INTRODUCTION
Overview of research issues
Remote sensing is the science and technology used to acquire information about objects, regions, or phenomena without direct contact, by analyzing data collected through various media This method enables researchers to observe and study specific areas or subjects remotely, providing valuable insights for applications in environmental monitoring, disaster management, and geographic analysis.
Remote sensing is used to gather objective information about the Earth's surface and atmospheric phenomena through sensors mounted on aircraft, satellites, spacecraft, or orbital stations This technology enables the monitoring of environmental changes and natural resources remotely, improving the efficiency of environmental assessment and resource inventory It provides high-resolution digital images quickly, serving as essential data for creating and updating system maps and national geographic databases Remote sensing data can be categorized into five distinct types, facilitating diverse applications in environmental monitoring and management.
- Classification is the process of split or consolidation of information based on the universal nature, space and time given by the image of the object to be studied
- Detection of fluctuation: the detection and separation of the volatility based on multi-temporal image data
- Separation of physical quantities: extraction of natural information such as temperature, atmospheric conditions, the height of the object based on the spectral characteristics of the image or stereoscopic parallax
- Separation of the indicators: calculation determining the new index (NDVI vegetation index )
- Identifying characteristics: determining disaster, the signs serve archaeological search…
GIS (Geographic Information System) or geographic system is formed from three geographical concepts, information and systems
- Geographical concept relating to the characteristics of the space They can be physical, cultural, economic, etc in nature
- The concept of information refers to data that is managed by the GIS It is the attribute data of the object and space
- The concept of GIS systems are built from modules The modules help create favorable in the management and consolidation
Remote sensing data serves as a crucial source for building GIS databases by providing diverse information layers across various topics Integrating remote sensing with GIS analysis enables more comprehensive and accurate results through overlapping functions and spatial analysis This efficient integration of remote sensing and GIS technology enhances the creation and updating of spatial data, supporting numerous fields such as environmental monitoring, urban planning, and disaster management.
1.1.2 Features and specifications of the Landsat image:
Landsat is a globally recognized satellite system dedicated to resource exploration and Earth monitoring Launched by NASA in 1972, Landsat-1 was the first satellite designed to observe the Earth's surface, marking the beginning of extensive remote sensing data collection worldwide Originally called ERTS-1, the program has evolved through subsequent generations, including Landsat 2 (1975) and Landsat 3 (1978), utilizing multispectral sensor systems to capture radiation across different light spectra These satellites have been instrumental in providing valuable multi-spectral imagery for environmental monitoring, land use analysis, and resource management on an international scale.
Landsat satellites utilize optical systems and sensors to capture Earth's surface across multiple spectral channels, ranging from visible to infrared Launched in 1982, Landsat 4 was equipped with Thematic Mapper (TM) sensors covering seven spectral bands, facilitating detailed Earth observation Following, Landsat 5 launched in 1984 with similar TM sensors, continuing the mission of remote sensing Landsats 6 and 7, launched in 1993 and 1999 respectively, introduced innovative Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) sensors for improved data quality The latest, Landsat 8, launched on February 12, 2013, focuses on monitoring changes in forest ecosystems and other environmental features, ensuring continuous Earth observation across various spectral channels.
Table 1.1 sensors Features of Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 (LDCM)
Band 10- Thermal Infrared (TIR) 1 10.3 - 11.3 100 Band 11- Thermal Infrared (TIR) 2 11.5 - 12.5 100
Table 1.2 The main application of Landsat
Landsat research applications are fundamental across multiple fields, enabling monitoring of developments over time with high accuracy These applications are among the most commonly used due to their low-cost nature and extensive coverage Key statistical topics in Landsat applications include analyzing land use and land cover change, environmental monitoring, and climate research, making Landsat a vital tool for researchers seeking cost-effective and reliable data.
Applied research shoreline, distinguishing plants and soil, forest mapping and identification of other objects
Used to measure the peak reflectance spectrum of plant continent, identify vegetative state, identifying other objects.
Used to define zones help absorb chlorophyll botanical classification, identifying other objects
Near Infrared 0,76pm -0,90pm Used to define plant types, status and biomass, soil moisture
Used to determine the moisture content of vegetation and soil, the study of mineral rock, snow and clouds separated
Used to determine when plant is shocked, soil moisture and temperature mapping
With lower resolution and spectral continuity, this channel's image is used to overlay with other photo channels, thereby measuring the exact drawing objects
1.1.3 Map the current status of forest resources:
The map of forest status serves as a thematic representation of forest resources, illustrating the distribution and condition of forests across the terrain It accurately depicts the location, area, and type of forest, supported by statistical matching results from periodic forest resource inventories Using appropriate colors and symbols, the map clearly displays forest conditions, terrain features, and different materials, providing a comprehensive overview of the entire region's forest distribution.
Forest status maps and essential documents are vital for effective forest resource management, development, and economic utilization These maps showcase statistical results and forest resource inventories, serving as fundamental tools for planning and decision-making They provide the basis for creating management plans, utilizing forest resources sustainably, and implementing protection strategies Additionally, these resources support forestry planning, oversight of land use, and ensure the proper execution of approved forestry plans across different regions and economic sectors.
Forest status map is built for each administrative level: commune, district, provincial, national, and is a very important tool for assessing changes in forest resources
Forests are a vital component of our country's landscape, with tropical rainforests characterizing its rich biodiversity According to the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, our natural forests declined by 1.7% annually, amounting to 2.7 million hectares during 1976-1990 Recent years have seen complex and hard-to-control changes in our forest resources, underscoring the need for reliable data to inform effective protection and sustainable development strategies The government has initiated periodic assessment and monitoring of forest resources, with the first cycle conducted from 1991 to 1995 and the second cycle from 1996 onward, to better understand and manage these ecological changes.
2000), the third cycle (in 2001-2005) and fourth cycle (in 2006-2010) In particular,
Assessing and monitoring forest changes are essential components of sustainable forest management programs Forests naturally undergo changes over time due to both environmental factors and human activities, with positive impacts leading to forest growth and degradation resulting in declining health Therefore, understanding the volatility of forest resources is fundamental to evaluating their current status In Forest Resources Assessment, indicators typically focus on two primary aspects: fluctuations in the quantity of forest resources and changes in their quality, providing a comprehensive understanding of forest dynamics.
- Fluctuations in the number assigned to the following principal types of changes is as follows:
+ Variation in the total forest area
+ Variation in metabolism between forest and other land
+ Movements forest functions: production, protection and special use
Forest degradation is characterized by fluctuations in quality, including changes in species composition and structural alterations within the forest ecosystem These decline signs involve a transition from dense, closed forests to open or sparse forests, shifts from rich, biodiversity-filled forests to poorer ones, and conversions from traditional woodlands to bamboo forests or even barren land Such degradation reflects a deterioration in forest health, impacting biodiversity and ecological stability.
Recent studies on forest assessment methods highlight the integration of remote sensing and GIS technologies to monitor forest changes effectively To evaluate temporal changes, it is essential to develop status maps for different years—such as 1995, 2005, and 2015—and utilize GIS software like ArcGIS to overlay these layers, revealing landscape fluctuations over time These maps are generated through a combination of automatic image interpretation, visual analysis, and fieldwork validation, ensuring accurate detection of forest dynamics and supporting informed decision-making in forest management.
II, GOALS AND (SPECIFIC) OBJECTIVES:
Objective Research
This study aims to strengthen the scientific foundation for utilizing remote sensing and GIS technologies to enhance forest management in Yen Lap Commune, Cao Phong District, Hoa Binh Province By integrating advanced spatial analysis tools, the research seeks to develop effective solutions for sustainable forest conservation and resource monitoring The application of remote sensing data coupled with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) supports more precise decision-making, promoting environmentally responsible practices in the region Ultimately, the study contributes valuable insights to improve forest management strategies, ensuring ecological preservation and community benefits in Yen Lap Commune.
- Assess the situation of forests in Yen Lap
- Proposed solutions to effectively contribute to improving forest management in the buffer zone of Yen Lap
Research content
2.2.1 Research forest management situation in Yen Lap, Cao Phong district, Hoa Binh province:
- Forest area and distribution space research area
- The form of local forest management research areas
2.2.2 Research mapping forest status and fluctuations in Yen Lap, Cao Phong district, Hoa Binh province:
- Mapping of forest status over the years studied (year )
- Mapping of forest area changes over the study period
2.2.3 Research fluctuations cause regional forest research:
- Evaluation of the factors affecting forest policies to forest management activities the study area
- Evaluate the population, society: The development of population and population density
- Assess the impact of infrastructure quality: The quality of roads, about the roads to forest areas to distribution
- Evaluate the impact of scientific and technological factors, effective techniques to forest management research areas
2.2.4 The study recommended effective measures to improve forest management in Yen Lap:
- Solutions forestry policy towards restructuring of the forestry sector
- Group technical solutions, science and technology
III, STUDY AREA AND DATA:
Study Area
Yen Lac is a mountainous commune in Cao Phong District, characterized by a diverse mixture of land covers and uses Covering a total area of 2,247 hectares, the commune comprises 508 households and 2,147 residents It is divided into seven villages—Chầm, Quà, Đảy, Ngái, Thôi, Thang, and Bạ—with the Muong ethnic group making up 98.68% of the population, while Kinh residents account for 1.32% The climate features two distinct seasons—harsh and dry, coupled with high humidity—that create ideal conditions for crop cultivation and vegetation growth.
- The average rainfall is 2000 mm
- The rainy season from May 4-10, 1800 mm rainfall
- The dry season from November to April last year following the year of about 300 mm of rainfall
- Hoarfrost usually occurs in December last year to January next year
- Hot wind (wind pipe) usually occurs in June and July in the year
This study utilizes limited remote sensing data, primarily consisting of a few images on the Map Info system and selected Landsat imagery The satellite scenes are stored in GeoTIFF format, captured in the UTM-48N projection based on the WGS-84 coordinate system These data sources are essential for analyzing the geographic areas relevant to the research department's study area.
Figure 3.1: Location of the Yen Lac commune in Cao Phong District
METHOD
Topics using Landsat images of 1995, 2005, 2015 to track changes of forest area (Table 4.1) Table 4.1 Landsat data collected in the topic
Years Image code Date Pixel Path/Row
4.1.2 Methods of visual image interpretation
Remote sensing classification methods, such as visual image interpretation, can enhance testing effectiveness by leveraging analyst expertise and available imagery documentation This approach utilizes support tools like Google Earth to assist in analysis; however, its effectiveness is limited by the relatively low resolution of the imagery (30 meters) Therefore, visual image interpretation serves as a complementary method that improves classification accuracy when used alongside other supports, enabling more reliable sorting of land cover or features.
4.1.3 Classification method using NDVI images
Numerous studies have mapped global forest changes, focusing on resource use and land cover dynamics, but data on actual forest areas remain limited To address this, researchers have developed simple algorithms leveraging physical characteristics of forests, utilizing vegetation indices like NDVI from satellite imagery These NDVI-based methods enable rapid detection of forest resource fluctuations across different stages by analyzing one or two remote sensing channels, providing valuable insights into vegetation cover, forest status, and land cover volatility for effective forest monitoring and management.
The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is a specialized image ratio introduced by Rouse et al in 1973 to highlight vegetation health by emphasizing the negative contrast in satellite images It measures the difference in reflectivity between specific wavelengths, providing an effective indicator of vegetation vigor For Landsat satellite data, the NDVI is typically calculated using the formula: (NIR - Red) / (NIR + Red), where NIR represents near-infrared reflectance and Red corresponds to the visible red spectrum This index is widely used in remote sensing to monitor plant health, detect drought stress, and analyze land cover changes.
NDVI = (NIR-Red / NIR + Red)
Where: NIR near infrared channel
NDVI values range from -1 to 1, where values from 0 to 0.5 indicate sparse vegetation, and values between 0.5 and 1 represent dense vegetation Negative NDVI values, below 0, typically indicate areas with no vegetation, such as water or bare soil Positive NDVI readings (0.3 to 0.8) often correspond to healthy vegetation canopies and dense clouds, highlighting regions with significant plant cover Understanding NDVI values is essential for monitoring vegetation health and density using remote sensing data.
Countries with extensive bodies of water, such as oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers, exhibit low reflectance in both spectral channels, especially away from the coast This characteristic results in very low NDVI values, making water bodies easily distinguishable in satellite imagery Understanding this spectral behavior is essential for accurate remote sensing analysis and land cover classification.
- Land usually represents a spectral reflectance infrared has largely than red, and therefore tends to generate positive NDVI value is quite small (0.1 -0.2)
- Very low value of NDVI (0.1 and below) correspond to barren areas of rock, sand, or snow
- Value moderate represent shrub and grassland (0.2-0.3),
- High values represent the temperate rainforests and tropical (0.6-0.8)
In 2015, key research focused on classification of forest and non-forest objects using advanced remote sensing techniques complemented by GPS-based waypoint collection A total of 160 study points were established, with an even distribution of 80 forest and 80 non-forest sites across the entire study area This systematic approach ensured comprehensive coverage and accurate data collection for analyzing land cover types.
GPS positioning points on the field, after synthesis and firing up the map with ArcGIS 10.1 Through the interpretation methods, subjects identified forest developments in the period
4.2 Method of mapping the forest area
To analyze fluctuations in forest area over the period, we first verified the accuracy of maps from each year and applied a subject evaluation method following classification changes Specifically, overlaying forest status maps from 1995, 2005, and 2015 allowed us to identify volatile periods, enabling a detailed study of forest dynamics between 1995-2015 and 2005-2015.
Using ArcGIS software, we analyzed forest data over multiple years to create detailed maps illustrating changes in forest coverage These maps provide a clear visual representation of forest expansion or reduction across different time periods Once the maps are generated, the corresponding forest area data are exported for further processing The exported data are then organized and refined in Excel to ensure accurate analysis and reporting of trends in forest management and conservation efforts.
Figure 4.1 The steps to build maps of forest cover and change
Image Area Research Map of forest status in 1995,
RESULTS DISCUSSION 5.1 Current status of forest management in Yen Lap Commune, Cao Phong district, Hoa Binh province
5.1 Current status of forest management in Yen Lap Commune, Cao Phong district, Hoa Binh province :
The main source of income comes from farming, livestock and agro-forestry operators such as bamboo shoots, cardamom, medicinal
Traditional farming practices in the area include shifting cultivation and nighttime hunting, which pose risks such as forest fires caused by burning pots and cooking activities when returning to new fields Livestock grazing, particularly buffalo, cows, and cattle, continues to impact local forests, especially affecting young plantations under three years old Despite these challenges, local communities rely on these practices for settlement and agricultural production, highlighting the need for sustainable management to protect forest ecosystems.
In recent years, communes bordering Tien Thuong Kim Boi, Xuan Phong, and Phong Dung Cao Phong districts have faced ongoing challenges with exploitation, deforestation, and illegal forest burning Although these activities have become less frequent and less sophisticated, they still pose significant concerns for environmental conservation efforts in the region.
- Overview of illegal deforestation for cultivation:
Once done the allocation of forest land under Decree 02, QD 672.- Then Forestry forests and are home to the situation of illegal deforestation for cultivation has basically ended
The province faces complex challenges due to arbitrary state purchases of forest land and changing land use to citrus cultivation These activities, alongside hunting, bee catching, land reclamation, and coal combustion, significantly increase the risk of forest fires Consequently, the potential for forest fires remains a major fire hazard, threatening the environment and local communities.
- The implementation of agro-forestry combination, farming, afforestation
Although there is a communal forest areas and forest land belonging to large type in the communes of the district Average size / average household is 3.18 ha / household, but
The inadequate land allocation and low levels of scientific knowledge have hindered the implementation of sustainable agroforestry models, especially on sloping lands, limiting their potential for high economic returns Additionally, poor land use planning in most villages has led to agricultural activities being conducted adjacent to natural forest blocks, raising concerns about ecological balance and sustainable development.
The area of forest plantations mostly domesticated species, mostly plants: Acacia, Dendrocalamus membranaceus Munro, Bodhi, Chukrasia tabularis, …
5.2 Results forest changes through the years of research :
Figure 5.1: Results NDVI study area in 2015
In 2015, vegetation analysis using NDVI revealed that areas with high NDVI values exceeding 0.603 are predominantly forested lands, indicating dense vegetation cover Conversely, regions with NDVI below 0.603 are characterized by non-forest objects such as agricultural land, residential areas, roads, and surface water, highlighting the diverse land use and land cover types within the study area.
Based on the classification key 2015 to classify NDVI images in 2005, 1995
5.2.3 Map of forest status through years of research:
This study aims to objectively evaluate forest areas and assess the impact of forest policies on regional development activities Changes in the forest research area were analyzed using Landsat data from 1995, 2005, and 2015 The findings, summarized in Table 5.2, provide important insights into forest dynamics and policy effectiveness over the two-decade period.
Table 5.2: Forest land area Yen Lap Commune over the years studied (ha)
Figure 5.2: Map the spatial distribution of forest status study area (Landsat 1995)
Figure 5.3: Map the spatial distribution of forest status study area (Landsat 2005)
Figure 5.4: Map the spatial distribution of forest status study area (Landsat 2015)
Assess the accuracy of the map:
Classification accuracy of the final result is evaluated based on the results of field surveys, sampling sites focus on areas that have not been surveyed, as follows:
Table 5.3 Assessing the accuracy of the maps in 2015
Table 5.4 Assessment of the map precision, 1995, 2005
5.2.4 Forest change over the years forestland research:
The spatial distribution maps and forest area analysis in Section 5.2.2 demonstrate the temporal variability of forest cover, providing insights into changes over the years These findings are summarized and presented in Tables 5.5 and 5.6, facilitating an understanding of forest area fluctuations and their spatial patterns The aggregated data highlights trends and volatility in forest expansion or reduction, essential for evaluating landscape dynamics and guiding sustainable forest management practices.
* Forest change area in period 1995- 2005
Table 5.5 The forest change area stages from 1995 to 2005
Results Table 5.5 shows that the forest area in the region fell 236.7 ha (13.79%) from 1995 to
2005 due to the FLA policies for people, mostly they just exploit forests for timber home
Figure 5.5 Map of forest cover in the period 1995 - 2005
Figure 5.6 Chart of YEN LAP commune forest changes in 1995 – 2005
Forest change area in period 2005 - 2015
Table 5.6 The forest change area stages from 2005 to 2015
Results Table 5.6 shows forested area continues to decline Specifically forests occupy
1252.05 ha in 2015 fell 227.19 ha (15.36%) compared to 2005
Figure 5.7 Map of forest cover in the period 2005-2015.
Figure 5.8 Chart of YEN LAP commune forest changes in 2005 - 2015
Forest change resulting from forestry land two periods 1995- 2005 and 2005- 2015 period, subjects come to some comments below:
- After a period of 20 years from 1995 to 2015 to 463.89 ha lost The forest area is decreasing over the period
- Forest resources in the region increasingly serious decline, forest allocation policy for the people are serious consequences affect forest resources
5.3 Causes of regional forest change research :
5.3.1 Social and economic factors affecting forest management activities:
The influence of economic factors:
These economic factors have the strongest influence on the efficiency of resource use in the locality, especially market factors Consumer market products made by local people and
The underdeveloped markets for Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) and agricultural produce lead to the overexploitation of valuable timber species in the forest, despite the significant income potential these resources can generate for local communities While fruits and other seasonal agricultural products primarily serve household needs, their market potential remains largely untapped Developing these markets could unlock the economic potential of land and biodiversity, turning natural resources into sustainable income sources and promoting sustainable forest management.
A difficult household life significantly impacts the efficiency of resource use, as poverty and hunger drive people to overexploit forest resources through hunting and harvesting forest products for income This reliance on unsustainable practices reduces the effectiveness of soil resources and adversely affects the local climate Limited use of fertilizers and plant protection products further diminishes soil productivity, complicating forest management and leading to major ecological damage.
The terrain significantly influences the effective management of community forest resources In the study area, two main types of terrain are identified: mountains, with elevations of 500-700 meters and steep, strongly divided slopes, and plains featuring valleys amid high mountains that experience regular flooding during the rainy season Complex terrain conditions pose challenges to the efficient use of forest resources and limit the application of technical farming measures, impacting overall forest management strategies.
Although the state has been much investment in developing infrastructure projects of inter-village roads, inter-village has been cleared as mostly gravel roads, schools, clinics ế was also investing up to serve the people but also lack infrastructure The project was somewhat improved economic infrastructure - improving the social living conditions for the people, but its performance is not uniform and stable
5.4 Research suggest solutions to improve the efficiency of forest management in Yen Lap:
On the results of research on the status of forest land management, opportunities and challenges, as well as fluctuations in the forestry area the period 1995-2005 and for 2005-
2015 study area, giving some subjects Advanced solutions to improve the efficiency of the management and development of forestry land
5.4.1 Management solutions for forest protection and forest fire prevention:
- Identify boundaries and markers demarcating the zones
- Implement strict construction rules protecting forests
+ Strictly prohibited activities affecting forest resources, forest logging ban, prohibited the hunting, banned the activities alter natural landscapes, farming activities prohibited, prohibited cattle drop thunderstorm go to the forest
- To establish a network management and forest protection patrol: Organize a network management to further protect the community, in close coordination with local authorities to promote the establishment of forest protection village Motivate, encourage people to participate in the protection, construction and development
Effective organization of educational propaganda on forest protection involves spreading awareness about the importance, benefits, and regulations related to forests to every community This initiative, in collaboration with Elder advocacy, ensures widespread outreach and understanding The campaign encourages local residents to actively participate in forest conservation, emphasizing their responsibility to protect and restore forest ecosystems for sustainable development and environmental health.
Reward citizens who demonstrate a strong sense of responsibility in forest protection to encourage proactive conservation efforts Simultaneously, enforce appropriate legal actions against individuals violating forest protection regulations to ensure accountability and the preservation of our natural resources.
- Organization management: Establish steering teams and forest fire protection
- Capacity building for forest fire prevention officers and local government through training and drills
- Arranging and effective use of buildings and facilities for forest fire protection Special promotion management system to track forest and forest land through satellite imagery
Coordinate with local government and relevant authorities to effectively prevent and combat forest fires, ensuring a unified response Stay updated with real-time weather information and forecasts from meteorological agencies, as weather conditions frequently change and impact fire risks This proactive approach helps mitigate the threat of forest fires and enhances disaster management efforts.
- Actively working capital for forest fire fighting
5.4.2 Solutions for scientific research and technological applications:
RECOMMENDATION OF THESIS
Between 1995 and 2015, the study found a 29% decrease in forest cover, resulting in a loss of 463.89 hectares of forest This decline is primarily attributed to ineffective government policies, which have hindered community efforts to protect forests due to demographic pressures and low environmental awareness The increase in bare land during this period is linked to population growth, new road construction, and economic development, further accelerating deforestation Despite existing district policies, the lack of reform has permitted continued forest land reduction To reverse this trend, there is an urgent need for policy reforms and improved environmental consciousness among local communities, ensuring sustainable forest management in the future.
CONCLUSIONS
Using remote sensing and GIS technology, a comprehensive database and detailed maps of Yen Lap commune's forest resources have been successfully developed for the years 1995, 2005, and 2015 These technological tools were instrumental in detecting and analyzing changes in forest cover and land use over two decades, specifically comparing forest resource data between 1995-2005 and 2005-2015 The results provide valuable insights into the dynamics of forest land, supporting effective forest management and conservation efforts in Yen Lap commune.
This study utilized remote sensing technology and GIS Landsat imagery to efficiently assess changes in forest resources, achieving an accuracy of 82.3% Results indicate that the study area remains relatively well-preserved, with continuous forest cover observed between 1995 and 2015 However, between 1995-2005 and 2005-2015, a total of 463.89 hectares of forest land were lost, reflecting a declining trend in forest area over the years Despite this decrease, some portions of the forest land remain unused, highlighting opportunities for conservation and sustainable management.
Research indicates that forest management in the area faces significant challenges, including the limited awareness among local communities about their responsibilities for forest protection The study highlights that residents are often unaware of policies related to forest and land management, showing indifference or neglect towards preventing illegal activities such as illegal logging, overexploitation of forest resources, and hunting of wild animals This situation underscores the need for better education, policy enforcement, and community engagement to ensure sustainable forest management and conservation.
The decline in forest research areas is primarily caused by the adverse impact of local communities on forest resources Additionally, ineffective economic policies and societal issues have hindered development efforts, failing to improve people's livelihoods and contributing to the deterioration of forest ecosystems.
The investigation highlights both the challenges and advantages in managing and protecting forest resources, emphasizing the need for appropriate, sustainable solutions Based on these findings, the project proposes strategies to ensure the sustainable development of forest land areas, aiming to balance conservation efforts with effective management.
- Management Solutions forest protection and forest fire prevention
- Solutions for scientific research and technological applications
7.2 Recommendations for the research and assessment of forest change in Yen Lap commune:
Despite numerous efforts and attempts during the implementation process, the author's limited time, knowledge, and research experience have constrained progress and scope.
- Subject conditions no depth research on the species composition, parameters investigated less, not evaluate the situation of forests in general
The study focused on social movements within a specific forest area, serving as the primary basis for research Due to limited scope, the findings are confined to this district and cannot be generalized to other regions Consequently, the research provides valuable insights but recommends further investigation across additional districts to develop comprehensive conclusions and effective recommendations for the entire province.
- The assessment of causes of forest changes are limited, subjective Thesis only measure fluctuations in the amount, but not evaluate the quality fluctuations
To overcome these problems on and achieve better results, subjects with the following recommendations:
Many samples need to be collected to assess the accuracy of the year in general and more reliable
The essays to examine the change in the forest sector Yen Lap commune, Cao Phong district, to conduct more intensive research as biomass, species module
With the use of satellite data with high resolution SPOT 5, or ultra high as IKONOS, Quickbird
Management Board Ranger Cao Phong focuses on developing staff expertise in remote sensing and GIS, enabling effective use and operation of research results This approach supports informed management policies and promotes sustainable development for both forests and local communities.
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18 Bodart et al (2009) Global monitoring of tropical forest cover changes by means of a sample approach and object - based classification of multi - scene landsat imagery
19.Devendra Kumar, 2011 “Monitoring forest cover changes using sensing and GIS, Research Journal of Environmental Sciences 5
20 Dutt, Udayalakshmt, Sdhasivaih (1994), Role of remote sensing in forest management - India
21 J.Zarco-Tejada, Louise Dextraze (2002), Integrated narrow-band vegetation indices for prediction of crop chlorophyll content for application to precision agriculture Remote Sensing of Enviroment 81: 416 - 426
22.Hansen và DeFries (2004), Land Use Change and Biodiversity: A Synthesis of Rates and Consequences during the Period of Satellite Imagery
23 Su-Fen Wang, Chi-Chuan Cheng, Yeong - Kuan Chen, 2004 Forest cover type classification using Spot 4 and Spot 5 Images
24 Tamara Bellone, Piero Boccardo and Francesca Perez (2009), Investigation of vegetation dynamics using long - term Normalized Difference Vegetation Index time - series American Jounral of Enviroment Sciences 5: 460-466
25 Yuji Imaizumi (2001), Data and Information collection for sustainable forest management in Japan
IX APPENDICES Appendices 1: Questionnaires discuss district agencies
Các mối đe doạ tài nguyên rừng Không Có Độ nghiêm trọng (1- 5)
Các biện pháp khắc phục (Nếu có)
Phát triển cơ sở hạ tầng x
Người ngoài đến nhập cư x
Khai thác gỗ trái phép x
Mở rộng đất lâm nghiệp
Trình trạng không ai quản lý
Các chương trình dự án x
Các vấn đề khác: phát triển cây có múi x
2 Learn the best way to protect forests
Các ý kiến khác Cao TB Thấp
Hợp đồng giao rừng cho các hộ gia đình bảo vệ x
Khai thác mang tính chất thương mại có quản lý x
Hợp đồng giao rừng cho các thôn bảo vệ x
Bảo vệ nghiên ngặt/thực thi pháp luật x
Dựa vào thể chế địa phưong để quản lý rừng trên cơ sở cộng đồng x
Appendices 2: Questionnaires commune officials discussed
3 Threats to forests and appropriate management
Các hoạt động đe doạ đến rừng
Không Có Độ nghiêm trọng (1- 5)
Các biện pháp khắc phục Xây dựng cơ sở hạ tầng
Người ngoài đến nhập cư
Khai thác gỗ trái phép để buôn bán gỗ x
Mở rộng đất lâm nghiệp
Tập tục phát nương lầm rẫy x
Trình trạng không ai quản lý
Các chương trình dự án x
4 Learn the best way to protect forests
Các ý kiến khác Cao TB Thấp
Hợp đồng giao rừng cho các hộ gia đình bảo vệ x
Khai thác mang tính chất thương mại có quản lý x
Hợp đồng giao rừng cho các thôn bảo vệ x
Bảo vệ nghiên ngặt/thực thi pháp luật x
Dựa vào thể chế địa phưong để quản lý rừng trên cơ sở cộng đồng x
ALL POINTS COLLECTED BY GPS