researching the canopy structure of the mixed species forest, the scientist was shown that the canopy structure of mixed species plantations depends on the growth characteristics and properties of populations of species in the forest All of things are shown that if we want to create models of mixed species plantations forest have a reasonable structure, taking full advantage of the space nutrition should be based on ecological characteristics as well as pay attention to the interrelationships among tree species to choose the appropriate species When studies of mixed species plantations, the authors agree that the layout of the tree species in the models of the mixed species plantations forest also have a clear influence on the growth of them and it depends on the characteristics of each species and distance among individual species This is the basis of the decision is important to the success or failure of the mixed species plantations models Through these research are shown that indigenous species were more interested and authors were selected for planting, the planting method may be planted in bands or clusters

to take advantage of space nutrition, research influence each other when mixed plantation forest However, these studies did not address the effects of the canopy cover of tree high layers on the growth of other plants growing under the canopy Therefore, the research of the influence of canopy cover on the growth of native trees and understory planting methods planting some indigenous species are needed, particularly for indigenous species

in Vietnam

In Vietnam, the issues of planting mixed forests have been interested by scientists very early In the period 1930-1980, there are few studies on mixed species plantations and the

selected plant species researchers also focused some of Dipterocarpaceae Since 1985, the

research about planting mixed forest by indigenous species to be deployed even more than the number of tree species and plantation areas During this period many indigenous broadleaf tree species were selected to study the ecological zones in the country The indigenous broadleaf tree species was selected for study mixed species plantations are mostly species have high economic value Some indigenous plants was selected for the

Central Highland and the South of Vietnam are: Afzelia xylocarpa, Dalbergia oliveri, Xylia

xylocarpa, Tectona grandis mainly at the experimental station of Trang Bom, Dong Nai

province, Lang Mang and Linh Lanh in Lam Dong province, Ekmat in Dak Lak province, Tan Tao in Ho Chi Minh City In the north of Vietnam, the main tree species selected for

planting mixed species forest are: Erythrophleum fordii, Peltophorum tonkinnensis,

Mechelia mediocris, Cinamomum ilcidioides, Manglietia conifera , Styrax tonkinensis, Chukrasia tabularis, Ormosia balansae, Prunus arborea, Endospermum chinense

Nowadays, there are many objects of the same old plantation monoculture forest in our country has been transformed into the mixed different age forest, they will have structure more stable and sustainable through the addition of some plants purpose planted according

to the different times

The experimental forest of Luot Mountain of Vietnam Forestry University has an areas

of 130ha Before 1985, the entire areas are planted forests and barren hills, the vegetation

composition mainly are some species of Myrtacese, Poaceae and small bushes Wind,

sunny climate, degraded land with characteristics common ground is dry, acid, substance, and rocky, soils with sesquioxides Since 1985 - 1986, forestry universities have conducted

afforestation of barren hills covered by green plants pioneers such as Pine, Acacia,

Eucalyptus…Since 1993, the Research Experimental Forests Center of Vietnam Forestry

University conducted planted some indigenous tree species in this area The period 1995 -

1996, the center continued deployment planting of indigenous species have been collected

from other provinces under the canopy of Pine and Acacia auriculiformis and then proceed

with additional plantings in the period 1996-2002

The experimental of plantations mixed forest are planted in clusters in Vietnam Forest University (Pham Xuan Hoan, 2004), have used 165 indigenous trees planted under the

canopy of Pinus massoniana, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis , which under the

canopy of Pinus massoniana are 27 species, under the canopy of Acacia auriculifomis are

21 species, the rest planted under the canopy of mixed forest of Pinus massoniana with

Acacia auriculiformis, Pinus massoniana with Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus The survival

rate of the indigenous species under canopy of Pinus massoniana was assessed about 93.2% and understory of Acacia auriculifomis about 91.2% Regular growth and average

growth of indigenous species have differentiation really clear Especially, there are some

species often rated as slow growth: Cinamomum iners, Erythrophleum fordii to growth well under the canopy of Pinus and Acacia

In recent years, the Pinus and Acacia forest has well growth Forest structure was

formed with its own characteristics of forest stand, the soil initial has been restored the

fertility, there are some indigenous tree species under the canopy of Pinus and Acacia was

11-18 years of age, a similar number of trees growth is fast and have the competition with the previous species The high canopy layer was thinning to remove the individual growth slowly, so the density and canopy cover in the region has been adjusted However, in areas currently exists contradictions between plants on light demand and nutrition Nowadays, the timber trees in the study areas are having an adverse effect on the growth of indigenous species; compete with indigenous species about space nutritious and light Therefore, the study of growth conditions as well as to determine the influence of factors such as density, tree canopy cover of timber trees on the growth and development of indigenous tree

understory of them, thereby giving the silviculture practices impact to forest stand and habitat condition to promote the growth and development of the indigenous species to construct the models of mixed species plantations forest is essential

Starting from the above requirements, I conducted the research on the topic: “Assessment

on the actual situation and give some silviculture practices for experimental forest on Luot Mountain in XuanMai – ChuongMy – HaNoi”

CHAPTER I: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

1.1 Goals:

- Construct the model for the mixed forest with the indigenous species:

Erythrophleum fordii understory of the timber tree: Pinus massoniana at the

experimental forest in Luot Mountain

- Using some silviculture practices to help the experimental forest to develop with

regenerate direction

1.2 Specific objectives:

- Make comments on the relationship between the qualitative change of the

parameters with the growth and regeneration of indigenous species and timber tree

- Assessment the actual situation of mixed forest pattern, which have two species are

Pinus massoniana and Erythrophleum fordii at the experimental forest on Luot

Mountain

- Assessment the potential growth and the affect on the growth of indigenous

species to growth ability and regeneration of Pinus massoniana species on the

research areas

- Give some silviculture practices impact on the timber trees to create good

conditions for the timber tree to growth and regeneration better

CHAPTER II: METHOD

This is the research areas in Luot Mountain of Vietnam Forestry University

Figure 1: The research areas

- The research areas in Luot Mountain at Vietnam Forestry University include 2 successive hills The highest peak with an elevation is 133m (relative to sea level), and the

2nd top have an elevation is 76m The average slop of Luot Mountain is 15o

- Before 1984, in the Luot Mountain have main species are shrub and vegetation

such as: Imperata cylindrica, Chromolaena odorata, Mimosa pudica After 1984, Vietnam Forestry University has contructed forestry plantations with the main species are: Pinus

massoniana, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis Since 1993, the experimental

research center of Vietnam Forestry University has constructed plant some indigenous species in this area

- In general, the plants of Luot mountain are very diverse and abundant, they develop are good for prevention and protection ability for ecology in this areas However, as noted above, in the areas, there are a lot of competition between species about light and nutrition

It is a very important issue need to resolve

1.1 Desk research:

+ Investigation primary data:

Conducting set up the standard plots (SPs) to investigate and determine the number and quality of the trees in the research areas

1.2 Field works

1.2.1 Set up standard plots method

- Using topographic maps and hand-held compass to conducted the initially

investigating the all of research areas, determine locate of the objects on a map and to note the information of forest conditions where the indigenous species under the canopy of another tree and choose the location can set up standard plot

- Set up standard plots: set up 3 standard plots, the areas of each plot equal 1000 m2 (25m*40m), the standard plots must have different locations, where are focus many

indigenous species The standard plots have the length parallel to the contour line and the

width perpendicular to contour line It set up to investigate the indigenous species and timber tree

- Then, set up the sub-plot (2m*2m), there are 5 sub-plots in each standard plots It is set up to investigate the situation of shrubs and vegetation

1.2.2 Data collection

a Investigation the indigenous species and timber tree

+ Investigation and collect the data all of tree in the research areas (include the indigenous species and the timber tree

+ Conducting: choose the trees in standard plots

+ Determined to the DBH at 1.3m from land surface by caliper follow 2 directions: E-W and S-N, calculate the average of them

+ Determined the height of the peak-trees by blume-leiss

+ Determined the tree crown in 2 directions: E-W and S-N and estimate the average

of them

+ Determined the timber tree canopy cover by the method of estimating the

percentage of light concealed by trees

+ Survey and description of morphological characteristics, level growth of forest trees and classify the tree’s qualities

+ Evaluate the quality of the tree

1 A good tree (high quality): the vigor tree, not damaged by pests, the canopy

b Investigation shrubs and vegetation

- In each standard plot to set up 5 sub-plot have areas is 4m2/sub-plot, 4 sub-plot at 4 corner and 1 sub-plot at the mid of standard plot

- In each sub-plot, we conduct to identify the main tree species, average height, ground cover and the growth situation of shrub and vegetation

- Investigation shrubs, vegetation layers: Shrubs are woody plants have low layer

- The targets identified: name, quantity and height of species

1.2.3 Data processing method

- After data collection, we conducted using the Excel software to data processing Identifying the density of N species by the formula:

N =

N0 is the average number of the trees in investigation plots

S0 is the areas of investigate plots

 Calculate the parameters collected:

+ Statistical rate the tree-number according to the quality of the tree

+ Comments relationship between the growth of indigenous species and the factors: canopy cover of the high canopy layers, shrub, vegetation

- Timber tree:

+ Calculate the average value of tree high canopy in plot

+ Up to a size distribution of trees in diameter (N/DBH) and tree distribution follow the height

+ Statistic the ratio of the number of tree according to the quality of species

- Shrub and Vegetation

+ Calculate the average value of the height and quality of trees in the each plot

CHAPTER III: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

1 RESULT

1.1 The actual situation of timber trees

The main species of timber tree on research areas is Pinus massoniana

Table 1.1: Data compilation of timber trees

Plot Species H

(m)

D1.3 (cm)

D canopy)

Plot 3

Figure 2: The distribution chart of species follow the height of Pinus massoniana

- Through the data processing on the growth of tree-height at research areas shown

that: The height average of Pinus massoniana at 3 standard plots alternate are: 15.2(m), 16.0(m), 16.9(m), it shown that Pinus massoniana forest was mature stage The average height is evenly, there was no difference in the capacity growth tree-height of species in the research areas Through the number distribution chart following tree-height of timber trees, the change of tree-height is too large, alternation from: 13(m) –25(m)

1.1.2 The D1.3 of timber trees(cm)

- Through the collecting and processing data of diameter growth of Pinus

massoniana, it shown the result as follows:

Plot 3

Figure 3: The distribution chart of species follow D1.3(cm) of Pinus massoniana

- Through the processing data about diameter growth of Pinus massoniana at 3 standard plots, it shown that: the D1.3 of Pinus massoniana in 3 standard plots are:

22.0(cm), 18.9(cm), 22.4(cm) Look at the figures 3, there are too many individual of

Pinus massoniana have large D1.3, that mean Pinus massoniana forest has entered the

maturity stage

1.1.3 The average D (crown-canopy) of timber trees

- Through the table 1.1, it shown that the average Dcrown-canopy of Pinus massoniana

on 3 standard plots are small(alternate are: 3.68(m), 4.25(m), 4.51(m)) The growth of

average Dcrown-canopy is conveniently ratio with the ability to shade for indigenous species understory timber trees All of them on research areas have the grow ability of average

Dcrown-canopy is low

1.1.4 The quality of timber trees(Pinus massoniana)

- Through the table 1.1, most of Pinus massoniana species in research areas have

average and low quanlity(50 %-80% total number of trees), there are about 40 % total number of trees have high quality( good growth) The low growth ability is shown that there are many compettition of other species in research areas

1.2 The actual situation of indigenous species

- The main species of indigenous species on research areas is Erythrophleum fordii

Table 1.2: Data compilation of indigenous species:

Plot Species H D1.3

D

canopy)

1.2.1 The average height of indigenous species

Plot 3

Figure 4: The distribution chart of species follow the height of Pinus massoniana

- Through the table 1.2, the average height of Erythrophleum fordii species of the at

3 stadard plots altenate are 13.9(m), 16.0(m), 13.4(m) It shown that this indigenous species is undergoing strong growth about diameter, most of them have average height about 12(m) – 18(m) and they have good ability growth Through the figure 4, the variation of tree-height on standard plots is too large, it alternative from 11(m) to 22(m), it shown that the uneven growth of indigenous species

1.2.2 The D1.3 of indigenous species

Plot 3

Figure 5: The distribution chart of species follow D1.3(cm) of Erythrophleum fordii

- Though the processing data of diametergrowth of Erythrophleum fordii species at 3 standard plots, it show that : the average value of diameter of Erythrophleum fordii species

alternate are 12.82(cm), 12.92(cm), 14.00(cm) All of them have the small diameter, they can’t exploit because of wood volume are low Look at the figure 5, the individual have the average diameter around 11(cm) to 17(cm) are mainly It proves that it is in the period of growth, this is the phase of trees need more nutrients to increase in diameter and height

1.2.3 The D(crown-canopy) of indigenous species

- Through the table 1.2, it shown that the average of crown-canopy diameter of

Erythrophleum fordii species at 3 standard plots is normal (alternate are 4.19(m), 4.70(m),

4.80(m)) General, the ability growth about crown-canopy diameter of Erythrophleum

fordii species is very good Because of them have good condition when they live

understory of the timber trees

1.2.4 The quality of indigenous species

- Look at the table 1.2, it shown that: on the research areas, the Erythrophleum fordii

species is good growth There are many individual have high quality (accounted for about 50% -60%), the number of trees has average and low quality is low More, the quality of the individual species is evenly, it not have too much difference

1.3 The situation of other species on research areas

- Some information of other species growth on research areas

Table 1.3: Some species grow on plot 1

Dracontomelon duperreanum 20,38 4,81 14,88 GOOD 4

Cinnamomum parthenoxylon 18,75 6,25 16,00 NORMAL 1

Eucalyptus camaldulensis 23,85 3,15 15,40 NORMAL 5

Acacia auriculiformis 14,81 4,50 13,50 NORMAL 3

Peltophorum pterocarpum 17,29 3,63 14,33 NORMAL 2