Co management of the mangrove forest in giao thien commune, giao thuy district, nam đinh province

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY STUDENT THESIS Title CO-MANAGEMENT OF THE MANGROVE FOREST IN GIAO THIEN COMMUNE, GIAO THUY DISTRICT, NAM DINH

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY

STUDENT THESIS

Title CO-MANAGEMENT OF THE MANGROVE FOREST IN GIAO THIEN COMMUNE, GIAO THUY DISTRICT, NAM DINH PROVINCE Major: Natural Resources Management

Code: D850101

Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management

Student: Dao Thi Dieu Linh Student ID: 1153101972

Class: K56 Natural Resources Management Course: 2011 - 2015

Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA

Supervisor: Dr Do Anh Tuan

Ha Noi, March /2016

in the survey to complete the study

Finally, I thank to my family, my friends and my classmates have helped and encouraged

me to implement this study

Although having many efforts, but I have had many lacking of knowledge, time and communication as well as reality so the study could not be avoided the shortcomings I expect

to get the opinions and suggestion from teachers and guys for my study is more complete

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT 2

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 3

1.1 The concept of Co-management 3

1.2 Researching about Co-management in Vietnam 4

1.3 Co-management in XuanThuy national park 6

CHAPTER 2: OBJECTIVES AND METHODS 8

2.1.Objective of the study 8

2.1.1 General objectives 8

2.1.2 Specific objectives 8

2.2 Method of the study 8

2.2.1.Method of choosing the study sites 8

2.2.2 Method of data collection 9

2.2.3 Method of choosing group to interview 9

2.2.4 Method of data processing and writing report 10

CHAPTER 3: OVERVIEW OF THE SITUATION OF NATURAL CONDITION, ECONOMIC- SOCIAL IN XUAN THUY NATIONAL PARK, GIAO THUY DISTRICT, NAM DINH PROVINCE 11

3.1 Overview of XuanThuy national park 11

3.1.1 Geographical location 11

3.1.2 Topographic 11

3.1.3 Climate and hydrological 12

3.1.4 The history of XuanThuy national park 13

3.1.5 Organizational structure 13

3.1.6 Biodiversity in XuanThuy national park 14

3.2 Socio – economic situation of GiaoThien commune, GiaoThuy district, Nam Dinh

province 14

3.3 The form of Co-management in GiaoThien commune 15

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 16

4.1.Scientific basis and practicality of Co-management in XuanThuy national park 16

4.1.1.The rationale 16

4.1.2.Scientific basis and practicality of Co-management 17

4.2 The current status of Co-management mangrove forest in GiaoThien commune, GiaoThuy district, Nam Dinh province 19

4.2.1 The analysis of stakeholders to Co-management 19

4.2.2 The role of stakeholders 23

4.2.3 Analysis the conflicts and cooperation of stakeholders 25

4.3 The current status of household‟s participation in Co-management 28

4.3.1 The importance of forest with local people 28

4.3.2 The general information of household‟s participation in Co-management 30

4.3.3 Status of implementation Co-management in location 31

4.3.4 The effects of Co-management in GiaoThien commune 33

4.4 The status of Non- Co-management households 35

Table 4.5.The general information of Non-Co-management households 35

4.6.The general comment of Co-management in GiaoThien commune 37

4.6.1 The advantages of Co-management 37

4.6.2 The disadvantages of Co-management 37

CHAPTER 5: SOLUTIONS FOR IMPROVE THE EFFECTS OF CO-MANAGEMENT MANGROVE FOREST IN GIAO THIEN COMMUNE-GIAO THUY DISTRICT-NAM DINH COMMUNE 39

5.1 Solution to improve the effects of Co-management in GiaoThien commune 39

5.1.1 Solution of organization and management 39

5.1.2 Solution of economic 39

5.1.3 Solution of social 39

5.1.4 Solution of communication and education 39

5.2.Recommendations 40

CONCLUSION 42

REFERRENCES……… 43

APPENDIX……… 44

CONTENT OF TABLES

Table 2.1.The distribution of surveyed households 9

Table 4.1.Synthesis and analysis the concerns and role of stakeholders 19

Table 4.2.The general information of household‟s participation in Co-management 30

Table 4.3.Status of implementation Co-management in GiaoThien commune 31

Table 4.4.The assessment of local people about the plans of Co-management in location 32

Table 4.5.The average output of main fisheries 35

Table 4.5.The general information of Non-Co-management households 35

Table 4.7.The knowledge and the ability to participate in Co-management of Non-Co-management households 36

CONTENT OF FIGURES

Figure 4.1.The stakeholders participate in Co-management in location 22

Figure 4.2.Indicators reflect the insurance exploitation fisheries in Co-management area 25

Figure 4.2.Indicators reflects the insurance exploitation and objectives between Co-management households and local staffs and Co-management board 26

Figure 4.2.The relationship of the main stakeholders 28

Figure 4.3.The importance of forest 29

Figure 4.4.The status of forest resources in before and after Co-management 33

Figure 4.5.The status of household‟s income in GiaoThien commune after participation Co-management 34

ABSTRACT

In the last decades of 20th century, we developed Special Use Forest ( 2,16 million ha) to represent the regions and tropical climates from North to South, the aim is protecting biodiversity, ecosystem and just it is expected to recover the animals and plants in danger of extinction However, in reality, this type of forest management is main target of management boards, operated in the administrative units with income; lacking of coordination of the stakeholders, especially in communities effectiveness so is low, forest is interceded illegally In many locations, instead of taking part in Co- management to protect forest, people opposed with the protection and management force of government

The wetland in mouth of river and coast in Xuan Thuy national park has established from the sediment accretion process of Red River and Eastern Sea According to initial statistics, Xuan Thuy national park is growing area of many aquatic animals so the quantity of aquatic animals is very high In many years, the fishermen in this area used the power grids to exploit the fisheries, degraded the fishery resources and exterminated the small larvae and eggs of the aquatic animals in area So, in the recent years, a lot of seabirds have migrated to Xuan Thuy national park, it resulted in reducing about the species but the quantity of individuals significantly reduced

The establishment of national park changed the large the amount of people living in buffer zone The buffer zone includes five commune with total population with 45 000 people, is very high biodiversity, the fishery resources have been exploited for many years GiaoThien commune – GiaoThuy district is buffer zone which has rich natural resources of national park In fishing production season, there are many people working in forest, the over exploitation and made the resources and forest decrease rapidly While forest protection unit of national park have function the protection and management forest in Forestry so the protection natural resources in general in Vietnam is very difficult and complex So, the question gives out: How to

improve the internal resources of community, promote the potential availability and attract the community to take part in the activities of Co-management forest because the purpose in sustaining development in location? This is problem is not only for the managers but also for people in the buffer zone Therefore, basing on practices and theories, with the knowledge

learned from teachers to answer these questions, I will study: Co- management of the mangrove

forest in XuanThuy national park, GiaoThien commune, GiaoThuy district, Nam Dinh province

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The concept of Co-management

When economic is developing leading to the depletion of natural resources and forest resources The problem for each country is researching to find out the management solution using natural resources in a sustainable way In recent years, many authors gave out the series of management solution including the cooperation of stakeholder This is an important problem for the success of management resources, in there; the most interest is solving the benefit of local people who have suitable forests for general objective of country

The term „Co-management‟ is used to describe the distribution, the formal arrangement

or informal arrangement between the governments, the private sector or population strata relating to management natural resources The prevalence of this management mode increased significantly over twenty years; this can be found many examples in developing countries where the poverty status and the degradation of natural resources leading to the social and that country

to Co-management According to Rao and Geister (1990), Co-management is sharing the decision between people using local resources and the manager of the policy using the protected area The partners need to focus on the general concern is nature conservation to become voluntary allies

Co-management also has been taken care and researched by two scientists Andrew W Ingle and authors (1999) The authors said that Co-management regarded as the arrangements are negotiated by the stakeholder, basing on established rights and interests or recognized by government and accepted by most of user forest resources That process has been done in sharing the decision and control using resources

Co-management of the mangrove forest is searching the cooperation, while the stakeholders have sharing agreement the function of management, rights and obligations on a territory or resource area under protection status This concept addressed by Borrini- Feyerabend

in 1996 To 2000, author gave out the general concept “Co-management is a form of cooperation, while two or many social partner co-operate together to identify and unified about sharing the function of management, rights and obligations, a territory or the determined natural resources.”

On the basis the concepts and definition mentioned above, based on specific conditions

in Vietnam for a nature reserve, there can be the general definition having relative characters

about Co-management in this study: “Co-management is the arrangement rights and obligations

of the stakeholder in management forest resources This arrangement involves the transformation in decision-making from to bottom and without the coordination between local people and the management natural resources of government to the decision have shared, cooperation and the agreement of the stakeholders in natural resources conservation.”

1.2 Researching about Co-management in Vietnam

Forest resources in Vietnam were managed and used by the government Therefore, the area of forest rapid decline about quality and quantity, in Special Use forest, it also interceded seriously lead to forest resources increasingly exhausted There were some projects of international and Vietnam NGOs had done to manage sustainable for Special Use forest, following specific:

In 1997, in Cat Tien national park, in training course “Integrated Conservation and Development”, Co-management forest methods were firstly taken into introduction and discussion After this time, Co-management was introduced in some training courses nature conservation of the projects is being implemented In Phu Luong Nature Reserve, in the study of coordinated between management and conservation (Ulrich Apel Oliver C.Maxwell and authors- 2002)has assessed paradox about using of land and house, the status of management natural resources in buffer zone of Phu Luong nature reserve The result of this author only assessed some institutionalizations, current policies with the management Special Use forest,

analyzing the dependence of local people on forest resources, but has not adequate assessment the potential of co-management and has not addressed the principles and solutions

The demand of practice is processes, principles and tailored solutions to develop a plan

of Co-management of forest resources This is the answer that the implemented projects have confused in recent times On 4th August, 2008, the seminar "the idea of establishing Phu Xai Leng nature reserve managed by community had organized in Vinh City, Nghe An which has proposed some issues of Co-management nature reserve However, the seminar has not been the identification of principles and solved the problems

Talking about the efficiencies received from management and protection the community forest in our country, there is no assessment of management community forest in the national scale However, based on the results of three national seminar on community forest management

in Vietnam was held in Hanoi (June 2000, November 2001 and November 2004) can address verdicts as follows:

- In many locations, community forests are protected and better development, where community forest management hardly been cleared, because of not violation so forest is growing

- Government has saved costs: At the present, there are many community forests management which is almost no support from the budget of government but forest is still protected better

- Community forests have contributed to protect water sources and solved a part of household timber demand for community and members of the community, exploit non timber forest products… contributed to develop the traditional crafts and improve the income for community

- Customs and traditional are restored through community forest management, having the support and instruction of government organization has promoted the construction management

regulations and protection, implementation of the grassroots democracy regulations, restore the traditions of the community

In general, forest and forest-land management based communities are general issues and depend on the institutional framework and policies of each country and each local, so it cannot copy a model from a place to another However, sharing the experience from the lessons of success or failure in country and region are essential in the context of forest policy was reformed and perfected as today The remarkable thing must have the research assessment synthesis and draw on experience, complement and build new policies suitable for each region

Therefore, forest management based on community is seen as the foundation of development because it meet the demand for community benefit, contribute to poverty reduction and serve to prevent, reduce exhaustion of resources in method of unsustainable use

1.3 Co-management in Xuan Thuy national park

Xuan Thuy national park has an area of 3000 hectares It has high biodiversity especially

it is also the habitat of many birds This place has contributed the high values to the mission of conservation and contributes the economic and social development

With the traditional farming method, local communities have planted and used the mangrove forest resources Every day, there are hundreds of people exploiting the fishery resources in the forest Most of them are local people who depend heavily on this for their livelihood

To many people, survival is more important than forest preservation The income from selling forestry resources is higher than the amount people can earn from farming In addition, their free time is getting longer This leads increase amount of exploited resources This spontaneous activity creates the negative impacts as fishery resources are more exhausted (not only the trees of forest but also aquatic species) and livelihood is not sustainable, the income of local people is decreasing

However, by this time, the Government implements effective policies to support the forest management better, that is through the Co-management models The solution is local people and management board take part in Co- management; simultaneously, this is an opportunity to conserve the values of biodiversity in the area

Giao Thien commune is one of three leading communes in implementation the models of Co-management in the buffer zone and addressed positive effects to local people So how Co-management models were made? How is it deployed? How stakeholders participate in the project have ensured rights and obligation? How are the strengths, weaknesses, the redundant and limitations when deploying the Co-management models, since then having the solutions to improvement the effects in Co-management mangrove forest in location? To research more about the current status of Co-management in Giao Thien commune and answer these questions,

I will the study: Co- management of the mangrove forest in Giao Thien commune, Giao Thuy

district, Nam Dinh province

CHAPTER 2: OBJECTIVES AND METHODS 2.1 Objective of the study

2.1.1 General objectives

The study research and assess about the current status of Co-management of the mangrove forest in Giao Thien commune, Giao Thien district, Nam Dinh province In this basis, addressed the solutions contribute sustainable forest management and improve the quality of life‟s local people near the forest in the research area

2.1.2 Specific objectives

- Synthesis theoretical basis and practical of co-management in Xuan Thuy National Park

- The current status of Co-management mangrove forest is applied in Giao Thien commune, Giao Thuy district, Nam Dinh province

- Recommendation some basic solutions of forest management to resolve the conflicts in forest management and socio-economic development in the area

2.2 Method of the study

2.2.1.Method of choosing the study sites

- Criteria for selection of commune:

+ Commune must have management administratively within national park and the buffer zones, where the Co-management is piloted by national park and local government

+ The living of people in commune depends on the forest resources, for example as exploitation the fisheries in the mangrove forest

According to these criteria, Giao Thien commune was selected the study site Besides the reason chooses Giao Thien commune because the Co-management have been implemented in Giao Thien, there are many households taking part in Co-management and the plans have the specific implementation and reasonable assessments with the economic-social condition

In Giao Thien commune, there are 15 villages, in there, I will choose 3 villages (21, 24 and 29 village) with 90 households to survey and interview for collecting data These villages should be or near the mangrove forest, they have a variety of forest resources and have many household engaged in fisheries and take part in Co- management

2.2.2 Method of data collection

- Assessment methods RRA (Rapid Rural Appraisal) is performed to collect additional information about natural conditions, economic and social, advantages and disadvantages, risks and challenges in forest protection and management

- Assessment methods PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) is applied to consolidate the collected information from the inherited method and RRA method Also, it determines the habits, knowledge and local institutions related to forest protection and the potential of forest protection as well as the role of stakeholders in forest protection and management

2.2.3 Method of choosing group to interview

Table 2.1.The distribution of surveyed households

Total are 90 households are surveyed in three villages, there are 50 households take part

in Co-management and 40 households don‟t take part in Co-management

● Method of choosing the people in group

- Number: each village choose 8-10 people

The surveyed households take part in Co- management

The surveyed households don’t take part in Co- management

- Age: older, middle age, young…

- Each group have 1-2 people of corporate as: the communist youth, women‟s union,… ● Method of choosing the households to interview:

I will ask village leader about classification the household in village If village have classified by the target of local government, so during that lists and choose random 10 households stand in 3 groups to interview

If village haven‟t classified or have classified but there are not rich and middle household I could have requested village leader creating the classified list 3 household groups:

- group1: rich economic

- group2: average economic

- group3: poor economic

2.2.4 Method of data processing and writing report

- The primary data and secondary data collection was processed and analyzed through

using Excel software

- Analyze the correlation between the income sources related to forest resources for the

total income of households in communities Results are shown in the form of analysis, description and chart In addition, the results of the discussions, the qualitative information such

as policy, organizations of community, and institutions of the community, all are analyzed according to qualitative methodology

- Analyze the effect of the income sources from forest resources to total income of

households in study area

- Using the methods as integrated analysis, descriptions, compare, evaluate the role of

stakeholders

- Analyze the effect of economic from Co-management, the results of discussions, build

and organize Co-management and from that finding the basic principles and appropriate solutions to Co-management in Xuan Thuy national park

CHAPTER 3: OVERVIEW OF THE SITUATION OF NATURAL CONDITION, ECONOMIC- SOCIAL IN XUAN THUY NATIONAL PARK, GIAO THUY DISTRICT,

NAM DINH PROVINCE 3.1 Overview of Xuan Thuy national park

3.1.1 Geographical location

-From 20o10‟ to 20o15‟ North latitude and from 106o20‟ East longitude; Northeast borders the Red river, Northwest borders the communes Giao Thien, Giao An, Giao Xuan and south borders Beibu bay

- Area: 7100 ha

- Strict protection area: 5380 ha

- Ecological restoration area: 1604 ha

- Administrative area: 26 ha (including 16 ha of botanical garden in core area and 10 ha

in buffer zone)

- The buffer zone in Xuan Thuy national park have 8000 ha with five commune: Giao

An, Giao Lac, Giao Xuan, Giao Thien, Giao An They include 1000 ha of mangrove forest and

10 ha of Casuarina with many kinds of fisheries have high economic

3.1.2 Topographic

Xuan Thuy national park have flat terrain; Sloping is from North to South, is the type of strong tidal flat deposition; specially Lu dune is high at 1,2m-1,5m Topographic of tidal flats is divided by Cop river and Tra river

Topographic of dunes as: Lu dune, Mo dune, Ngan dune are small islands rotary sea Topographic of Mangrove tidal flat low, wide and sloping This topography is the result of sediment accumulation process

3.1.3 Climate and hydrological

3.1.3.1 Climate

Xuan Thuy national park is in Northern Delta have general characteristics of coastal plain National park is the type of tropical moisture (K= 1,5-2,00) ; Winter is cold with average temperature < 180C; Summer is hot, Average temperature in the hottest month > 250C Rain is in the summer and autumn from May to October The dry season prolong in two months, no drought month, Spring is longer than and humid because of drizzle The season in Coastal plain

is very unique so it divided four seasons in a year

Thermal regime: Average temperature in year is 24oC; Average temperature in month is about 16,30C - 20,60C; The lowest temperature in January is 6,8oC; The highest temperature in summer is 40,1oC

Rainfall regime: Rainy season is from May to October Total average rainfall is from 1500mm – 1715mm; Total highest rainfall is 2754mm; Total lowest rainfall is 978mm

Humid regime: Average humid is 84%; Average evaporation is 871,4 mm; Average evaporation in month is from 86mm – 126mm/month; the highest humid is July

Wind regime: Wind direction in winter is South; In summer, wind direction is East and South East

3.1.3.2 Hydrological

XuanT huy national park provided the amount of water and alluvial of Hong river In Ba Lat estuary, there are two main river; It‟s Tra river and Cop river, having drainage creek of river Tra river run from Ba Lat estuary to South East towards the sea, prolonged about 10 kilometers and is boundary separating between Lu dune and Vanh dune Downstream of Tra river was filled

by alluvial into the mudflats and river is creek when tidal is lower Vop river derived from Ba Lat estuary into the sea; In downstream of Vop river into the sea, this is boundary to divide between national park and outside in the direction of North and Northwest The average alluvial

in Ba Lat estuary is 1,8g/l; This is the main amount of alluvial to continued deposition the area

of national park

3.1.4 The history of Xuan Thuy national park

In January 1989, the mudflat area of Xuan Thuy district (now is Giao Thuy district) is recorded “wetlands of international importance”, became the first RAMSAR area in Southeast Asia and recorded 50th member of RAMSAR convention

In January 1995, the government authorized, Ministry of Forestry decided to establish Xuan Thuy Nature Reserve Wetland To January 2003, Xuan Thuy Nature Reserve Wetland has officially become Xuan Thuy national park according the decision 01/2003/QĐ-TTG of Prime Minister

In December 2004, Xuan Thuy national park recognized the core area has special important in Biosphere Reserve of the world as in Red River Delta

3.1.5 Organizational structure

Xuan Thuy national park under People‟s Committee of Nam Dinh province include: a director, a deputy director, Economic room, Nature and Environment Management room, Science and Technique room

- Management and protection forest

+ Conduct to periodic patrols and irregular patrols forest

+ Propaganda about management and protection forest to community of buffer zone with seminars, training, communication…

- Conservation and scientific research

+ Some conservation and development had done in national park: Conservation marine and development community project (MCD); improve the capacity for staffs, local community and development community (WAP), Conservation bird in Xuan Thuy national park ( Bird life) and other projects

- Ecotourism activities and education nature: organized tourism activities in national park and developed Ecotourism community by local community

3.1.6 Biodiversity in Xuan Thuy national park

Xuan Thuy national park currently store ecological value as mangrove forest has thousand ha Forestry resources is variety (with 500 aquatic species including many species have high economic) Xuan Thuy national park recorded about 200 species of bird including 100 species of migratory birds, 50 species of water birds Biodiversity in national park have 16 species endemic and precious and rare Many species recorded in Red book of the world as

Egrettaeulophotes, Plataleaphilippensis, Vanelluscinereus, Platalea minor…

3.2 Socio – economic situation of Giao Thien commune, Giao Thuy district, Nam Dinh province

Natural area is 1164 ha; Population is 10700 people/2500 households, population density

is 1023 people/km2 Giao Thien has 15 village with 270 poor households have income under 400 thousand Dong/month There are about 15% household shrimp ponds on the lagoon, 70% is farming households, 250 households take part in catching of marine resources, there are some jobs as handicraft, freelancer…The traffic have 30 kilometers of asphalted roads in commune Medical have five doctors and five nurses; the number of primary students and secondary students are 1882 students, the high school are 300 students

Livelihoods of people are rice cultivation with two crops/a year, aquaculture, raise poultry, and exploit fisheries The criteria for classification poor households in local depend on: house, job, income, transportation, labor skills…and divide the household as poor, rich and medium

3.3 The form of Co-management in Giao Thien commune

There are many kind of Co-management depending on the characteristics of economic in area to implement reasonable form In Giao Thien commune, Co-management is working by the job to households and assigned to the Women's Union management but on the spirit of volunteerism People will have the income from catching of marine resources in assigned area Besides, to encourage local people, the households or individuals take part in Co-management who don‟t pay the cost to give the land of forest to location and management board

According the decision of Prime Minister about Co-management, Xuan Thuy national park deployed Co-management to Giao Thien commune with the area are 500 ha National park and local authority was common for the benefits that people will give as permitted to exploit and catching fishery resources in the assigned area Furthermore, the households must do forest protection tasks and the precious genes of aquatic species

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1.Scientific basis and practicality of Co-management in Xuan Thuy national park

4.1.1.The rationale

4.1.1.1 The diversity of subjects and the forms of forest resources management

At present, our country has four main subjects participating in Co-management: Government, organizations, households and individuals, community

State management in forestry is confirmed sovereign state with forest land and forest resources State management regulates management, using resources to response National overall target State management can be stronger about legal, policies and finance

The organizations and business management have many different forms and different purposes Military organizations with the aim of forest management and military defense are primary The management systems of Special Use forest, protective forest, mangrove forest have aims to conserve nature and protect the environment The businesses have managed and used forest resources having the main target is business

The households and individuals have managed forest resources as new recognized form when Decree 02/CP November 15, 1994 of Government decided to delivered land of forest to organizations, households and individuals using of long term stability for forestry purposes Main objective of households is protection forest and development economic of households and social dependent on forest resources Households and individuals have the strength of the force, stable in place and have some local knowledge

Management community forest is the type of traditional management from primitive time During of changing of social, management community forest is adjusted relevant to new circumstances They are tested and drawn the understanding, experiences, formation rules, continue to develop and complete The main objective of this formation is to meet the supply of the members that not affect to general benefit of community Community management has advantages in terms of organization, institutions, stability in place and local knowledge

In fact, the government can‟t manage all resources in the national This problem needs to share with the other stakeholders in forest management The cooperation in management will promote the strengths of stakeholders; especially communities who are direct exploited natural resources and have insights about them But how these forms should combine? How is solve well the objectives, achieve the fairness of the management subjects, reach the overall objectives

as specific objectives of each manager objects

4.1.1.2 Co-management in the combination between nature conservation and sustainable development

Conservation and development are two sides opposite but uniformity Natural resources are background necessary with the development of socio-economic To develop, people have constantly exploited these limited resources If we conserve natural resources, this will have conflicts with economic development So, people need to conserve, recreate natural resources to protect to the development of long-term stability Co-management in nature reserve will guide for the process of conservation and development

Co-management solved the conflicts between conservation and development Government have conservation strategies and often lead to the conflicts with local community that using natural resources to serve the economic life In communities and country, they will be uniform the survival objectives and development if carried to an agreement on co-management method

4.1.2 Scientific basis and practicality of Co-management

4.1.2.1 Co-management based on the combination between practical science and

indigenous knowledge

Co-management is combined application with the understanding of biodiversity of science Co-management based on the combination between achievements of management science and management experience in management resources of local community Management science creates the advanced management measures for national parks, and the experiences of

natural resources management of community are basis to apply management science that suitable for locality

4.1.2.2 Co-management based on the benefit of nation and community

When raising the issues of Co-management a nature reserve or the national park, the government also takes care of the common interests The general objective is protection biodiversity that is valuable asset of the nation; protect environment; protection forest for manufacturing sectors and the social life in the area With the community, their life directly depends on resources The immediate benefits as long term benefits of local people ensure the sustainable using natural resources for many generations So, conservation natural resources must base on ensuring the benefits of community Co-management has not too much effect or losing the benefits of stakeholders that must attach their benefits with the responsibility of protection and management natural resources

4.1.2.3 Co-management in conservation the cultural identity of community and poverty reduction strategy

Conservation the cultural identity of the community and indigenous knowledge is also one of the long-term strategies of the nation Co-management natural resources will encourage people using knowledge, initiatives and community institutions to their survival and development

The supports of new knowledge, financing mechanism in Special Use forest management combine with the use knowledge and initiatives will help community economic and social development, poverty reduction through their own with the active support from stakeholders

4.1.2.4 The legal basis and framework, policies of Co-management

The decision No 08/2001/QĐ-TTG January 11th

2001 of Prime Minister about the issuance of management rule Special Use forest, protection forest and production forest are nature forest

The law on land (2003) recognized the community is subject that has the right to manage forest land use and long-term stability

The decision No 01/2003/QĐ-TTG January 2nd

2003 of Prime Minister about the changing Xuan Thuy nature reserve to Xuan Thuy national park

Conservation biodiversity convention that Vietnam participated in 1994, Article 8 Clause

J recorded “According the nation law, the respect and maintenance of knowledge, initiative and practice of local community and indigenous that demonstrated through traditional lifestyles in accordance with conservation and sustainable use biodiversity”

The decision No 126/QĐ-TTG February 2nd

2012 of Prime Minister regulate about the pilot sharing the benefit in management, protection and sustainable development Special Use forest

The decision No 07/2012/QĐ-TTG February 8th 2012 of Government promulgated some policies and solutions enhanced the effect of protection forest, promote socialization, attractive the components of economic, social organizations and people participating in forest protection The decision No 7/2012/QĐ-TTG have legal force from March 30th

2012 and exchange the decision No 245/1998/QĐ-TTG on December 21th

4.2 The current status of Co-management mangrove forest in Giao Thien commune, Giao Thuy district, Nam Dinh province

4.2.1 The analysis of stakeholders to Co-management

Table 4.1.Synthesis and analysis the concerns and role of stakeholders

No Stakeholders

The interest in natural resources

The role in management

Low education, poor materials, little power

10

B Households

Use the forestry products, put the contract in forest area

Take part in the activities of community and authority, supply information

Low education, poor materials, little power

Implement and monitor the activities of management forest

Limited level, asynchronous

Guide and supervise the activities of co-management

Not enough , limited level, little incentives

Guide and organize Co-

Not enough, lack of 10